Q. What is the strategy for daylight control?

Ans- To minimize glare while maximizing daylight intake, strategies such as using blinds,
shutters, solar films, and sun shading systems are essential. Window orientation, specific
glass types, and dynamic shading systems can also help reduce glare while allowing
optimal daylight penetration.

Q. What are merits of E-vehicles?

Ans-

• Reducing carbon emissions

• Decreasing operating costs
• Minimizing noise pollution in urban areas
• Lowering dependence on fossil fuel
• Improving automotive efficacy

Q. What are different types of energy audits ?

Ans-

1) Preliminary Audit
2) Detailed Audit
3) Potential and magnitude of energy audit
4) Comprehensive energy audit.

Q. How biomass is of used with reject to energy ?

Ans-

Biomass is converted to energy through various processes, including: Direct combustion

(burning) to produce heat. Thermochemical conversion to produce solid, gaseous, and
liquid fuels. Chemical conversion to produce liquid fuels.

Q. With example list different renewable and non-renewable energy sources?

Ans-

• Renewable Energy:------

1) Solar energy:-
Sun is a big source of energy. The energy that we get from the Sun is called solar
energy.
2) Hydro-Energy:-
Water is important natural resources. All living organisms need water to live.
 3) Wind energy:-
Winds are Constantly being created in nature. The windmill is a source of electrical
energy.
4) Biogas:-
Biogas is a type of fuel which is a mixture of gases such as methane, carbon,
hydrogen etc.

• Non-renewable Energy:-------

1) Fossil fuels: Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable
resources that take hundreds of millions of years to form.
2) Nuclear: Nuclear energy uses uranium, which is in a limited supply.

Q. What are different E-vertical power storage options? Explain.

Ans-

Different types of energy storage options, including:-

Flow batteries:- Can store large amounts of energy and are less sensitive to temperature
changes. They are more complex and expensive to install and maintain than other options.

Electric vehicles:- Can be used as energy storage units and connect to the power system.
This allows them to act as a standby power source and help with peak-shifting and
frequency regulation.

Pumped hydroelectric:- Stores energy as gravitational potential energy in water. When

demand is low, excess electricity is used to pump water into a reservoir.

Electrochemical storage systems:- Includes rechargeable battery energy storage and

flow batteries. These systems store electrical energy as chemical energy.

Thermal energy storage:- Uses heat to boil water, which produces steam that drives a
turbine to generate electricity.
Battery energy storage systems:- Can allow for energy time-shifting, where energy is
purchased when prices are low and used or sold when prices are higher.

Q. What is the present status in the development of E-verticals.

Ans-

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) is growing rapidly, with the global market seeing
strong sales and a rise in the number of available models:

Sales:-

In 2023, global EV sales were almost 14 million, a 35% increase from 2022. This is more
than six times higher than in 2018. In the first quarter of 2024, sales grew by 25% compared
to the same period in 2023.

Number of models:-

In 2023, there were 590 electric car models available for consumers, a 15% increase from
the previous year.

Market share:-

In 2023, electric cars accounted for around 18% of all cars sold, up from 14% in 2022.

Charging infrastructure:-

The availability of charging infrastructure is critical for consumers to shift to EVs.

Q. With a case study of sugars industry explain how energy audit is done?

Ans-

An energy audit in the sugar industry can help identify ways to save energy and reduce
costs. Here are some examples of how an energy audit can be conducted in the sugar
industry:

Examine systems:-

An audit can look at the plant’s steam generation, distribution, and pumping systems, as
well as its water usage and lighting.

Measure motors:-
An audit can measure the electrical power of motors and suggest ways to improve their
power factor.

Identify opportunities:-

An audit can help identify opportunities to improve energy efficiency and reduce costs.

Make recommendations:-

An audit can make recommendations for improving energy efficiency, such as replacing
steam drives with electric drives, improving insulation, and optimizing injection water
systems.

Q. For economical functioning of any system it is essential to have energy audit justify
the Statement?

Ans- An energy audit provides a comprehensive evaluation of a facility’s energy usage

and efficiency. The audit identifies specific areas where improvements can be made to
reduce energy consumption, lower utility costs, and enhance overall operational efficiency.
Based on the findings, the audit offers actionable recommendations that can lead to
significant cost savings and environmental benefits. Implementing the suggested
measures will not only optimize energy performance but also contribute to sustainability
goals. Regular energy audits ensure that the facility remains energy-efficient and adapts to
new technologies and practices over time.

Q. In what way there can be investment on energy efficient appliances? Explain?

Ans-

Electrical appliances account for over 30% of the energy bills charges you receive on
monthly or annually basis. Many home appliances manufacturers, as well as the
government, have shifted their focus into saving energy. Thus, they have invested in
producing energy efficient appliances.

These appliances include refrigerators, air conditioners, water heaters, lighters,

dishwashers, clothes washing machines and dryers, and other electrical items used at
home or workplaces. These items arc used for purposes such as laundry, cooking, and
making the home a comfortable place. Therefore, they are important in our homes.

Q. Benefits of Energy efficient appliances:-

Ans-

• For Energy Saving:-

These appliances spend the minimum amount of energy to complete their tasks.
Thus, they enhance energy conservation The conserved energy can be used for a
different purpose at home, workplace, or even in industries.
• Energy Efficient Appliances Saves Your Money:-
By saving energy, these appliances account to reduced energy bills. Using such
appliances will cut your spending at home, workplace, or industries. The money
saved can be used for any other purpose to enhance more development.
• Energy Efficiency Is Friendly To The Economy:-
Energy efficiency enhances the state and the central government to save resources
used in harnessing energy from different sources. Also, manufacturing of energy
efficient appliances creates new industries and new jobs.
• Energy Efficiency Conserves Our Environment For Sustainable Development:-
Use of energy efficient appliances minimizes the exploitation of natural resources.
These resources include natural gas, oil, coal, and water. Energy efficiency
enhances conservation of these sources as a way to achieve sustainable
development.
• For National Security:-
Unsustainable energy demand puts a nation under threat of energy sources
depletion. This may go deeper into using national resources to purchase energy
from foreign sources.

Q. What is energy flow sankey diagrams explain?

Ans-

Sankey diagrams feature directed arrows that have a width proportional to the flow quantity
visualized: if a flow is twice as wide it represents double the quantity. Flows in the diagram
can show e.g. energy, materials, water or costs.

Within a Sankey diagram the directed flow is always drawn between at least two nodes
(processes). Thus it shows not only flow values but also information about the structure
and distribution of the defined system.
So they are a great alternative to common flow or bar & pie charts. They are gaining
popularity in energy management, facility management, process engineering and process
control and many other kinds of data visualization.

Thus Sankey diagrams draw the attention to the largest entries in the system.

Q. Charging station for E-vehcile ?

Ans-

1. Residential charging stations:

An EV owner plugs into a standard receptacle (connector) when he or she returns
home, and the car recharges overnight. A home charging station us ally has no user
authentication, no separate metering, but may require wiring a dedicated circuit to
have faster charging. Some portable chargers can also be wall mounted as charging
stations.
2. Charging while parked (including public charging stations) :-
A private or commercial venture for a fee or free, sometimes offered in partnership
with the owners of the parking lot. This charging may be slow or high speed and
often encourages EV owners to recharge their cars while they take advantage of
nearby facilities. It can include parking for an organization’s own employees, parking
at shopping malls, small centres, and public transit stations. Typically, AC
Type1/Type2 plugs are used.
3. Fast charging at public charging stations:-
Less than 40 kW, capable of delivering over 60-mile (97 km) of range in 10-30
minutes. These chargers may be at rest stops to allow for longer distances trips.
4. Battery swaps or charges in under 15 minutes.:-
A specified target for CARB credits for a zero-emission vehicle is adding 200 miles
(approx. 320 km) to its range in less than 15 minutes. In 2014, this was not possible
for charging clectric vehicles, but it is achievable with EV battery swaps. It intends to
match the refueling expectations of regular drivers and give crane mobile support
for discharged vehicles where there is no charging station.

Q. Energy efficient illumination.

Ans-

Convenient and effective artificial lighting is one of the important advances of the
20thcentury. Artificial lighting allows us to work and play inside and outside our homes
independent of the time of day, and also often serves aesthetic purposes. Artificial lighting
is generally employed for three types of uses,
 • Ambient lighting:- Provides general illumination indoors for daity activities and
outdoors for safety and security.
• Task lighting- Facilitates particular tasks that require more light than is needed for
general illumination, such as under-counter lights in kitchens, tabie lamps, or
bathroom mirror lights.
• Accent lighting- Draws attention to special features or enhances the aesthetic
qualities of an indoor or outdoor environment.
Recent technological improvements allow home owners to substantially reduce the
energy they use for lighting without loss of Amenity.

Benefits of advanced lighting:-

Artificial lighting consumes almost 15 percent of household electricity. The
traditional incandescent bulb with screw base currently provides most household
illumination. Use of new lighting technologies can reduce lighting energy use in
homes by 50 to 75 percent.

Q. Energy scenario.

Ans-

An energy scenario is a framework that helps us explore potential future energy outcomes.
It’s based on projections of energy consumption, resource availability, and other factors
that could influence the energy industry. Energy scenarios can help with planning and
forecasting for the energy sector.

Here are some things to consider about energy scenarios:

Purpose:-

Energy scenarios are designed to help us explore what might happen, not what should
happen. They can help us think “outside the box” about energy solutions and policies.

Limitations:-

Some say that energy scenarios may not adequately represent all perspectives on future
energy development. They may also not adequately represent extreme world views and
environmental discourses, which could skew the overall outlook on possible energy
futures.

Challenges and opportunities:-

The global energy sector faces many challenges and opportunities in the coming years,
including population growth, consumption growth, energy security, and climate change.
Q. Explain Demand Side Management (DSM).

Ans-

Demand Side Management (DSM) has been traditionally recognized as one of the major
intervention to achieve reduction in energy demands while ensuring continuous
development. In recent past, DSM has gained unprecedented importance and has become
an integral part of almost all the central and state missions on promotion of Energy
Efficiency. DSM interventions have helped utilities not only to reduce the peak electricity
demands and but also to defer high investments in generation, transmission and
distribution networks.

Usually, the goal of demand-side management is to encourage the consumer to use less
energy during peak hours, or to move the time of energy use to off-peak times such as night
time and weekends. Peak denied management does not necessarily decrease total energy
consumption, but could be expected to reduce the need for investments in networks
and/or power plants for meeting peak demands.

Q. What is Load scheduling and its need to schedule the load?

Ans-

The electrical load schedule is an estimate of the instantaneous electrical loads operating
in a facility, in terms of active, reactive and apparent power (measured in kW, KVAR and kVA
respectively). The load schedule is usually categorised by switchboard or occasionally by
sub-facility/area.

Load scheduling is important because it can help:

Save money: Load scheduling can help reduce building electrical costs.

Manage energy: Load scheduling can help manage energy use during high demand.

Prevent issues: Load scheduling can help prevent overloads, instability, and damage.

Integrate distribution: Load scheduling can help integrate the distribution of fresh and
frozen goods.

Manage appliances: Load scheduling can help manage appliances and other devices in a
building.

Pick and load vehicles: Load scheduling can help pick and load vehicles in a warehouse.
Q. Enlist energy audit instruments. Explain with neat sketch any two in detail.

Ans-

The requirement for an energy audit such as identification and quantification of energy
necessitates measurements; these measurements require the use of instruments. These
instruments must be portable, durabie, easy to operate and relatively inexpensive. The
parameters generally monitored during energy audit may include the following:

Basic Electrical Parameters in AC & DC systems – Voltage (V), Current (1), Power factor,
Active power (kW), apparent power (demand) (kVA), Reactive power (kVAr), Energy
consumption (kWh), Frequency (Hz), Harmonics, etc. Parameters of importance other than
electrical such as temperature & heat flow, radiation, air and gas flow, liquid flow,
revolutions per minute (RPM), air velocity, noise and vibration, dust concentration, Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, moisture content, relative humidity, flue gas analysis – CO2,
O2, CO, SOX, NOx, combustion efficiency etc.

• Key instruments for energy audit are listed below:-

Electrical Measuring Instruments:

These are instruments for measuring major electrical parameters such as KVA, kW, PF,
Hertz, kVAr, Amps and Volts. In addition some of these instruments also measure
harmonics.

Combustion analyzer:

This instrument has in-built chemical cells which measure various gases such as O2, CO,
NOX and SOX.

Fuel Efficiency Monitor:

This measures oxygen and temperature of the flue gas. Calorific values of common fuels
are fed into the microprocessor which calculates the combustion efficiency.

Pitot tube and manometer:

Air velocity in ducts can be measured using a pitot tube and inclined manometer for further
Calculation of flows.
Q. Explain various energy audit approaches.

Ans-

There are different types of energy audits, including preliminary, detailed, and investment-
grade audits:

• Preliminary energy audit:-

A preliminary audit is a data-gathering exercise that uses a walk-through inspection
to identify areas for improvement.
• Detailed energy audit:-
A detailed audit uses sophisticated instruments to monitor and analyze energy use,
and provides a comprehensive analysis of the facility.
• Investment-grade audit:-
This is the most detailed and rigorous type of audit, and is often used for large-scale
energy efficiency investments. It includes detailed engineering and financial
studies, and provides a highly detailed report.

Q. Explain life cycle cost with example.

Ans-

Life cycle costing (LCC) is a cost accounting method that estimates the total cost of owning
and operating an asset over its entire life cycle. It considers all costs from the time an asset
is purchased to the time it is disposed of.

• Here are some examples of LCC:

Buying a car:-

The cost of a car includes the initial purchase price, as well as the costs of fuel,
maintenance, repairs, and eventual disposal or trade-in value.

LCC helps businesses make informed investment decisions by assessing the long-term
economic implications of investments. It also helps with planning, as it can help
businesses identify when a product needs a higher investment and allocate their budget
accordingly.
Q. What are simple payback period and internal rate of return?

Ans-

• Pay-back period:- Pay-back period is the time required to recover the initial investment in
a project. (It is one of the non-discounted cash flow methods of capital budgeting).

Merits of Pay-back method:-

1. It is easy to calculate and simple to understand.

2. Pay-back method provides further improvement over the accounting rate return.
3. Pay-back method reduces the possibility of loss on account of obsolescence.

Demerits of Pay-back period:-

1. Ignores the time value of money.

2. It ignores all cash inflows after the pay-back period.
3. 3. It is one of the misleading evaluations of capital budgeting

• Internal Rate of Return:- Internal rate of return is time adjusted technique and covers the
disadvantages of the traditional techniques. In other words it is a rate at which discount
cash flows to zero.

Merits:-

1. It considers the time value of money.

2. It takes into account the total cash inflow and outflow.
3. It does not use the concept of the required rate of return.
4. It gives the approximate/nearest rate of return.

Demerits:-

1. It involves complicated computational method.

2. It produces multiple rates which may be confusing for taking decisions.
3. It is assume that all intermediate cash flows are reinvested at the internal rate of
return.

Q. Return on investment.

Ans-

ROI (Return on Investment) measures the gain or loss generated on an investment, elative
to the amount of money invested. ROI is usually expressed as a percentage and is typically
used for personal financial decisions, to compare a company’s profitability or to compare
the efficiency of different investments.
Formula:-

ROI = NET PROFIT / COST OF INVESTMENT X 100.

The RO1 calculation is flexible and can be manipulated for different uses. A company may
use the calculation to compare the ROI on different potential investments, while an
investor could use it to calculate a return on a stock.

Q. Power factor improvement.

Ans-

Power factor improvement is the process of increasing the efficiency of an electrical

system by improving its power factor. Power factor is the ratio of real power to apparent
power, and a low power factor can lead to higher energy consumption and costs

Here are some ways to improve power factor:

Use harmonic filters: These can help improve system performance by reducing reactive
power.

Use active power factor correction devices: These can help improve system
performance by reducing reactive power.

Use a synchronous condenser: This method is often preferred by large power customers.

Use a phase advancer: This method is used to improve the power factor of induction
motors.

Q. Variable speed drive.

Ans-

• A variable speed drive is an electronic device used in electrical and mechanical

driving systems which allows the user to conveniently control the AC motor speed.
• It is also helpful for monitoring the generated torque by changing the motor input
speed and voltage.
• Variable speed drives are also able to control the operating speed of a motor
constantly with extreme precision.
• They are mostly suited for industrial applications for controlling the rotational speed
of the connected motor system.
• Variable speed drives are also commonly used in large fans, air conditioners, and
industrial fillers. Usually, variable speed drives are equipped with electric motors
and a controller for regulating the speed of the motor.