Indira Gandhi National Open University

MCSP – 232

PARKING SYSTEM
Project Report

Submitted in the partial fulfilment for the award

of the degree of

Submitted by:
Mamta Sharma (2301587514)

Under the Supervision

of
Associate Professor: Dr. Vijay Mohan Shrimal

Submitted to the School of Computer and Information Sciences,

IGNOU in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
Master of Computer Applications (MCA)
Year of Submission: 2024

Indira Gandhi National Open University

Maidan Garhi
New Delhi – 110068

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate Of Originality……………………………………………….…………..iv

List of Figures ...........................................................................................................v

List of Tables ........................................................................................................... vi

Abstract. ...................................................................................................................vii

Graphical Abstract. ............................................................................................... viii

Abbreviations. ......................................................................................................... ix

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1

1.1. Identification of Client/ Need/ Relevant Contemporary issue .............................. 1

1.2. Identification of Problem .................................................................................... 5

1.3. Identification of Tasks ......................................................................................... 8

1.4. Timeline .............................................................................................................. 11

1.5. Organization of the Report ................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND STUDY ... 14

2.1. Timeline of the reported problem ........................................................................ 14

2.2. Existing solutions............................................................................................... 18

2.3. Bibliometric analysis ..........................................................................................20

2.4. Review Summary............................................................................................... 23

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 2.5. Problem Formulation .......................................................................................... 26

2.6. Objectives ...........................................................................................................29

CHAPTER 3. DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS ......................................... 30

3.1. Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features................................................31

3.2. Design Constraints .............................................................................................. 34

3.3. Analysis of Features and finalization subject to constraints .................................. 39

3.4. Design Flow........................................................................................................ 41

3.5. Design selection.................................................................................................. 43

3.6. Implementation plan/methodology ...................................................................... 35

CHAPTER 4. RESULTS ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION ............... 52

4.1. Implementation of solution… ............................................................................ 52

4.1.1. Analysis. .................................................................................................. 52

4.1.2. Result....................................................................................................... 53

4.1.3. Testing. .....................................................................................................54

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ..................... 57

5.1. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 57

5.2. Future work ..................................................................................................... 59

REFERENCES ..................................................................................... 61
USER MANUAL.................................................................................. 63

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 X. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

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 List of Figures

Figure 1. Visual representation of brief of Parking Management System……… ix

Figure 2. Shows the methodology to be used………………………………….. 24
Figure 3. User Case Diagram…………………………………………………... 42
Figure 4. Showing the workflow of project…………………………………… 46
Figure 5. Workflow of User Interaction and Slot Management in ParkSmart
System…………………………………………………………………………… 48
Figure 6. Vehicle Detection and Parking Space Availability System…………… 48
Figure 7. Login page of ParkSmart……………………………………………… 63
Figure 8. Signup page of user…………………………………………………… 64
Figure 9. Signup page for Owner……………………………………………….. 64
Figure 10. User Dashboard……………………………………………………… 65
Figure 11. Search Parking lot…………………………………………………… 65
Figure 12. Booking parking lot………………………………………………….. 66
Figure 13. Cancel Booking……………………………………………………… 66
Figure 14. Receipt……………………………………………………………… 67
Figure 15. Owner dashboard overview………………………………………….. 67
Figure 16. View parked vehicles………………………………………………... 68
Figure 17. Update slot assignment………………………………………………. 68
Figure 18. Upcoming arrivals…………………………………………………… 69
Figure 19. Report overstaying vehicles…………………………………………. 69

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 List of Tables

TABLE 1 GANTT CHART OF TIMELINE OF THE TASKS APPOINTED ALONG

WITH THEIR DEADLINES…………………………………………….. 11

TABLE 2 ILLUSTRATION OF PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...………… 20

TABLE 3 COMPARISION OF IoT SENSOR-BASED VS. SOFTWARE-BASED

PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS……………………………….. 43

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 ABSTRACT

The Park System(PS) is a Python-based project aimed at streamlining the management of parking
spaces through efficient automation and real-time monitoring. The system leverages Python's powerful
libraries for data processing, user interaction, and hardware interfacing (if needed).

The project is designed to provide a user-friendly interface for both parking administrators and users.
Administrators can manage parking spaces, monitor occupancy, and generate reports, while users can
book slots in advance, view real-time parking availability, and make cashless payments. This system
seeks to enhance parking operations through the integration of real-time data, automation, and advanced
technologies like sensors, license plate recognition, and mobile applications. The primary objectives of a
PS are to improve space utilization, reduce congestion, enhance user experience, and ensure security
while offering flexible payment options. By automating processes such as ticketing, payments, and
parking space allocation, the system minimizes human intervention, reduces operational costs, and
maximizes revenue for facility owners. In addition, the PS supports environmental sustainability by
lowering carbon emissions and fuel consumption through efficient parking guidance. Ultimately, this
system offers a scalable and adaptable approach to modern parking management, addressing the needs
of both facility operators and users in a seamless, efficient, and secure manner.

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 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Fig. 1 Visual representation of brief of Parking Management System [1]

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 ABBREVIATIONS
1. PS Parking System
2. PMS Parking Management System
3. CMS Cloud Management System
4. UI User Interface
5. API Application Programming Interface
6. IoT Internet of Things
7. BMS Booking Management System
8. DB Database
9. AI Admin Interface
10. GPS Global Positioning System
11. ERD Database Entity Relationship Diagram
12. API Application Programming Interface
13. GUI Graphical User Interface
14. IoT Internet Of Things
15. CI/CD Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment
16. SMS Slot Management System
17. VMS Vehicle Management System

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INTRODUCTION

Parking management has become a significant challenge in urban and commercial areas due to
increasing vehicle density and limited space availability. Conventional parking systems often result in
wasted time, inefficient use of space, and frustration for users. The Smart Park System is a Python-
based project designed to address these challenges by automating parking space allocation, real-time
slot monitoring, and providing seamless user interaction.

By integrating advanced Python programming capabilities with technologies such as IoT, database
management, and web frameworks, the system offers a comprehensive solution for efficient parking
management. This project aims to reduce human intervention, enhance the user experience, and
optimize space utilization. Whether implemented in small commercial complexes or large urban
environments, the Smart Park System is a scalable and efficient approach to modern parking challenges.

With real-time parking slot updates, automated receipt generation, secure access through a dual-login
system, and seamless integration with WhatsApp for notifications, ParkSmart offers a robust and
forward- thinking approach to parking management.

The need for effective parking solutions has become increasingly urgent as universities expand and
student populations grow. ParkSmart addresses this demand by allowing employees to manage
vehicle assignments, report overstays, and ensure smooth operations. Meanwhile, students and
faculty members benefit from pre-booking features, access to parking slots within a one-kilometer
radius, and pre-payment options. This combination of real-time data, convenient booking, and
automated processes ensures that ParkSmart is not just a parking solution but a smart parking
experience designed for ease, accessibility, and efficiency.

1.1. Identification of Client /Need / Relevant Contemporary issue

Universities worldwide are facing an escalating parking crisis, driven by an increase in student,
staff, and faculty populations. As university campuses continue to expand, the demand for parking
spaces has surged, leading to severe shortages and congestion. The traditional methods of
managing these parking spaces have proven ineffective, contributing to longer wait times,
underutilized parking spots, and increased frustration among all campus stakeholders. With the
rapid rise in vehicle ownership among university students and staff, the pressure on campus
parking systems is growing, making it imperative for universities to adopt more efficient,
technology-driven solutions. The increasing congestion not only impacts daily routines but also
contributes to environmental issues such as air pollution and excessive fuel consumption.
Therefore, the need for a modern, efficient, and sustainable parking management system is more
urgent than ever. The ParkSmart system offers a promising solution to optimize parking space
utilization, reduce traffic congestion, and create a more convenient and sustainable campus parking
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experience
Client Identification

The primary clients for ParkSmart’s parking management system are universities and their key
stakeholders, including students, faculty, staff, and visitors. These diverse client groups experience
unique challenges related to parking on campus, which ParkSmart aims to address by providing a
comprehensive solution that caters to their specific needs.

 Universities: As the primary entity, universities bear the responsibility of managing parking
on campus. With the increasing student population and the strain on parking resources,
universities face the challenge of ensuring parking accessibility while minimizing
environmental impact and maintaining operational efficiency. Universities require a system
that can provide real-time monitoring of parking space availability, automate parking
assignments, and reduce the strain on parking staff. Furthermore, universities must ensure
that their parking management systems are scalable, adaptable to future growth, and cost-
effective.
 Students: Students represent a significant portion of the university parking population,
particularly those who commute from off-campus or need to access campus parking
regularly. Students face significant challenges when trying to find an available parking
space, especially during peak hours or busy campus events. This frustration often leads to
tardiness, stress, and dissatisfaction with the campus infrastructure. Students require a
parking solution that helps them find and reserve spots in advance, reducing wait times and
allowing them to focus on their academic responsibilities. A streamlined and easy-to-use
system can greatly enhance their experience, promoting overall student satisfaction.
 Faculty and Staff: Faculty and staff members require reliable parking solutions to ensure
they can access campus facilities for lectures, meetings, and other professional duties.
Unlike students, faculty and staff members often have specific parking needs, such as
proximity to academic buildings or administrative offices. Faculty and staff are also tasked
with overseeing parking operations, making it crucial that the system is user-friendly and
automated to reduce administrative workload. For these clients, ParkSmart’s system can
improve convenience, reduce search times, and provide designated parking areas, ensuring
they can arrive at work on time and with minimal hassle.
 Visitors: Visitors to the university, including prospective students, parents, event attendees,
and guest speakers, often face confusion and frustration when trying to locate parking spots.
With limited knowledge of the campus layout and parking regulations, visitors are at a
disadvantage when it comes to finding convenient parking. ParkSmart can help address these
issues by offering real-time parking information, pre-booking options, and easy-to-

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follow directions, ensuring a positive experience for visitors while reducing parking stress
for them and the university.

Client Needs

Each client group has distinct needs related to parking management, which must be addressed to
improve the overall parking experience and operational efficiency at universities.

 Efficient Space Utilization: With the increasing number of vehicles on campus, the efficient
use of limited parking spaces is a critical need. Universities require a system that can monitor
space availability in real-time and dynamically allocate parking spots to users based on
demand. This can help maximize the number of vehicles accommodated without
compromising convenience.
 Streamlined Management Processes: Manual parking systems are outdated and inefficient,
requiring staff to allocate spaces, issue permits, and handle inquiries. Universities need an
automated, self-service parking system that reduces manual workload and minimizes errors,
while also ensuring that parking assignments are made quickly and accurately.
 User-Friendly Experience: For students, faculty, and staff, accessing parking must be quick,
easy, and stress-free. A user-friendly interface that allows for easy reservation of parking spots,
real-time availability updates, and seamless payment processes is crucial. The system should
also be mobile-optimized to cater to the on-the-go needs of users.
 Sustainability and Environmental Considerations: Inefficiencies in parking systems contribute
to traffic congestion and environmental pollution. Universities need a solution that optimizes
parking to reduce emissions and fuel consumption, promoting sustainability and environmental
responsibility on campus.
 Scalability and Flexibility: As universities continue to grow, their parking systems must be
adaptable to increasing demand. ParkSmart must be able to scale efficiently, handling larger
volumes of vehicles while also adapting to changes in parking needs, such as during campus
events or peak academic periods.

Contemporary Issues

1) Traffic Congestion: Increased vehicle ownership among students and staff, combined with
limited parking spaces, has led to significant traffic congestion on university campuses. This
congestion results in longer wait times for parking, delays, and frustration for all users.

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2) Limited Space Availability: Many universities face a shortage of parking spaces, with demand
often outpacing supply, especially during peak hours. This mismatch between parking demand
and availability leads to wasted time, fuel, and frustration for users.
3) Inefficient Parking Management: Outdated manual systems for parking allocation, monitoring,
and payment create inefficiencies that impact the overall experience for students, faculty, and
staff. This lack of automation leads to longer processing times, errors, and unnecessary
administrative costs.
4) Environmental Impact: Inefficient parking systems contribute to increased emissions from
idling vehicles and traffic congestion, negatively impacting campus sustainability efforts and
contributing to broader environmental challenges.
5) User Frustration: Students, faculty, and staff often experience frustration when trying to find
parking, particularly during peak hours or large campus events. This not only impacts
individual productivity and satisfaction but also contributes to campus-wide stress.

Addressing the Issue

The ParkSmart system offers a cutting-edge solution to these contemporary parking management
challenges by leveraging technology to optimize parking resources, improve user experience, and
promote sustainability. Here’s how ParkSmart can address these critical issues:

 Real-Time Parking Availability: ParkSmart utilizes IoT sensors and mobile integration to
provide real-time updates on available parking spaces. This enables users to easily find and
reserve spots, reducing the time spent searching for parking and minimizing campus
congestion.
 Automated Parking Management: ParkSmart automates the parking assignment process,
eliminating manual labor and reducing errors. This allows parking operations to run smoothly
and efficiently, with reduced staff involvement and more accurate assignments.
 Mobile and Web Integration: The system provides a user-friendly interface for students,
faculty, and staff to reserve parking spots, view real-time availability, and make payments.
This mobile-first approach ensures that users can access parking information wherever they
are, streamlining the parking experience.
 Environmental Benefits: By reducing idle times, minimizing traffic congestion, and improving
space utilization, ParkSmart helps reduce the environmental impact of campus parking. This
aligns with universities' sustainability goals, supporting greener and more eco-friendly campus
operations.

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 Scalable and Adaptive: ParkSmart is designed to grow with the university, adapting to changes
in parking demand and accommodating larger student populations or special events. The
system is built to be flexible and easily expandable, ensuring long-term utility and scalability.

In conclusion, ParkSmart offers a comprehensive solution to the parking management challenges

faced by universities. By leveraging modern technology, the system not only addresses critical
issues such as space utilization, congestion, and environmental impact but also improves the
overall parking experience for all campus stakeholders. Through its efficient, user-friendly, and
scalable approach, ParkSmart is positioned to revolutionize parking on university campuses,
paving the way for smarter, more sustainable parking management systems.

1.2. Identification of Problem

In the rapidly expanding environment of modern universities, managing parking resources has
become a pressing challenge. As university populations grow and campuses expand, the demand
for parking spaces has surged, exacerbating existing issues related to parking shortages and
inefficiencies. The influx of students, faculty, staff, and visitors has led to significantly increased
vehicle traffic on campuses, often causing congestion, long wait times for parking, and frustration
among the people who rely on these spaces. The absence of an effective parking management
system to accommodate this growing demand presents numerous challenges for universities,
ranging from operational inefficiencies to environmental concerns.

Parking Shortages and Traffic Congestion

One of the most noticeable effects of the current parking management issues is the severe shortage
of parking spaces on campuses. With the number of students, faculty, and staff on the rise, and
many people relying on personal vehicles to commute to campus, the existing parking
infrastructure is frequently overwhelmed. This leads to long periods of searching for an available
spot, contributing to traffic congestion in and around parking areas. Additionally, the growing
number of visitors, such as prospective students, parents, and event attendees, further strains the
already limited supply of spaces.

The lack of available parking during peak times—such as the start of a new academic term, during
large campus events, or rush hours—creates delays and frustration for campus members. In turn,
this disrupts the smooth flow of university operations, particularly for faculty and staff who need
to arrive on time for lectures and meetings. For students, the stress of finding a parking spot can

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lead to late arrivals for classes, increased absenteeism, and a reduced sense of satisfaction with
campus life.

Underutilized Parking Spaces

Interestingly, the problem of parking shortages is not only due to an insufficient number of spaces
but also due to the inefficient utilization of existing parking resources. Traditional parking
management systems—if they exist at all—are often static and outdated, relying on manual
tracking of available spaces. As a result, many parking areas are underutilized during certain times,
with spaces left empty while others remain fully occupied. This mismatch between supply and
demand often occurs because there is no real-time data on parking space availability, nor is there
an automated way to direct users to underutilized areas.

For example, parking spaces in a less frequently used lot might remain empty during a busy period,
while spots in a high-demand area could be fully occupied, even though the overall campus parking
capacity is not being fully used. This inefficiency in parking allocation results in frustration for
users, who may be unaware of available spaces until they have already spent valuable time
searching for parking in busier areas.

Lack of Real-Time Communication and Tracking

The absence of a real-time, automated parking management system exacerbates the parking issue
further. Without real-time tracking of available parking spots, users must rely on static information
or on-campus signage that may not accurately reflect the current availability. This leads to
confusion, delays, and further congestion as people circle looking for a spot. The lack of effective
communication means that users are left unaware of parking vacancies in other parts of the campus,
wasting time and fuel while also contributing to unnecessary pollution from idling vehicles.

In addition, the inability to efficiently communicate with users, especially during peak periods or
large events, leads to disorganized and unpredictable parking experiences. The lack of pre-booking
options, digital notifications, or integrated systems means that users cannot plan their parking
ahead of time, resulting in frustration and inefficiency. For instance, students, staff, and visitors
may find themselves scrambling to find an available space when they arrive, only to discover that
the campus is already full, which significantly detracts from their overall experience.

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Environmental Impact

The inefficiency in parking management has broader consequences as well, particularly in terms
of environmental sustainability. Increased vehicle congestion leads to higher emissions due to
idling cars and longer driving times. This is particularly troubling for universities that are striving
to achieve sustainability goals by reducing their carbon footprint. Inefficient parking practices
increase fuel consumption, contribute to higher levels of pollution, and undermine efforts to make
campuses more eco-friendly.

Moreover, unnecessary driving in search of parking spaces leads to traffic jams and delays that
contribute to noise pollution and reduce the quality of life for students, faculty, and staff. With
universities increasingly aware of their environmental responsibilities, the need to address the
sustainability implications of campus parking has never been more urgent.

User Satisfaction and Campus Operations

The challenges associated with parking shortages, inefficiencies, and congestion ultimately lead to
a decline in user satisfaction. Students, faculty, staff, and visitors all experience varying degrees
of frustration with the current parking system. Students may face difficulties attending classes on
time, faculty may struggle to arrive at meetings or lectures without unnecessary delays, and visitors
may become discouraged by the lack of available parking during important events.

This dissatisfaction can also affect the broader operational efficiency of the university. The
constant strain on parking resources leads to increased stress among users and detracts from their
overall campus experience. As a result, universities may face higher levels of dissatisfaction,
decreased engagement, and an overall negative perception of campus management. Additionally,
inefficient parking can lead to more significant administrative and operational costs as staff
members are required to oversee and manage parking areas manually, diverting resources away
from more critical tasks.

The Need for a Modern Solution

The growing demand for parking spaces and the inefficiencies in current systems indicate a clear
need for an integrated, technology-driven parking management solution. Universities require an
intelligent system capable of addressing the dynamic needs of modern campuses. This solution
should focus on optimizing space utilization, providing real-time tracking and communication, and
enhancing the overall parking experience for all stakeholders. By implementing a system that

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leverages smart technology and data analytics, universities can create a more efficient, sustainable,
and user-friendly parking environment.

In conclusion, the current state of parking management on university campuses is marked by

significant inefficiencies, underutilization of spaces, and frustration among users. The combination
of increased vehicle ownership, outdated parking systems, and environmental concerns has created
a pressing need for change. Universities must adopt innovative parking management solutions to
enhance operational efficiency, improve user satisfaction, and support sustainability goals. A
modern, data-driven parking system could go a long way in alleviating these challenges and
ensuring that parking on campus is as seamless and effective as possible for all university members.

1.3. Identification of Tasks

To develop the ParkSmart Parking Management System, the project will involve a series of tasks
categorized into three main sections: Identification and Research Tasks, System Design and
Development Tasks, and Testing, Validation, and Deployment Tasks. Each task is crucial to the
successful completion of the system, ensuring it meets the parking needs of the university campus
efficiently.

1. Literature Review and Market Analysis

 Research the current parking challenges faced by universities, focusing on issues such
as traffic congestion, environmental impact, and parking demand.
 Analyze existing parking solutions used by universities, identifying their strengths,
weaknesses, and areas for improvement.

2. Requirements Gathering
 Interview stakeholders, including university parking staff, students, and faculty, to
understand their specific needs and pain points regarding parking management.
 Document essential requirements for the system, such as real-time tracking, automated
receipt generation, and dual-login for secure access.

3. Data Collection and Survey

 Conduct surveys among campus users (students, faculty, and staff) to gather insights
into their parking preferences, common issues, and desired improvements in parking
services.
 Collect quantitative data on parking utilization rates, space availability, and peak
parking times on campus.

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4. System Architecture Design

 Define the overall structure of the system, outlining the interactions between the user
interface, database, and messaging modules.
 Develop a detailed database schema that will store user information, slot availability,
vehicle assignments, and transaction records.

5. User Interface (UI) Development

 Add database connectivity (e.g., SQLite, MySQL) to store and retrieve parking records.

 Incorporate essential features such as real-time updates, booking functionality, and

automated notifications within the user interface.

6. Backend and Database Development

 Set up the database with tables for user information, slot availability, booking history,
and transaction details.
 Implement core backend functionalities, such as real-time slot tracking, pre-payment
options, and secure access management.

7. WhatsApp API Integration

 Integrate the WhatsApp API to enable automated notifications, such as booking
confirmations, receipts, and reminders, for both users and parking staff.

8. Parking Slot Booking System Development

 Develop the logic for booking and canceling parking slots, ensuring that users can
select available spots, make payments, and receive confirmation in real-time.
 Implement checks to prevent double-booking and ensure accurate slot allocation.

9. Payment Gateway Integration

 Integrate a secure payment gateway to handle both pre-payment and payment-on-
arrival options for users.
 Ensure seamless payment processing and secure transactions within the system.

10. User Access and Authentication Management

a. Implement a secure login system for both employees and users, ensuring that sensitive
information is protected and access is granted based on roles (employee, student,
faculty).

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b. Develop a dual-login mechanism for secure access to the management and booking
system.

11. System Testing and Debugging

 Perform unit tests on individual modules (UI, backend, database, messaging system) to
ensure that each function works correctly.
 Conduct integration testing to verify that all system components work seamlessly
together without issues.

12. User Acceptance Testing (UAT)

 Invite a sample of campus users (students, faculty, and staff) to use the system and
provide feedback on its usability, functionality, and user experience.
 Gather insights into potential improvements based on the feedback provided during
testing.

13. System Optimization and Finalization

 Analyze feedback from UAT and optimize the system by refining processes, enhancing
user experience, and resolving any performance issues.
 Finalize the system for deployment, ensuring all features function as expected and the
system is stable.

14. Deployment and Training

 Deploy the ParkSmart system on the university's infrastructure, ensuring it is accessible
to both employees and campus members.
 Conduct training sessions for parking staff and other employees who will use the
management interface, ensuring they are familiar with system operations.

15. Documentation and User Guide Creation

 Create comprehensive user guides and documentation for both employees and students,
explaining how to use the system, manage bookings, and access support.
 Ensure that the documentation is clear, concise, and accessible for all users.

These tasks collectively address the identification, design, development, testing, and deployment
processes of the ParkSmart Parking Management System, ensuring that the final solution
effectively meets the needs of the university community while optimizing parking operations and
enhancing user experience.

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1.4. Timeline

The Gantt chart delineates a projected timeline for the comprehensive development and testing
phases of our solution, aiming to address the challenges surrounding hypertension and
cardiovascular disease management.

Gantt chart

TABLE 1. GANTT CHART OF TIMELINE OF THE TASKS APPOINTED ALONG WITH THEIR DEADLINES [2]
Task Start date End date
Problem analysis 2024/10/01 2024/10/15
Solution design 2024/10/16 2024/11/02
Implementation 2024/11/03 2024/11/20
Evaluation 2024/11/23 2024/12/08

1.5. Organization of the Report

The report will be structured into the following chapters, each covering specific aspects of the
project:

Chapter 1: Introduction

 Overview of the Project: This chapter introduces the purpose and objectives of the
ParkSmart Parking Management System. It explains the need for an efficient, technology-
driven solution to address the parking challenges faced by universities. 
 Problem Statement: Defines the broad issues, such as parking shortages, congestion, and
inefficient use of parking spaces.
 Scope and Significance: Highlights the importance of implementing ParkSmart within a
university setting to improve the parking experience, minimize delays, and contribute to
sustainability goals.
 Objectives and Features: Summarizes the primary objectives of ParkSmart, such as real-
time parking updates, automated receipts, secure dual-login access, and WhatsApp
integration for notifications.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review / Background Study

 Parking Challenges in University Settings: Reviews existing studies and data that
demonstrate the common parking issues faced by universities, including increased vehicle
traffic and insufficient space.
 Existing Solutions and Technologies: Provides an analysis of current parking
management solutions and identifies their strengths and limitations. This section may
review systems used in similar environments, such as smart parking systems at other
educational institutions. 
 Theoretical Foundations and Technology Overview: Discusses the technologies and
methodologies relevant to ParkSmart, including Java Swing and AWT for the graphical
interface, WhatsApp API for notifications, and database management for handling user and
parking data.
 Justification for the Project: Summarizes findings from existing literature to underscore
the need for ParkSmart as an innovative approach to improving parking management and
enhancing campus mobility. 

Chapter 3: Design Flow / Process

 System Requirements and Specifications: Outlines the functional and non-functional

requirements identified through stakeholder interviews, user surveys, and research.
Describes the needs of both end-users (students, staff) and system administrators (parking
staff).
 System Architecture and Components: Details the design of the system architecture,
illustrating how each component (UI, database, notifications) interacts to deliver a smooth
user experience. This section may include architecture diagrams to show the relationship
between various modules. 
 User Interface (UI) Design: Describes the design principles and layout of the graphical
interface developed using Java Swing and AWT. Highlights key features such as slot
availability display, booking interface, and payment options. 
 Backend and Database Design: Explains the backend structure and database schema,
including tables for user data, parking slots, transactions, and notifications. Discusses the
design considerations for ensuring data security and efficient performance. 
 Integration of WhatsApp API: Describes the integration of WhatsApp for automated
notifications, enabling seamless communication for booking confirmations, receipts, and
reminders.

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 Development Methodology: Provides an overview of the development process, including

project phases, task distribution, and milestones. Mention any frameworks or agile
methodologies used to manage the development workflow.

Chapter 4: Results Analysis and Validation

 Testing and Debugging Results: Summarizes the testing strategies implemented,

including unit testing for each module (UI, database, backend) and integration testing to
verify the compatibility of components.
 User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Details feedback from UAT conducted with a sample
of university members. This section discusses user satisfaction levels, identified issues, and
modifications made based on the feedback. 
 System Performance Analysis: Evaluates the system’s performance in terms of speed,
reliability, and accuracy in displaying real-time slot availability and processing bookings. 
 Data Analysis and Key Metrics: Presents quantitative data on the system’s impact, such
as average booking time, slot utilization rate, and user engagement metrics. These statistics
help illustrate the effectiveness of the system in improving parking management. 
 Challenges and Limitations: Discuss any challenges encountered during development
and testing, as well as known limitations of the current system. This section also outlines
potential areas for improvement.

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Future Work

 Summary of Findings: Provides a summary of the project’s outcomes and highlights how
the ParkSmart system meets the identified needs, streamlining parking management and
enhancing the campus experience. 
 Contributions and Significance: Reiterates the benefits of the ParkSmart system,
including improved space utilization, time savings, and user convenience. Discusses the
system’s contributions to sustainable campus operations. 
 Future Enhancements: Suggest possible future developments, such as mobile app
integration, machine learning for demand prediction, or IoT-based sensors for real-time
slot monitoring. This section explores how ParkSmart could be expanded or enhanced to
adapt to evolving university needs.
 Final Remarks: Concludes with the potential impact of the project on university parking
management and its scalability for broader applications in other institutions or urban areas. 

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LITERATURE REVIEW/BACKGROUND STUDY

2.1. Timeline of the reported problem

Historical Background and Problem Identification

Parking management on university campuses has evolved from a simple logistical issue into a
significant, complex challenge as urbanization and rising vehicle ownership rates have increased
the demand for parking spaces. Over the past several decades, the expansion of universities and
the growing number of students, faculty, staff, and visitors have further exacerbated the problem,
making parking availability and traffic congestion major concerns on campuses worldwide. This
issue is most prevalent in major urban centers where universities are typically located. In cities like
Boston, New York, and London, parking shortages have been identified as a key source of campus
congestion, which directly impacts both the daily operations and the academic experiences of
students and faculty.

The increasing number of vehicles on university campuses presents a multi-faceted problem.

Students, faculty, staff, and visitors all vie for a limited number of parking spots, especially during
peak hours. Parking spaces are often fully occupied by the time users arrive on campus, forcing
them to circle the lot, which can contribute to congestion, delays, and frustration. The lack of an
efficient system for managing parking demand leads to increased carbon emissions as vehicles idle
and search for spaces, further contributing to environmental degradation.

A significant report by the International Parking and Mobility Institute (IPMI) in 2021 found that
over 55% of university campuses in North America experience parking shortages during peak
hours. These shortages not only cause inconvenience but also lead to overcrowded parking lots,
long delays, and a general sense of dissatisfaction among users. Furthermore, these inefficiencies
can negatively impact campus operations, resulting in less productive use of campus time for both
students and faculty, which is an issue that has indirectly affected the academic experience on
many campuses. As the demand for parking continues to outpace the supply, the pressure on
universities to find innovative and sustainable parking management solutions has become even
more critical.

Historically, universities attempted to manage parking resources through manual systems or by

expanding parking infrastructure. However, these traditional methods were largely ineffective, as
they failed to address the dynamic nature of parking demand, which fluctuates throughout the day

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depending on class schedules, campus events, and other factors. Expanding parking lots, while
helpful in the short term, was often a costly and unsustainable approach that did not solve the root
problem of inefficient space utilization.

To address these mounting issues, universities have increasingly turned to technology-driven

solutions. These innovations leverage real-time data systems that provide users with up-to-date
information on parking availability. Through mobile apps, digital signage, and campus websites,
real-time parking data allows users to make more informed decisions about where to park, thus
reducing the time spent searching for a spot and alleviating congestion. Additionally, sensors,
cameras, and GPS technology have been incorporated into parking systems to track space
occupancy. These data-driven approaches improve resource utilization and enhance overall
campus operations by streamlining the process of parking allocation.

Technologies such as ParkSmart have been developed to address these issues comprehensively.
By utilizing sensors and GPS, ParkSmart provides real-time updates on parking availability,
enabling users to find open spaces more quickly. These systems can even optimize parking slot
assignments, ensuring that spaces are allocated to the right users at the right times. With such
systems in place, universities can avoid the need for costly parking expansions, reduce traffic
congestion, and lower the environmental impact of campus operations.

Global Recognition of the Issue

The challenges associated with parking management on university campuses have been recognized
worldwide. Urbanization has significantly affected parking demand, and institutions across various
countries are exploring innovative solutions to cope with the rising pressures of campus parking.
In major cities around the world, from New York to London and Sydney, universities are adopting
technologies that allow for real-time tracking of parking spaces. This shift towards data-driven
parking solutions has gained global recognition for its potential to not only optimize campus
operations but also enhance the overall student and staff experience.

The rapid global recognition of parking challenges within academic environments is rooted in
several factors. First, the increasing number of university students and the expanding faculty and
staff population create a heightened demand for parking. As universities grow and cities become
more densely populated, the scarcity of parking spots becomes an issue that cannot be ignored.
Second, the impact on the environment—due to the carbon emissions produced by vehicles
searching for space—has prompted universities to adopt more sustainable approaches. This

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environmental pressure has created a ripple effect across the globe, pushing universities and cities
to explore smarter, more eco-friendly solutions.

Several studies have pointed to the environmental and operational inefficiencies that are
exacerbated by poor parking management. As a result, universities are moving away from
traditional approaches and looking toward cutting-edge technologies like real-time parking
management systems, which have gained recognition globally for their effectiveness. Institutions
are finding that by implementing these systems, they not only reduce their environmental footprint
but also improve overall operational efficiency, making parking management easier and more
convenient for everyone involved.

Academic Research on Parking Management Systems

In recent years, academic research on parking management systems has expanded significantly.
Scholars from various disciplines—ranging from urban planning to computer science—have
explored how technology can be used to optimize parking availability, reduce congestion, and
improve sustainability on university campuses. Research in this area often focuses on the
integration of technologies such as sensors, machine learning, and big data analytics to develop
intelligent parking management systems that can predict parking demand and allocate spaces
accordingly.

A key area of focus in academic research is the integration of real-time data systems. These systems
rely on sensors and IoT technology to monitor parking space occupancy and communicate this
information to users in real-time. This technology has been shown to reduce the time spent
searching for parking spots, alleviate congestion, and improve overall user satisfaction.
Additionally, the research has highlighted the importance of predictive analytics, which can be
used to forecast parking demand based on factors such as class schedules, campus events, and
weather conditions.

Furthermore, many studies have explored the benefits of integrating parking management systems
with existing campus infrastructure. For example, university apps or websites that provide parking
availability updates could also be integrated with campus-wide information systems, allowing for
seamless user experiences. This type of integration can help universities streamline their parking
management efforts and ensure that resources are allocated efficiently.

Academic research has also stressed the importance of environmental sustainability in parking
management. Studies have shown that real-time parking systems can reduce the environmental

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impact of parking by decreasing the time vehicles spend idling or circulating the parking lot. By
improving parking efficiency, these systems help universities reduce their carbon footprint and
contribute to broader sustainability goals.

Industry Reports: Leveraging Technology for Parking Management

In addition to academic research, various industry reports have examined how leveraging
technology can transform parking management on university campuses. Reports from
organizations such as the International Parking Institute (IPI) and the National Parking Association
(NPA) highlight the growing trend of using real-time parking data systems to solve the challenges
of congestion and inefficiency. These reports emphasize the importance of adopting technologies
that can streamline parking allocation, improve space utilization, and reduce environmental impact.

The 2021 report by the International Parking and Mobility Institute (IPMI) is particularly notable.
It provided valuable insights into how universities across North America are struggling with
parking shortages and how they are adopting innovative solutions like ParkSmart to address these
issues. The report found that the vast majority of universities with parking shortages are adopting
some form of real-time parking management system to alleviate congestion, reduce the time spent
looking for parking, and improve the overall user experience.

Reports have also emphasized the importance of utilizing big data analytics to predict parking
demand and optimize space usage. By analyzing historical data on parking utilization, universities
can forecast peak parking times and proactively manage available resources. These reports stress
that parking management systems should be dynamic and capable of adapting to changing needs
throughout the day.

Recent Research and Conferences

Recent research conferences have become platforms for discussing the latest developments in
parking management technology. At conferences such as the International Parking & Mobility
Institute (IPMI) Conference & Expo, experts from across the world gather to present new findings
and innovative solutions to parking-related challenges. Many of these discussions focus on the
intersection of data analytics, machine learning, and parking management systems. Presentations
often cover the integration of AI-powered systems, which can learn from user behavior and
optimize parking assignments over time, as well as the use of predictive analytics to forecast
parking demand based on factors like time of day, weather, and upcoming events.

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One recent conference presentation focused on the use of advanced sensor technologies in parking
management, which can provide real-time data on the availability of parking spaces, thus
minimizing the time spent searching for an open spot. Researchers and industry leaders alike are
exploring how the integration of such technologies with existing campus infrastructure can create
seamless, data-driven parking systems that improve user satisfaction, reduce environmental
impact, and increase the efficiency of campus operations.

Moreover, conferences have also discussed the growing importance of integrating parking
management systems with broader campus sustainability efforts. Universities worldwide are
focusing on sustainability as a core value, and integrating intelligent parking systems into these
broader sustainability initiatives is becoming increasingly important. The use of parking
management technologies that reduce congestion and emissions aligns with global goals for
reducing carbon footprints and promoting green campus initiatives.

Conclusion

The challenges related to parking management at universities have become more pronounced with
the increasing number of students, faculty, and staff, compounded by urbanization and the rise in
vehicle ownership. These issues are not only operational but also environmental, as congestion and
long search times contribute to air pollution and inefficiency. In response, universities globally are
adopting technology-driven solutions like ParkSmart, real-time data systems, and predictive
analytics to address these challenges effectively.

The growing recognition of these challenges on a global scale, supported by academic research
and industry reports, has highlighted the need for innovative parking management solutions that
leverage cutting-edge technology to optimize space utilization, reduce congestion, and contribute
to sustainability goals. As parking management technologies continue to evolve, universities will
play a key role in implementing these solutions to improve the campus experience for students,
faculty, and staff while addressing the broader concerns of environmental impact and operational
efficiency.

2.2. Existing solutions

Over the years, various parking management systems have been introduced in university
environments to address the persistent issue of parking shortages and inefficiencies. These systems
have ranged from simple manual approaches to more sophisticated technology-driven solutions.
Below is a detailed look at some of the key solutions implemented to date:

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1) Static Allocation Models: Static allocation models are a traditional parking management
approach where parking permits are assigned to specific user categories (e.g., students, and
faculty) and linked to designated parking areas. Users are allocated fixed parking spaces,
ensuring a predictable and straightforward system. However, this approach leads to
inefficiencies due to underutilized spaces, as users may not always use their assigned spots.
The lack of real-time data also limits flexibility, especially when designated lots are full. Static
models fail to accommodate dynamic campus needs and are less efficient in managing
available parking resources during peak times.
2) Automated Gate and Ticketing Systems: Automated gate and ticketing systems have
become common in university parking lots. Vehicles entering the parking facility take a ticket
at the entry point, and the user pays for parking based on the duration of stay upon exit. This
system automates entry and exit processes, improving access control and reducing manual
monitoring. However, these systems often lack real-time data about parking space availability,
leading to delays as users search for available spots. Additionally, bottlenecks can occur during
peak hours, especially if machines malfunction or require manual intervention, resulting in
frustration and congestion.
3) Smart Parking Systems with Mobile Apps: Smart parking systems leverage mobile apps like
ParkMobile and PayByPhone to enhance user experience. These apps allow users to reserve
parking spots in advance, pay via mobile devices, and extend parking time remotely. The main
advantages are convenience, cashless payments, and time-saving features like notifications for
real-time space availability. However, these systems depend on reliable internet connectivity,
which may not always be available in all areas. Compatibility with existing campus
infrastructure can also be challenging, and these systems are limited to managed or commercial
parking areas, making them unsuitable for informal or overflow parking.
4) IoT-enabled Sensors and Data Analytics: IoT-enabled sensors are deployed in parking lots
to provide real-time occupancy data, enhancing parking management. These sensors relay data
to a centralized system, which can be accessed via mobile apps or digital signage, helping users
find available parking spaces quickly. This system optimizes space usage, reduces congestion,
and provides data for advanced analytics, such as demand-based pricing. The key drawbacks
include high initial installation costs, ongoing maintenance, and scalability challenges,
especially in large or spread-out campuses. If sensors malfunction or require calibration,
inaccurate data could lead to confusion for both users and administrators.
5) ParkSmart as a Solution: ParkSmart is a flexible, cost-effective parking management system
designed to address the inefficiencies of traditional models and the high costs of advanced
solutions. It offers real-time parking data and dynamic management capabilities, making it a
scalable alternative for university campuses. Unlike high-cost IoT systems, ParkSmart
integrates easily with existing infrastructure, reducing the need for expensive hardware. Users

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can access parking availability information through web or mobile platforms, allowing them
to reserve parking in advance. ParkSmart bridges the gap between traditional methods and
modern, technology-driven solutions, enhancing operational efficiency and user satisfaction
without significant investment.

TABLE 2. ILLUSTRATION OF PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM [3]

Name Role Contribution

Smith, J., & Developed ParkSys, a manual logging system for parking management.
Thompson, L Authors Evaluated user satisfaction and efficiency.
Jones, A., & Proposed basic database management for parking solutions, focusing on user
Lee, B. Authors experience.
Patel, R., & Developed Parking Pro, a mobile application for real-time updates and
Kumar, S. Authors usability in parking management.
Created SmartPark using RFID technology, improving security features and
booking efficiency.
Chen, Y., &
Zhao, X. Authors
Kim, H., & Introduced EasyPark, a cloud-based solution for parking management with a
Park, J. Authors focus on data management and response time.
Rodriguez, M., Developed ParkEasy, an integrated system for parking management, focusing
& Smith, A. Authors on integration capabilities and user feedback.
Liu, T., & Implemented CityParking using AI algorithms to provide predictive analytics
Wang, Y. Authors and improve system reliability.

2.3. Bibliometric analysis

Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative approach used to analyze published academic research by

examining various metrics such as citations, author collaborations, journals, and publications. In
the context of parking management systems, bibliometric analysis helps assess the evolution of
technology, compare different parking solutions, and identify trends in innovation. By
systematically reviewing the literature, we can gather insights into the effectiveness and
shortcomings of various parking technologies, from traditional models to advanced smart parking
systems. This analysis provides a comprehensive view of the current landscape, aiding in the
development of more effective, user-centered solutions.

Selection Criteria:

To perform a comprehensive bibliometric analysis, a set of criteria is defined for selecting the
relevant research papers and reports. The key selection criteria include:

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 Relevance to Parking Management: Papers focusing on technologies, solutions, and

methodologies in parking management systems.
 Impact: High-quality publications with citations from a broad range of studies to ensure the
inclusion of influential works.
 Technological Scope: Studies covering a wide range of parking solutions, from traditional
static models to IoT-enabled smart parking systems.
 Geographical Diversity: Inclusion of studies from different regions to account for variations in
technological implementation and challenges.

Data Collection:

The data for this bibliometric analysis was collected from several well-established academic
databases, such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore. The search terms included “parking
management systems,” “smart parking,” “IoT parking solutions,” and “automated parking
systems.” The collection focused on studies published within the last 10 years to ensure the
research is current and reflective of modern advancements. Only peer-reviewed journals,
conference proceedings, and highly-cited papers were considered for inclusion to ensure the
reliability and credibility of the findings.

Data Analysis:

The data collected were analyzed to identify patterns, trends, and key themes in the literature. This
analysis was structured around:

 Citation Analysis: Identifying the most frequently cited papers to determine the foundational
research in parking management systems.
 Keyword Analysis: Examining the most common keywords in the literature, such as "real-time
parking," "automated parking," "IoT," and "smart city parking," to identify focal areas of study.
 Publication Trends: Observing the number of publications per year to track the growth or
decline of interest in certain technologies or approaches.

This analysis also included a comparative evaluation of key features, effectiveness, and drawbacks
of different parking management systems, which can guide future development and decision-
making for parking solutions.

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Themes and Topics:

Several recurring themes and topics emerged from the bibliometric analysis:

1. Static Allocation Models: These are the simplest parking solutions, where spaces are pre-
allocated based on fixed user categories. These systems are effective in small settings where
parking demand is predictable, but they struggle with flexibility in high-demand scenarios.
2. Automated Gate and Ticketing Systems: These systems provide controlled access to parking
areas, often relying on ticketing upon entry and validated exits. While effective for controlled
environments, they lack user-friendliness and require significant infrastructure.
3. Smart Parking Systems with Mobile Apps: These systems leverage mobile applications to
offer app-based reservations, real-time availability updates, and in-app payments. They
provide a high level of user convenience, though they come with a significant development
cost and depend on reliable internet connectivity.
4. IoT-enabled Sensors and Data Analytics: These systems use sensors and data analytics to
monitor parking spaces in real-time, offering predictive analytics for demand forecasting.
While they are highly accurate and efficient, they are expensive to implement and require
substantial maintenance.

Gaps and Opportunities:

Despite the advances in parking management technologies, the bibliometric analysis revealed
several gaps and opportunities:

1. Affordability and Accessibility: Many of the advanced systems, such as IoT-enabled sensors
and mobile apps, come with high implementation and maintenance costs. There is an
opportunity to develop cost-effective solutions that integrate key features of these technologies
without the need for expensive infrastructure.
2. User Adoption: While mobile apps and IoT solutions offer enhanced convenience, they often
require significant user adoption efforts, especially in regions with lower technological
penetration. Solutions that prioritize ease of use and minimize technological dependencies
could cater to a broader audience.
3. Flexibility in High-Demand Situations: Static allocation models lack flexibility, which can
result in inefficiencies during peak periods. Developing dynamic solutions that can adapt to
real-time demand could improve system efficiency.

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4. Integration of Multiple Systems: There is an opportunity to integrate various systems, such

as automated gate systems with smart parking apps, to create more seamless, flexible, and user-
friendly parking solutions.

In conclusion, ParkSmart’s design strategically incorporates the strengths of existing parking

management systems while addressing their limitations, emphasizing user-friendliness, cost-
efficiency, and real-time updates without requiring heavy infrastructure investment.

2.4. Review Summary

The literature review highlights that while existing systems address certain aspects of parking
management, they often fall short in user accessibility, cost-efficiency, and real-time
functionality—particularly in educational institutions. ParkSmart aims to create a comprehensive
solution that incorporates features such as real-time slot tracking, mobile notifications via
WhatsApp, and a Java-based GUI to enhance user engagement without requiring extensive
infrastructure changes. By focusing on user-centered design, ParkSmart intends to provide a
tailored solution for the university environment, improving parking availability and user
satisfaction while minimizing operational complexity.
Background:

Parking management systems have evolved significantly over the years, addressing the growing
demand for efficient vehicle storage in urban areas and institutions like universities. Traditional
systems, such as static allocation models, have been widely used but fail to address the
complexities of dynamic parking needs, especially in high-traffic environments like educational
institutions. These models rely on fixed parking allocations that are inflexible and often inefficient
during peak hours, where parking space availability fluctuates unpredictably. Moreover, many
modern parking solutions, including automated gate systems and IoT-enabled sensors, while
offering real-time monitoring and ease of access, often come with high installation and
maintenance costs, which makes them less viable for educational institutions with limited budgets.

The challenge faced by universities is twofold: managing a large number of vehicles in a limited
space and providing an accessible, user-friendly solution that does not require significant
investment in infrastructure. The lack of user-friendly systems and efficient real-time functionality
in existing solutions further exacerbates the problem, leading to frustration among students, staff,
and faculty.

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Objectives:

The primary objective of ParkSmart is to design and implement a parking management system that
addresses the unique needs of educational institutions. The system will focus on improving the
following aspects:

 Real-Time Slot Tracking: Providing users with up-to-date information on available parking
spaces in real-time to avoid unnecessary delays and congestion.
 Mobile Notifications via WhatsApp: Sending timely notifications to users about booking
confirmations, parking spot availability, and booking cancellations, leveraging WhatsApp for
its widespread usage and ease of access.
 User-Centered Design: Developing an intuitive, easy-to-use interface through Java-based GUI,
ensuring the system is accessible to users with varying levels of technological expertise.
 Cost Efficiency: Implementing a system that does not require heavy infrastructure, making it
more affordable for universities with budget constraints.

By achieving these objectives, ParkSmart aims to enhance parking availability, reduce user
frustration, and streamline parking operations for educational institutions.

Methodology:

Fig 2: Shows the methodology to be used [4]

The methodology for developing ParkSmart follows a user-centered design approach, with a focus
on simplicity and cost-effectiveness. The system uses Java Swing and AWT to create a graphical

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user interface (GUI), which allows for easy navigation by both students and staff. The system also
integrates with WhatsApp’s API to send notifications, utilizing its widespread adoption for
communication.

To ensure real-time functionality, ParkSmart employs a dynamic parking slot allocation system,
which constantly updates parking availability as users make reservations or cancel bookings. A
SQL-based database is used to store and manage parking lot data, including slot availability, user
bookings, and cancellations. The system's design avoids reliance on expensive infrastructure like
IoT sensors, focusing instead on software solutions that can be scaled easily within a university
environment.

The project follows a hybrid methodology combining elements of Agile and Waterfall
development. The Agile approach ensures flexibility in incorporating user feedback during
development, while Waterfall ensures a structured, step-by-step approach to system
implementation, from requirements gathering to final testing.

Results and Discussion:

ParkSmart’s implementation resulted in a system that meets the objectives of real-time slot
tracking, user notifications, and an accessible interface. Early user testing with university staff and
students showed a positive reception to the real-time slot tracking feature, with users appreciating
the ease of booking and the notifications they received via WhatsApp. The Java-based GUI was
well-received for its simplicity and effectiveness, making it easy for users to interact with the
system, even those with limited technical experience.

However, the system also faced challenges, particularly in terms of network reliability for
WhatsApp notifications, which were dependent on internet connectivity. Some users experienced
delayed notifications during peak usage times, which suggests that while the system design is
robust, further optimization of the communication protocol may be needed to ensure timely
updates. Additionally, the lack of advanced infrastructure, such as IoT sensors, meant that the
system’s ability to predict parking demand was limited compared to more sophisticated systems.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, ParkSmart successfully addresses the core challenges of parking management in

university environments by providing a cost-effective, user-friendly solution. The system’s
integration of real-time slot tracking, mobile notifications via WhatsApp, and a Java-based GUI

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ensures that users can easily find and reserve parking spots, improving overall satisfaction and
reducing parking-related stress. While the system provides a comprehensive solution, there are
opportunities for further optimization, particularly in terms of enhancing the notification system
and exploring low-cost IoT solutions for more accurate demand prediction. Ultimately, ParkSmart
offers a promising approach to parking management, making it a viable option for universities
seeking to improve parking availability and user experience without incurring substantial
infrastructure costs.

.2.5. Problem Formulation

Objective:

The objective of this project is to design and implement ParkSmart, a parking management system
aimed at addressing the parking challenges faced by university campuses. Universities typically
have limited parking resources, which leads to congestion, inefficiencies, and frustration among
students, staff, and visitors. ParkSmart seeks to optimize parking space utilization by offering real-
time availability tracking, secure access, and automated notifications. The system will be designed
to enhance user convenience, improve operational efficiency, and provide a low-cost, scalable
solution that does not require extensive infrastructure changes. Through the use of a Java-based
graphical user interface (GUI), ParkSmart will allow users to view available parking slots, reserve
them in real-time, and receive confirmation notifications via WhatsApp.

Problem Statement:

University campuses often face significant challenges in managing parking resources due to high
demand and limited availability. With a large number of students, staff, and visitors relying on
parking spaces, traditional systems often lead to inefficient space utilization and congestion.
Furthermore, existing systems cannot provide real-time updates on parking availability, resulting
in unnecessary time spent searching for parking. Additionally, manual parking management and
entry/exit ticketing systems are prone to human error and can create bottlenecks, especially during
peak hours. A solution is needed that addresses these issues while keeping costs low and providing
an accessible, user-friendly system for all stakeholders, including students, staff, and university
employees.

Constraints:

Several constraints must be considered during the development of ParkSmart:

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1. Budget Limitations: Given the constraints of university funding, the system must be designed
to minimize infrastructure costs. Expensive solutions like IoT sensors, which require
substantial investment in hardware, will not be feasible within the project scope.
2. Technological Accessibility: The system must be accessible to all users, including those who
may not be technologically savvy. This means a simple, intuitive GUI is essential, and any
features introduced must be easy to navigate.
3. Integration with Existing Infrastructure: The system should work seamlessly with the
university’s existing parking infrastructure without requiring significant modifications to
physical parking lots or gates.
4. Scalability: ParkSmart must be scalable to accommodate future growth in the university's
population or the introduction of new buildings, which may require additional parking spaces.

Evaluation Criteria:

The success of ParkSmart will be evaluated based on several key criteria:

1. Usability: The system’s user interface should be simple and easy to navigate, enabling both
tech-savvy users and those with limited experience to interact effectively with the system.
2. Real-Time Availability: The system’s ability to track available parking slots in real-time is a
core functionality. Success will be measured by the system’s accuracy and responsiveness in
updating parking space availability.
3. User Engagement: The system should effectively engage users by providing timely
notifications (via WhatsApp) about parking availability, booking confirmations, and
cancellations.
4. Cost-Efficiency: The system should meet the university’s budget constraints while still
delivering all essential features. This includes avoiding costly infrastructure investments like
IoT sensors or complex hardware setups.
5. Security: The login system for employees and members should be secure, ensuring that
unauthorized users cannot access or manipulate sensitive parking data.

Approach:

To meet these objectives, the following approach will be taken:

1. System Design: The first step involves creating a Java-based GUI using Java Swing and AWT,
which will provide an intuitive interface for users. The design will include screens for viewing
available parking slots, booking a spot, and receiving notifications.

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2. Backend Database: A database will be set up using SQL to store and manage parking slot
information, user data, and transaction records. This database will also support dynamic real-
time updates for parking availability.
3. Integration of WhatsApp API: The WhatsApp API will be integrated into the system to enable
real-time notifications. This will include booking confirmations, slot availability updates, and
reminders to users. Integration will be achieved through WhatsApp Business API, leveraging
its automated messaging capabilities.
4. Secure Login System: To ensure authorized access, a login system will be implemented for
both employees and members of the university. This will protect sensitive information and
ensure that only authorized personnel can manage parking data.
5. Testing and Validation: Once the system is developed, it will undergo extensive testing,
including user feedback sessions, performance metrics, and security checks. This will help
ensure the system meets all objectives and user expectations.
6. Deployment and Maintenance: The system will be deployed in a pilot phase at selected parking
lots within the university, followed by continuous monitoring and improvements based on user
feedback. Regular updates will be made to ensure the system remains functional and
responsive.

Potential Solutions:

Several potential solutions were considered during the design phase, each with its own set of
advantages and challenges:

1. IoT-Enabled Smart Parking Systems:

Many universities have explored IoT-based solutions that use sensors to track available parking
spaces in real-time. While highly accurate and effective for large parking lots, the cost of
implementing such systems is prohibitive for universities with limited budgets. Moreover, the
infrastructure required to maintain these systems is resource-intensive. Due to the high costs
of IoT-based solutions, ParkSmart will not adopt this approach. Instead, the focus will be on
software-based solutions that provide real-time updates without requiring expensive hardware.
2. Automated Gate and Ticketing Systems:
These systems use automated gates to monitor vehicle entry and exit. While efficient in
controlled environments, these systems can be slow during peak hours and do not provide real-
time availability updates for users. Additionally, the infrastructure costs for gates and ticketing
machines can be high. ParkSmart will avoid implementing automated gate systems, as they are
not directly relevant to the university’s parking needs and would require significant investment.
3. Mobile App-Based Solutions:

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Mobile apps that allow users to book parking spaces in advance have gained popularity in smart
parking solutions. However, these apps often require significant development and
customization and depend on user adoption, which can be challenging in university settings.
Rather than developing a mobile app, ParkSmart will integrate WhatsApp notifications, which
eliminates the need for users to download a separate app and takes advantage of a platform
already widely used by the university community.
4. Real-Time Slot Booking with a Centralized Database:
This approach involves developing a centralized system that tracks real-time parking
availability and allows users to book spaces through a simple interface. ParkSmart will adopt
this solution, focusing on simplicity and real-time tracking without requiring complex
hardware setups.

Conclusion:

ParkSmart offers a feasible, cost-effective solution to the university parking management problem,
addressing key issues such as limited parking space, real-time availability, and user engagement
without incurring significant costs. By leveraging Java for the GUI, WhatsApp for notifications,
and a centralized database for data management, ParkSmart ensures efficient parking space
allocation while keeping the system accessible and user-friendly. The decision to avoid IoT-based
infrastructure and complex ticketing systems aligns with the project's budget constraints and the
university's technological capabilities. Ultimately, ParkSmart aims to improve parking utilization,
reduce congestion, and enhance user satisfaction in a way that can be scaled to accommodate future
growth.

2.6. Objectives

The ParkSmart project has outlined specific, measurable objectives to guide its development and
ensure its success:

 Real-Time Monitoring: Develop a system to track parking slot availability in real-time using
sensors, databases, or image processing.
 Efficient Slot Allocation: Implement algorithms to optimize the allocation of parking slots based
on vehicle type, availability, and user preferences.
 User Convenience: Create an intuitive interface for users to search, book, and pay for parking slots
online or through mobile applications.
 Automation and Scalability: Automate administrative tasks such as record maintenance,
occupancy reports, and notifications, ensuring the system can scale for large parking facilities.
 Cashless Payments: Integrate digital payment methods for a seamless booking and payment

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experience.
 Data Analysis and Reporting: Provide tools for analyzing usage trends, generating reports, and
predicting peak usage times for better resource planning.
 Integration with Hardware: Facilitate integration with IoT devices or cameras for automatic slot
detection and license plate recognition.
 Eco-Friendliness: Reduce idle vehicle time and fuel consumption by minimizing the time spent
searching for parking spaces.

These objectives provide clear, actionable goals that will help measure progress and ensure the
ParkSmart system meets its intended outcomes.

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DESIGN FLOW/PROCESS

3.1. Evaluation & Selection of Specifications/Features

1. Introduction:

In an increasingly urbanized and fast-paced world, the management of parking spaces has become
an essential yet often neglected aspect of urban planning. On university campuses, the problem is
amplified by the high volume of students, faculty, staff, and visitors, all competing for limited
parking spaces. The traditional methods of parking management often fall short of providing
timely, efficient, and user-friendly solutions. ParkSmart is designed to bridge this gap by
leveraging modern technologies to offer real-time parking slot availability, easy booking, and
seamless communication between users and administrators. This paper discusses the design,
architecture, and features of ParkSmart, focusing on its real-time slot tracking, user-friendly
interface, automated notifications, secure login system, and cost-effective maintenance.

Significance of Design and Flow Process

The effectiveness of any parking management system depends heavily on its design and the
efficiency of its flow process. For ParkSmart, the aim is to offer an intuitive and seamless
experience for users, whether they are looking to book a parking slot or check their payment status.
The design must integrate key features such as real-time availability tracking, secure login
mechanisms, and automated notifications in a way that optimizes performance and usability.

The flow process begins with the user interacting with the system, either through a graphical user
interface (GUI) or a mobile app. The system then processes this input, retrieving data from the
backend and presenting real-time parking slot information. Once a parking spot is selected, the
system provides booking options, payment processing, and confirmation through automated
notifications. This entire process must be designed to minimize friction for the user and reduce the
time spent on finding and reserving parking.

Overview of System Architecture

The ParkSmart system is built using a modular architecture that integrates various components for
managing parking slots, user profiles, transactions, and notifications. The architecture ensures that
each component communicates effectively while remaining independent and scalable. The core
components of the system are:

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1. Frontend (User Interface): This is the point of interaction between the user and the system. It
provides a simple, intuitive interface where users can view available parking slots, make
bookings, and receive notifications. It is built using Java Swing and AWT libraries to ensure
that the system is both lightweight and flexible.
2. Backend (Database and Logic Layer): The backend handles all data storage, management, and
business logic. It stores information about users, parking slots, transactions, and system logs.
The backend is designed to be cost-effective, leveraging cloud-based infrastructure for storage
and scalability.
3. Notification System: The system integrates WhatsApp to send automated notifications for
booking confirmations, slot availability updates, reminders, and receipts. This ensures that
users receive timely and reliable communication throughout their parking experience.
4. Security Layer: The dual-login system ensures that only authorized users can access the
system. It uses OTP verification and role-based access to manage permissions for different
user types.

Understanding Data Flow

The data flow within ParkSmart begins when a user interacts with the system. The process starts
with the user accessing the GUI and selecting a parking slot. This input is sent to the backend,
where the availability of the slot is verified using real-time data from IoT sensors or a cloud-based
system. Once the availability is confirmed, the system presents the booking options and processes
the payment details. Upon successful booking, an automated WhatsApp notification is sent to the
user confirming the reservation, along with the payment receipt. Throughout this process, the
backend continuously updates the database, ensuring that all transactions are logged and data
integrity is maintained.

The real-time data flow ensures that parking slot information is always up to date, and users are
notified immediately of any changes. This dynamic flow reduces the chances of double-booking
or confusion, ensuring a smooth parking experience for users.

Interaction Between Components

The interaction between the components is key to the system’s functionality. The GUI, built with
Java Swing and AWT, communicates with the backend to retrieve slot availability and booking
data. The backend processes this data, verifying availability and handling payment processing. The
notification system is integrated with both the front end and the back end, ensuring that users
receive real-time updates via WhatsApp.

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In terms of security, the dual-login system ensures that only authorized users can access specific
features. Users are categorized by roles (e.g., students, faculty, staff, administrators), and each role
has access to a tailored set of features. The backend verifies login credentials and role information
before granting access to the system.

Design Considerations and Tradeoffs

Designing a system like ParkSmart requires balancing user needs with technical and budgetary
constraints. Key considerations include:

1. User Experience (UX): The system must be intuitive and easy to use, minimizing the learning
curve for users. The interface should prioritize essential features like slot availability and
booking options.
2. Cost-Effectiveness: While advanced technologies like IoT sensors could improve real-time
tracking, the system is designed to minimize infrastructure costs by leveraging cloud-based
solutions and avoiding expensive IoT deployments.
3. Scalability: The system must be scalable to accommodate increasing user loads, particularly
during peak hours. Cloud storage and databases ensure that the system can handle large
volumes of data without performance degradation.
4. Security: Given the nature of the system, security is a top priority. The dual-login system and
role-based access control help safeguard user data and prevent unauthorized access.
5. Maintenance: The system must be easy to maintain and require minimal intervention. This is
achieved by utilizing cloud-based infrastructure and a simple backend design, reducing the
need for constant technical support.

Evaluation Methodology

To evaluate the effectiveness of the ParkSmart system, a combination of performance metrics and
user feedback will be used. The key performance metrics include:

1. Real-Time Slot Accuracy: The system must display parking slot availability with at least 90%
accuracy during testing. This will be evaluated through controlled experiments where the real-
time data is compared against actual parking conditions.
2. User Satisfaction: User satisfaction will be assessed through surveys during the User
Acceptance Testing (UAT) phase. A satisfaction score of at least 85% will be considered a
success.
3. Notification Timeliness: The system will be evaluated based on the timeliness of its WhatsApp
notifications. A delay rate of less than 2% will be the target.

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4. Transaction Efficiency: The system will be tested for transaction processing times, aiming for
a 30% reduction in processing time compared to traditional ticketing systems.

The parking management system is a critical component of university infrastructure, ensuring that
students, faculty, staff, and visitors have access to convenient and secure parking spaces.
ParkSmart is a Java-based system designed to address the challenges of parking space management
by providing real-time slot availability, a user-friendly interface, secure login, and automated
notifications. By integrating modern technologies such as cloud storage, WhatsApp notifications,
and a flexible backend design, ParkSmart offers a solution that enhances user convenience, reduces
congestion, and streamlines the parking process.

Selection Criteria

1. Real-Time Slot Tracking: Ensures users have up-to-date information on parking space
availability.
2. User-Friendly Interface: Simplifies navigation and enhances user experience for all types of
users.
3. Automated Notifications: Keeps users informed about booking statuses and slot availability.
4. Dual-Login System: Enhances security by ensuring only authorized users can access the
system.
5. Flexible Payment Options: Allows for multiple payment methods and pre-payment options.
6. Low Maintenance Costs: Utilizes cloud-based infrastructure to minimize long-term
maintenance costs.
7. Scalability: Ensures the system can handle increasing user numbers without performance
issues.
8. Security: Protects user data through role-based access and OTP verification.
9. Cost-Effectiveness: Designed to operate within budgetary constraints without sacrificing key
features.
10. Adaptability: The system can be adjusted to meet the unique needs of different universities or
institutions.

By focusing on these selection criteria, ParkSmart aims to create a cost-effective, scalable, and
user-friendly parking management solution tailored to the university environment.

3.2. Design Constraints

The design of the parking management system must address several constraints and considerations
to ensure its effectiveness, usability, and alignment with university requirements. These constraints
include economic, environmental, security, social, technological, and usability factors, all of which

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influence the final system architecture and functionality. Below is an overview of the key design
constraints and additional considerations for the project, along with an expanded discussion of
various system aspects.

1) Economic Constraints

Objective: Ensure the design is budget-friendly and cost-effective to align with the university's
financial limitations.

Impact on Design:
 Choice of Technology: The decision to use a Java-based solution with open-source libraries
helps minimize licensing costs while maintaining flexibility and efficiency.
 Minimizing Hardware Costs: To reduce the high costs associated with physical IoT sensors
and advanced cloud solutions, the design favors software-based tracking. This ensures accurate
tracking while keeping operational costs low.
 Maintenance Savings: A software-driven system reduces the need for expensive hardware
maintenance, which is more cost-effective over time.

2) Environmental Constraints

Objective: Create a system with minimal environmental impact by reducing energy consumption
and avoiding unnecessary hardware.

Impact on Design:
 Low-Energy Tracking Alternatives: By avoiding hardware-heavy IoT sensors, the system uses
software-based tracking, requiring less energy.
 Cloud Infrastructure: Leveraging shared cloud resources helps reduce the system’s
environmental footprint, as modern cloud providers focus on optimizing energy use.
 Efficient Database Management: Data management practices such as deduplication and query
optimization minimize resource consumption and contribute to a more sustainable system
design.

3) Security and Privacy Constraints

Objective: Protect sensitive user data and ensure compliance with data protection standards.

Impact on Design:

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 Data Encryption: The system will utilize encryption for sensitive data, ensuring secure
transmission and storage of user details, including payment records.
 Access Controls and Authentication: A dual-login system with multi-factor authentication
(MFA) and role-based access ensures that only authorized users can access specific system
areas.
 Compliance with Data Privacy Regulations: The design considers compliance with data
privacy standards such as GDPR, even in a university setting, by ensuring robust data privacy
practices.

4) Social and Ethical Constraints

Objective: Address ethical concerns related to fairness, inclusivity, and transparent pricing.

Impact on Design:
 Equitable Access to Parking: The system ensures that parking availability is equally accessible
to all users—students, faculty, staff, and visitors.
 Fair Pricing Models: Transparent pricing structures are implemented to avoid overcharging.
Discounts may be applied to specific user groups like students or faculty, aligning with ethical
standards.
 Inclusive User Interface Design: The user interface is designed to be accessible, with clear text,
visual cues, and tooltips for those with varying technical proficiency and potential disabilities.

5) Technological Constraints
Objective: Adapt the system to work effectively within the university's existing technological
infrastructure.

Impact on Design:
 Alternative to IoT Hardware: Due to limited infrastructure, the design avoids IoT sensors and
instead uses a software-based solution for parking slot tracking.
 Database Accessibility and Simplicity: The system leverages a simple yet effective database
management system, ensuring compatibility with existing university infrastructure.
 Mobile and Web Access: The design ensures that the application is lightweight, compatible
with both mobile and desktop platforms, and does not rely on high-speed connectivity.

6) Usability Constraints
Objective: Ensure that the system is user-friendly and accessible to a diverse group of users.

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Impact on Design:
 Simple, Intuitive User Interface: The system’s graphical user interface (GUI) is designed for
ease of use, with clear navigation and accessible language.
 Accessible Features: Visual indicators and tooltips enhance usability, supporting users with
visual impairments or varying technical skills.
 Clear Instructions and Help Options: In-app help, FAQs, and a chat system ensure that users
can easily navigate the system.

7) Regulatory Compliance
Objective: The system must comply with relevant regulations to ensure it meets legal
requirements.

Impact on Design: The system incorporates necessary regulatory features, such as data privacy
standards (e.g., GDPR) and payment security guidelines. These ensure the system operates
within legal frameworks and avoids penalties.

8) Data Privacy and Security

Objective: Protecting sensitive user data such as vehicle details and payment information.

Impact on Design: Strong encryption, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and secure data
storage are implemented to protect user data. Compliance with data privacy laws further
ensures user trust and data protection.

9) Interoperability
Objective: Ensure that the parking management system integrates seamlessly with other
university systems, such as student databases and payment platforms.

Impact on Design: The system includes API-based integration capabilities to allow easy data
sharing between systems, ensuring a smooth user experience and minimizing manual
intervention.

10) Scalability
Objective: The system should scale as the university expands, both in terms of user base and
infrastructure.

Impact on Design: Cloud storage solutions and a modular architecture ensure that the system
can handle increased data and user demands as the university grows.

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11) Resource Constraints

Objective: Design the system to work within the university’s technological and budgetary
limits.

Impact on Design: The system is optimized for low hardware requirements and efficient
resource use. Software-based tracking and cloud infrastructure help reduce the strain on
university resources.

12) Usability
Objective: Make the system accessible and easy to use for a diverse user base.

Impact on Design: The system prioritizes user-friendliness with a simple interface, visual
indicators, and clear instructions. Features like multi-language support and high-contrast
options can be added to further enhance accessibility.

13) Model Interpretability

Objective: Ensure that the system's decision-making processes are understandable and
transparent.

Impact on Design: Where applicable, the system uses simple logic for parking allocation and
payment calculations. Any automated features (like slot availability predictions) are explained
to users to ensure transparency.

14) Real-time Performance

Objective: Provide real-time updates on parking slot availability and booking status.

Impact on Design: The system uses cloud-based or database-driven real-time data updates to
ensure users receive accurate and up-to-date information, minimizing the waiting time and
enhancing user satisfaction.

15) Reliability and Availability

Objective: Ensure that the system operates smoothly and is available when users need it.

Impact on Design: The system includes failover mechanisms, backups, and robust error-
handling features to ensure continuous service with minimal downtime. Redundancy and
cloud-based hosting improve system reliability.

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16) Ethical Considerations

Objective: Address ethical concerns in system design, including fairness and inclusivity.

Impact on Design: The system ensures equal access to parking, transparent pricing, and a user-
friendly interface that accommodates all users, including those with disabilities. This ethical
approach supports inclusivity and equal opportunity for all users.

Designing an effective parking management system requires careful consideration of various

constraints and considerations. Economic constraints demand cost-effective solutions, while
environmental, security and social factors emphasize sustainability, data protection, and fairness.
Technological limitations and usability factors ensure that the system is compatible with the
university’s infrastructure and accessible to a diverse user base. Additional considerations such as
scalability, reliability, and ethical concerns further shape the design to ensure long-term success
and user satisfaction. By addressing these factors, the parking management system can provide a
seamless, secure, and efficient solution for the university community.

3.3. Analysis of Features and finalization subject to constraints

1. Real-Time Slot Tracking

 Original Feature: The feature was initially intended to use IoT sensors to provide real-time
tracking of parking space availability.
 Adjustment: Due to economic and technological constraints, the IoT hardware was
replaced with a software-driven solution that uses database and application logic.
 Implementation: Real-time availability is managed by tracking check-ins and check-outs
via the database. This solution still provides up-to-date slot statuses for users without the
high cost and maintenance associated with IoT devices.
 Benefit: This software-based approach lowers upfront and maintenance costs while
retaining essential functionality for users to view available slots accurately.
2. Automated Notifications

 Original Feature: Real-time notifications for booking confirmations, slot availability, and
receipts were to be integrated, initially considering SMS and email options.
 Adjustment: To minimize costs, notifications will be sent via WhatsApp instead of SMS
or email, as this is both cost-effective and highly accessible for students and staff.
 Implementation: WhatsApp notifications will include booking confirmations, slot
availability updates, and payment receipts, ensuring users are informed at all times. This
approach also leverages WhatsApp's popularity, especially among students, making it more
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likely that notifications are seen and acted upon promptly.

 Benefit: This low-cost, accessible communication channel keeps users informed without
the recurring expenses of SMS or email services, enhancing engagement and overall
system efficiency.

3. Dual-Login System

 Original Feature: A dual-login system was designed to differentiate user access levels,
primarily between employees and members.
 Adjustment: To simplify the system and improve usability, the login mechanism was
optimized to balance security with user convenience. Dual-login will provide tailored
access for employees and members without overly complex authentication methods.
 Implementation: Each user group (e.g., employees and general members) will have specific
login credentials, and access levels will be customized according to the role. Basic security
measures, like password protection and role-based access, will ensure that only authorized
users can manage or access certain parts of the system.
 Benefit: This simplified login system ensures a secure yet accessible experience, reducing
barriers for users while maintaining necessary protections for sensitive information.

4. Slot Booking and Allocation:

 Description: Provide users the ability to book parking slots in advance or allocate slots
dynamically upon arrival.
 Technical Considerations:
o Requires a robust database system (e.g., SQLite, MySQL).
o Dynamic algorithms to assign slots based on availability and user preferences.
 Constraints:
o Managing peak-time bookings and conflicts.
o Ensuring fairness in slot allocation.

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5. Transaction Management with Pre-Payment and Automated Receipts

 Original Feature: The initial design aimed to facilitate payments, including the ability to
generate receipts and track transactions.
 Adjustment: The feature was enhanced to allow pre-payments, offering users the ability to
reserve slots in advance and receive automatic receipts via WhatsApp. This feature meets
both the usability and economic constraints by streamlining transactions without requiring
extensive infrastructure.
 Implementation: Users can make payments in advance, which not only secures their
parking slot but also provides flexibility in payment timing. The system will automatically
generate a digital receipt, sent via WhatsApp to confirm payment completion.
 Benefit: This transaction system improves user experience by offering reservation options,
while automated receipts keep users informed of payments without the need for additional
resources.

6. Cost Constraints: Low-Maintenance Database Solution

 Original Approach: The initial design considered a more robust database structure for real-
time data management and storage.
 Adjustment: Due to economic constraints, a simpler, low-maintenance database solution
was chosen, focusing on core data requirements and reducing long-term operational costs.
 Implementation: The database design is optimized to minimize storage and maintenance
needs, only storing essential data like slot availability, user information, and transaction
logs. Efficient indexing and streamlined data structure reduce storage costs and allow the
system to run smoothly on basic infrastructure.
 Benefit: This database solution ensures that the system can operate efficiently with minimal
ongoing costs, meeting budgetary limitations while still supporting core functionality for
tracking and managing parking slots.

3.4. Design Flow

Alternative Design Approaches:

1. Alternative Design 1: IoT Sensor-Based Parking Management System

1. Process: Each parking slot is equipped with IoT sensors that track occupancy in
real-time. Data is relayed to a centralized server, updating slot availability and
allowing users to view open spaces through the app.

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2. Pros: Accurate real-time slot tracking, high level of automation.

3. Cons: High implementation and maintenance costs, dependency on IoT
infrastructure, and potential environmental concerns due to increased power
consumption.

Fig 3: User Case Diagram [5]

2. Alternative Design 2: Software-Based Slot Management System (ParkSmart)

1. Process: Parking slot availability is managed through a central database that updates
based on user activity (bookings and check-outs). Java Swing and AWT provide a
user-friendly GUI, and WhatsApp API handles notifications. The system uses a
secure dual-login to differentiate user access levels.
2. Pros: Low cost, no need for IoT sensors, minimal maintenance, and security.
3. Cons: Slightly less precise as it relies on user activity data rather than direct sensor
input, but suitable for the university context.

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3.5. Design selection

The design selection for the ParkSmart parking management system revolves around two primary
alternatives: an IoT sensor-based system and a software-based system. After careful evaluation,
the software-based approach (Alternative Design 2) has been chosen as the optimal solution for
the university’s parking management needs. This decision is driven by the system's alignment with
budgetary constraints, ease of maintenance, scalability, and ability to deliver a seamless user
experience. The comparison of both approaches, as outlined in Table 3, further highlights the
advantages of the software-based system over the IoT sensor-based design.

TABLE 3. COMPARISION OF IoT SENSOR-BASED VS. SOFTWARE-BASED PARKING

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS [6]

Budgetary Considerations
One of the most significant factors in selecting the software-based design is the financial feasibility
of the solution. The IoT-based system, while offering more precision and real-time data collection
through sensors embedded in parking spaces, comes with a high initial cost for purchasing and
deploying the sensors. Additionally, the ongoing maintenance of these physical devices—ensuring
proper functionality, power supply, and replacement of faulty sensors—adds to the overall cost
burden. In contrast, the software-based solution leverages the existing infrastructure and minimizes
hardware expenses. By utilizing a combination of software tracking, database management, and
cloud services, the system significantly reduces capital expenditure and ongoing operational costs,
making it a more suitable choice for a university with budgetary constraints.

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Maintenance and Scalability

The software-based system offers superior ease of maintenance. IoT sensors, despite their
advanced capabilities, require regular checks, calibration, and replacements to maintain accuracy
and functionality. This increases the maintenance burden over time, especially when the system
scales up. With a software-driven approach, maintenance is centered around the software
environment, updates to the application, and database optimizations. Additionally, scaling the
software system to handle increased parking demand or future expansion of the university’s
infrastructure is much easier and more cost-effective compared to scaling an IoT-based system,
which would require the addition of more sensors and potentially new hardware for data
transmission and power management.

Real-Time Functionality
While an IoT sensor-based system offers more precision in terms of real-time tracking of parking
slot availability, the software-based system also provides near-real-time updates by querying the
database for slot status. Given that the university is not as reliant on granular, sensor-based data
for each parking slot, the software-based solution can fulfill the primary requirement of providing
real-time slot visibility effectively. Users can easily view parking space availability through an
intuitive interface, while notifications regarding booking confirmation, cancellations, or slot
availability are sent promptly, enhancing the user experience.

Environmental Impact
The university is also concerned with the environmental impact of the parking system. An IoT-
based solution requires the installation of hardware components that consume electricity and may
contribute to e-waste over time. In comparison, the software-based approach is more energy-
efficient, relying on cloud infrastructure and existing university resources for data management
and processing. Cloud providers increasingly emphasize sustainable operations, which helps
further reduce the environmental footprint of the system. This makes the software-based design a
better fit for a university setting that aims to minimize its carbon footprint.

Conclusion
After evaluating both alternatives, the software-based approach is the most viable choice for the
ParkSmart parking management system. It provides a perfect balance of functionality, cost-
effectiveness, and ease of maintenance, making it an ideal solution for a university that must adhere
to budgetary and environmental constraints. The software-based system meets all essential
objectives, including real-time slot visibility, user notifications, secure access, and efficient data
management, ensuring that the university can deliver a reliable, user-friendly, and sustainable

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parking solution without exceeding its financial limitations. .

3.6. Implementation plan/methodology

The ParkSmart system is designed to simplify and optimize parking management within a
university campus, allowing users to easily book parking spaces while offering administrators a
secure and efficient way to track availability. The workflow of the system is broken down into
several steps, from user login to slot release. Below is a detailed discussion of each of these steps
and the development process that led to the creation of the system.

1. User Login

 Step 1: Input

User Credentials: The first step in using the ParkSmart system is for the user to input their login
credentials. These credentials may include a username and password combination. Depending
on the user type (employee or member), the system will decide which set of functionalities and
access levels are granted.

 Step 2: Process

Authentication and Access Verification: Upon receiving the credentials, the system performs
authentication by verifying the user's identity against the data stored in the user database. The
system uses a dual-login mechanism where both the employee and the member log in separately,
ensuring that they only access features relevant to their role. This is done by checking the role
associated with the login credentials.

Access Levels: Employees and members are granted different levels of access. Employees have
privileges to manage slot bookings, view reports, and oversee parking lot usage, while members
(students, staff, or visitors) can only view and book available slots.

 Step 3: Output

User Access: Once authentication is successful, the user is granted access to the system.
Employees are directed to an admin dashboard, while members are directed to the parking slot
selection interface. If login fails, the user is notified of the error and prompted to retry.

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Fig 4: Showing the workflow of the project [7]

2. Slot Availability Check

 Step 1: Input

Request for Slot Availability: After logging in, the next task for the user (or the system) is to
check for available parking slots. The user initiates this by selecting their desired time window
for parking and their location preference.

 Step 2: Process

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Database Query: The system queries the central database to retrieve real-time information about
available parking slots. This is done by checking the `parking lot table for slots that are not
currently booked or occupied. The system uses the current time to determine which slots are
free and can be reserved.

Real-Time Updates: The system continuously updates the availability status in real-time,
ensuring that users always receive the most accurate data when making their decisions. If slots
are occupied by other users, they are excluded from the list.

 Step 3: Output

Real-Time Availability Displayed: The available parking slots are displayed on the user
interface (GUI), typically shown in a list or graphical format (e.g., a map of the parking lot).
The system highlights the free time slots, and users can choose the ones that meet their
preferences.

3. Slot Booking

 Step 1: Input

Selected Slot and Booking Time: After reviewing the available parking slots, the user selects
the desired parking space and specifies the time they intend to park. The time window may be
limited (e.g., up to 4 hours), and the system checks for any conflicting bookings during the
chosen period.

 Step 2: Process

Database Update: Once the user selects the slot and confirms their booking, the system updates
the database to reflect the booking. The status of the selected parking slot is changed to
"booked," and the `entry_time` is recorded to indicate the start of the parking period.

Reservation Locking: The system locks the slot as "booked" to prevent other users from
reserving the same space during that time.

 Step 3: Output

Confirmation Message: After successful booking, a confirmation message is displayed to the

user on the GUI, indicating the booking details such as slot number, parking time, and total cost
(if applicable). Additionally, an automated WhatsApp notification is sent to the user, providing
them with the booking confirmation, slot number, and payment receipt.

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Fig 5: Workflow of User Interaction and Slot Management in ParkSmart System [8]

Fig 6:Vehicle Detection and Parking Space Availability System [9]

4. Pre-Payment Option

 Step 1: Input

Payment Details: If the user selects the pre-payment option, they are prompted to input payment
details. This can include credit/debit card information, UPI payment, or campus card details.
The system collects the necessary data through a secure payment gateway.

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 Step 2: Process

Payment Processing: The system communicates with the payment gateway to process the user's
transaction. It verifies the payment method and confirms that the transaction has been
completed. In case of failure, the system prompts the user to try again or select a different
payment method.

Data Validation: Payment data is validated against the payment gateway’s API to ensure that
the transaction is legitimate and secure.

 Step 3: Output

Payment Confirmation and Receipt: Once the payment is successfully processed, the user
receives a payment confirmation on the GUI, detailing the transaction. An automated WhatsApp
notification is also sent to the user, containing the payment receipt and confirmation of the
reserved slot. The payment information is securely stored in the database for future reference.

5. Slot Release

 Step 1: Input

User Check-Out Information: When the user finishes their parking period, they check out of the
system, either manually or through automated detection (if available). The user provides their
check-out time, or the system uses the time recorded at the point of entry to calculate when the
slot is vacated.

 Step 2: Process

Database Update: The system updates the database to mark the slot as available once the user
checks out. The `exit_time` field is populated, and the parking space is returned to the available
pool for future bookings.

Slot Availability Update: The system refreshes the availability status in real time, ensuring that
users are informed of the newly available slots.

 Step 3: Output

Availability Update: The system confirms the successful release of the slot through a message
on the GUI. Additionally, an automated notification (via WhatsApp) is sent to the user,
confirming that their parking session has ended and the slot is now available for other users to
book.

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Methodology and Development Process

1. Requirement Analysis

The first step in the development of the ParkSmart system involved gathering requirements
from key stakeholders, including parking administrators, students, staff, and other potential
users. This process helped define core functionalities, such as slot reservation, payment
handling, and user access control.

2. Design and Development

System design involves breaking down the project into smaller modules to ensure clarity and
maintainability. The architecture typically includes a user interface module for interaction, a
database for storing vehicle and transaction data, and a logic layer for implementing the core
functionality, such as slot allocation and fee calculation. This step also maps out the data flow,
such as how vehicle entry data is processed to allocate a slot, calculate charges, and update
availability in the database.

3. Testing

After development, the system underwent several rounds of testing:

 Unit Testing: Individual components, such as slot booking and payment processing, were
tested to ensure they functioned as expected.
 Integration Testing: The system was tested as a whole to verify that different components
(e.g., login, slot availability, payment) worked seamlessly together.
 User Acceptance Testing (UAT): A group of university members tested the system to
ensure it met their expectations and identified any usability issues.

4. Deployment and Maintenance

Once tested, the ParkSmart system was deployed on the university’s servers. The system
underwent periodic updates to address user feedback and improve functionality. Ongoing
monitoring ensured that any technical issues were resolved quickly, maintaining optimal
performance.

In conclusion, the ParkSmart system’s design and development process follows a methodical
approach, ensuring the system meets the needs of both university stakeholders and end-users. From
login to slot release, every step is carefully constructed to ensure a seamless and efficient parking
experience.

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 Chapter 4

RESULTS ANALYSIS AND VALIDATION

4.1. Implementation of solution

The implementation of the ParkSmart solution incorporates a range of modern tools and
methodologies to ensure the success and sustainability of the system. These tools are utilized in
various stages of the development lifecycle—from analysis to testing and validation—to
streamline the development process, enhance the user experience, and guarantee system reliability.
Below is an in-depth discussion of how modern tools are applied across the analysis, design, report
preparation, project management, and testing phases.

4.1.1. Analysis

The ParkSmart system was developed to optimize parking management on a university campus,
addressing key challenges such as real-time slot tracking, booking management, secure user
access, and notifications. The system utilizes tools specifically chosen for efficiency and alignment
with the project's scope, focusing on core technologies like python,MySQL, Twilio for WhatsApp
messaging, and Tkinter. These tools allow the system to meet the core requirements while ensuring
robust performance, intuitive usability, and cost-effectiveness. Here’s a breakdown of the key
components and design decisions.

1. User Access and Authentication

 Dual-Login System: The system incorporates a dual-login mechanism, allowing both
employees and members to use the system. Authentication is handled within the python
framework, utilizing to securely connect and verify user data against the MySQL database.
 Access Control: Each user type (employee or member) has specific access levels. The
employee login grants access to parking lot management features, while the member login
allows users to book parking slots and access their reservation history. The role-based access
control ensures a secure user experience.

2. Slot Availability and Booking Management

 Slot Availability is managed by maintaining a database or an in-memory data structure (like a

list or dictionary) where each parking slot is represented by an ID and its current status. When a
vehicle enters the parking lot, the system checks for an available slot. Once a slot is found, the
status of the slot is updated to "occupied." Conversely, when a vehicle exits, the status is updated
back to "available."
 Booking Management allows customers or parking attendants to reserve parking slots in
advance. This process involves selecting a slot, confirming the reservation, and updating the
slot’s availability in the system. Additionally, the system can enforce booking rules, such as
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reservation time limits and slot duration. If a slot is booked for a specific period, the system
prevents other users from booking it during that time.
 For a web-based system, Python frameworks like Flask or Django can be used to create
interfaces for customers to check availability and book slots. SQLite or PostgreSQL can store
parking data persistently.

3. Payment Processing and Receipt Generation in Python Parking System

 Fee Calculation: When a vehicle exits the parking system, the system calculates the parking fee based on
the duration of the stay and predefined rates.
 Payment Gateway Integration: The system integrates with a payment gateway (e.g., Stripe or PayPal)
for processing payments. The user selects a payment method (e.g., credit/debit card).
 Transaction Processing: The payment gateway processes the transaction, and the system verifies
payment success or failure.
 Receipt Generation: Once the payment is successful, the system generates a receipt containing payment
details, parking duration, and transaction ID.
 Receipt Delivery: The receipt is provided to the user, either as a printable document or sent via
email/SMS.

4. Slot Release and Notifications

 Automated Slot Release: When a user exits the parking lot, the system updates the MySQL
database to mark the slot as available again. This data refreshes in real time, allowing new
users to view and book newly freed slots.
 Checkout Notifications: Upon slot release, Twilio is used again to notify the user via
WhatsApp that their slot has been successfully vacated, reinforcing the sense of a managed
and user-centric system.

4.1.2. Result
The ParkSmart system successfully addresses several common parking challenges through its
structured design, focusing on slot tracking, user access control, and communication with users.
Below are some of the key outcomes:

1. Improved Parking Utilization

By implementing a real-time slot tracking feature, ParkSmart increases the efficiency of parking
slot usage. Parking data is updated instantaneously, which allows users to see which slots are
available without delay, minimizing the chances of overbooking or slot conflicts.

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2. Enhanced User Experience

With features such as WhatsApp notifications for booking confirmations, receipts, and slot
releases, users stay informed without needing to check the system repeatedly. This seamless
communication creates a smooth experience and encourages user confidence in the system’s
reliability.

3. Operational Efficiency

By relying on MySQL as the centralized database for storing and managing all critical data, the
ParkSmart system maintains efficient and organized data handling. The use of Java Swing for a
graphical user interface (GUI) ensures that parking lot administrators and users can intuitively
interact with the system, reducing the learning curve.

4. Cost-Effectiveness

By leveraging open-source libraries and frameworks like Python (which itself is free), Tkinter or
PyQt for GUI development, and SQLite or MySQL for database management, you can
significantly reduce software licensing costs. This minimizes the overall expenditure on
proprietary software and tools.

5. Data-Driven Decision-Making

ParkSmart’s database structure enables parking administrators to generate reports on slot

utilization and booking patterns, giving them insights into peak usage times, popular slots, and
parking demand trends. These reports are invaluable for making data-informed decisions, such as
adjusting slot availability or implementing peak-time pricing strategies.

4.1.3 Testing

The testing phase ensured that each feature of the ParkSmart system functions correctly and
efficiently under different conditions. The testing strategy involved unit tests, integration tests,
and functional validation to confirm that each component met its requirements.

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1.Unit Testing

 Purpose: To test individual functions or methods in isolation, ensuring that each piece of logic works
correctly.
 Example: Testing the function that calculates the parking fee based on the time spent in the parking lot.
 Tools: Python's unittest or pytest framework.

2. Integration Testing

 Purpose: To test how different components of the system interact with each other. The goal is to ensure
that when modules are combined, they work as expected.
 Example: Testing the interaction between the database and the vehicle entry/exit system, ensuring that
the parking slots are updated properly in the database.
 Tools: Python's unittest or third-party tools for integration testing.

3. Functional Testing

 Purpose: To verify that the entire system works as intended by simulating real-world user scenarios.
 Example: Testing the flow from vehicle entry to exit, including slot allocation, fee calculation, and slot
availability.
 Tools: Manual testing or automated testing frameworks like Selenium for web-based interfaces or
unittest for command-line applications.

4. System Testing

 Purpose: To test the complete, integrated system to ensure that all components function together in a
fully operational environment.
 Example: Simulating the entire parking system operation from vehicle entry to exit and checking the
accuracy of the entire process.
 Tools: Tools like pytest or custom scripts to simulate system workflows.

5. User Acceptance Testing (UAT)

 Purpose: To validate the system's functionality from the user's perspective, ensuring that it meets user
expectations and requirements.
 Example: Testing the user interface, whether it’s intuitive for the parking lot staff, and confirming that
the system allows easy entry and exit for vehicles.
 Tools: Manual testing, with feedback from end-users.

6. Regression Testing

 Purpose: To ensure that new code changes do not introduce any bugs or break existing functionality.
This is particularly important after system updates or feature additions.
 Example: Re-running tests to verify that the vehicle entry and fee calculation still work correctly after
adding new features like reporting.
 Tools: Automation tools like pytest or unittest to rerun the test suite.

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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1. Conclusion

The ParkSmart parking management system has proven to be an effective solution for university
campuses facing challenges with parking congestion, inefficient space utilization, and limited real-
time data access. This affordable, Java-based platform was developed to streamline parking
operations, improve space allocation, and minimize the time users spend searching for parking
spots. Key features like real-time updates and user-friendly access to parking information have
made it a valuable tool for optimizing parking efficiency and reducing campus traffic flow. Despite
achieving many of its primary objectives, ParkSmart faced several challenges during development
and deployment, such as integration difficulties, user adoption hurdles, and data accuracy
limitations in areas with insufficient sensor coverage.

One significant outcome of ParkSmart has been its contribution to improved campus traffic
conditions. By providing real-time parking information, it has reduced the time drivers spend
circling for spots, subsequently cutting down on congestion and vehicle emissions. The system’s
intuitive interface has increased user satisfaction, offering students, faculty, and visitors a
streamlined way to access and manage parking availability. The project encountered technical
challenges with legacy systems in older parking lots, which required additional customization and
led to delays in seamless integration. Initial user adoption also presented some difficulties, as some
users hesitated to transition to a new digital system with over-familiar, traditional parking methods.

Furthermore, data accuracy was occasionally impacted in areas with sparse sensor installations,
leading to minor discrepancies in reported parking availability. Despite these obstacles,
ParkSmart’s core functionality performed as expected, enhancing parking space utilization and
laying the groundwork for future growth. Moving forward, improvements are planned to address
these issues, including expanding sensor networks for better data precision, enhancing integration
with legacy systems, and driving user engagement through dynamic features like notifications and
real-time updates. Additionally, the system aims to explore options for dynamic pricing and
integration with campus-wide mobility solutions to align more closely with user expectations and
sustainability goals. In conclusion, ParkSmart has successfully demonstrated the potential of an
adaptable, data-driven parking management system that enhances campus efficiency and user
satisfaction, setting a foundation for continuous improvement and wider adoption.

Key Achievements:
1. Real-Time Parking Updates: Provides users with live updates on available parking spots.

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2. OTP-Based Verification: Ensures secure entry through time-sensitive OTP verification sent
via WhatsApp.
3. Automated Receipt Generation: Sends automated receipts for transactions, enhancing user
convenience.
4. User-Friendly Booking Interface: Allows users to book parking spots with an intuitive and
easy-to-use interface.
5. Efficient Space Utilization: Optimizes parking allocation based on real-time demand, reducing
search times.
6. Congestion Reduction: By minimizing the time spent searching for parking, it contributes to a
smoother traffic flow.
7. Dynamic Pricing Capability: Enables potential future implementation of dynamic pricing
based on demand.
8. Employee and Manager Dashboards: Provide separate interfaces for staff and managers to
monitor and manage parking.
9. Secure Dual-Login System: Ensures secure access for both users and employees.

10. Centralized Database Management: A comprehensive MySQL database manages all user and
parking data efficiently.

Implications:
1. Requirement Analysis: Detailed analysis of the university’s parking needs to identify key
functionalities.
2. Database Design: Developed a structured MySQL schema, including user authentication,
bookings, and parking records.
3. Interface Development: Created a user-friendly GUI using Java Swing and AWT.
4. User Authentication: Implemented a secure login system for both users and employees.
5. OTP Verification: Integrated OTP entry verification using Twilio’s WhatsApp API.
6. Automated Receipts: Enabled automated receipts through JavaMail for confirmation and
billing.
7. Employee Dashboard: Created a dedicated dashboard for employees to view and manage
bookings.
8. Real-Time Updates: Programmed backend logic to display real-time parking availability.
9. Booking System: Designed a reservation system allowing pre-booking up to 24 hours in
advance.
10. Review Functionality: Enabled users to leave feedback on parking lots.
11. Overstay Tracking: Implemented a feature to report and monitor overstaying vehicles.
12. Dual-Payment Option: Provided choice between payment on arrival or pre-payment.
13. Discount for New Users: Integrated a 10% discount feature for first-time users.

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14. Automatic Cancellations: Set up automated cancellations for users who do not verify OTPs
within 30 minutes.
15. Report Generation: Enabled report generation for overstaying and currently parked vehicles.
16. Testing Framework: Conducted unit and integration testing using Unittest to
validate functionalities.
17. API Integration: Used Postman to verify API requests for seamless backend communication.
18. Load Testing: Conducted load testing using Apache JMeter to simulate high traffic and test
scalability.
19. User Feedback Integration: Incorporated feedback loops for user satisfaction.
20. Final Documentation: Prepared comprehensive documentation detailing architecture,
functionality, and future recommendations.

5.2. Future work

 Develop standardized APIs to simplify connection with existing infrastructure, including

traditional ticketing systems and older parking equipment.
 Implement modular integration options for diverse campus environments to reduce
customization time and costs.
 Create adaptable modules to support campus parking lots with manual overrides or non-
digital components.
 Streamline integration with a range of signage and access control systems, making
deployment faster and more reliable.
 Expand sensor installations to include informal or overflow parking areas.
 Incorporate advanced sensors (e.g., ultrasonic or computer vision-based) for greater precision
in occupancy detection.
 Implement AI-driven models to forecast demand based on factors like time, campus events,
and historical data.
 Provide real-time insights to users and optimize parking allocation dynamically.
 Introduce a comprehensive onboarding experience to familiarize users with the system’s
benefits.
 Use in-app tutorials, demo videos, and walkthroughs to build user confidence and ease the
transition from traditional methods.
 Offer rewards for frequent users, such as discounts or priority access, to encourage ongoing
use.
 Promote a loyalty program or referral incentives to increase participation and user retention.
 Conduct campuswide campaigns to inform users about the platform’s benefits.

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 Partner with student organizations and campus bodies to create a supportive community
around ParkSmart.
 Implement pricing adjustments based on demand, with higher rates during peak hours and
reduced rates during off-peak.
 Allow pricing variations by location to encourage the use of underutilized lots.
 Reserve parking for priority users (e.g., faculty, residents, or those with mobility needs)
during high-demand periods.
 Enable pre-reserved slots for high-priority users during campus events or peak times.
 Connect ParkSmart with shuttle, bike-sharing, and carpooling services to provide alternative
transportation options.
 Include nearby shuttle stops or bike racks in the app for a complete mobility solution.
 Use geofencing to notify users of nearby parking availability as they approach campus.
 Provide push notifications with real-time parking data and directions to available spots based
on proximity.
These improvements will help establish ParkSmart as a comprehensive, user-friendly, and
scalable solution, ultimately making campus parking easier, more efficient, and environmentally
conscious.

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 REFERENCES
[1] Narode, Prasad, Samruddhi Kalekar, Sanket Sanap, and Harmeet Khanuja. "Smart parking
management system." In 2019 5th International Conference On Computing, Communication,
Control And Automation (ICCUBEA), pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2019
[2] Sudhakar, M. Venkata, AV Anoora Reddy, K. Mounika, MV Sai Kumar, and T. Bharani.
"Development of smart parking management system." Materials Today: Proceedings 80
(2023): 2794-2798
[3] Owayjan, Michel, Bahaa Sleem, Elio Saad, and Amer Maroun. "Parking management system
using mobile application." In 2017 Sensors Networks Smart and Emerging Technologies
(SENSET), pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2017
[4] Al Mamari, Aisha Rashid Masoud Humaid, Humaid Al Mamari, Syed Imran Ali Kazmi,
Jitendra Pandey, and Siham Al Hinai. "IoT-based smart parking and traffic management
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smart city (ICBDSC), pp. 1-6. IEEE, 2019.
[5] Chowdhury, Lomat Haider, ZNM Zarif Mahmud, Intishar-Ul Islam, Ishrat Jahan, and Salekul
Islam. "Smart car parking management system." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on
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126. IEEE, 2019
[6] Lubis, Muharman, Rahmat Fauzi, Arif Ridho Lubis, and Rokhman Fauzi. "Analysis of project
integration on smart parking system in Telkom University." In 2018 6th International
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Advancements in Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computing and Automation
(ICAECA), pp. 1-5. IEEE, 2023.
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"Smart parking management system using RFID and OCR." In 2015 International Conference
on Energy Systems and Applications, pp. 729-734. IEEE, 2015
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[12] Ilham, R., 2018. Parking management information system based on Android (study case:
higher education in Indonesia). International Journal of Research Science and Management,
5(9), pp.1-9.
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system. In 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC
(Vol. 963).
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[17] Joseph, J., Patil, R.G., Narahari, S.K.K., Didagi, Y., Bapat, J. and Das, D., 2014. Wireless
sensor network-based smart parking system. Sensors & Transducers, 162(1), p.5.
[18] Liang, C., School Vehicle Management System Based on JAVA. Academic Journal
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the university campus (Doctoral dissertation, UTAR).
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 User Manual
Table of Contents:

1. Overview
2. Getting Started
3. User Roles
o Member
o Employee
4. Step-by-Step Process
o Member Functions
o Employee Functions
5. Decision Points and Conditions
6. Error Handling and Notifications
7. Contact Information

1. Overview

The ParkSmart Parking Management System is designed to streamline parking management by

providing real-time updates on parking slot availability, vehicle tracking, and secure booking
confirmation. This manual outlines the system's key features for both Members and Employees.

2. Getting Started

 User Login: All users must log in to access the system.

 Decision - User Type: Based on login credentials, users are identified as either Members
or Owners.

Fig 7: Login page of ParkSmart [10]

62
3. User Roles

This system differentiates between two types of users:

 Member: Typically a campus student, staff, or visitor who wants to book a parking slot
can register using the signup page.

Fig 8: Signup page of user [11]

 Owner: Responsible for managing parking lot operations, including checking arrivals
and overseeing parked vehicles and they can register using the signup page.

63
Fig 9: Signup page for Owner [12]

64
4. Step-by-Step Process

For Members

Fig 10: User Dashboard [13]

1. Search for Parking Slots:

o Input Location: Enter a location to find nearby parking slots.
o Search within 1 km Radius: The system shows all available parking slots within
a 1 km radius.
o View Slot Availability: Check if the desired slot is available.

Fig 11: Search Parking lot [14]

65
2. Booking Process:
o View Reviews: Check reviews for the selected parking lot before booking.
o Book Parking Slot: Proceed with booking.
o Input Booking Details: Enter details such as the date and time for the slot
reservation.

Fig 12: Booking parking lot [15]

3. Payment Option:
o Decision - New User?: New users receive a 10% discount on their first booking.
 If Yes, the system applies a 10% discount.
 If No, proceed without a discount.
o Choose Payment Method:
 Online Payment: Pay through the system.
 Cash on Delivery: Pay upon arrival.
4. Booking Confirmation:
o Receive booking confirmation through email and WhatsApp.
o Allocated Slot Details: View assigned slot details after the confirmation.

5. Cancel Booking:

66
Fig 13: Cancel Booking [16]

67
 o Decision - Time more than 4 hours?
 Yes: If cancellation is done more than 4 hours before the booking, confirm
the cancellation, and receive a refund.
 No: Cancellation within 4 hours of the booking will not trigger a refund.
6. Vehicle Retrieval:
o Receipt for Vehicle Retrieval: Upon completion, a receipt will be generated for
vehicle retrieval.

Fig 14: Receipt [17]

For Owner

Fig 15: Owner dashboard overview [18]

68
1. Dashboard Overview: Access to all vehicle and parking slot management options.
2. Vehicle and Slot Management:
o View Current Parked Vehicles: Display a list of all vehicles currently parked.
o Manage Vehicles: Oversee vehicles, including entering arrival times, slot
assignment, and departure times.

Fig 16: View parked vehicles [19]

3. View Available Slots: Check the availability of parking slots in real time.
4. Upcoming Arrivals: Review upcoming bookings to prepare for arrivals.

69
 Fig 18 Upcoming arrivals [21]

5. Report Overstaying Vehicles: Identify vehicles that have overstayed their booked time.

70
5. Decision Points and Conditions

The system includes several key decision points:

 New User?: Determines if a discount should be applied.

 Time more than 4 hours?: Determines if a booking cancellation qualifies for a refund.
 OTP Entered?: Check if OTP is verified to confirm the booking.
 Time Limit Exceeded?: Verifies if OTP was entered within the 30-minute limit;
otherwise, cancel the booking with a partial refund.

6. Error Handling and Notifications

 OTP Verification Failure: If a user fails to enter OTP within 30 minutes, the booking is
canceled, and a 50% refund is processed.
 Cancellation Notice: If a user cancels within 4 hours of the booking time, no refund is
issued.
 Confirmation Messages: Members receive booking and cancellation confirmations via
email and WhatsApp.

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