Microbiology: Paper I
General Microbiology
Introduction and Bacterial Taxonomy
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1. Robert Koch*** - four contributions**, Koch's Postulates - discuss
2. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes - four differences
3. Louise Pasteur - contributions in Microbiology
Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria
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1. Types of Microscopes - enumerate, Dark Ground Microscope
2. Bacterial Growth Curve** - diagram
3. Bacterial Spore*
4. [Bacterial Capsule - describe, Capsulated Bacteria - name two, Detection of Capsule -
two methods]*
5. Cell Wall of Gram Positive Organisms - describe, Functions of Cell Wall
6. Bacterial Flagella - define, types with examples, demonstration - two methods
LAQ
1. Bacterial Cell Wall - structure and function
Sterilization and Disinfection
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1. Gaseous Disinfectants - describe with uses
2. Tyndallisation - define, principle, when is it used
LAQ
1. Sterilization and disinfection - define****, enumerate methods*, Dry Heat
sterilization - enumerate methods*, two methods with principles, Hot Air Oven - role
in sterilization; Autoclave** - principle**, types, applications*, working, operational
complications, diagram, four items sterilized in autoclave; Moist Heat Sterilization -
enumerate methods
2. Four Chemical Agents used for Disinfection, Properties of an Ideal Disinfectant
Culture Media
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1. Culture Media - classify* with examples, Enriched Media - examples; Selective Media
2. Enrichment Media* - describe with two examples; How it differs from Enriched
Media, Solid Culture Media without Agar - two examples
Bacterial Genetics
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1. Mutational and Plasmid-mediated (Transferable) drug resistance*** -four
differences, six differences
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation
4. Mutation - define [sub-question]
LAQ
1. Gene Transfer in Bacteria - ennumerate methods, any one in detail
Bacteriology
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1. Streptococcus***: Streptococcus pyogens infection - non-suppurative sequelae;
non-suppurative complications*; S. Pneumonia and S. Viridans - differentiate* (8
differences)
2. Clostridium******: Clostridium botulinum infection - pathogenicity, prevention; Gas
gangrene**** - pathogenesis**, laboratory diagnosis; Immunoprophylaxis of
Tetanus; Nagler Reaction** - principle, procedure, use
3. Salmonella**: Salmonella Typhi - Enteric Fever - laboratory diagnosis; Widal Test;
Laboratory Tests to diagnose Enteric Fever in first week, Co-Agglutination Test - role
in diagnosis
4. Neisseria: Non-gonococcal Urethritis [NIGU]
5. Staphylococcus*: staphylococcal wound infection - laboratory diagnosis;
Staphylococcus aureus - four diseases, staphylococcal food poisoning - describe
6. Corynebacterium diphtheria*: Diphtheria - pathogenicity; Metachromatic Granules;
Toxigenicity Tests
7. Vibrio cholerae****: - Gardner and Venkataraman's classification; Classical vibrios
and El Tor vibrios - differences**; Laboratory Diagnosis*; Halophilic Vibrios* -
describe, two examples, Kanagawa Phenomenon*
8. Chlamydia trachomatis**: four diseases*, laboratory diagnosis of any one of them;
Differentiate Chlamydia from virusus, Serotypes* of Chlamydia - ennumerate,
mention infections* caused by them
9. Shigella*: Shigella dysentery - pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis; Shigella - classify,
how do these organisms produce dysentery
10. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Four methods of detection with principles;
Tuberculosis - pathogenesis
11. Spirochetes***: Leptospira - laboratory diagnosis; Syphilis - serological diagnosis;
Leptosprosis - pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis; VDRL - principle, applications,
advantages, limitations
12. Haemophilus*: X and V factors, Satellitism - describe with diagram; H. Influezae -
four lesions
13. E. Coli*: Enterotoxigenic E. Coli; E. Coli - types causing diarrhoea, one laboratory test
to diagnose each type
14. Streptococcus pneumoniae: Pneumococcal vaccine; morphology, cultural
characteristics
15. Atypical Mycobacteria: Runyun's classification, two examples of each
16. Mycobacterium leprae*: Morphology, Tuberculoid and Lepromatous Leprosy - four
differences; Lepromin Test - describe, four uses
LAQ
1. Pulmonary Tuberculosis*** - laboratory diagnosis***; pathogenesis; with special
reference to recent advances; M. Tuberculosis* - morphology*, cultural
characteristics*; laboratory diagnosis
2. Spirochetes*** - classification, Treponemal tests for diagnosis of Syphilis* - discuss;
enumerate Spirochetes and diseases caused, Primary Stage Syphilis - lab diagnosis*;
Diagnosis of Syphilis - specific and non-specific tests; Serological Diagnosis of Syphilis
- describe, advantages, disadvantages of each test
3. Chlamydiae: classify, Chlamydial infections - pathogenesis, complications, laboratory
diagnosis
4. Enterobacteriacea - classify, Enteric Fever**** - laboratory diagnosis****;
pathogenesis**; Salmonella - enumerate rate diseases caused
5. Non Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) - classify with examples, Buruli's ulcer
6. Vibrio cholerae* - pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis*
7. Corynebacterium diphtheria* - [organisms/four bacteria causing sore throat,
Diphtheria - laboratory diagnosis]*
8. Anaerobes - define, classify [sub-question]
9. Clostridium*: Gas Gangrene* - pathogenesis*, laboratory diagnosis*; Post-Operative
Wound Infection - enumerate rate organisms causing
10. Neisseria Meningitidis*- Meningitis - laboratory diagnosis*
11. Neisseria Gonorrheae - morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity,
laboratory diagnosis
Applied Microbiology
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1. Biomedical wastes* - define, categories*, method of disposal; colour code system of
bags for disposal
2. Hospital-Acquired Infections - define, mention two organisms
3. Segregation of Hospital Waste
LAQ
1. Hospital Acquired Infections
Clinical Microbiology
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1. Zoonotic Diseases - mention four with causative agents
2. Urinary Tract Infection - four organisms
3. PUO - list organisms that causes, Diagnosis of enteric fever in 1st week of infection
4. Pyogenic Meningitis - laboratory diagnosis*
LAQ
1. Lower Respiratory Tract Infection*** - enumerate bacteria causing** [sub-question]
2. Urinary Tract Infection**** - enumerate organisms causing****, laboratory
diagnosis****; Significant Bacteruria - define
3. Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO)* - define, enumerate etiological agents of
infections of PUO, approach to diagnosis of PUO due to infectious causes; Four
Bacteria Causing PUO
4. Meningitis*** - organisms causing**, Pyogenic Meningitis*** - enumerate bacteria
causing*, laboratory diagnosis**, Meningococcal meningitis - laboratory diagnosis;
Acute Bacterial Meningitis - causative agents
5. STD* - enumerate organisms causing* [sub-question]
6. Bacterial Food Poisoning - bacteria responsible, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
Immunology
Infection
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1. Exotoxins and Endotoxins* - four differences
2. Modes of Transmission of Infectious Agents - describe with examples
LAQ
1. Microbial Pathogenicity and Microbial Virulence - define, Determinants of Bacterial
Virulence - discuss with examples
Unspecified
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1. Blood Culture
2. Swarming - explain, two bacteria producing it, two methods to inhibit Swarming
3. Universal Safety Precautions
Microbiology: Paper II
Immunology
Infection
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1. Define: i) Carrier
ii) Contact carrier
iii) Paradoxical carrier
iv) Convalescent carrier
Immunity
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1. Innate Immunity*; mechanisms
Antibody – Immunoglobulin
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1. Immunoglobulin G* - structure, function
2. Immunoglobulin - labelled diagram, IgM*** - enumerate properties**;
functions; structure*
3. Define/classify Antibodies [sub-question]
4. IgA – diagram
LAQ
1. Antibody - define, Immunoglobulins - name classes, sub-classes, IgG - structure,
function
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
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1. Agglutination and Precipitation - difference with two examples of each test
2. ELISA with applications
3. Agglutination* reactions - enumerate, define*, Widal Test - describe; principle,
application of Tube Agglutination
4. Passive Agglutination tests
LAQ
1. Antigen-Antibody reactions - name*, Prozone Phenomena, Agglutination
Reactions - principle, applications
2. Antigen-Antibody reactions - types, Precipitation reaction* - principle, applications;
describe with examples
3. Antigen-Antibody reactions - define*, Agglutination reaction - types with examples
4. Antigen-Antibody reactions - enumerate general features, Tube-Agglutination
reactions - describe two
Complement System
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1. Classical Pathway of Complement*
2. Complement Cascade and its biological effects
Immune Response
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1. Cell Mediated Immunity - tests for detection*
Hypersensitivity
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1. Hypersensitivity reactions - classify, Type III* hypersensitivity - describe
2. Hypersensitivity - define*, Type IV hypersensitivity - describe
3. Anaphylaxis - briefly describe
LAQ
1. Hypersensitivity - define**, three types of Immediate Hypersensitivity
reactions with examples
2. Type I hypersensitivity - describe
3. Hypersensitivity - classify, pathogenesis, Type IV hypersensitivity
Autoimmunity
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1. Autoimmune diseases - four features
LAQ
1. [Autoimmunity - define, Various Mechanisms of Autoimmunity]*
Virology
General Properties of Virus
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1. Egg Inoculation Method for Viral Culture
2. Methods of detecting viral growth in cell cultures/tissue cultures*** - different
methods of observing growth of cell lines
3. Stages of Viral Multiplication
4. Embryonated Hen's Egg* - cross section, routes of inoculation, one example of each
route; uses, Enumerate various methods of cultivation of viruses
Virus-Host Interactions
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1. Negri bodies - short note
2. Inclusion Bodies**** - short note, mention two intracytoplasmic and two
intranuclear inclusion bodies
Viruses
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1. Hepatitis B - laboratory diagnosis
2. Rhabdoviruses** - immunoprophylaxis**, dosage schedule, non-neural
vaccines and schedule
3. Influenza Virus and HIV - diagram
4. Type-A Influenza Virus - antigenic variations and significance
5. Merits and demerits of Salk's and Sabin's vaccines
6. Classify Herpesviridae, mention virus included in subfamilies and one infection
caused by each
7. HIV** - pathogenesis, mention two opportunistic infections*; laboratory diagnosis;
HIV Testing in India - strategies
8. Four Oncogenic Viruses
9. Epstein-Barr Virus
LAQ
1. HIV** - define window period, laboratory diagnosis**, etiology, pathogenesis,
diagram of HIV; Enumerate organisms causing STDs*
2. Hepatitis***** - classify, laboratory diagnosis****, pathogenesis of HBV*;
morphology*, enumerate serological markers; enumerate viruses, mode of
transmission; prophylaxis
3. Herpes Virus* - classification, Varicella zoster - clinical features, laboratory
diagnosis; Herpes simplex - lesions, laboratory diagnosis
4. Polio Viruses - pathogenicity, immunoprophylaxis, laboratory diagnosis
5. Influenza Viruses** - morphology**, antigenic variations*, pathogenesis of
Influenza; classification; Antigenic Shift - mechanism, significance
Mycology
General Aspects
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1. [sub-question] Classify medically important Fungi
2. Classify Fungi, one example each*; give morphological classification
LAQ
1. [sub-question] Morphological Classification of Fungi*, one example of each
Superficial and Subcutaneous Mycosis
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1. Subcutaneous mycosis
2. Mycetoma - enumerate causative agents, Eumycetoma - laboratory diagnosis
3. Dermatophytes* - classify*, Dermatophytosis - laboratory diagnosis* based on
microscopic findings
LAQ
1. Dermatophytes** - classify, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis*; morphology,
clinical presentation, pathogenesis
Systemic and Opportunistic Mycoses
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1. Histoplasma Capsulatum - morphology, growth characters, pathogenesis
2. Opportunistic mycoses* - short note
3. Candida albicans*
4. Aspergillosis in humans*
5. Describe Reynolds Braudes phenomenon
6. Cryptococcal meningitis** - laboratory diagnosis**
7. Fungi causing Opportunistic Infection in HIV infected individuals - enlist; Candida
albicans - laboratory diagnosis
LAQ
1. Four fungi causing Opportunistic Fungal Infections, laboratory diagnosis of
Candidiasis
Parasitology
Flagellates
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1. LD Bodies [Leishmania donovani]
2. Acute Giardiasis - laboratory diagnosis, findings
LAQ
1. Leishmania donovani - life cycle, Kala Azar* (visceral leishmaniasis) -
pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis*; life cycle
Sporozoa
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1. Malaria - laboratory diagnosis
2. Plasmodium falciparum* infections - complications*; laboratory diagnosis
LAQ
1. Malignant Tertian Malaria - life cycle of parasite, complications, laboratory diagnosis
2. Plasmodium vivax - morphology, life cycle, laboratory diagnosis
Cestodes or Tapeworms
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1. Hydatid Cyst** - causative agent, sites affected, cross-section structure
2. Echinococcus granulosus - life cycle
3. Taenia saginata and Taenia solium - four differences**, Taenia solium - tissue cyst;
Why is it necessary to differentiate between them
LAQ
1. Cestodes - classify, Cysticercosis - pathogenesis
2. Cestodes affecting man - ennumerate, Taenia solium - morphology, life cycle,
pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
Nematodes
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1. Strongyloides stercolaris hyperinfection
2. Guinea worm - life cycle
3. Occult filariasis
4. Wuchereria bancrofti - morphology, laboratory diagnosis
5. Ectopic Ascariasis
LAQ
1. Intestinal nematodes - name***, [Ascaris lumbricoides - life cycle** and
laboratory diagnosis*; pathogenicity, morphology, complications*]***
2. Enterobius vermicularis - life cycle, pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis
3. Nematodes - classify [sub-question]
4. Hookworm* - life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis
5. Ancyclostoma duodenale* - morphology, life cycle* (with diagrams), pathogenicity,
laboratory diagnosis; four parasites causing anemia
Diagnostic Procedures
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1. Stool Concentration Methods (Pg. 240)
LAQ
Parasites detected in blood smear - name [sub-question]
