PDF (Ebook PDF) Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text For The 21st Century, 16th Edition Download
PDF (Ebook PDF) Criminal Justice Today: An Introductory Text For The 21st Century, 16th Edition Download
com
https://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-
criminal-justice-today-an-introductory-text-for-
the-21st-century-16th-edition/
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-criminal-justice-today-an-
introductory-text-for-the-21st-century-15th-edition/
ebooksecure.com
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-criminal-procedure-for-the-
criminal-justice-professional-12th-edition/
ebooksecure.com
https://ebooksecure.com/download/the-american-system-of-criminal-
justice-ebook-pdf/
ebooksecure.com
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-understanding-the-social-
world-research-methods-for-the-21st-century/
ebooksecure.com
Operations and Supply Chain Management for the 21st
Century (eBook PDF)
http://ebooksecure.com/product/operations-and-supply-chain-management-
for-the-21st-century-ebook-pdf/
ebooksecure.com
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-new-venture-creation-
entrepreneurship-for-the-21st-century-9th/
ebooksecure.com
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-the-american-system-of-
criminal-justice-16th-edition-by-george-f-cole/
ebooksecure.com
http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-designing-engineers-an-
introductory-text/
ebooksecure.com
http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-exceptional-students-
preparing-teachers-for-the-21st-century-2nd-edition/
ebooksecure.com
This book is dedicated to my beautiful wife,
Ellen “Willow” Szirandi Schmalleger, my true companion,
whose wonderful, happy, and free spirit
is a gift to all who know her.
x CONTENTS
■ CJ | NEWS Supreme Court Says Police Need Warrants before Searching Cell Phones 214
■ CJ | CAREERS School Resource Officer (SRO) 217
Suspicionless Searches 217
High-Technology Searches 218
The Intelligence Function 219
Informants 219
Police Interrogation 220
The Right to a Lawyer at Interrogation 222
Suspect Rights: The Miranda Decision 223
■ CJ | ISSUES The Miranda Warnings 225
Gathering Special Kinds of Nontestimonial Evidence 228
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE Policing in the Age of Social Media 229
Electronic Eavesdropping 230
■ CJ | NEWS Supreme Court Says Police Need Warrant for GPS Tracking 231
■ CJ | ISSUES The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and the USA Freedom Act of 2015 233
Summary 235
Key Terms 236
Key Cases 236
Questions for Review 236
Questions for Reflection 236
Notes 236
Fines 373
Death: The Ultimate Sanction 373
Habeas Corpus Review 375
FREEDOM OR SAFETY? YOU DECIDE What Are the Limits of Genetic Privacy? 377
Opposition to Capital Punishment 378
■ CJ | NEWS High Costs Lead to Reconsideration of Death Penalty 383
Justifications for Capital Punishment 384
The Courts and the Death Penalty 385
The Future of the Death Penalty 388
■ CJ | NEWS Death-Row Exonerations Based on DNA Expose Flaws in Legal System 388
Summary 389
Key Terms 390
Key Cases 390
Questions for Review 390
Questions for Reflection 390
Notes 391
Interdiction 563
Crop Control 563
Prevention and Treatment 564
Summary 568
Key Terms 569
Key Cases 569
Questions for Review 569
Questions for Reflection 569
Notes 569
discussed.
●● The boxed lists of police and private security agencies has ●● Statistics and line art have been updated throughout the
been updated. chapter.
xxii
NEW TO THIS EDITION xxiii
●● The 2017 Supreme Court case of White v. Pauly, in which ●● The concept of a term of supervised release (TSR) is
the Court established that “Qualified immunity attaches more clearly defined.
when an official’s conduct does not violate clearly estab- ●● Bill Cosby’s use of an ankle bracelet while awaiting the
lished statutory or constitutional rights of which a rea- conclusion of his trial is discussed.
sonable person would have known,” has been added. ●● Efforts made by the federal government to strengthen
BOP reentry efforts are discussed.
Chapter 9: The Courts: Structure ●● The 2018 federal First Step Act is discussed, as is the
federal Second Chance Act.
and Participants
A discussion of the trial of drug lord “El Chapo” Guzman
●●
Chapter 13: Prisons and Jails
is now a part of the chapter.
●● A new figure, Figure 13-4, “Prison and Jail Populations
in the United States,” has been added.
Chapter 10: Pretrial Activities and ●● Statistics have been updated throughout the chapter.
the Criminal Trial ●● The term “new generation jail” has been changed to
●● Familial DNA searching (FDS), a scientific technique ●● A revised organizational chart of the Department of
used in criminal investigations to identify a suspect by Homeland Security replaces the old one.
comparing the suspect’s DNA to the DNA of members
of the suspect’s biological family, is a new concept that Chapter 18: High-Technology Crimes
has been added to the chapter.
●● The chapter now begins with the NYPD’s ground-
breaking use of drones to patrol the skies above New
Chapter 17: Terrorism, Multinational Year’s revelers in the city’s Times Square.
Federal laws relevant to human cloning and gene editing
Criminal Justice, and Global ●●
are discussed.
Issues ●● A graphic illustration explaining how DNA phenotyping
●● A new chapter-opening story replaces the old one. can be used to construct the physical appearance of an
●● Revised minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners, unknown individual from strands of their DNA has been
known as the “Nelson Mandela Rules” are discussed. added to the chapter.
●● The cybercriminal Infraud organization is described. ●● The application of the concept known as “familial DNA
●● The 2018 National Cyber Strategy developed by the searching” is explained.
White House is discussed.
Preface
Many students are attracted to the study of criminal justice because
it provides a focus for the tension that exists within our society
Key Features Include
between individual rights and freedoms, on the one hand, and the Freedom OR safety? YOU decide boxes in each chapter high-
need for public safety, security, and order, on the other. Recently, light the book’s ever-evolving theme of individual rights versus
twenty-first-century technology in the form of social media, public order, a hallmark feature of this text since the first edition.
smartphones, and personal online videos, has combined with In each chapter of the text, Freedom or Safety boxes build on
perceived injustices in the day-to-day operations of the criminal this theme by illustrating some of the personal rights issues that
justice system, culminating in an explosion of demands for justice challenge policymakers today. Each box includes critical-thinking
for citizens of all races and socioeconomic status—especially those questions that ask readers to ponder whether and how the criminal
whose encounters with agents of law enforcement turn violent. justice system balances individual rights and public safety.
A social movement that began with the shooting of an unarmed
black teenager in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014, has developed into
a widespread initiative that demands justice for all. freedom OR safety? YOU decide
Clarence Thomas Says: “Freedom Means Responsibility”
The tension between individual rights and public order is In 2009, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas crime problem then facing his city and the nation. We mistak-
spoke to a group of high school essay contest winners in a enly look to government and elected officials, Giuliani said, to
the theme around which all editions of this textbook have been Washington, DC, hotel ballroom. Thomas used the occasion,
which was dedicated to our nation’s Bill of Rights, to point
assume responsibility for solving the problem of crime when,
instead, each individual citizen must become accountable
built. That same theme is even more compelling today because out the importance of obligations as well as rights. “Today
there is much focus on our rights,” said Thomas. “Indeed, I
think there is a proliferation of rights.” But then he went on to
for fixing what is wrong with our society. “We only see the op-
pressive side of authority . . . . What we don’t see is that free-
dom is not a concept in which people can do anything they
of the important question we have all been asking in recent say, “I am often surprised by the virtual nobility that seems
to be accorded those with grievances. Shouldn’t there at
want, be anything they can be. Freedom is about authority.
Freedom is about the willingness of every single human being
least be equal time for our Bill of Obligations and our Bill of to cede to lawful authority a great deal of discretion about
achieve a solid sense of individual and group security? seems, is to balance individual rights and personal freedoms
with social control and respect for legitimate authority. Years
ago, during the height of what was then a powerful move-
You Decide
How can we, as Justice Thomas suggests, achieve a bal-
Although there are no easy answers to this question, this text- ment to win back control of our nation’s cities and to rein in
skyrocketing crime rates, the New York Post sponsored a con-
ance of rights and obligations in American society? What
did Giuliani mean when he said, “What we don’t see is that
ference on crime and civil rights. The keynote speaker at that freedom is not a concept in which people can do anything
book guides criminal justice students in the struggle to find a sat- conference was New York City’s mayor, Rudolph W. Giuliani.
In his speech, Giuliani identified the tension between personal
they want, be anything they can be”? Is it possible to balance
individual rights and personal freedoms with social control and
References: Adam Liptak, “Reticent Justice Opens Up to a Group of Students,” New York Times, April 13, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/14/us/14bar.html (accessed
the 16th edition focuses on the crime picture in America and on October 2, 2018); and Philip Taylor, “Civil Libertarians: Giuliani’s Efforts Threaten First Amendment,” Freedom Forum Online, http://www.freedomforum.org.
portant issues that continue to evolve from the tension between of West Palm Beach, Florida
Colleges attended. Palm Beach
What is a typical starting salary? The West Palm Beach Police
Department starting salary is $49,935 annually, with excellent
State College benefits.
the struggle for justice and the need for safety. For it is on that
Frank Schmalleger
Majors. Psychology What is the salary potential as you move up into higher-level jobs?
Year hired. 2007 An officer reaching PFC (Patrolman first Class) and MPO (Master
bedrock that the American system of criminal justice stands, and Please give a brief description of
your job. As a narcotics agent, my
Patrol Officer) will receive a 2 and 1/2% raise for each level at-
tained. Promotion in rank produces significant raises over time.
it is on that foundation that the future of the justice system— Christian Tomas
co-workers and I target street-
level drug dealers and other
What advice would you give someone in college beginning studies in
criminal justice? This isn’t a job for someone expecting to win
quality-of-life issues, to include all of the battles. You try as hard as you can, but you have to be
and of this country—will be built. prostitution as well as other illegal business practices. We use our
own initiative to begin investigations throughout the city. We buy
prepared for some disappointments when a case doesn’t go the
way you wanted it to. Get your degree, as it will help you get
xxv
xxvi P R E FA C E
CJ News boxes in each chapter present case stories from CJ Issues boxes throughout the text showcase selected is-
the media to bring a true-to-life dimension to the study of sues in the field of criminal justice, including topics related to
criminal justice and allow insight into the everyday workings of multiculturalism, diversity, and technology.
the justice system.
CJ | NEWS CJ | ISSUES
Rightful Policing
Evidence of “Warrior Gene” May Help Explain Violence
In the wake of a heated national debate about racially biased police prac-
mistreatment in childhood. The link has only been identified in men, leav- tices, the Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management at Harvard
University’s Kennedy School released a report on what it called “rightful
ing women seemingly immune from the effects of this genetic anomaly.
policing.” The report’s author, Tracey L. Meares, noted that success in
The media nicknamed MAOA-L the “warrior gene” after it was
police work has traditionally been measured in two ways: (1) the extent
identified as highly prevalent in a constantly warring Maori tribe. Another
to which the police are successful at fighting crime; and (2) the degree to
References: Tracey L. Meares, Rightful Policing. New Perspectives in Policing Bulletin (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 2015); Tom R. Tyler
and Jeffrey Fagan, “Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?,” Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, Vol. 6 (2008), pp. 231 and
262; and Tom R. Tyler & Cheryl Wakslak, “Profiling and Police Legitimacy: Procedural Justice, Attributions of Motive, and Acceptance of Police Authority,” Criminology, Vol. 42 (2004),
pp. 253 and 255.
Instructor Supplements study materials. Photos, illustrations, charts, and tables from the
book are included in the presentations when applicable.
The 16th edition of Criminal Justice Today is supported by a
complete package of instructor and student resources: To access supplementary materials online, instructors need
to request an instructor access code. Go to www.pearson-
Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank. Includes con- highered.com/irc, where you can register for an instructor
tent outlines for classroom discussion, teaching suggestions, access code. Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive
and answers to selected end-of-chapter questions from the text. a confirming email, including an instructor access code. Once
This also contains a Word document version of the test bank. you have received your code, go to the site and log on for full
TestGen. This computerized test generation system gives you instructions on downloading the materials you wish to use.
maximum flexibility in creating and administering tests on paper, Alternate Versions
electronically, or online. It provides state-of-the-art features for view-
ing and editing test bank questions, dragging a selected question into eBooks. This text is also available in multiple eBook formats.
a test you are creating, and printing sleek, formatted tests in a variety These are an exciting new choice for students looking to save
of layouts. Select test items from test banks included with TestGen money. As an alternative to purchasing the printed textbook,
for quick test creation, or write your own questions from scratch. students can purchase an electronic version of the same content.
TestGen’s random generator provides the option to display different With an eTextbook, students can search the text, make notes
text or calculated number values each time questions are used. online, print out reading assignments that incorporate lecture
notes, and bookmark important passages for later review. For
PowerPoint Presentations. Our presentations offer clear, more information, visit your favorite online eBook reseller or
straightforward outlines and notes to use for class lectures or visit www.mypearsonstore.com.
P R E FA C E xxvii
REVEL for Criminal Justice
Today, Sixteenth Edition by
Frank Schmalleger
Designed for how you want to teach - and how your
students want to learn
Revel is an interactive learning environment that engages stu-
dents and helps them prepare for your class. Reimagining their
content, our authors integrate media and assessment throughout
the narrative so students can read, explore, and practice, all at
the same time. Thanks to this dynamic reading experience, stu-
dents come to class prepared to discuss, apply, and learn about
criminal justice — from you and from each other.
Revel seamlessly combines the full content of Pearson’s best- New Student Survey Questions
selling criminal justice titles with multimedia learning tools. Student Survey Questions appear within the narrative asking
You assign the topics your students cover. Author Explanatory students to respond to questions about controversial topics and
Videos, application exercises, survey questions, interactive CJ important concepts. Students then see their response versus the
data maps, and short quizzes engage students and enhance their responses of all other students who have answered the question
understanding of core topics as they progress through the con- in the form of a bar chart. We provide the instructor with a
tent. Through its engaging learning experience, Revel helps PowerPoint deck with links to each survey and map, making it
students better understand course material while preparing easy to pull these items up in class for discussion.
them to meaningfully participate in class.
Author Explanatory Videos
Short 2-3 minute Author Explanatory Videos, embedded in the
narrative, provide students with a verbal explanation of an im-
portant topic or concept and illuminating the concept with ad-
ditional examples.
GATHER, gather,
Drawn by the Father,
Drawn to the dear procession of His Son!
They are bearing His Body.... Run
To the Well-Belovèd! Haste to Him,
Who down the street passeth secretly,
Adorned with Seraphim,
Still as the blooms of an apple-tree.
II
Gather, gather,
Drawn by the Father!
Not now He dwelleth in the Virgin’s womb:
In the harvests He hath His room;
From the lovely vintage, from the wheat,
From the harvests that we this year have grown,
He giveth us His flesh to eat,
And in very substance makes us His own.
III
Gather, gather,
Drawn by the Father!
The sun is down, it is the sundown hour.
He, who set the fair sun to flower,
And the stars to rise and fall—
Kneel, and your garments before Him spread!
Kneel, He loveth us all;
He is come in the breaking of Bread.
IV
Gather, gather
(Drawn by the Father),
To our God who is shown to us so mild,
Borne in our midst, a child!
He is King and with an orb so small:
And not a word will He say,
Nor on the Angels call,
Though we trample Him down on the way.
On the Holy Angels He will not call....
Oh, guard Him with breasts impregnable!
. . . .
PERFECTION of my God!—
With hands on the same rod,
With robes that interfold,
One weft together rolled;
With two wings of one Dove
Stretched the royal heads above—
God severs from His Son,
That what is not be won;
Immortal, mortal grow,
God entering manhood know
What was not and shall be
Of cogent Deity.
Perfection of my soul!—
How shall I reach my goal,
Unless I leave His Face,
Who is my dwelling-place,
Unless in exile do
His will a short while through,
To the time’s sharpest rim:
Unless, deprived of Him,
I may achieve Him, lie
His victim, sigh on sigh,
Bearing consummate pain,
Supremely to attain?
FORTITUDO EGENIS
Ad Laudes
II
III
BEHOLD, O men, a vivid light!
Is it the lightning-fire that blazes wide,
Or torches lit on every side
That turn the sky so bright?
Through this great, sudden day,
No levin-gendered god’s triumphant way
The brands of pine confess:
A loveliness
Within that mighty light of larger story
Is come among us with exceeding glory.
IV
V
TIRESIAS, with thy wreath, not thou!
Gray prophet of the fount of Thebes, behold
A prophet neither blind nor old,
Spare and of solemn brow,
Is risen to make all young:
He dwells among
The freshets of the stream. Come to the Waters;
O Sons of Adam, haste, and Eva’s daughters!
This revel, children, is a revelry
Ascetic, of a joy that cannot be
Unless we fast and pray and wear no wreaths,
Nor brandish cones the forest-fir bequeathes,
Nor make a din—but sweet antiphonies—
Nor blow through organ-reeds to sing to these,
But of ourselves make song: it is a feast,
That by the breath of deserts is increased;
And by ablution in the river lifts
Its grain to crystal—earth so full of gifts
Most exquisite, breaths that are infinite
Of infinite judgment, hesitations light
Of infinite choiceness, life so fine, so fine,
Since of our flesh we welcome the Divine;
Since by our fast and reticence, our food
From honey-bees in haunts of solitude,
O mighty Prophet of the river-bank,
We see that light that makes the sun a blank,
As a white dove makes a whole region dim;
See in the greatness of the great Light’s rim
One we must fall down under would we win
The ecstasy of revel—all our sin
Borne from us by the Wine-Cup in a hand
That bleeds about the vessel’s golden stand,
Bleeds as the white throat of a lamb just slain.
Behold! No Evoe at that poured red stain,
No Evoe—Alleluia! He is dumb:
But let us laud Him, Eleutherius come!
ANNUNCIATIONS