'FACTORS AFFECTING CAREER CHOICE AMONG

SHS STUDENTS OF TARLAC NATIONAL HIGH

SCHOOL UNDER HUMSS STRAND'

Chapter 1

Introduction

A lot of students in Tarlac National High School has the same ambition in

life and that is to finish their studies to get work and earn money. But not all of them have

the same levels in life which would mean someone can be on top and someone can be at

the bottom of their life. The level that we have in life affects the career that we want to

have. There are times that they need to spend money for the career that they want to have

and if they cannot afford that, they tend to shift to that line of career that they have no

choice but to take. They cannot do anything about it unless they choose to stop studying,

find a job and after they get to save up, they can continue buying or doing what they

want. We need to know what factors are affecting students when it comes to their strands

or the future ahead of them. We have different stages in life and problems we encounter

so we have to be careful on judging people easily. We are conducting a research on this

topic to help them resolve their problem and it can also have a big impact in our country.
 This research will help them ensure their future and dreams in life. One

individual's problem affects other individuals in our country. If a person have a great

contribution in our country and they carry big problems, they might fail to achieve what

they want someday. If we do our work with quality, we also have a big contribution on

our country. We chose this topic because it's about us, students, that relates to this

situation. Whatever actions we do regarding this topic, it's for us because we are studying

and resolving our own realities in life. The purpose of conducting this research is to

ensure that every student has a secured future. This will not be easy but we are going to

make sure that if ever someone comes across this and read it, they will realize something

and force themselves to continue their studies and get their dreams achieved in the future.

Statement of the problem

The study aims to identify the factors affecting the choice career of the secondary

students of Tarlac National High School under HUMSS strand. Specifically, it aims to

answer the following questions:

What is the profile of the SHS students of TNHS-MAIN in terms of the following:

1.1. Age ;

1.2. Gender

1.3. Family structure/type

1.4. Socio-economic status;

1.5. Number of siblings

2. What problems do senior high school students encounter when deciding what career

to choose?

3. Why do senior high school students find it difficult to make dicisions in choosing

career?

4. What are the factors that affect the senior high school students in choosing career?

Significance of the study

This study is significant to the following:

To those students who are having difficulty in deciding their career path, this

study will help them to be more passionate in choosing a career path.

To the parents of the students, this study will help them to guide their children to

decide a career that will help them achieve a bright future.

To all people, this study will help all people in solving their curiousities about

what are the factors that a secondary students of HUMSS students of TNHS in deciding

their career choice.

 To the researchers, this study will be a future reference for the studies of the same

nature.

To the school, this study will help schools in gaining more knowledge about the

life of a student who are having difficulties in choosing a career path and effects of it in

their lifes.

Scope and Delimition

The study aims to Determine the factors affecting the choice career of all the

Secondary students of Tarlac National High School Under HUMSS Strand located on 29

Macabulos Dr, Tarlac City, Tarlac. During the school year 2020 - 2021. The respondents

involve are the students and teachers who will help them determine to choose the

significant career for the students. This aims to know the Factors that a student/s face in

order to choose the right career that is suitable to their skills and definitely on their

resources and budget. Lastly, What are the Positive outcome of choosing the right career

in achieving brighter future.

Definition of terms

Positive - consisting in or characterized by the presence or possession of features or

qualities rather than their absence.\

Knowledge - facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or

education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.

Brighter - giving out or reflecting a lot of light; shining.

Reference - is a relationship between objects in which one object designates, or acts as a

means by which to connect to or link to, another object.

Difficult - needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand

 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter reviews the related literature and studies which serves as the guide and

frame in constructing problems and questionaires essential for this study. The related

literature and studies presented correspond to the study concerning the factors affecting

the choice career among SHS students of TNHS-MAIN.

Related Literature

Good career planning leads to life fulfillment however; cultural heritage can

conflict with youths' personal interests. This systematic review examined existing

literature on factors that influence youths' career choices in both collectivist and

individualistic cultural settings from around the globe with the aim of identifying

knowledge gaps and providing direction for future research. A systematic review strategy

using the Joana Briggs Institute's format was conducted. The ERIC, PsychInfo, Scopus,

and Informit Platform databases were searched for articles published between January

1997 and May 2018. A total of 30 articles were included in the review, findings revealed

that youth from collectivist cultures were mainly influenced by family expectations,

whereby higher career congruence with parents increased career confidence and self-

efficacy. Personal interest was highlighted as the major factor that influenced career

choice in individualistic settings, and the youth were more independent in their career

decision making. Bicultural youth who were more acculturated to their host countries
were more intrinsically motivated in their career decision making. Further research is

imperative to guide the understanding of parental influence and diversity, particularly for

bicultural youths' career prospects and their ability to use the resources available in their

new environments to attain meaningful future career goals. (Front. Educ.,2018)

Career choice is a significant issue in the developmental live of youths because

it is reported to be associated with positive as well as harmful psychological, physical and

socio-economic inequalities that persist well beyond the youthful age into an individual's

adult life (Robertson, 2014; Bubić and Ivanišević, 2016). According to (Gati and Saka,

2001), The complexity of career decision-making increases as age increases. As children

get older, they are more likely to describe their career choice as a dynamic interplay of

their developmental stages and the prevailing environmental circumstances (Howard and

Walsh, 2011)

According to Boyer (1987), “in taking a course, one of the life’s major decision

is being made. A lot of time, money, and effort will be involved. The shape and

excellence of the student’s life may rest on the result.” F. Yates, Veinotte, & Patalano

(2003) define a decision as “a commitment to a course of action that is intended to

produce a satisfying state of affairs.” A student will choose a course which he/she will be

studying throughout his/her college years, and decision-making should take part and

should not take for granted. The decision of which course to take is one of the farthest

decisions for a student especially those who are graduating High school students.

Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) by Lent et al. (1994). According to the

SCCT, career development behaviors are affected by three social cognitive processes -

self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations and career goals and intentions which
interplay with ethnicity, culture, gender, socio-economic status, social support, and any

perceived barriers to shape a person's educational and career trajectories (Lent et al.,

2000; Blanco, 2011). This emphasizes the complex interplay between the personal

aspirations of youths in their career choices and decision-making and the external

influences which act upon them.

Different levels of economic and social capital that students had access to can deeply

influence students’ decision-making process (Reay et al., 2005). Marigine (2006) proposed that

there are three levels at which choice and decision-making research in He has been showed; “First

is the global level, which shows why students choose to study abroad. Second is a national level

where students’ choice of university is the focus. The third level which has received relatively little

attention is the choice of courses of study” (Marigine, 2006, p.469).

Studies have shown that cultural values have an impact on the factors that

influence the career choices of youths. seminal work on culture dimensions identified

four major cultural dimensions in his forty-country comparative research (Hofstede,

1980). The first dimension is known as “individualism-collectivism.” In individualistic

cultures, an individual is perceived as an “independent entity,” whilst in collectivistic

cultures he/she is perceived as an “interdependent entity.” The second dimension is

power distance. In high power distant cultures; power inequality in society and its

organizations exist and is accepted. The third dimension - uncertainty avoidance denotes

the extent to which uncertainty and ambiguity is tolerated in society. In high uncertainty

avoidant cultures, it is less tolerated, whereas in low uncertainty avoidant cultures it is

more tolerated. Lastly, masculinity and femininity dimension deals with the prevailing

values and priorities. In masculine cultures, achievement and accumulation of wealth is

valued and strongly encouraged; in feminine cultures, maintaining good interpersonal

relationships is the priority.

Given the influence of cultural heritage on career choice and with the increasing

numbers of transitions between cultures, it is important to examine the scope and range of

research activities available in the area of youths' career choice, particularly in relation to

how movements across cultures affect the youth in their career decision making. Using

the three-dimensional framework proposed by Carpenter and Foster (1977), this

systematic review aims to examine the factors influencing youths' career choices, with

particular reference to cultural impact. It will also identify any gaps in the existing

literature and make recommendations that will help guide future research and aid policy

makers and educational counselors in developing adequately equipped and well-

integrated career choice support systems that will foster a more effective workforce.

Career decision-making comprises several domains and complex processes.

Gelatt’s (1962) progressive decision-making model offers a supporting foundation for

comprehending how career decisions are made. The model shows the process of

decision-making as an on-going activity that changes dynamically with the acquisition of

additional information. For instance, a young learner who is exposed to technological

tools used by their father could learn how to use them and decide over time to choose a

career in technology. Furthering the view of Gelatt (1962), Niles, Amundson, and Neault

(2010) propose that adolescents are pre-emptive catalysts of the socio-cultural domain.

Hence, they dynamically integrate knowledge and texts from others to ultimately develop

a repository of decision-making.
 Studies have shown that educators have a strong influence on learner decision-

making (Clotfelter, Ladd, & Vigdor, 2007; Rivkin, Hanushek, & Kain, 2005). Likewise,

the attitudes of students’ peers, their accomplishments, and standards can wield a sharp

influence on young people’s interest in choosing and deciding to study a specific course

(Olitsky, Flohr, Gardner, & Billups, 2010). The period of growing up is a time of

acquiring a personality and sense of self, and during this period peers can be very

instrumental in guiding each other’s choices, behaviors, and career interests.

Related Studies

Foreign

A study conducted by International Journal of STEM Education (2020), entitled

“Exploring the factors that influence the career decision of STEM students at a university

in South Africa”, educators and stakeholders in South Africa are interested in the ways

STEM students make their career decisions because of the shortages in these critical

skills. Although various factors including family, teachers, peers, and career interest have

been reported as determinants of career decision-making, there is a scarcity of studies that

have qualitatively explored the levels of influences of any of these factors in the South

African context. The study aims to investigate the factors that influence career decision-

making among STEM student majors in a South African university. By better

understanding students’ viewpoint on these factors, educators and policymakers can

assist students in making career decisions that fit their experiences, personality, and

expectations. It proposed that the Students in their 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year of study
respectively, were invited to respond to a semi-structured questionnaire about the factors

that were influential in their decision to pursue a career in STEM. A total of 203 texts

(response rate: 63%) were qualitatively analyzed utilising a hermeneutic phenomenology

approach to traditional content analysis, whereby themes develop inductively from the

data. The researchers used a hermeneutic phenomenological method to traditional content

analysis to examine the factors influencing participants’ career decision-making. Which

gives them the results of what factors influence their youth. The researches found Three

key results e, namely interpersonal, intrapersonal, and career outcomes expectancy. The

perceptions of STEM students of their career decision-making in the South African

context are more multifaceted than reported previously. The insights could inform

policies to counter skills shortages in the STEM area.

The study of Mizzuo ( 2010 ), examines the career development behavior of

Asian international, non-Asian international, and domestic students, specifically the

certainty of career and major choice and environmental factors that have influenced their

choices. Environmental factors include family, school counselors, teacher, friends, and

government. The results show no difference in the level of career certainty between the

three groups. In contrast, influences of family, school counselors, and friends varied

among these three groups. Furthermore, only the Asian international students exhibited a

positive correlation between level of career certainty and intent to persist. Implications

and recommendations for counseling are given based on the research findings.

The study entitled “ Study Abroad Experience and Career Decision-Making: A

Qualitative Study of Chinese Students” by Frontiers of Education in China (2020),

Explores the factors influencing Chinese overseas students' career decision-making.

Based on the social cognitive career theory, a semi-structured interview schedule was

devised to qualitatively investigate how Chinese students evaluated different factors and

coped with career decision-making while studying abroad. The interview transcripts were

addressed using thematic analysis. Family influences, overseas social life, and personal

improvement were found to be the three key factors in shaping Chinese overseas students'

career decision-making. Moreover, close interconnections were found among the three

factors, and these had a combined impact on the decision-making process. The findings

highlight the importance of a positive study abroad experience and its impact on

international students' career decision-making.

Farjam, S. & Hongyi, X. (2015) addresses that One of the major concerns of

marketing researchers is to analyze customer’s decision-making process. Given the

significance of “students as customers” concept in Higher Education (HE), it seems

necessary to study this process. In this paper, we reviewed studies related to decision-

making process of students, then, revised models that discussed this issue. We found many

factors that affect this process from different points of view. The paper attempts to provide

guidance for further investigation in this area. The study focuses on how important to

know your path. It is very relevant in choosing your way. It is difficult to choose career

especially in SHS days. It requires deeper thinking on what career should you take.

To see the contribution of school culture to students’ academic achievement,

questionnaire for students and teachers, interview with school principals and cluster

supervisors were used. Percentages and one sample test were used to analyze the data.

academic achievement, questionnaire for students and teachers, interview with school

principals and cluster supervisors were used. Percentages and one sample ttest were used
to analyze the data. The quantitative data confirmed that the contribution of school culture

to students’ academic achievement was found statistically significant but slightly above

the expected mean. Qualitative data from was used to find out that the respondents showed

strong communication among stakeholders during the implementation process. The

support system from teachers and other responsible bodies were seen as effective. A

guideline that specifies teachers’ responsibility and the program implementation process,

such as continuous follow-up and supervision were reported relevant and triggering

teachers to live up to the minimum teachers’ professional commitment standard.

Generally, both the qualitative and quantitative data analysis results revealed a moderate

level contribution of school culture to students’ academic achievement. As this result was

not much encouraging, appropriate strategies of enhancing the contribution of school

culture to students’ academic achievement were pointed out in the paper. Pedagogy (2018)

Local

Choosing the right career path is becoming more and more important for young

students today. Students have to take into account many things when choosing a career

and college major. Many factors can influence a student’s decision, including parents,

coaches, religious figures, or any role models in a student’s life. Participation in

agriculture clubs such as FFA and 4-H can also have an effect on students’ career

choices. The objectives of this research study were to determine what factors affect

agriculture students’ choice of career path. A questionnaire was developed to examine

areas of interest and attributes that may have influenced students when choosing a career

path. The questionnaire was completed by 128 students in the freshman studies classes of

The University of Tennessee at Martin who plan to major in Agriculture. Chi-square tests

were used to examine relationships among study factors. According to this survey,

students are most influenced by family when choosing a major; 22% chose family as the

most important factor influencing their choice of major. However, 21% of the students

chose “a career that is personally rewarding” and 20% chose “FFA/4-H experience” as

the most important factors affecting their choice. FFA played a bigger role in choosing a

major than 4-H. Farming background and the size of schools did not play a role in

choosing a major. However, students with a farming background were more likely to plan

on working in production agriculture than students without a farm background. The

students who completed the questionnaire had a positive outlook on their career. Students

believe their projected careers will make a positive impact on the world. Students also

believe that there are excellent career opportunities in agriculture. Fizer (2013)

Making a career choice is a defining phase in every students’ life. Students have

to consider several factors before arriving at a decision. The purpose of this research was

to see the factors which affect the choice of career among students. This study assessed the

influence identified factors such as decision-making and interest, peer influence,

considerations about the institutions and future job opportunities on the career decisions of

90 students in Jagobiao National High School. Data was collected through a survey

questionnaire – researchers used a chi-square as a research tool to formulate the collected

data. The results show that the considerations about the institutions as most significant,
followed by decision-making and interest, peer influence and future job opportunities.

International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) (2019)

A growing number of students are now opting for online classes. They find the

traditional classroom modality restrictive, inflexible, and impractical. In this age of

technological advancement, schools can now provide effective classroom teaching via the

Web. This shift in pedagogical medium is forcing academic institutions to rethink how

they want to deliver their course content. The overarching purpose of this research was to

determine which teaching method proved more effective over the 8-year period. The

scores of 548 students, 401 traditional students and 147 online students, in an

environmental science class were used to determine which instructional modality

generated better student performance. In addition to the overarching objective, we also

examined score variabilities between genders and classifications to determine if teaching

modality had a greater impact on specific groups. No significant difference in student

performance between online and face-to-face (F2F) learners overall, with respect to

gender, or with respect to class rank were found. These data demonstrate the ability to

similarly translate environmental science concepts for non-STEM majors in both

traditional and online platforms irrespective of gender or class rank. A potential exists for

increasing the number of non-STEM majors engaged in citizen science using the

flexibility of online learning to teach environmental science core concepts. Front. Comput.

Sci., (2019)

Communication especially in the education sector needs to be studied as

communication between instructors and students has the ability to improve the learning

experience and to create a positive setup. Communication is simply the transfer of

information from one person to another, or group to another. Effective communication is

a process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, knowledge and information in such a way as to

fulfill the purpose or intent in the best possible way. In other terms, it is nothing more

than the sender’s expression of views in a way that the recipient understands best. The

aim of online communication is the same as that of face-to-face communications:

bonding; exchanging information; being heard and being understood. Fostering a sense of

community in online classes will make the students’ learning experience more

meaningful and it can help them stay connected during the course life. When instructors

communicate with students, whether in a face-to-face class or an online class, they

communicate for the purpose of offering knowledge or having information to gain

understanding and develop relationships. Asian Education and Development Studies ·

(2020)

The research was conducted to find out factors that informed second cycle

students’ choices of programmes of study and career in the Kumasi Metropolis of Ghana.

The descriptive survey was used for the study, and both questionnaire and interview

guide were used in gathering the data. The questionnaire was administered on the

students while the Coordinators and the heads of the selected institutions were

interviewed. A total of 432 subjects was used for the study. Out of this number, 420 were

students, 6 were Guidance Coordinators, and 6 were Heads of Institutions. The study

revealed among other things that career guidance programme was not given prominent

attention for the full benefit of students. Hence students’ source of career information was

limited. It was also noted that though students had some information about the self, much

was not known about the world of work. Recommendations on how to improve the
implementation of career guidance programmes in senior high schools so students

become well informed to choose their future careers were given at the end. Journal of

Education and Practice (2015)

Input Process Output

Environmental
What is career? factors include
What are the factors family, school
that affects student’s counselors, teacher,
career choice? friends, and
Analysis different government.
a. Family research studies and
b. Personal The goal of this study
articles is to discover
interest
c. Self-efficacy knowledge gaps in
d. Economic both collectivist and
consideration individualistic cultural
settings throughout
e. Other factors
the world.

Fig 1. Paradigm of the Study