INTRODUCTION TO CELL
P.SHIVANII
MPT 1ST YR CVPS
CELL [diagram]
INTRODUCTION
• The first cells were observed and named by ROBERT HOOKE in 1665
from slice of cork.
• All the bodies are made up of cells.
• Cells do all the work of life.
• [A STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE]
• CELL THEORY-consists of three principles
• A] All living things are composed of one or more cells.
• B] Cells are basic units of structure and function in an organism.
• C] Cells come only from the replication of existing cells.
CELL SIZE AND SHAPE
• Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes –depending on their
function.
• ex: the neurons from your toes to head are long and thin,
blood cells are rounded discs ,so that they can flow smoothly.
• DIAMETER is 2 to 120 μm.
CONSTITUENTS
• Different substances that make a cell are collectively called
protoplasm.
• Protoplasm is composed of :
• 1] water -70 to 80 %
• 2] carbohydrates
• 3] lipids
• 4] proteins
• 5] electrolytes [ Sodium[Na+], calcium [Ca+2 ], potassium[K+],
chloride [Cl -], phosphate , and magnesium[Mg ]
Major structures present in cells
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm and its organelles
• Nucleus
• CELL MEMBRANE
• Thin pliable elastic outermost structure which envelopes the cell.
• It consists of bilipid layer with embedded proteins that are-
• 1]integral proteins
• 2]peripheral proteins
FUNCTIONS OF CELL MEMBRANE
• PROTECTIVE - forms outermost boundary of cell organelle
• DIGESTIVE - takes in food and excrete waste products .
• SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY -
• a] Non polar Molecules : Gases like 02,CO2,N2 ,Lipids ,Steroid
hormones ,Alcohols [move rapidly across the membrane]
b] Polar Molecules :h2o,soluble ions ,glucose ,urea ,etc ….have much lower solubility . Therefore
penetrate the membrane much more slowly.
> CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of membrane control the free passage of ions in and out of cell.
This property helps in maintaining components in ICF and ECF.
> Links adjacent cells together by junctional complexes to form tissues.
> Insulating properties : high insulating value….it acts as a DIELECTRIC material of a charged condenser
CYTOPLASM AND ITS ORGENELLES
• THICK GELL LIKE SEMITRANSPARENT FLUID that is found in both plant
and animal cell.
• Cytoplasm consists of CYTOSOL,CELL ORGANELLES, CYTOPLASMIC
INCLUSIONS
• This cytoplasm is again surrounded by plasma membrane.
CYTOSOL
• The aqueous part of cytoplasm outside all the organelles , also
contains its own distinctive proteins.
• It accounts for almost 70% of the total cell volume.
• This gelatinous substance mainly consist of cytoskeleton filaments,
organic molecules , salt and water .
• Chemically ,the cytoplasmic matric is composed of many chemical
elements in the form of atoms ,ions and molecules.
ORGANELLES
• Following organelles are present in cytoplasm
• 1]mitochondria
• 2]endoplasmic reticulum
• 3]lysosomes
• 4]golgi apparatus
• 5]peroxisomes
• 6]vacuole
• Each organelle is bounded by a lipid membrane ,and has its own
funtions.
MITOCHONDRIA
• These are the granular structures in a striated muscles.
• ‘ THE POWER HOUSE OF THE CELL ‘
• STRUCTURE – Length : 5 to 12 μm
• DIAMETER – 0.5 to 1 μm
• Components are – a] outer membrane ,b] inner membrane
• C] intermediate space , d] cristae –infoldings of inner membrane
• E]matrix –the space enclosed by inner membrane
• The membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins
• FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
• Power generating units of cells.
• Energy transduction through respiration
• Responsible for thermogenesis.
• Calcium storage for metabolic purposes
• Helps in apoptosis [programmed cell death]
• Detoxification
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Network of tubular and flat vesicular structures in the cytoplasm.
• Space inside the tubules is filled with endoplasmic matrix.
• FUNCTIONS :
• Synthesis of proteins
• Protein segregation
• Muscle contraction [ER is commonly known as sarcoplasmic
reticulum]
TWO TYPES
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
• Ribosomes absent • Ribosomes present
• Site of synthesis for lipid and • Site of synthesis of protein
steroid hormones. • Mainly present in protein
• Mainly present in lipid forming forming cells such as pancreatic
cells such as adepocytes, acinar cells , goblet cells
interstitial cells of testis, ,antibody producing plasma cells
glycogen storing cells of liver, ,nissle granules of nerve cells
adrenal cortex cells , muscle etc..
cells, leucocytes
GOLGI BODIES
• Collection of membrane enclosed sacs composed of four or more stacked
layers of thin ,flat enclosed vessels.
• Consists of 4 functionally distinct regions :
• 1] the cis golgi network
• 2]Golgi stack –which is divided into 2
• a]medial and b]trans sub compartments
• 3]the trans golgi network
• FUNCTIONS
• Site of formation of lysosomes
• Wrapping and packaging department of the cell
LYSOSOMES
• Diameter – 250 to 750 μm
• These are the irregular structures surrounded by a the unit
membrane.
• More acidic then rest of the cytoplasm …..external bacteria and worn
out cell components are digested in them
• FUNCTIONS
• Engulf exogenous substances eg:bacteria
• Engulf worn out components of cells
• When a cell dies , lysosomal enzymes causes autolysis[SUICIDAL
BAGS]
PEROXISOMES
• Structure is similar to lysosomes with different composition.
• Surrounded by lipid bilayer membrane which regulates the entry and exit
the peroxisomes
• Contains oxidases that produces h2o2
• FUNCTIONS :
• H2O2 metabolism and detoxification
• Helps in photorespiration in plants
• Biosyntheisis of lipids
• Synthesis of bile acids in liver
• Synthesis of myelin sheath
CYTOSKELETON
• The cytoskeleton is made primarily of:
• >microtubules
• >intermediate filaments
• >microfilaments
• Along with that tie them together
• FUNCTION:
• Movement of chromosomes
• Cell movements
• Movement of proteins within the cell membrane
NUCLEUS
• The nucleus contain chromatin , RNAs ,and nuclear proteins move
freely in aqueous solution.
• A double membrane called nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus.
• Nucleus is separated from the rest of cell or cytoplasm by a nuclear
membrane.
• The nucleus is control center of the cell
• COMPONENTS of nucleus –
• Nuclear envelope ,chromatin ,nucleolus ,nuclear matrix
• Nuclear membrane is permeable only to small non popular
molecules.
• FUNCTION :
Serves both as the repository of genetic information
Storing DNA
The nucleus stores and protects DNA, which contains the instructions
for cell function.
• Copying DNA
• The nucleus copies DNA through a process called DNA replication. This process
creates two identical copies of DNA, which are then passed on to new cells during
division.
• Transcription
• The nucleus copies DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries protein
information to the cytoplasm.
• Ribosome production
• The nucleus produces ribosomes in a structure called the nucleolus. Ribosomes
are organelles that read the mRNA and translate it into proteins.
• Regulating cellular activities
• The nucleus regulates almost all cellular activities
SUMMARY
COMPARTMENTS MAJOR FUNCTIONS
• Transport of ions and molecules
• PLASMA MEMBRANE
• Metabolism of carbs , lipids, and
• CYTOSOL amino acids.
• MITOCHONDRIA • Energy production
• ER • Synthesis of proteins and lipids
• GA • Modification and sorting of proteins
• LYSOSOMES • Cellular digestion
• PEROXISOMES • Utilization of h2o2
• CYTOSKELETON • Cell morphology and cell motility
• NUCLEUS • DNA synthesis and repair
