Objectives © Recognize calls as the: basic unit of life that are organized into tissues, organs, systems and orgenisms. 1 These pink Blobs 78 human cli under the micrascopa. They are some ofthe bling blocks of ‘yeurbeay. 8 | This stich egg and hen egg are some othe biggest cals on Earth Mosteets ore 00 emote Cellular Organisation The building blocks of life ‘Think about the buildings you see around you. Schools and homes may use many different materials, but every building needs building blocks of some sor. The same iste for organisms. al ving things are made of building blacks 4 Thipyeamidia mae of building blacks of te. called celle. (G) Thinking and working scientifically Using amodel ‘We use models to help us to explain scientific ideas. A physical model ‘can help us to understand small-scale systems which we cannot easily ‘see, Look atthe building blocks which make up the great pyramid. This gives us a model of building blocks which we can use with living ‘organisms, to help us understand the importanee of cells. What are cells? Every partof your body is made up of cells, and so are the bedies of al living ‘hings. Cells are the basic unit of life, Mieraorganisms such as protozoa, ‘yeasts, and bacteria only have one call, but large plants and animals have billions of cals. ‘You know that living things carry out the seven processes of life: movernent, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition. ‘These processes take place inside each tiny living cell. Your cells use energy from respiration, and nutrients from the food you eat, to grow, move, and reproduce. Each tiny cell even makes waste products and excretes them, Cells are very small. An average human cellis 20-30 microns (jim) across. Micron are also known as micrometres and there are 1000 jm in L mam! Some cells are big. Bird eggs are the biggest single cells and we can seo ‘them easily. Most cells are too small to see with our eyes alone. We need a special to called a microscope to see them. The light microscope simple light microscope isa piece of equipment which allows you to see very small objects It uses light and lenses to magnify things. The organism, or partof an organism, that you look at is called the specimen. Your specimen must be thin enough tet the light pass through it. The picture of human cheek calls on this page was taken using alight microscope.‘Thebest light microscopes can magnify things 1000 times. The main parts ‘of = microcope are shown below. objective lene come focus stage fine focus aide 1 Asinpl light microscope. The electron microscope ‘Sometimes scientists need to magn things even more than is possible vith a simple light microscope. In universities and research labs 2 diferent type of microscope called an electron microscope is used. Electron ‘microscopes are big and very expensive, but they can magnify specimens ‘upto I milion times. Ths gives us very detaled pictures of the structures inside calls, and of microorganisms = Whats a call? 2, Listthe seven characteristics oflife carried out by calls 3. Explain why we use microscopes to look at cells. 4. a: Whatis 2 simple light microscope? List the main parts of light microscope and explain what the lenses do. 5, Describe one difference between alight: microscope. scope and an electron | Thixmage rom on electron miwoscopeshons thease ofa ‘human cel magnified thousands oftmes. 1G) Key points Jal (© Calla the basic units cftiving organisms andeany outallthe characteristics fife, ‘© Amicroscopemagrties specimenssowecan see verymall objects such cells (© Alight microscope magnifies upto 41000timesandan electron microscope magnifies upto 1,000,000 times.The cell story Alot of madern biology and medicine depends on understanding cells, aheel and Kasim are surprised to discover that we have only known about calls for about 350 years. Raheel decides to research the history of the first looks into the development of the cell theory. it microscopes, Kasim Objectives * Discuss how scientific . 9 nendedge develops The history of the microscope ee Raheel discovers that the first cells were seen in Europe in the 17th century . | 1665: Robert Hooke sees cells forthe first time. A scientist called Robert Hooke made a simple microscope using polished glasslenses. He used it 10 look ta thin slice of cork and saw a beautiful honeycomb structure. He called each litle structure a call, Hooke was seeing the walls of dead cork cals. He made careful drawings of what he sav ‘+ 1670-1683: Anton van Leeuwenhoek sees living cells for the frst time. Anton van Leeuwenhoek was not a scientist. He bought cloth to make fine clothes and made polished lenses to help him see the details of the fabric, He decided to use hislenses to make a microscope. When ‘van Leeuwenhoek used his microscope to look at a drop of pond water, hhe was very excited to see tiny living organisms swimming around. He 1A Robert Hoots drawing of as the first person ever to see living cells. Like Robert Hooke, he made cori ee! detciled drawings of whathe saw. ai cocina rowings of he microorganisms ee AS * ‘coscompaternae =a x ‘+ 1833: Robert Brown sees the internal structure of plant cells. The Frst ‘microscopes were tiny - they did not look like the microscopes we use today. Almost 200 years after Hooke's work on cork, Robert Brown had a ‘microscope which was good enough to see the internal (inside) structure of plant cells. He discovered the nucleus ofthe cell, which contains the genetic material.| Von izeunrenhoc’ ty merscope The cell theory asimis amazed to discover that many people did not believe the discoveries made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek. It was hard to make 00d microscopes and, without them, no-one could see thecells and microorganisms they described. Finally, in the 19th century CE, everything changed. More people had better microscopes to work with, and communication between countries got easer, so scientists could compare theirfindings. They agreed with each other about the cells they were seeing, s0 they were ready tolsten to Theadore Schwann when he suggested his celltheory. Kasim made a table to show his findings. CEE Nanhae [Scien uggeatiesitntamres ee | seers tna onsen tg den _[hosataisons Schwann | the credit for our modern call theory. He stated: The cellis the basic unit of structure of all. organisms, All organisms consist of one or © Callsarethebasicunit more cells, fll. Thisis the call 1845 | CarlHeinrich | Braun simplifies the wording ofthe eal theory. theory. Braun Ho states: Cells are the basic unit of li Thecalltheory = || Sees developmentofthe 1, State the cell theory, ° " simple light microscope, 2. Explain why Anton van Leeuwenhoek was so good at making lenses. which enabled sciantistto see cells indifferent organisms, sandonscientist SS. Explain why scientists rejected the idea of cells for many years, but communicating easily accepted the ides of the cal theory so easily. 2. Describe what Robert Brown discovered in 1833. 4, State who is given the credit for stating the original call theory.Objectives ‘© Relate the structures ‘of some common calls nerve, muscle, epithelium ‘and blood cals) ta their Functions. (© Identify the structures present in an animal cell ‘and plant call as seen undera simple microscope ‘and relate them to their functions (only cell membrane, eytoplasm, nucleus, cll wall, ‘chloroplast, mitochondria ‘and sap vacuole). © Describe the similarities and differences between ‘he structures of plant and animal calls ’ wor “> ya% Low a ‘ail 4 Animale seen using ofght microscope Vitochonéso ore tsosmalltobeseeninthese pictures. How many othe other features ofanimal (and port) eclscan you see? Animal and plant cells How many celle do you think there arein your body? Biologists estimate ‘thatthe average person contains about 30-40 trilfion cells! Animal cells nuctgue When you look at animal cells callmgmbrane: under the microscope, you see that ‘they come in many different shapes and sizes, but they all have some featuresin common, We use these four features to draw a general animal cell mitouKondie 4 The main features on animal cel ‘cytoplasm ‘The average diameter of an animal «lls 10-30 um. A microns [dar ™M oF 0.001 mm The parts of an animal cell have different functions: ‘© The nucleus: this contains the genes, 2 set of plans for making new cells, ‘controls everything going on in the cell. ‘© The cell membrane: thisis the outer layer of the cell. It controls what ‘moves into and out ofthe cell. For example, it ets oxygen in, and waste ‘carbon dioxide out. © The cytoplasins this isthe jelly-tke substance where many of the ‘chemical reactions in the cll take place. ‘© The mitochondria: this is where respiration takes place. These tiny structures provide the energy forall the chemical reactions taking place inthe cell. Plant cells Plantcells are bigger than animal cells - the average plant cell has 3 Teese callsofthe same 1. Copy and complete this table to describe the Siferent levels of ‘ype, working ‘organization ina large multicellular organism. Arrange them inorder togethertocanyout cof size rom the smallest tothe largest. a paridar incon. = Organ several call iferentises Group of similar cells working together working gether ‘corry outs particular function. 2. Name: ~ Organ systems: _& anorgan that pumps blood around the body soups of several . iferentorgans b. anorganthat iter the blood and produces urine ° ‘working togetherto ‘an organ that removes poisons from the blood and produces bile carryout particular ‘help with aigestion. function. 2. Explain how you would know ifs specimen isa tssus or anorgan. Whole organism: ; made up ofmany A. a, Whatisthe function ofthe human digestive syste tee b. Suggest three organs involved in the digestion ofyour food and ‘organsystemsall describe the function ofeach organ, working togetherTissues and organs in plants Wherever you lie, plants will ban impertant part of your life. We eat food {rom plants, wear clothes made of plants and often our homes and schools ‘contain ots of plant material too. The plants we see around us are complex Objectives ‘multicellular organiema use ike us. And just like animale, plants have —_ xvenallevels of organisation. * Arrange and rank diferentlevels of cellular Plant organ systems organizations ~ calls Most plants have two main organ systems, The part of the plant above the totissues,omans and ground ~the shoot system, also known asthe photosynthetic system — organisms, makes food. The partof the plant below the ground - the root system ~has ‘wo main functions. it anchors the plantin the soil soit does no fall ever, andi takes in the water and minerals the plant needs, Plants also have another system - the reproductive system ~ but in most plants ths is only os a Plant organ systems are made up of several plant organs working together. Corgan) Each organ caries out patioularfunetionsin the plant. The main plant ¥ organsare: + Leaves: these organs make fod by photostesis Leavesare usually + sreen, because the cals contain green chloroplasts to trap the ight the plant needs to make food. Leaves are often big and flat so they can trap ‘as much light as possible, Leaves also take in oaygen and get rid of was 4 levlsafetilororgnetonin Sepang eae per ygen and ee se ‘multicellrerganisms. de at night. They produce food forthe plant, and they also take part in respiration and excretion «© Stems: these organs support the plant. They hold the leaves up to catch the sunlight. They also hold up the flowers and fruit when they form. Plant stems are sensitive to light and they grow towards it. stem holds ‘he plantupright foot anchosthe plantino the gourd, and takes up water and ‘miata farthest 1 Rewersare the reproductive organs of poms 4 Someofthe min plontorgons‘© Roots: roots absorb water and minerals from the soil. They hold the plant into the ground. Some roots are adapted to store food to help the plant survive hard conditions orto help it reproduce. ‘* Flowers: these are the reproductive organs of a plant. They have different adaptations to make sure the plant reproduces successfully ~ they may be rightly coloured or have astrong scent. Plant tissues Each plant tissue contains « particular type of specialised plant cells, working togetherta carry out a function in the plant. For example: ‘© Photosynthetic tissue or paisade tissue ismade up of palisade cells. These calls contain lots of chloroplasts to ‘capture light for photosynthesis. They ‘are found packed tightly tagether near ‘the top surface of plant leaves, Plant leaves, stems and rootsall contain, ‘ansport tissue. “6 Xylem tse is made of xylem cells. ‘These are dead cells which form hollow 4 Ths diagram presents ozection trough aleatlaplontcrgan) sen dbesweanporwecrand minerals ufderamicrescape with diferent plant tues abcd. Up from the roots tothe leaves, '* Phloem tissue is made up of living phloem calls, It carries dissolved food Cl | ‘rom the leaves, where itis made, to all the cells inthe plant where itismeeded. Large multicellular organisms have five OEE cnt a Here are the names of some parts of plants. Write the names and issues, organs organ identify the level of organisation for each. systems and whole organism, a Leaf (© The main plantergan bi, The parts ofa plant above the ground: systema the shoot e. Axylem cell system and theroot ; system. d. The layer of palisade cells atthe top of aleaf 4 themainplantorgans fe. Aflower areleaves, stems roots and flowers. 2. Explain the difference between apalisade cell and palisade tissue. 1 lonportantplantissues 2, Some ofthe plants you look at wll have flowers.on ther. Some wll inode palsedetinou, ‘ot. Explain why we till count lowers as plant organs, ylemandphloem.rt Dee coarse focusknob 1 a, Arange te fllowingtermsinorderfom the [fine focusknob ees a ee ee ees calez ilo a aeeeee ‘name once, more than once or not at all, b Hereis a listof plant parts. Choose 2 examples ‘all wall, nucleus, cytoplasm sap vacuole, ‘of plant organs and 1 example ofa structure chloroplast cell membrane, mitochondria. ‘thats found ina plant call ol root, sap vacuole palisode cell leaf root har cll, petal chloroplast Bh 2. The picture shows you piece of equipment eften used by biologists c~ coarse objectivetens , k stage fine lide 4 leh t ‘a Whatis this ogupmant calle? 11 bs Name three structures found onlyin plant ells and explain the function of exch ta b. Whatisit used for? a 4. Inam investigated the connection between the ‘Complete this table wo describe the function number of root hairs on seedlings ad the minerals ‘ofeach ofthe labelled parts (51 inthesoll they grew in. oa pete ra nate cau ear eyepiece objective ens — Low Co 60 Emmy oxconp1 Aroot haircellis an example of what type of plant call? ul b, Draw and label aroot hair cell as you would seeitunder alight microscope. 6) Explainwhy roothaircellsareimportant for plants. rr 4d. Draw bar charts to displayinam's results. 15] €. Explainin your own words what these: results show you. Bl 5. Write a short report describing how cells were first discovered. Explain why many scientists did not accept that cells existed. Discuss why scientists reacted so differently when Schwann proposed the Cell Theory in 1839. (8) 6. Thisisa diagram of an organism called Euglena, observed undera light microscope. Aagellum er uceus chloroplast contractile vacuole ‘a. The observations of Euglena were made using, ‘an eyepiece lens with a magnification of 10xand ‘an objective lens with 2 magnification of 40x. By how much is the Euglena magnified? Show your working out. 1 b. Do youthink Euglena isa plant or an animal? Give ONE reason tosupportyouranswer. [21 ‘© Describe one similarity and one difference between Euglena and general animalcell. [2] Cellar Organi 1. Match each cellto one of the functions listed below te ‘ed blood cells ‘carries electrical messages: ‘around the body nerve cell absorbs water and mineral utrients palisade cell contracts to move parts of the body fateell ‘carries oxygen around the body roothaireall carries out photosynthesis. muscle call ‘contains a fat store to ‘provide fuel for respiration when itis needed 8. Choose the correct answer, ‘a. The instrument used to see detailed structures present inside the cell. i) Magnifying glass ght microscope |. Electron microscope jn. None ofthe above b. Cell wall is presentin Plant all i Animal cell ‘i. Red biood cell None - i ‘G Thisis the correct formula to calculate total magnification of a microscope. a i. Eyepiece objective lens ye piace ~ objective lens i. Bye pecexobjectivelens Eyepiece objective lens 4. These cells are responsible to respond to ‘any change in the surroundings by catrying lectrical messages. fray i. Red blood alls Muscle cells i Neurones | w Epithelial als