Chapter 5

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 Learning Goals for Chapter 5
Looking forward at …
• how to use Newton’s first law to solve problems involving
the forces that act on a body in equilibrium.
• how to use Newton’s second law to solve problems involving
the forces that act on an accelerating body.
• the nature of the different types of friction forces and how to
solve problems that involve these forces.
• how to solve problems involving the forces that act on a body
moving along a circular path.
• the key properties of the four fundamental forces of nature.

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 Introduction
• Newton’s three laws of motion can be stated very simply, but
applying these laws to real-life situations requires analytical
skills and problem-solving techniques.
• In this chapter we’ll begin with equilibrium problems, in
which we analyze the forces that act on a body that is at rest
or moving with constant velocity.
• We’ll then consider bodies that are not in equilibrium, for
which we’ll have to deal with the relationship between forces
and motion.

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 Using Newton’s first law when forces are in
equilibrium
• A body is in equilibrium when it is at rest or moving with
constant velocity in an inertial frame of reference.
• The essential physical principle is Newton’s first law:

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 Problem-solving strategy for equilibrium
situations
• Identify the relevant concept: You must use Newton’s first
law.
• Set up the problem by using the following steps:
1. Draw a sketch of the physical situation.
2. Draw a free-body diagram for each body that is in equilibrium.
3. Ask yourself what is interacting with the body by contact or in
any other way. If the mass is given, use w = mg to find the
weight.
4. Check that you have only included forces that act on the body.
5. Choose a set of coordinate axes and include them in your free-
body diagram.
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 Problem-solving strategy for equilibrium
situations
• Execute the solution as follows:
1. Find the components of each force along each of the body’s
coordinate axes.
2. Set the sum of all x-components of force equal to zero. In a
separate equation, set the sum of all y-components equal to zero.
3. If there are two or more bodies, repeat all of the above steps for
each body. If the bodies interact with each other, use Newton’s
third law to relate the forces they exert on each other.
4. Make sure that you have as many independent equations as the
number of unknown quantities. Then solve these equations to
obtain the target variables.

• Evaluate your answer.

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 5.1

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 5.3

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 5.5

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 Using Newton’s second law: dynamics of
particles
• In dynamics problems, we apply Newton’s second law to
bodies on which the net force is not zero.
• These bodies are not in equilibrium and hence are
accelerating:

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 A note on free-body diagrams
• does not belong in a free-body diagram.

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 A note on free-body diagrams
• Correct free-body diagram

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 A note on free-body diagrams
• Incorrect free-body diagram

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 Problem-solving strategy for dynamics
situations
• Identify the relevant concept: You must use Newton’s second law.

• Set up the problem by using the following steps:

1. Draw a simple sketch of the situation that shows each moving body.
For each body, draw a free-body diagram that shows all the forces
acting on the body.
2. Label each force. Usually, one of the forces will be the body’s
weight w = mg.
3. Choose your x- and y-coordinate axes for each body, and show them
in your free-body diagram.
4. Identify any other equations you might need. If more than one body
is involved, there may be relationships among their motions; for
example, they may be connected by a rope.

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 Problem-solving strategy for dynamics
situations
• Execute the solution as follows:
1. For each body, determine the components of the forces along
each of the body’s coordinate axes.
2. List all of the known and unknown quantities. In your list,
identify the target variable or variables.
3. For each body, write a separate equation for each component
of Newton’s second law. Write any additional equations that
you identified in step 4 of “Set Up.” (You need as many
equations as there are target variables.)
4. Do the easy part—the math! Solve the equations to find the
target variable(s).

• Evaluate your answer.

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 5.6

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 5.7

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 5.8

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 5.12

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 Apparent weight and apparent
weightlessness
• When a passenger with mass m rides in an elevator with
y-acceleration ay, a scale shows the passenger’s apparent weight
to be:
n = m(g + ay)
• The extreme case occurs when
the elevator has a downward
acceleration ay = −g — that is,
when it is in free fall.
• In that case n = 0 and the
passenger seems to be weightless.
• Similarly, an astronaut orbiting the
earth with a spacecraft experiences
apparent weightlessness.
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 Frictional forces
• There is friction between the feet of this caterpillar (the larval
stage of a butterfly of the family Papilionidae) and the
surfaces over which it walks.
• Without friction, the caterpillar could not move forward or
climb over obstacles.

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 Frictional forces
• When a body rests or slides on a surface, the friction force is
parallel to the surface.

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 Frictional forces
• Friction between two surfaces arises from interactions
between molecules on the surfaces.

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 Kinetic and static friction
• Kinetic friction acts when a body slides over a surface.
• The kinetic friction force is fk = µkn.
• Static friction acts when there is no relative motion between
bodies.
• The static friction force can vary between zero and its
maximum value: fs ≤ µsn.

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 Static friction followed by kinetic friction:
Slide 1
• Before the box slides, static friction acts. But once it starts to
slide, kinetic friction acts.

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 Static friction followed by kinetic friction:
Slide 2
• Before the box slides, static friction acts. But once it starts to
slide, kinetic friction acts.

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 Static friction followed by kinetic friction:
Slide 3
• Before the box slides, static friction acts. But once it starts to
slide, kinetic friction acts.

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 Static friction followed by kinetic friction:
Slide 4
• Before the box slides, static friction acts. But once it starts to
slide, kinetic friction acts.

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 Static friction followed by kinetic friction:
Slide 5
• Before the box slides, static friction acts. But once it starts to
slide, kinetic friction acts.

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 Some approximate coefficients of friction

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 Static friction and windshield wipers
• The squeak of windshield wipers on dry glass is a stick-slip
phenomenon.
• The moving wiper blade sticks to the glass momentarily, then
slides when the force applied to the blade by the wiper motor
overcomes the maximum force of static friction.
• When the glass is wet from
rain or windshield cleaning
solution, friction is reduced
and the wiper blade doesn’t
stick.

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 5.13

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 5.15

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 Fluid resistance and terminal speed
• The fluid resistance acting on
a body depends on the speed
of the body.
• A falling body reaches its
terminal speed when the
resisting force equals the
weight of the body.
• The figures at the right
illustrate the effects of air
drag.

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 Fluid resistance and terminal speed

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 5.18

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 Dynamics of circular motion
• If a particle is in uniform circular motion, both its
acceleration and the net force on it are directed toward the
center of the circle.
• The net force on the
particle is Fnet = mv2/R.

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 What if the string breaks?
• If the string breaks, no net
force acts on the ball, so it
obeys Newton’s first law and
moves in a straight line.

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 Avoid using “centrifugal force”
• Figure (a) shows the correct
free-body diagram for a body
in uniform circular motion.
• Figure (b) shows a common
error.
• In an inertial frame of
reference, there is no such
thing as “centrifugal force.”

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 5.19

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 5.20

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 A car rounds a banked curve
• At what angle should a curve be banked so a car can make
the turn even with no friction?
• Follow Example 5.22.

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 The fundamental forces of nature
• According to current understanding, all forces are expressions
of four distinct fundamental forces:
− gravitational interactions
− electromagnetic interactions
− the strong interaction
− the weak interaction

• Physicists have taken steps to unify all interactions into a

theory of everything.

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