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Prospects and Challenges of Pakistan Horticulture Industry

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 PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF PAKISTAN HORTICULTURE INDUSTRY

Uzman Khalil, Hafiz Nazar Faried, Ishtiaq A. Rajwana, Muhammad Amin and Kashif Razzaq
Department of Horticulture, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan

Abstract
The population of Pakistan is increasing at an alarming rate causing various nutritional and
health issues. About 44% of Pakistan’s population is facing acute malnutrition with special
reference to essential micronutrients (40-80%) like iron, calcium, vitamin-A etc. The
horticultural commodities can help in mitigating these issues. According to an estimate, per
capita consumption of fruits and vegetables is about 6-10 times lesser compared to the
developed countries. So, there exists significant opportunity in the agriculture crop sector to
shift its production focus from conventional crops to nutritive crops like fruits and vegetables.
The presence of highly diversified agro-ecological zones in Pakistan, favors the production of
variety of fruits and vegetables across the country. However, several challenges exist in the
horticultural production and supply chains. The factors such as high cost of production,
variability in market practices, lack of storage and value addition facilities, high import and
export duties, and reduced international price due to poor quality make it difficult for local
growers to compete with international market standards, which are primarily responsible for
poverty in rural areas. The irrational use of agro-based chemicals (fertilizers, fungicides and
pesticides), inappropriate dumping of city waste, irrigation with sewerage and industrial water
to fruits and vegetable is continuously polluting the horticultural production system and
environment. Stable supply of fruits and vegetables in the country can be ensured through
quality production of these commodities and their trade. Sustainability in horticulture sector
can be achieved through better breeding/genetics, bio-technology, crop modeling, climate
smart and resilient crops, and capacity building of human resources. Collaborative efforts
among academia, research, extension as well as the federal and provincial research system will
help to undertake strategic research. Horticulture is an important sector having significant
contribution to the national GDP. Various developments have occurred in horticulture sector
of the country since its birth. This manuscript provides a detailed account of the horticultural
development in Pakistan over the last seven decades.
Keywords: Fruits and vegetables, climate change, exports, research and development

INTRODUCTION

Pakistan has diverse agro-ecological zones that make it as a land of producing wide
range of horticultural crops including fruits, vegetables and ornamentals. Agriculture is the
cornerstone of Pakistan’s economy as it contributes 21% and 50% in gross domestic product
(GDP) and provision of labor force, respectively. Several indigenous fruits, vegetables and
floricultural commodities that are produced here. Horticulture sector contribute significantly in
country’s grow domestic product (GDP) and employment generation. Some of the
Horticultural crops of Pakistan has prime position in global production. Pakistan is the 6th major
producer of mango, date palm, mandarins and onions while 5th in apricot production (FAO,
2016). Pakistan is producing 7.1 million tons of fruits from an area of 0.76 million hectares
(MNFSR, 2016). Horticultural crops have been strengthening Pakistan’s economy, besides
they are also playing pivotal role in ensuring human health through the provision of dietary
constituents including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, fiber and minerals, which are
vital for balanced nutrition (Singh and Malhotra 2011).

Moreover, the population of Pakistan is increasing rapidly and reached to 200 million
(Anonymous, 2016). Feeding the increasing population is one of the major challenge. In the
provision of balance food, fruit and vegetable contribute equally to traditional agronomic crops.
Hence, horticultural crops are considered as an essential foods for nutritional security and
wellbeing of the people. According to world health organization (WHO), a daily uptake of 450
grams of fruits and vegetables are essential for an individual to live a healthy life (FAO-WHO,
2004). However, the fruit and vegetable intake in Pakistan is far below (150 g per capita per
day) than that of recommended (450 g per capita per day). Besides, fruit and vegetable
consumption depends upon seasonal availability along-with lack of organized marketing
facilities in the country. Hence, fluctuation in seasonal availability and weak marketing
infrastructure leads to less consumption of horticulture produce in Pakistan (FAO, 2010).

Fruits and Vegetables of Pakistan

Pakistan has been gifted different climatic zones ranging from sub-humid temperate to
humid climate with average minimum and maximum temperature of 04oC and 38 oC during
Dec-Jan. and June-July, respectively that favors the formation of 10 different agro-ecological
zones (Hameed et al., 2016). The agro-climate diversity help successful production of 29 and
33 of different fruits and vegetables respectively (MNFSR, 2016). Different major and minor
fruits that have been growing in Pakistan include citrus, mango, date palm, apple pomegranate,
guava, apricot, peaches, plums, grapes, almonds, banana, papaya, ber, coconut, jaman, pear,
falsa, walnut, mulberry, cheku, litchi, loquat etc (Jaskani and Khan, 2017). Similarly, there are
number of vegetables that have been producing in Pakistan includes potato, onion, tomato,
cabbage, chili, cauliflower, garlic, turnip, ginger, radish, carrot, peas, okra, pumpkin,
cucumber, watermelon, muskmelon, bitter gourd, squash, brinjal, sweet pepper, spinach, sugar
beet, sweet potato, lettuce, mint, fenugreek and coriander (Jaskani and Khan, 2017; MNFSR,
2016).
Export statistics and Potential

Although Pakistan is an agricultural country, however, its share in global horticulture

exports is only 0.3%. Horticultural crops, produced in Pakistan are not only consumed locally
but also exported to other countries like UK, Russian federation, UAE, Saudi Arabia, India,
Iran etc. Pakistan exported worth US$641 million (Farhan, 2017) of different fresh fruits
(552.18 thousand tons) and vegetables (523.37 thousand tons) to different countries in the
world (MNFSR, 2016). Mango, citrus, apricot, cherries, potato, onion, chili, dates and cabbage
are the major exporting horticulture commodities. Among fruits, the export share of mango and
citrus is 50% while among vegetables potato and onion contribute 60% of all vegetables.
Besides fresh products, some dried fruits and frozen vegetables are also exported to
international market. However, export sector is facing several challenges in international
market due to poor quality and standardization controls, exploration of new markets, lack of
government economic support policies etc (Beenish, 2018). Besides, it is proposed that
Pakistan’s horticulture export may increase to US$7 billion in next decades with government
support and vigorous investment to relative infrastructure and R&D work and adaptation of
new technologies by the growers and exporters (Farhan, 2017).

Area (Thousand Ha)

Citrus Mango Dates Apple Guava Melons Banana Apricot Grapes Peach

Table-1: Area of Major Fruits of Pakistan (MNFSR, 2016)

Production (Thousand Tons)

Citrus Mango Apple Melons Guava Dates Apricot Banana Peach Grapes

Table-2: Production of Major Fruits of Pakistan (MNFSR, 2016)

CHALLENGES FACED BY HORTICULTURAL INDUSTRY

Farmer Awareness about Production Technology

Although horticulture industry in Pakistan is growing, however, there are many

challenges and issues that needs to be handled to increase growth and development of different
stakeholders of horticulture sector. Grower’s unawareness regarding the key pre and
postharvest issues, lack of information regarding new trends and practices and unfamiliarity of
international market trends and demands in horticulture industry are the major factors that are
limiting growth and development of this industry in Pakistan. Moreover, there is a huge gap
from farm level to the market and the policy making authorities for planning of sustainable
development of horticulture sector. Although horticulture sector of Pakistan has a potential to
produce quality product but no proper attention has been given to it especially at farm level.
Farmers are not properly guided and trained about quality production of horticulture
commodities by the respective authorities. Besides, valuable reward is not provided to quality
producers except the fewer one who export their commodity themselves. Likewise, quality
production and cosmetic beauty is not the priority of farmers but quantity of fruits (mango,
citrus, guava, date palm etc.), vegetables (potato, tomato, onion, chili etc.) and ornamentals
(gladiolus, tuberose, rose etc.). Additionally, neither government nor private sector nor
growers themselves paying attention to address the issues for the production of export oriented
vegetable and fruit (Anonymous, 2013). However, with appropriate provision and technical
training of different stakeholders as per changing scenario may help rejuvenating the
horticulture industry of Pakistan.

Insects/Pests and Diseases

Pakistan is one of the largest pesticide consumer in South Asia. Moreover, maximum
pesticide utilize to control insect-pest and diseases in fruit and vegetables. Various insects/pests
and diseases contribute in deteriorating the cosmetic beauty of the fresh produce. Pesticide
spray persists in horticultural crops, pollute environment (aerial and soils), water, enter into
food chain, thereby negatively affects human health, biodiversity and natural habitats
(Cerejeira et al., 2003). In case of citrus fruit, thrips, mites and melanose disease cause skin
blemishes and ultimately reduce the quality (Khalid et al., 2018). Similarly mango fruit has
been damaged by different pests and disease especially the anthracnose that makes fruit
unmarketable after harvest (Bhagwat, 2016). Fruit fly is one of the major pest of horticultural
crops that attacks various fruit and vegetables. Summer crop of guava is completely destroyed
by the attack of fruit fly. It is one of the major limiting factor of our products to be exported to
international market. Some of our minor fruits like Ber are also under attack of this pest. In
addition to different fruits, most of the vegetables from cucurbitaceous family are also under
attack of fruit fly (Stonehouse et al., 1998). Additionally, growers are not aware sufficiently
regarding the injurious effects of pesticides on natural food chain, habitat and biodiversity
(Jamali et al., 2014)

Chemical contamination

Horticultural crops are tender plants relative to other crops, therefore more prevalence
of insect-pest and diseases. In this regards, their control preferably is carried out through
different chemical (pesticide) sprays. Moreover, their utilization is increasing due to increase
in agricultural demands (Syed et al., 2014). About 108, 30, 39 different types of insticides,
fungicides and herbicides are being utilized to control insect-pest, diseases and weeds,
respectively (Anwar et al., 2011). The higher quantities of chemical sprays are adopted in
Punjab, Sindh, KPK and Balochistan by 88.3 %, 8.2 %, 2.8 % and 0.76%, respectively (Khan
et al., 2010). It is observed that number of pesticide sprays for each crop reached to 10 that is
an alarming scenario. The highest chemical residues are found in fruits and vegetables relative
to other food crops (Syed et al., 2014). Although, these chemicals help controlling different
insect-pest, diseases and weeds but also leads to pesticide resistance, damages biocontrol agent,
loss of natural biodiversity, contamination of air, soil and water and toxic residues in food chain
thereby, affecting human health. These chemical accumulation also higher due to unplanned,
mishandling and indiscriminate utilization (Ahmed et al., 2011) along-with lack of awareness,
utilization of adulterated and banned chemicals in market (Tariq et al., 2007). In Pakistan, it
has been observed that chemicals (pesticides) are used with high dosage to control the pest and
MRL (maximum residue Limit) and PHI (Pre-harvest Interval) has not been considered before
application (Syed et al., 2014). The problem can become more severe if proper attention is not
paid to the issue. Additionally, humid environment of tunnel grown vegetables during
February-March support the development of disease incidence, hence higher pesticide sprays.

Postharvest handling and care

Post-harvest handling and care of horticultural produce are not standardized which results in
deterioration of produce quality. Moreover, harvesting methods, tools and their cleanliness and
sanitation has been ignored by the growers. Additionally, sorting and grading of the product
is improper and les attention has been given. Packaging material for the packing of various
fruits and vegetables are also degrading the internal and external quality of the perishable
produce. About 15-35% post-harvest losses reported (FAO, 2014). The major impediment
include traditional storage and packing facilities along-with unavailability of cool supply chain
system across the country. Hence, government should focus training the different stakeholders
especially farmers regarding on-farm and off-farm cool chain facility along-with provision of
facilities for maintaining the postharvest quality and storage (Anonymous, 2013).

40
35
Postharvest Loss (%)

Consumption
30
Distribution
25 Processing & packaging
20 Postharvest
Harvest
15
10
5
0
North America Eurpoe Japan, Korea, Latin America North Africa, Sub-saharan South and
Oceana including China West & Africa South-east
Russian Central Asia Asia
Federation

Table-5: Postharvest Loss Trends in Different Regions of the World (FAO, 2014)

Marketing system

In Pakistan, agricultural marketing system is not much developed that restricts the
growth of horticulture industry. Government grants for infrastructure and market development
and international certification are the key issues vis-à-vis marketing system of horticulture
sector. Moreover, less value addition and development of value added products in horticultural
crops may also be the reason of reduction in reasonable return to farmer community. In
traditional marketing system, higher domestic production of crops results in lowering the cost
of commodity. Farmers are bound to sell their product on cheaper rates because they don’t have
any other option. Less mechanized production processes and traditional pre and postharvest
management aspects lead to low quality produce, thus harvest produce fail to compete in high
end markets both domestic and international (Khushk, 2006). Value addition and proper
storage of the crops can thus help the growers. Besides, improved supply chain system,
technical human resource development, export oriented quality fruit and vegetable production
and marketing system may help strengthening the horticulture sector in Pakistan.

FUTURE PROSPECTS

Future of horticulture industry is interconnected worldwide. Similarly, the future of

Pakistan’s horticulture industry is dependent upon dynamic of trade within the region and
adjacent regions. To improve the trade of horticulture commodities in Pakistan, there is a need
to target the issues throughout the supply chain. Provision of quality inputs is one of the basic
factor that can ultimately improve the quality production of our commodities. Unreliable
sources of seeds and contaminated nursery plants are key factor to reduce the productive life
of orchards (Ahmad et al., 2017).

Nursery Management

In our country, the nurseries of fruit plants are mostly established without considering
the phyto-sanitary measures and hence the infected plants are used in orchards which become
the cause of spreading diseases to other plants. Through certification of nurseries by the
regulatory authorities, quality plants production can be achieved. Awareness about sterilized
and balanced growing media, disease free scion and rootstocks, clean tools and source of
irrigation should be ensured for the provision of quality plant production. Farmers should be
guided about purchasing the certified plants. In this way, one can achieve the healthy plants
production that will leads to quality produce.

Labor Education and Supervision

Technical human resource is the key to success in horticultural business. They are
involved in key processes; farm management to postharvest. The aging of agricultural labor
force and the increasing education level have positive impact on the food production and
technical efficiency (Vlits et al., 2007). However, there is need to train the labor about modern
processes and these training session must be carried out with regular interval. Technical
manager should supervise the labor throughout the supply chain and there must be regular
auditing procedure that ensure application of standard protocols.

Integrated approaches to control pests and diseases

Horticultural produce are more tender relative to other crops, hence more susceptible
to different biotic and biotic factors, thereby reducing the quality and cosmetic beauty of fruits
and vegetable. Therefore, proper management is required to control these factors. More
pesticide residues are present in fruits and vegetables when compared with other food items
(Fantke et al., 2012). Unlimited use of hazardous chemical to control these pests, may also
affect the demand of our product to high paid international markets. By adopting integrated
pest and disease management practices, one can not only improve the quality but also protect
our environment by reducing the use of chemicals (Sharma et al., 2015). This can be achieved
by effective training of farmers regarding integrated pest management (Ahmed et al., 2011).
Monitoring of minimum residual level (MRL) in food products and risk assessment can also
help in reducing the use of health hazardous chemicals in fruits and vegetables (Anwar et al.,
2011).

Improved Postharvest Practices

Handling of horticultural commodities plays a pivotal role during harvesting and

postharvest processes in the provision of quality fresh produce to the consumer. It is observed
that each horticultural product required specific care in harvesting and handling. For instances,
citrus (Kinnow) should be harvested in two step process in which longer pedicel is kept with
fruit during first clipping. Similarly, harvesting of mango required specific care to protect it
from sap burning which has been identified as one of the major quality issue in different
markets (Collins et al. 2006). Modern tools for different post-harvesting processes and
mechanization can benefits the industry and reduce the labor cost. More income can be earned
by the same product if handled with care according to the nature and perishability of the fresh
produce. Moreover, proper grading and sorting can also add value to the product. Each market
has its own demand. Therefore, grading and sorting according to different market demands can
enhance the profit.

Improved Packaging and Marketing

Similarly, improved packaging having traceable labeling and use of modernized

logistics are need of the day to strengthen the horticulture industry. Bruising is the major
problem which is being faced by horticultural produce in Pakistan (Sablani et al., 2006). In this
regards, corrugated boxes with good ventilation inside the packaging is widely used by
international horticulture industry to minimize the postharvest losses of products and reduce
the bruises in sensitive crops (Fadiji et al., 2016). Moreover, modified atmosphere packaging
can also aids in improving shelf life of perishable horticultural products (Kader, 2002).
Developing the value added products of indigenous horticultural commodities not only reduces
the product postharvest losses but also enhances the profit margin of different stakeholders.
Pakistan has a potential to produce high quality horticultural fresh produce. However, all efforts
are useless until the marketing system is not improved along-with exploration of new
international markets.

Nontraditional and Ornamental crops

Horticulture is a broad field ranging from different fruits, vegetables and ornamentals.
Commercially, horticulture sector in Pakistan limited to some fruits (e.g. Mango, Citrus etc.)
and vegetables (e.g. Potato, Onion, Tomato, Chili etc.). Potential of many horticultural crops
has not been explored yet including different floricultural crops. Floricultural crops are
occupying limited area relative to fruits and vegetables. Moreover, the farmers are not well
awared regarding crop production and marketing aspects of floriculture and ornamental crops.
Few growers are producing different floricultural crops like gladiolus, tuberose, gerbera etc
which are sold to local markets only. There is dire need to explore the export potential of
floricultural crops in various developed countries including Canada, US, Italy, France and
England which have well established market for such crops (Manzoor et al., 2001). Floriculture
export market is highly profitable industry. However, it needs an appropriate attention in
Pakistan. It is observed that tuberose, gladiolus and rose stems have great potential for Pakistan
vis-à-vis foreign exchange earnings (Manzoor et al., 2001). Thus, the floriculture industry of
Pakistan can be strengthened by providing relative information includig production technology
and markets to the farmers, introduction of disease free varieties, establishment of research
institute and public private collaboration (Usman and Ashfaq, 2013).

Conclusion

Horticulture sector has been facing serious issues in the quality production of produce
that mainly due to poor pre- and postharvest practices in the country. It is the dire need of time
to use improved cultural practices, cultivation of export oriented varieties, better harvest and
handling practices with improved SPS (sanitary & phyto-sanitary) regime and good marketing
system that will ultimately uplift the horticultural industry in the county.

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