Testing Documentation

 Testing documentation is the documentation of artifacts that are created during or

before the testing of a software application. Documentation reflects the importance of
processes for the customer, individual and organization.
 Projects which contain all documents have a high level of maturity. Careful
documentation can save the time, efforts and wealth of the organization.

Types of Testing
Description
Documents
It is a high-level document which describes principles,
Test policy methods and all the important testing goals of the
organization.
A high-level document which identifies the Test Levels
Test strategy
(types) to be executed for the project.
A test plan is a complete planning document which contains
Test plan the scope, approach, resources, schedule, etc. of testing
activities.
Requirements This is a document which connects the requirements to the
Traceability Matrix test cases.
Test Scenario is an item or event of a software system which
Test Scenario
could be verified by one or more Test cases.
It is a group of input values, execution preconditions,
Test Case expected execution postconditions and results. It is
developed for a Test Scenario.
Test Data is a data which exists before a test is executed. It
Test Data
used to execute the test case.
Defect report is a documented report of any flaw in a
Defect Report Software System which fails to perform its expected
function.
Advantages of Test Documentation
 Documentation not only offers a systematic approach to software testing,
but it also acts as training material to freshers in the software testing
process
 It is also a good marketing & sales strategy to showcase Test
Documentation to exhibit a mature testing process
 Test documentation helps you to offer a quality product to the client
within specific time limits
 In Software Engineering, Test Documentation also helps to configure or
set-up the program through the configuration document and operator
manuals
 Test documentation helps you to improve transparency with the client

Disadvantages of Test Documentation

 The cost of the documentation may surpass its value as it is very time-consuming
 Many times, it is written by people who can’t write well or who don’t know the
material
 Keeping track of changes requested by the client and updating corresponding
documents is tiring.
 Poor documentation directly reflects the quality of the product as a misunderstanding
between the client and the organization can occur.

Planning Your Test Effort

 A test plan is a complete planning document which contains the scope, approach,
resources, schedule, etc. of testing activities.

 The test plan is a template for conducting software testing activities as a defined
process that is fully monitored and controlled by the testing manager. The test plan is
prepared by the Test Lead (60%), Test Manager(20%), and by the test engineer(20%).

Types of Test Plan

There are three types of the test plan

o Master Test Plan

o Phase Test Plan
o Testing Type Specific Test Plans
Master Test Plan-Master Test Plan is a type of test plan that has multiple levels of
testing. It includes a complete test strategy.

Phase Test Plan-A phase test plan is a type of test plan that addresses any one
phase of the testing strategy. For example, a list of tools, a list of test cases, etc.

Specific Test Plans-Specific test plan designed for major types of testing like
security testing, load testing, performance testing, etc. In other words, a specific
test plan designed for non-functional testing.

Write a Test Plan

Making a test plan is the most crucial task of the test management process. According to
IEEE 829, follow the following seven steps to prepare a test plan.

o First, analyze product structure and architecture.

o Now design the test strategy.
o Define all the test objectives.
o Define the testing area.
o Define all the useable resources.
o Schedule all activities in an appropriate manner.
o Determine all the Test Deliverables.

Goals Of Planning
The following are some of the key benefits of making a test plan:
 Quick guide for the testing process: The test plan serves as a quick
guide for the testing process as it offers a clear guide for QA
engineers to conduct testing activities.
 Helps to avoid out-of-scope functionalities: The test plan offers
detailed aspects such as test scope, test estimation, strategy, etc.
 Helps to determine the time, cost, and effort: The Test serves as
the blueprint to conduct testing activities thus it helps to deduce an
estimate of time, cost, and effort for the testing activities.
  Provide a schedule for testing activities: A test plan is like a rule
book that needs to be followed, it thus helps to schedule activities
that can be followed by all the team members.
 Test plan can be reused: The test plan documents important aspects
like test estimation, test scope, and test strategy which are reviewed
by the Management Team and thus can be reused for other projects.

Planning Topics
The test plan consists of various parts, which help us to derive the entire testing activity.

Objectives: It consists of information about modules, features, test data etc., which indicate
the aim of the application means the application behavior, goal, etc.

Scope: It contains information that needs to be tested with respective of an application. The
Scope can be further divided into two parts:

o In scope
o Out scope
 o Suppose in the first release of the product, the elements that have been developed, such as P,
Q, R, S, T, U, V, W…..X, Y, Z. Now the client will provide the requirements for the new
features which improve the product in the second release and the new features are A1, B2,
C3, D4, and E5.

After that, we will write the scope during the test plan as

Scope

Features to be tested

A1, B2, C3, D4, E5 (new features)

P, Q, R, S, T

Features not to be tested

W…..X, Y, Z

Therefore, we will check the new features first and then continue with the old features
because that might be affected after adding the new features, which means it will also affect
the impact areas, so we will do one round of regressing testing for P, Q, R…, T features.

Test methodology:
 It contains information about performing a different kind of testing like Functional
testing, Integration testing, and System testing, etc.

 on the application. In this, we will decide what type of testing; we will perform on the
various features based on the application requirement.

 And here, we should also define that what kind of testing we will use in the testing
methodologies so that everyone, like the management, the development team, and the
testing team can understand easily because the testing terms are not standard.
 Smoke testing Functional testing Integration testing

System testing Adhoc testing Compatibility testing

Regression testing Globalization testing Accessibility testing

Usability testing Performance testing

Approach
This attribute is used to describe the flow of the application while performing testing and for
the future reference.

We can understand the flow of the application with the help of below aspects:

o By writing the high-level scenarios

o By writing the flow graph

Assumption
It contains information about a problem or issue which maybe occurred during the testing
process and when we are writing the test plans, the assured assumptions would be made like
resources and technologies, etc.

Risk
These are the challenges which we need to face to test the application in the current release
and if the assumptions will fail then the risks are involved.

For example, the effect for an application, release date becomes postponed.

Role & Responsibility

 It defines the complete task which needs to be performed by the entire testing team.
When a large project comes, then the Test Manager is a person who writes the test
plan.

 If there are 3-4 small projects, then the test manager will assign each project to each
Test Lead. And then, the test lead writes the test plan for the project, which he/she is
assigned.
Schedule
It is used to explain the timing to work, which needs to be done or this attribute covers when
exactly each testing activity should start and end? And the exact data is also mentioned for
every testing activity for the particular date.

Therefore as we can see in the below image that for the particular activity, there will be a
starting date and ending date; for each testing to a specific build, there will be the specified
date.

For example
 o Writing test cases
o Execution process

Defect tracking
 It is generally done with the help of tools because we cannot track the status of each
bug manually.

 And we also comment about how we communicate the bugs which are identified
during the testing process and send it back to the development team and how the
development team will reply. Here we also mention the priority of the bugs such as
high, medium, and low.

Test Environments
 These are the environments where we will test the application, and here we have two
types of environments, which are of software and hardware configuration.

 The software configuration means the details about different Operating

Systems such as Windows, Linux, UNIX, and Mac and
various Browsers like Google Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Internet Explorer, and so
on.

 And the hardware configuration means the information about different sizes
of RAM, ROM, and the Processors.

For example

o The Software includes the following:

Server

Operating system Linux

Webserver Apache Tomcat

Application server Websphere

Database server Oracle or MS-SQL Server

Entry and Exit criteria

It is a necessary condition, which needs to be satisfied before starting and stopping the testing
process.
Entry Criteria

The entry criteria contain the following conditions:

o White box testing should be finished.

o Understand and analyze the requirement and prepare the test documents or when the test
documents are ready.
o Test data should be ready.
o Build or the application must be prepared
o Modules or features need to be assigned to the different test engineers.
o The necessary resource must be ready.

Exit Criteria

The exit criteria contain the following conditions:

o When all the test cases are executed.

o Most of the test cases must be passed.
o Depends on severity of the bugs which means that there must not be any blocker or major
bug, whereas some minor bugs exist.
Here based on the severity of the bug's means that the testing team would have decided that
to proceed further for the next phases.

Test Automation
In this, we will decide the following:

o Which feature has to be automated and not to be automated?

o Which test automation tool we are going to use on which automation framework?

But if some features are unstable and have lots of bugs, which means that we will not test
those features because it has to be tested again and again while doing manual testing.

If there is a feature that has to be tested frequently, but we are expecting the requirement
change for that feature, so we do not check it because changing the manual test cases is more
comfortable as compared to change in the automation test script.

Effort estimation
In this, we will plan the effort need to be applied by every team member.

Test Deliverable
These are the documents which are the output from the testing team, which we handed over
to the customer along with the product. It includes the following:

o Test plan
o Test Cases
o Test Scripts
o RTM(Requirement Traceability Matrix)
o Defect Report
o Test Execution Report
o Graphs and metrics
o Release Notes

Template
This part contains all the templates for the documents that will be used in the product, and all
the test engineers will use only these templates in the project to maintain the consistency of
the product. Here, we have different types of the template which are used during the entire
testing process such as:

o Test case template

 o Test case review template
o RTM Template
o Bug Report Template
o Test execution Report

Who writes the test plan?

o Test Lead→60%
o Test Manager→20%
o Test Engineer→20%

Therefore, as we can see from above that in 60% of the product, the test plan is written by the
Test Lead.

Who reviews the Test Plan?

o Test Lead
o Test Manager
o Test engineer
o Customer
o Development team

The Test Engineer review the Test plan for their module perspective and the test manager
review the Test plan based on the customer opinion.

Who approve the test Plan?

o Customer
o Test Manager

Who writes the test case?

o Test Lead
o Test Engineer

Who review the test case?

o Test Engineer
o Test Lead
o Customer
 o Development Team

Who approves the Test cases?

o Test Manager
o Test Lead
o Customer

Test Plan Guidelines

o Collapse your test plan.
o Avoid overlapping and redundancy.
o If you think that you do not need a section that is already mentioned above, then delete that
section and proceed ahead.
o Be specific. For example, when you specify a software system as the part of the test
environment, then mention the software version instead of only name.
o Avoid lengthy paragraphs.
o Use lists and tables wherever possible.
o Update plan when needed.
o Do not use an outdated and unused document.

Importance of Test Plan

o The test plan gives direction to our thinking. This is like a rule book, which must be followed.
o The test plan helps in determining the necessary efforts to validate the quality of the software
application under the test.
o The test plan helps those people to understand the test details that are related to the outside
like developers, business managers, customers, etc.
o Important aspects like test schedule, test strategy, test scope etc are documented in the test
plan so that the management team can review them and reuse them for other similar projects.

Writing and Tracking Test Case

Test case
A test case is standard format adhered to in testing to check if the software is working as per the
requirements. It comprises a collection of conditions that are required to be verified to validate if
the actual outcomes on the software are matching with the expected ones.

The various sections of a test case are listed below −

 Functionality Name − It points to the functionality which is verified.

 Test Case Identifier − It points to a unique id assigned to each test case.
 Name of Tester − The name of the tester who will carry out the testing.
 Test Scenario Name − The name of the scenario which will be converted into a test case.
 Test Case Description − The requirement or the criteria which is going to be verified in
the test case.
 Test Steps − The actions to be performed on the software to verify the test conditions.
 Preconditions − The prerequisites that need to be satisfied before starting with the test
steps.
 Test Priority − The test priority is assigned to the test case to decide the order in which it
needs to be executed.
 Test Data − The inputs and data which are needed to complete the test.
 Expected Outcome − The expected results as per the requirements.
 Test Settings − The settings and parameters that are needed to be set before running the
test.
 Actual Outcome − The actual result produced on the software.
 Environment − The configuration of the environment on which the test is to be
performed including the operating system, configurations, security etc.
 Test Status − The status of the test should reflect as pass, fail, not executed and blocked.
 Comments − The comments added against each test case.

Difference Between Test Cases and Test Scenarios

There are multiple differences between test cases and test scenarios −

Test Case Test Scenario

1 It has all the granular details on what to test, It is a high level document which touches all the
what test steps need to be done, what is functionalities, and user stories of all the
 actual, and expected results etc. features.

It is created so that both the testers, and the

2 It guides a testing team on tasks to be performed.
developers can work in collaboration.

It is created from a test scenario document It is created straight from the requirements but it
3 and it is reused again during the regression needs to be updated whenever there is a change
or retesting phase. or addition of any requirements.

Write a Test Case

A test case is written even before the starting of the software development when the requirements
are ready. The testers finish designing the test cases at the time when development of the software
has also been completed.

It is also created right after the complete software development (before production deployment)
or after a new feature has been implemented as per need.

Test case creation is an ongoing process during the entire software development process such that
once a module or a part of it is ready, it can immediately be tested parallelly.

Goal of the Test Cases:

The test cases are written for the reasons listed below −

 To check if the software is working as per the requirements.

 To check if the software is working under specified conditions.
 It helps to restrict the software updates and other needs.
 It ensures that all the requirements with every possible scenario and use cases are covered
and documented, thereby improving the test coverage.
 It helps to achieve evenness in test execution. A well designed test case lets any tester
begin verifying the software.
 A good test case requires minimal maintenance efforts.

Test Case Planning:

 Understanding Requirements: Reviewing the software requirements specifications to
understand what needs to be tested.

 Identifying Test Scenarios: Based on the requirements, identifying the major

functionalities or features that need to be tested.

 Prioritizing Test Scenarios: Determining which test scenarios are critical or high priority
and should be tested first.

 Designing Test Cases: Creating detailed test cases for each identified scenario. A test
case typically includes:

 Test Case ID: Unique identifier for each test case.

 Test Case Description: Detailed steps to be executed.
 Expected Results: What the outcome should be if the software behaves correctly.

 Organizing Test Cases: Grouping test cases logically, such as by module or functional
area, to ensure comprehensive coverage.

 Assigning Test Resources: Allocating human and technical resources needed to execute
the test cases.

 Defining Test Data: Determining what data inputs will be used for testing and preparing
them accordingly.

 Scheduling: Planning when each test case will be executed, taking into account
dependencies and timelines.

 Review and Approval: Having test cases reviewed by stakeholders, QA leads, or team
members to ensure completeness and accuracy.

 Documentation: Documenting the entire test case planning process, including any
changes or updates made during the planning phase.

Design of the Test Case

Components Purpose

Test Case Id It points to a unique id assigned to each test case.

Test Case
A short description to describe why the test case is designed.
Description
 The prerequisites that needed to be satisfied before starting with the test
Preconditions
steps.

Test Steps Describe the test steps in detail.

Test Data The inputs and data which are needed to complete the test.

Expected Outcome The expected results as per the requirements.

The conditions that are required to be fulfilled after the test case is run
Post Conditions
successfully.

Actual Outcome The actual result produced on the software.

Test Status The status of the test after comparing with the actual and expected results.

Project Name Name of the project.

Module Name Name of the module.

References The location where the references are available.

Created By The tester name who has designed the test case.

Created Date The data on which the test case has been created.

Reviewed Date The data on which the test case has been reviewed.

Executed By The tester name who has executed the test case.

Executed Date The data on which the test case has been executed.

Comments The comments added against the test case.

The below image shows a test case format.

Formal and Informal Test Cases

 Formal Test Case − It follows the test case template or format as discussed above.
 Informal Test Case − It does not follow any test case template or format.

Different Types of Test Cases

The different types of test cases are listed below −

 Functional Test Cases − They are written to verify if the functionalities of the software
are working as expected.
 Unit Test Cases − They are written by developers to verify if the unit of the software they
have developed is working.
 GUI Test Cases − They are written to verify the graphical user interface of the software.
 Integration Test Cases − They are written to verify if the different components of the
software are working fine after being integrated with other components.
  Performance Test Cases − They are written to verify the response time and overall
performance of the software.
 Database Test Cases − They are written to verify the backend and if all the data are
reflecting in the correct tables in the database.
 Security Test Cases − They are written to verify the security features of the software.
 Usability Test Cases − They are written to verify if the software is usable and user
friendly.
 User Acceptance Testing − They are written to verify if the software is working correctly
in real life scenarios and environments.

Example of Test Case

The below is an example of a functional test case designed to verify if the payment can be
processed only if the user has a minimum account balance.

Module Name Payment

Test Case Id 10

Created By Ram

Test Case
To verify payment features
Description

1. A user should be able to login.

Preconditions
2. A user should have some balance in his account.

Environment Windows, latest Chrome browser UAT environment

Verify if the payment can be processed only if the user has minimum
Scenario Name
account balance.

user account balance is checked following which the payment is done using that balance.
Test Cases For FAN (UI Testing)
 Check what type of pen that is, that table fan or a
ceiling fan.
 Check how many blades are present in that fan.
 Check that all the blades and parts fit correctly.
 Check whether the fan dimension is as per the
specification document
 Check whether the color of the pen is as per the
specification document
 Check the size of the blades as Per the specification
document.
 Check the position of the company logo as per the
specification document.
 Check whether the company logo is visible.
 Check if the distance between another blade is as per
the specification document, and also, the gap between
the blades should be equal.
Fan Test Cases Functional Testing
 Check the power consumption by a fan as per the
requirement document
 Check if the fan is working when the electric switch is
on
 Check whether the fan is slowing down when the
switch is off
 Check whether the speed of the fan is when the
regulator is adjusted.
 Check the moving direction of the fan blades. Is it
clockwise or anticlockwise?
  Check when the fan is rotating. It is throwing the wind
in the proper direction.
 Check by using a regulator; you can control the fan’s
speed.
 Check the time required to reach its maximum speed
when the switch is on
 Check the maximum and minimum speed of a fan
 Check whether the materials used to build a fan are as
per the specification document.
 Check whether the fan blades are bending when the
fan is rotating state
 Check if the fan is not wobbling when it’s in
movement.
 Check if it works properly under voltage fluctuation, like
low voltage conditions.
 Check the status of a fan when it is rotating for a
longer time
 Check the condition of Motors coils and other electrical
parts when there is an in the voltage
 Check the fan is moving smoothly without making so
much noise and vibration
 Check the weight of the pen is as per the specification
document
 Check the voltage fluctuation effect of a fan when it is
moving
 Check after the switch on the fan doesn’t run in the
anticlockwise direction.
 Check all fan blades; they should all be the same size.
Test Cases For Ceiling Fan
  Whether the ceiling fan has a hook hanging on the roof.
 Check whether all the fan blades are fitted tightly
 Check the fan is on when the switch is on
 Check that weather-specific distance is maintained
between the roof and the fan mentioned in the
requirement document.
 Check all the electric materials, like capacitors, are
covered within the plastic coil of the fan.
Test Cases For Fan-Component Tests
 The fan’s wings should have edges long enough to give
proper air.
 The fan’s rod should be sleek enough to be well put in
the Fan’s cup and engine.
 The fan’s engine should have all wiring fitted to create
a connected circuit with all components.
Test Case For Fan – Integration Tests
 When all fan components are switched on, the fan
should start working.
 The fan’s rod should not rotate when the engine is
working.
 The fan’s engine should start working when switched
on.
 When electricity connects, the fan’s wings should
rotate along with the engine.

1. Positive Login Page Test Cases

Positive test cases are test cases that follow the “happy path” i.e. testing if
the Login page functions as expected under valid inputs. These test cases
explore scenarios where users do what they are supposed to do, such as:
1. Valid username and password combination successfully logs the user in.
2. Testing with the minimum allowed username and password length.
3. Testing with a username and password containing alphanumeric
characters.
4. Successful login with the "Remember Me" option selected.
5. Testing login with a username that contains both uppercase and lowercase
characters.
6. Successful login using a valid email address as the username.
7. Successful login using a valid phone number as the username.
8. Successful login with multi-factor authentication (MFA) enabled.
9. Testing login with a username that includes special characters (e.g., @, #,
$).
10. Successful login using social media accounts (if applicable).
11. Successful login using biometric authentication (e.g., fingerprint,
face recognition).
12. Testing login after a password reset to ensure the new password
works.
13. Successful login after an account recovery process.
14. Successful login with localization settings (testing with different
languages).
15. Testing login with different browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Edge).

2. Negative Login Page Test Cases

In contrast, negative testing for the Login page aims to explore scenarios
that deviate from that “happy path”. Users don’t always do what we want them
to do. Sometimes they do unexpected things, and a good tester understands
that unpredictability to test accordingly. Some common negative test cases you
should test on your Login page include:
1. Entering an incorrect password for a valid username.
2. Entering an incorrect username for a valid password.
3. Entering an empty username field.
4. Entering an empty password field.
5. Entering a username that does not exist in the system.
6. Entering a password that does not meet password strength requirements.
7. Testing login with excessive length usernames and passwords.
8. Testing login with incorrect case (uppercase/lowercase) in the username.
9. Testing login with expired or deactivated user accounts.
10. Testing login with suspended user accounts.
 11. Multiple consecutive failed login attempts triggering an account
lockout.
12. Testing login after the session has expired due to inactivity.
13. Testing login with incorrect multi-factor authentication (MFA) codes.
14. Entering invalid characters (e.g., scripts) in the username or
password fields.
15. Testing login with CAPTCHA validation failure.
With negative testing, you have to be creative. The more complex your login and
authentication process is, the more test cases you will need to perform. Put
yourself in the shoes of a user who has never interacted with the system before.
Be a person that makes mistakes all the time and simply think of all the “bad”
possibilities that can happen in your system, or specifically your Login page.
Procedure:
The method of writing a test case can be completed into the following steps, which are as
below:
Test Case Tracking and Organization:

1. Test Case Status: Track the status of each test case (e.g., not started, in progress,
passed, failed, blocked) to monitor progress and identify any bottlenecks in testing.
2. Assign Ownership: Assign ownership of test cases to specific team members or
testers responsible for executing them. This helps in accountability and ensures that
each test case is executed by the appropriate person.
 3. Execution History: Maintain a history of test case executions, including dates, results
(pass/fail), and any comments or notes related to the execution.
4. Defect Tracking Integration: Integrate test case tracking with defect tracking tools
or systems. Link test cases to defects found during testing to facilitate traceability and
resolution.
5. Reporting: Generate reports on test case status, coverage, and results to provide
visibility to stakeholders and management about the progress and quality of testing
efforts.
6. Regular Updates and Reviews: Regularly update test case status and review
progress in team meetings or through collaboration tools to ensure alignment and
address any issues promptly.

The different test management tools are listed below −

 TestRail − It is a test management tool.

 Jira − It is a project management tool.
 ALM/HP QC − It is a project management tool.

ase Study: Test Life Cycle for a Web Application

**1. Project Background and Planning:

 Project Description: Develop a new e-commerce website for a retail company.

 Testing Objectives: Ensure the website is functional, user-friendly, secure, and meets
all specified requirements.
 Testing Scope: Includes frontend (UI/UX), backend (database, server-side logic),
performance, security, and usability testing.

**2. Requirements Analysis:

 Gather Requirements: Work closely with stakeholders (business analysts,

developers, designers) to understand functional and non-functional requirements.
 Review Requirements: Verify requirements for clarity, completeness, and feasibility
from a testing perspective.

**3. Test Planning:

 Define Test Strategy: Determine testing approaches, techniques, and tools (e.g.,
Selenium for UI testing, JMeter for performance testing).
 Create Test Plan: Document test objectives, scope, schedule, resources, and risks.
Plan for different types of testing phases (unit, integration, system, acceptance).

**4. Test Design:

 Identify Test Scenarios: Based on requirements, create test scenarios that cover all
functionalities (e.g., user registration, product search, checkout process).
 Write Test Cases: Detail each scenario with test case steps, expected results, and
preconditions. Organize test cases into suites for better management.
**5. Test Environment Setup:

 Setup Test Environment: Configure necessary hardware, software, and network

setups to simulate production environment conditions.
 Install Tools: Install and configure testing tools and frameworks required for
automated and manual testing.

**6. Test Execution:

 Execute Test Cases: Run test cases based on prioritization (critical functionalities
first).
 Record Results: Document test results, including actual outcomes, discrepancies, and
defects found.
 Perform Regression Testing: Validate fixes and ensure existing functionalities
remain intact after changes.

**7. Defect Reporting and Tracking:

 Report Defects: Log defects found during testing in a defect tracking system (e.g.,
JIRA).
 Prioritize Defects: Prioritize defects based on severity and impact on the application's
functionality.
 Monitor Defect Resolution: Track the status of defects from discovery through to
resolution and verification.

**8. Test Closure:

 Evaluate Exit Criteria: Assess whether all planned tests have been executed and
whether the software is ready for release.
 Prepare Test Summary Report: Summarize testing activities, results, and metrics
(e.g., test coverage, defect density).
 Conduct Lessons Learned: Review the testing process to identify improvements for
future projects.

Key Points:

 Tools Used: Selenium for UI testing, JMeter for performance testing, JIRA for defect
tracking.
 Challenges Faced: Integrating third-party payment gateways, ensuring cross-browser
compatibility.
 Success Factors: Collaboration among cross-functional teams, adherence to test
planning and execution timelines.

This case study illustrates how the Test Life Cycle is implemented in a software project,
ensuring systematic testing to deliver a high-quality e-commerce website. Each stage—from
planning and design to execution and closure—plays a crucial role in achieving testing
objectives and meeting stakeholder expectations.