CLASS X
GEOGRAPHY
CLIMATE
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INTRODUCTION
CLIMATE:- Climate of a place is defined as the average
of the weather of a place over a long period, say, 25-
30 years over a large area. While weather can
change from day to day , even from hour to hour,
climate , if changes, the changes are very slow.
The various elements of weather and climate are:-
1. Temperature
2. Atmospheric Pressure
3. Humidity
4. Precipitation
5. Cloudiness or sunshine.
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KEY CONCEPTS
• WINDS AND CURRENTS
Winds- Horizontal Movement of Air
– Winds always blow from High Pressure to Low Pressure
– Named after the direction they blow FROM
Currents- Vertical Movement of Air
• RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE- Inverse relation ship between
Temperature and Pressure
i.e. High Temperature- Low Pressure
Low Temperature- High Pressure
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Annual And Diurnal Range Of Temperature
• Diurnal range of temperature is the difference
between the highest temperature and lowest
temperature recorded during the period of 24 hours.
• Annual range of temperature is the difference
between the average of the hottest month and the
average of the coldest month
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INDIA- LAND OF DIVERSITY
Drass -450C in
December night
550C temperature
in June
(Barmer)
Thar desert
Diurnal range of
temperature 300C
Western
Rajasthan Mawsynram
9cm rainfall have about 1100
cm
Tiruvanantapuram &
Chennai 200C in Kerala Diurnal
December night range of
temperature 80C
MONSOON REGIME IS THE UNITY OF INDIA
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Tropical Monsoons
India’s climate is known as Tropical Monsoonal
TROPICAL- Because it lies within the tropics
MONSOONAL- Because 70% -90 % of the rainfall in
India is received through Monsoons.
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Characteristics of India Climate
- High temperature throughout the year
- Predominantly dry winters
- Rainfall is Orographic- i.e. affected by relief
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FACTORS AFFECTING INDIAN CLIMATE
RELATED TO LOCATION
& RELIEF
•Latitude
•Altitude
•Relief (W.Ghats, Aravallis,
NE. Hills
•Distance from Sea
•The Himalayan Mt. and
Jet Streams
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LATITUDE
High range
of Temp
High Temp
Low
range
EQUATORIAL REGION
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DISTANCE FROM SEA
SIMLA
DELHI
KOLKOTA
MUMBAI
CHENNAI
Coastal areas have equable climate where as
Interior parts have extreme climate.
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ALTITUDE
Temperature decreases
from low to high altitude
HIGH ALTITUDE
AGRA
160C in Jan
DARJILING
40C in January
LOW ALTITUDE
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RELIEF
FAQ
Receives high
rainfall
Receives low
rainfall
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THE HIMALAYAS- CLIMATIC BARRIER
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INDIA AS A LAND OF ENDLESS GROWING
SEASON
GROWING SEASON- That part of the year when
conditions are suitable for the growth of plants/crops
i.e. -Suitable temperature
-Sufficient rainfall
-Sufficient number of frost free days
-Irrigation when rainfall is not available
India has these conditions for the most part of the year,
so agriculture can be practiced throughout the year.
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SEASONS OF INDIA
Hot weather Retreating Monsoons
(Mar- May) (Oct- Nov)
Cold Weather Advancing Monsoons
(Dec-Feb) (June- Sept)
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1. COLD WEATHER SEASON
December- February
Temperature decreases from South to North
Average Day Temperature
Peninsular India (25° C)
Northern Plains ( 10-15° C)
High Pressure, Clear Skies, Cool Days, Cold Nights,
Gentle breeze blowing
Most of the country remains dry in this season
Exceptions
North West India- (Western Disturbances)
Coromandel Coast (North East Monsoons)
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WINTER RAINFALL
RAINFALL DUE
TO WESTERN
DISTURBANCES
RAINFALL DUE
TO NORTH EAST
WIND
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Western Disturbancs
• Shallow cyclonic depression originate over the
Mediterranean sea
• While travelling eastwards, they cross over Iran,
Afghanistan, Pakistan before reaching NW India
• They give light rains to plains of North India and
heavy snowfall to mountains of North India.
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Significance of Western Disturbances
• Beneficial for Rabi Crop especially WHEAT
• Help maintain the flow of water in the Himalayan
Rivers
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2. HOT WEATHER SEASON
March- May
Rising temperature, Falling Air Pressure
Temperature goes on increasing as we go from
South towards North
Low pressure trough formed in the Northern Plains
extending from Rajasthan in the West to Paschim
Banga in the east.
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LOCAL WINDS
(During Hot Weather Season)
LOO
- April-May
- Hot, Dry winds in the heart of
low pressure trough. Exposure
to these winds can cause
strokes
KALBAISAKHI
- Also called Norwesters
- April-May
- Evening Thunderstorms in
Paschim Banga and Assam
EFFECTS OF KALBISAKHI:-Positive
Beneficial for tea in Assam and Rice
and Jute in Paschim Banga
Negative
Cause a lot of destruction to life and
property
MANGO SHOWER
- Pre-Monsoonsal showers in Kerala
and Coastal Karnataka
- Helps in the early ripening of
Mangoes
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ADVANCING MONSOONS
The word Monsoon has been
derived from the Arabic
word MAUSIM which means
season.
Monsoons are the winds which
reverse their direction with a
change in the season. They
are a part of the Planetary
wind system.
The season of advancing
Monsoons starts in June
and continues till
September.
The amount of rainfall as well as
the duration of the rainy
season goes on decreasing
from South to North and
from East to West
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Characteristics of Monsoons
• They are orographic in nature
• They are unevenly distributed
• They are unpunctual I.e. they are early or
late in arrival as well as retreat
• They are unpredictable
• They are pulsating(fluctuating in nature due
to difference in atmospheric pressure)i.e. they
occur in dry and wet spells
• They are responsible for 75 to 90% of annual
rainfall in most parts of the country
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Mechanism of Monsoons
• There exists a low pressure trough over the Northern plains
which attracts the Monsoons from the Southern
Hemisphere.
• South East trade winds, when they cross the Equator, get
deflected towards their east and become SW Monsoons,
due to Coriolis Force or Ferrel’s law , according to which ,
any moving body that crosses the equator gets deflected
towards is right or towards its east.
• There exists a low pressure trough over Myanmar too.
• Due to the Peninsular shape of India and the existence of
two low pressure troughs, the SW Monsoons get divided
into two branches
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CORIOLIS FORCE
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BREAK OR BURST OF MONSOONS
Whenever Monsoons arrive, i.e. Whenever they
give the first rainfall of the season to a place,
it is heavy and arrives suddenly.
This sudden arrival of moisture laden winds
accompanied by thunder and lightening is
known as break or burst of Monsoons
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BRANCHES OF SW MONSOONS
• ARABIAN SEA BRANCH
– Western Ghats branch
– Narmada Tapi Branch
– Saurashtra Peninsula branch
• BAY OF BENGAL BRANCH
– Ganga Valley branch
– Brahmaputra Valley branch
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ARABIAN SEA BRANCH
The Western Ghats sub branch is the first one to
reach the Indian Mainland. It gives heavy rainfall to
the windward side of Western Ghats. By the time it
climbs down the leeward slopes, the amount of
moisture remains less, so it gives much less rainfall
to the leeward side. The amount of rainfall goes on
decreasing from west to east.
The Narmada Tapi branch blows through the Narmada
Tapi trough and continues upto Central Maharashtra
The Saurashta Branch enters India through Gujarat
and continues upto Punjab. This branch blows
parallel to the Aravallis i.e. The Aravallis fail to be an
obstruction and thus, gives very little rain to
Rajasthan
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BAY OF BENGAL BRANCH
The Bay of Bengal Branch enters India after getting
deflected by the Arakan Yoma mountains of
Myanmar and due to the relief, get divided into two
branches.
The Ganga Valley branch enters India from SE and
blows up the Ganga valley. The amount of rainfall
goes on decreasing from east to west. Kolkata
receives about 200 cm, Patna about 150 cm,
Varanasi 120 cm, Allahabad 100 cm and delhi about
80 cm
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The Brahmaputra valley Branch enters India
from the south and blows up the Brahmaputra
Valley and gives rain to the NE part of the
country.
Mawsynram, that lies on the windward side of
Khasi Hills at the mouth of a funnel shaped
valley receives the highest rainfall in the
world.
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Funneling Effect
• Purvanchal –
Meghalaya plateau –
• High rainfall
• Rainfall decrease
from east to west
• Most of the rain from
eastern branch
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WHY DO MONSOONS DIVIDE INTO TWO
BRANCHES?
• Monsoons divide into two branches due to the
peninsular shape of India
• Monsoons divide into two branches due to the
existence of two low pressure troughs- one over the
Northern Plains and the other over Myanmar
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2020
2023 © Sat Paul Mittal School
School
3
6
RETREATING MONSOONS
The season of Retreating Monsoons starts in October
and continues till November.
Due to tha apparent movement of the sun towards the
Tropic of Capricorn, the temperature starts
decreasing and the low pressure trough starts
weakening. This leads to the retreat of monsoons.
This is characterised by clear skies, high temperature ,
high rate of evaporation and opressive heat called
October Heat.
The retreat of Monsoons also leads to Tropical cyclones
along the Eastern coast.
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TROPICAL CYCLONES
The Eastern Coast of India experiences Tropical
cyclone as a result of retreat of monsoons.
This is because the transfer of the low pressure trough
from the Northern Plains to the head of Bay of Bengal
is not smooth.
The tropical cyclone affect the states of Pschim Bengal,
Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL
CYCLONES
• They occur as a result of retreat of Monsoons
in the months of October and November.
• They last for a few hours.
• They cause heavy rainfall .
• They cause a lot of damage to life and
property.
• They are thermal in nature.
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DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL
• REGIONS OF HEAVY RAINFALL( MORE THAN 200
CM)
Windward side of Western Ghats, Parts of Paschim
Banga and Odisha, NE India
• REGIONS OF SCANTY RAINFALL ( LESS THAN 100
CM)
Northern Ladakh and jammu and Kashmir, Parts of
Rajasthan,
Southern Punjab and parts of Haryana, Northern Gujarat
and leeward side of Western Ghats
The rest of the country receives moderate rainfall of 100-
200cm.
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
• Why does Rajasthan receive scanty rainfall?
• Why is Mumbai rainier than Pune?
• Which of the two-Mangalore and Bangalore- is
rainier? Why?
• Why does the amount of rainfall decrease from east
to west in the Ganga Valley?
• Why do Monsoons retreat?
• Why does Central Maharashtra receive scanty
rainfall?
• What are the characteristics of October Heat?
• Why does Chennai receive very less rainfall during
June to September?
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Continued.......
• Why does Mumbai receive more rainfall than
Chennai even though the latter has a longer rainy
season?
• Differentiate between Tropical and Temperate
cyclones.
• Differentiate between SW and NE Monsoons.
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Permanent Jet stream in the world
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Fluctuation in Monsoon
ITCZ 1) If ITCZ does not
develop properly over
Tibet
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Fluctuation in Monsoon
ITCZ
LP cell
2) If 2nd equatorial
trough does not merge
with ITCZ
LP cell
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Fluctuation in Monsoon
3) Inadequate heating
of Tibetan plateau
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