Fundamentals

of
Mechanical Engineering
BME101 / BME201
As per
New
Unit-2 Notes Syllabus
Part-1 2022-23

Introduction to IC Engines
By
M S Tomer 1
 Unit-2 Syllabus
IC Engine:
Basic definition of engine and Components, Construction and
Working of Two stroke and four stroke SI & CI engine, merits
and demerits, scavenging process; difference between two-
stroke and four stroke IC engines and SI and CI Engines.

Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles:

Components of an EV, EV batteries, chargers, drives,
transmission and power devices. Advantages and
disadvantages of EVs. Hybrid electric vehicles, HEV drive
train components, advantages of HV. 3
 Lecture-1
Today’s Target
Engine : definition
 Internal Combustion Engine(ICE)
 External Combustion Engine(ECE)
 Differences between ICE and ECE
 Advantages and Disadvantages of I.C. Engine

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 Engine : definition
 It is a device which converts one form of energy into
another form of useful energy.

Based on combustion engines are classified into

 Internal Combustion Engine (I.C. Engine)

 External Combustion Engine (E.C. Engine)

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 Internal Combustion Engine [AKTU : 2020-21]

 In internal combustion engine the

burning or combustion of the fuel
takes place inside the cylinder.

Example- Automobile engines

 Petrol engine
 Diesel engine

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 External Combustion Engine
 In external combustion engine the combustion of the fuel
takes place outside the engine.
Example- Steam engine, Closed gas turbine etc.

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Differences between ICE and ECE

7
 Advantages of I.C. Engine
These are the following advantages of an I.C. Engine
1. Mechanical Simplicity

2.Low initial cost due to absence of boiler, turbine condenser etc. 3.

4. High efficiency than external combustion engine

5. Power to weight ratio is high

6. Very suitable for small power requirement applications

7. Starting time is very less
8. Requires less maintenance

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 Disadvantages of I.C. Engine
These are the following disadvantages of an I.C. Engine
1. Variety of fuels that can be used is limited to very fine quality
gaseous and liquid fuel.

2. Fuel used is very costly like gasoline or diesel.

3. Engine emissions are generally high compared to external

combustion engine.

4. Not suitable of large scale power generation.

5. In case of reciprocating internal combustion noise is generated due

to detonation.
9
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 Lecture-2
Today’s Target
 Classification of I.C. Engine
 Main Components of I.C.E.
 TDC and BDC in an I.C.E.
 Bore, Swept volume and clearance Vol
 Compression ratio in an ICE

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 Classification of I.C. Engine
1. On the basis of strokes used
 Two Stroke cycle Engines
 Four Stroke Cycle Engines

2. On the basis of cycle used

 Otto Cycle Engines
 Diesel Cycle Engines
 Dual Cycle Engines

10
3. On the basis of types of fuel used
 Petrol Engines
 Diesel Engines
 Gas Engines

4.On the basis types of Ignition Method :

 Spark Ignition (SI)
 Compression Ignition (CI)
5. On the basis types of cooling system used:
 Air cooled engines
 Water cooled engines

6. On the basis types of different position of cylinder

engines:
 Horizontal cylinder engines
 Vertical cylinder engines
 Inclined cylinder engines
Main Components of I.C.E.

16
Main Components of I.C.E. [AKTU : 2021-22]

17
 TDC and BDC in an I.C.E. [AKTU : 2021-22]

Top-Dead-Center (TDC): It is position

of the piston when it is farthest from
the crank shaft.

Bottom-Dead-Center (BDC): It is the

position of the piston when it is
nearest to the crankshaft.
18
 Stroke and Stroke length in an IC Engine

Stroke: When piston moves

from TDC to BDC or BDC to
TDC is known as stoke.

Stroke Length (L): It is the

distance between TDC and
BDC.

19
 Bore, Swept volume and clearance Vol
Bore (D): Inner diameter of the cylinder or
diameter
of the piston face.

Swept Volume (VS): Volume displaced by the

piston as it travels through one stroke.
π 2
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐷 𝐿
4
If there are K no. of cylinders then total
swept
volume π
𝑉𝑠 = 𝐾 𝐷 2 L
4

Clearance Volume (VC): It is the volume of the

cylinder when piston is at TDC or IDC, therefore
it is minimum volume.
20
 Compression ratio in an ICE
Compression ration (r): It is
defined as the ratio of volume
before compression to the
volume of after compression.

volume before compression =

VC + VS

volume after compression = VC

r = 𝑽𝑪+𝑽𝑺 For SI : r → 6 to 10
𝑽𝑪 For CI : r → 16 to 22
21
 Lecture-3
Today’s Target
 Four Stroke Engines
 Working of Four Stroke SI Engines
 Working of Four Stroke CI Engines
 Differences between SI and CI Engines

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 Four Stroke Engines

 Cycle operations (Intake,

Compression, Expansion or power
and Exhaust) completed in four
strokes of the piston or two
revolution (720o) of the crank.

 Four Stroke Engines may be SI or CI.

24
 S.I. & C.I. Engines
Spark Fuel
Plug Injector

Intake
Compression
Expansion
Exhaust

Sparked Ignition Compressed Ignition

S.I. Engine C.I. Engine
Working of Four Stroke SI Engines [AKTU : 2021-22]

23
P-V diagram for Otto Cycle : SI Engine

24
Working:
Suction Stroke:
 Piston moves down from TDC to BDC.
 Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed.
 Pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric
pressure.
 The mixture of air fuel is sucked into the cylinder through
the inlet valve.
Compression Stroke:
 Piston moves up from BDC to TDC.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
 Temperature and pressure increased due to compression of air
fuel mixture in the cylinder.
25
Power or Expansion Stroke:
 The burning gases expand rapidly.
 Gases exert an impulse (thrust or force) on the piston.
 The piston is pushed from TDC to BDC.
 This reciprocating motion of the piston is converted into rotary motion of
the crankshaft through connecting rod.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.

Exhaust Stroke:
 Piston moves upward from BDC to TDC.
 Exhaust valve is opened and the inlet valve is closed.
 The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust
valve.
 The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC and the cylinder is ready to
receive fresh charge to start a new cycle.
26
Working of Four Stroke CI Engines [AKTU : 2020-21]

27
P-V diagram for Diesel Cycle : CI Engine

28
Working:
Suction Stroke:
 Piston moves from TDC to BDC.
 Inlet valve is opened and the exhaust valve is closed.
 The pressure inside the cylinder is reduced below the atmospheric
pressure.
 Fresh air from the atmosphere is sucked into the engine cylinder through
air cleaner and inlet valve.

Compression stroke:
 Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
 The only air is drawn during suction stroke is compressed to a high
pressure and temperature.

29
 Power or expansion stroke:
 Fuel (diesel) is injected inside the cylinder with the help of fuel injector.
 The burning gases expand rapidly and push the piston from TDC to BDC.
 This movement of piston is converted into rotary motion of the crank
shaft through connecting rod.
 Both inlet and exhaust valves are closed.
Exhaust Stroke:
 Piston moves from BDC to TDC.
 Exhaust valve is opened the inlet valve is closed.
 The burnt gases are forced out to the atmosphere through the exhaust
valve.
 The inlet valve opens slightly before TDC and the cylinder is ready to
receive fresh air to start a new cycle.

30
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MCQ
 MCQ
Which is the correct order of the engine
strokes ?
A. 1. intake 2. exhaust 3. compression 4. power

B. 1. power 2. intake 3. compression 4. exhaust

C. 1. intake 2. compression 3. power 4. exhaust

 MCQ
How many degrees of rotation the
crankshaft does in a complete engine
cycle (4 strokes ICE) ?

A. 720O

B. 540O

C. 360O
 Differences between SI and CI Engines [AKTU : 2021-22]
S. No. SI Engine CI Engine
It works on OTTO Cycle or constant volume It works on DIESEL Cycle or constant
1
heat addition. pressure heat addition.
During the intake or suction process, air and During the intake or suction process, only air is
2
fuel are used. used.
The fuel used Petrol which is highly volatile. Self The fuel used Diesel which is low volatile. Self-
3
Ignition temperature is high. ignition temperature is low.
4 The fuel is supplied by Carburetor. The fuel is supplied by Injector.
5 The maintenance cost is low. The maintenance cost is high.
6 It is used in Small Vehicles. It is used in Heavy Vehicles.
7 The compression ratio is 6 to 10. The compression ratio is 16 to 22.
Starting is a little difficult comparatively SI
8 The starting of this engine is easy.
engine.
9 It produces less noise. It produces high noise.
Lower thermal efficiency because of the low High thermal efficiency because of the high
10
compression ratio. compression ratio. 37
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 Lecture-4
Today’s Target
 Two Stroke Engines
 Working of TWO Stroke SI Engines
 Working of TWO Stroke CI Engines
 Differences between TWO stroke and FOUR stroke Engines

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 Two Stroke Engines
 Cycle operations (Intake,
Compression, Expansion or power
and Exhaust) completed in two
strokes of the piston or one
revolution (360o) of the crank.

 Two Stroke Engines may SI or CI.

40
37
 Working of Two Stroke SI Engines [AKTU : 2020-21]
Working:
Suction and Compression:
 The piston moves from (BDC)
to (TDC).
 Both transfer and exhaust
ports are covered by the
piston.
 Air fuel mixture which is already
inside the cylinder is
compressed by moving piston.
The pressure and temperature
increases at the end of
compression. 38
 As piston almost reaches the top dead center. The air fuel
mixture inside the cylinder is ignited by means of an electric
spark produced by a spark plug.

 At the same time, the inlet port is uncovered by the piston.

Fresh air fuel mixture enters the crankcase through the inlet
port.

39
Expansion and Exhaust:
 The burning gases expand in the cylinder. The burning gases
force the piston to move down. Thus useful work is obtained.
 When the piston moves down, the air fuel mixture in the
crankcase is partially compressed.
 This compression is known as crank case compression.
 At the end of expansion, exhaust port is uncovered. Burnt
gases escape to the atmosphere. Transfer port is also
opened.

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 Working of Two Stroke CI Engines

Working:
Suction and Compression:
 The piston moves upwards
from (BDC) to (TDC). Both
transfer and exhaust ports are
covered by the piston.
 Air which is transferred already
into the engine cylinder is
compressed by moving piston.
 The pressure and temperature
of the air increases. 41
 Piston almost reaches the top dead center. The fuel is injected
into the hot compressed air inside the cylinder.

 The fuel mixed with hot air and burns.

 The admission of fresh air into the crankcase continues till the
piston reaches the top dead center.
Expansion and Exhaust:
 The burning gases expand in the cylinder.
 Burning gases force the piston to move down. Thus useful work
is obtained.

 At the same time, the air in the crank case is compressed

partially by the movement of the piston from TDC to BDC.

 At the end of expansion, the exhaust port is uncovered.

 The burnt gases escape to the atmosphere through the exhaust

port.
Differences between 4 strokes and 2 strokes engines [AKTU : 2021-22]

S. No. 4-Stroke Engine 2-Stroke Engine

Four stroke of the piston and two revolution of Two stroke of the piston and one revolution of
1
crankshaft crankshaft
One power stroke in every two revolution of One power stroke in each revolution of
2
crankshaft crankshaft
3 Power produce is less Theoretically twice power
Heavier flywheel due to non-uniform turning Lighter flywheel due to more uniform turning
4
movement movement
Lesser cooling and lubrication requirements Greater cooling and lubrication requirements
5

Contains valve and valve mechanism Contains ports arrangement

6

Volumetric efficiency and Thermal efficiency are Volumetric efficiency and Thermal efficiency are
7 high but mechanical efficiency is low. low but mechanical efficiency is high.

8 Heavy and bulky Light and compact 44

45
Scavenging process [AKTU : 2020-21]
 Scavenging is a process of
pushing exhaust gases out of
the cylinder.

 This action takes place in the

two stroke engine.

 The charge (air fuel mixture or

air) enters the engine cylinder
from the crank case at a
pressure higher than the
exhaust gases.
 This fresh charge forces the burnt gases to the atmosphere
through the exhaust port. During this period both the transfer
and exhaust ports are kept open for a short period.

 Hence there is a possibility of the fresh charge escaping out

with the burnt gases.

 This is over- come by designing the piston to have a deflected

shape.

 This shape of piston deflects the fresh charge upward in the

engine cylinder. It also helps out in forcing out the burnt gases
to atmosphere. 48
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By M.S Tomer, MIET, Meerut
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