HYDRAULICS AND HYDRAULIC

MACHINES

PIPE FLOW

DR. MUNIR A. NAYAK

§ Reschedule the missed lecture on last Monday

§4:00PM Wednesday 19 May!

 Flow Developed Flow
Pipe flow is driven by
1. Pressure forces
2. Gravitational forces (much smaller than pressure
forces)
Viscous forces oppose the pressure forces
Entrance length (𝒍𝒆 ):
Ø Forces driving the flow and viscous forces do not balance Boundary Layer: (Ludwig Prandtl (1904)
1. A region where viscous forces are
Ø Flow is accelerating à Velocity profile changes important
Due to high velocity gradient
Fully Developed Flow: Essence of boundary layer is that
the fluid velocity changes
Ø Forces driving the flow and viscous forces balance 1. Above boundary layer, fluid behaves as
inviscid
Ø ∑𝐹 = 0 à pressure forces overcome frictional resistance a. Because near zero velocity
gradients
Ø Energy to overcome viscous losses are provided by
pressure forces Figure: Munson
Flow Developed Flow
Viscous forces are governed by
Nature of flow à whether flow laminar or turbulent
Shear stress developed in the two cases are different

In Fully Developed Laminar Flow:

Ø Particles move in their own path lines
Ø Energy and momentum transfer mostly governed by molecular interaction (diffusion)
Ø Shear stress is at molecular level

In Fully Developed Turbulent Flow:

Ø Particles move randomly
Ø Energy and momentum transfer mostly governed by paticle-size (or bigger) interaction
Ø Shear stress is at large particle level
Flow Developed Laminar Flow
Most practical flow cases are turbulent à Not easy to develop analytical forms
Laminar flow provides theoretical understanding
In simplified cases, simple analytical equations can be derived

Newton’s 2nd Law; 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎

Consider the a cylindrical fluid Control Volume
(shaded region)
Velocity profile doesn’t change => 𝑎 = 0
Pressure forces on the CV at time t
𝑃" 𝐴 = 𝑃" 𝜋𝑟 # Section 1 Horizontal Pipe, so gravitational force = 0
𝑃# 𝐴 = 𝑃# 𝜋𝑟 # Section 2
Net pressure force = F$ = (𝑃" −𝑃# )𝜋𝑟 # = 𝜋𝑟 # ΔP
Figure: Munson
Flow Developed Laminar Flow

Viscous forces on the Control Volume (CV)

Shear stress is highest near the pipe wall and zero
at the center (inviscid core)
Shear stress τ ∝ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟
For force on the CV, we only consider boundary of
the CV
𝐹% = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ×𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠
𝐹% = 𝜏×𝐴 = 𝜏×2𝜋𝑟𝑙

∑F = F$ − F& = 𝜋𝑟 # ΔP − 2𝜋𝑟𝑙𝜏 = 0

Δ𝑃 𝜏 Δ𝑃
2𝜏
= = 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠𝑛! 𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶 ⇒𝐶= ⇒ 𝜏 = 𝐶𝑟
2𝑙 r 2𝑙 r
Figure: Munson
Flow Developed Laminar Flow

𝜏 = 𝐶𝑟
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝜏 = 0
𝐷 𝐶𝐷
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = ⇒ 𝜏 = = 𝜏4 = wall stress
2 2
𝐶 = 2𝜏4 /𝐷

2𝜏4
𝜏= 𝑟
𝐷
Δ𝑃 𝜏
= 4𝜏4 𝑙 Pressure drop is large when
2𝑙 r
Δ𝑃 2𝜏4 ⇒ Δ𝑃 = 1. Pipe is rough
𝐷 2. Pipe is long
⇒ =
2𝑙 𝐷 3. Pipe diameter is small => Flow Velocity is large
Figure: Munson
Flow Developed Laminar Flow

Now, let’s assume

1. Laminar flow
2. Newtonian Fluid

𝑑𝑢 Negative sign, because we’re taking

𝜏 = −𝜇 centerline as reference here, so
𝑑𝑟 velocity decreases as we move
Δ𝑃 𝜏 towards the pipe wall
=
2𝑙 r

rΔ𝑃 𝑑𝑢 −rΔ𝑃 𝑑𝑢
= −𝜇 ⇒ =
2𝑙 𝑑𝑟 2𝑙𝜇 𝑑𝑟

−rΔ𝑃 −Δ𝑃
⇒ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑢 ⇒ r𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑢
2𝜇𝑙 2𝜇𝑙
Flow Developed Laminar Flow
−Δ𝑃
⇒ r𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑢
2𝜇𝑙
Integrate to yield the velocity profile
−Δ𝑃
X 𝑟𝑑𝑟 = X 𝑑𝑢
2𝜇𝑙

−Δ𝑃 𝑟 #
= 𝑢(𝑟) + 𝐶
2𝜇𝑙 2
'
Apply limits; along the wall, r=D/2 , 𝑢 𝑟 = #
=0
−Δ𝑃 𝐷 #
=𝐶
𝜇𝑙 16
At the centerline, r=0, 𝑢(𝑟 = 0) = 𝑉𝑐
−Δ𝑃 0 −Δ𝑃 𝐷 # Δ𝑃 𝐷 #
= 𝑉( + ⇒ 𝑉( =
2𝜇𝑙 2 𝜇𝑙 16 𝜇𝑙 16
Fully Developed Laminar Flow
−Δ𝑃 𝑟 #
𝑢(𝑟) = −𝐶
2𝜇𝑙 2
−Δ𝑃 𝐷 #
=𝐶
𝜇𝑙 16

−Δ𝑃 # −Δ𝑃 𝐷 #
𝑢 𝑟 = 𝑟 +
4𝜇𝑙 𝜇𝑙 16

Δ𝑃
𝑢 𝑟 = 𝐷 # − 4𝑟 #
16𝜇𝑙
#
Δ𝑃𝐷 # 2𝑟 It was shown that
𝑢 𝑟 = 1− 4𝜏! 𝑙
16𝜇𝑙 𝐷 ⇒ Δ𝑃 =
𝐷
4𝜏) 𝑙 # # Parabolic Velocity
𝐷 2𝑟 # 𝜏) 𝐷 2𝑟
𝑢 𝑟 = 𝐷 1− ⇒𝑢 𝑟 = 1− Profile (see figure)
16𝜇𝑙 𝐷 4𝜇 𝐷 𝑢 𝑟 ∝ 𝑟#
Flow Developed Laminar Flow
𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 “𝑟” 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
#
𝜏) 𝐷 2𝑟
𝑢 𝑟 = 1−
4𝜇 𝐷
Discharge dQ = through small elemental area surrounding r
#
𝜏) 𝐷 2𝑟
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑢 𝑟 𝑑𝐴 = 1− 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
4𝜇 𝐷

Total discharge through the pipe = sum of discharge through elemental

areas
' #
𝜏) 𝐷 #2𝑟
𝑄 = X 𝑑𝑄 = X
4𝜇 *+,
1−
𝐷
2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 4𝜏4 𝑙
Δ𝑃 =
𝐷
) )
2𝜋𝜏% 𝐷 # 2𝑟 #
# 2𝑟 # 4𝜏% 𝑙
⇒𝑄= C 1− 𝑟𝑑𝑟 ⇒ 𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑉$ C 1− 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝐷 𝐷# 𝜏% 𝐷
4𝜇 𝐷 𝐷 𝑉$ = ⇒ 𝑉$ =
&'( &'( 𝜇𝑙 16 4𝜇
 JEAN LOUIS POISEUILLE Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig
Flow Developed Laminar Flow (1799 – 1869) Hagen (1797 – 1884)

' #
# 2𝑟
𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑉( X 1− 𝑟𝑑𝑟
*+, 𝐷
-
𝐷# 4 𝐷
⇒ 𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑉( −
8 4𝐷 # 2
𝐷# 𝐷#
⇒ 𝑄 = 2𝜋𝑉( −
8 16
1
⇒ 𝑄 = 𝜋𝑉( 𝐷 # Δ𝑃 𝐷 #
8 𝑉$ =
- 𝜇𝑙 16
Δ𝑃𝜋 𝐷 Flowrate is
⇒ 𝑄=
128𝜇𝑙 Poiseuille’s law 1. Directly proportional to pressure drop
. 2. Directly proportional diameter (4th power)
Average flow velocity 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 ⇒ 𝑉 = 3. Inversely proportional to length and
/
Δ𝑃𝜋 𝐷 - viscosity
128𝜇𝑙 Δ𝑃 𝐷 # Given a flowrate, pressure drop is inversely
𝑉 = = proportional to diameter (4th power)
𝜋𝐷 # 32𝜇𝑙
4 Hagen-Poiseuille flow
Flow Developed Laminar Flow
Darcy’s Friction Factor
Δ𝑃 𝐷 # 32𝑉𝜇𝑙
𝑉 = ; Δ𝑃 =
32𝜇𝑙 𝐷#
01 "
Divide b/s by
#
𝑙
Δ𝑃 64𝑉𝜇𝑙 64𝜇𝑙 64 64 𝑙
= # = = 𝐷 =
𝜌𝑉 # 𝐷 𝜌𝑉 # 𝐷 # 𝜌𝑉 𝐷𝜌𝑉 𝑅2 𝐷
2 𝜇
64 𝑙 𝜌𝑉 #
Δ𝑃 =
𝑅2 𝐷 2
𝑙 𝜌𝑉 #
Δ𝑃 = 𝑓
𝐷 2
Where 𝑓 is called Darcy’s friction factor
𝐷
Δ𝑃 64
𝑓= 𝑙 = Friction factor for fully
𝜌𝑉 # 𝑅2 3-
2 developed Laminar flow =
4#
 Flow Developed Laminar Flow
𝑙 𝜌𝑉 #
Δ𝑃 = 𝑓
𝐷 2
Energy Equation for a horizontal pipe
𝐸" = 𝐸# + ℎ5
ℎ5 = 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
i.e., Energy used to overcome viscous/frictional resistance of the pipe wall
6$ 1$" 6" 1"" Head loss due to viscous effects
+ + 𝑧" = + + 𝑧# + h9
7 #8 7 #8
1. 𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 → 𝑧" = 𝑧# For inviscid flow ℎ* = 0; we get the
Bernoulli's Equation

2. 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 → 𝑛𝑜 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒 ⇒ 𝑉" = 𝑉#

𝑃" 𝑃" Δ𝑃 Δ𝑃
− = h9 ⇒ h9 = =
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾 𝜌𝑔
𝑙 𝜌𝑉 #
𝑓 𝑙 𝑉#
ℎ5 = 𝐷 2 ⇒ ℎ5 = 𝑓
𝜌𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 Darcy-Weisbach Equation
 Flow Developed Laminar Flow
𝑙 𝑉#
ℎ5 = 𝑓 Generally known as major losses;
𝐷 2𝑔 Valid for both laminar and turbulent flows, but 𝑓 differs

𝑓 ∝ 𝑅E , relative 𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒

𝑒
𝑓 = 𝜙 𝑅E ,
𝐷

Data from Munson

 Flow Developed Laminar Flow
𝑒 Generally known as major losses;
𝑓 = 𝜙 𝑅E , Valid for both laminar and turbulent flows, but 𝑓 differs
𝐷
Most results based on data from Nikuradse in
1933, who coated sand particles on pipes to find
the above function 𝜙()

L F. Moody and C. L. Colebrook correlated

Nikuradse data with data from commercially
available pipe

𝑒
1 2.51
= −2 log 𝐷 +
𝑓 3.7 𝑅+ 𝑓 ←Moody Diagram→
Colebrook formula

Figure from Munson

 Equivalent Diameter
In a multipipe system, equivalent diameter is the diameter of a single circular pipe that will result in
the same head loss as from the entire pipe system

In a multipipe system, equivalent length is the length of a single circular pipe that will results in the
same head loss as from the entire pipe system

Total Head Loss 𝑙# , 𝐷# , 𝐻-#

ℎ- = ℎ-, + ℎ-# + ℎ-. 𝑙, , 𝐷, , 𝐻-,
# 𝑙. , 𝐷. , 𝐻-.
𝑙+1 𝑉+1 𝑙, 𝑉,# 𝑙# 𝑉## 𝑙. 𝑉.#
𝑓/0 = 𝑓, + 𝑓# + 𝑓.
𝐷+1 2𝑔 𝐷, 2𝑔 𝐷# 2𝑔 𝐷. 2𝑔

𝑄 4𝑄 #
4# 𝑄 #
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 ⇒ 𝑉 = = ⇒𝑉 = #
𝐴 𝜋𝐷 # 𝜋 𝐷2
Assume 𝑓+1 = 𝑓, = 𝑓# = 𝑓.
𝑙+1 𝑙, 𝑙# 𝑙.
3 = 3+ 3+ 3
𝐷+1 𝐷, 𝐷# 𝐷. You may be given 𝑙EY to find 𝐷EY or vice versa