MBEYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY.

DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL AND POWER ENGINEERING.

COURSE CODE: EE 8203

MODULE NAME: ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

COURSE: BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LECTURER NAME: SIR. KIMENYUKA V.N

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023/2024

LEVEL: UQF 8 SECOND YEAR.

STUDENTS NAME: AHMED KASSIMU JUMA.

REGIISTRATION NUMBER: 22100234020033.

TASK: INDIVIDUAL PROJECT.

PROJECT TITLE: ULTRASONIC DISTANCE SENSOR

PROJECT TYPE: PROBLEM SOLVING AND DESIGNING

 INTRODUCTION
Ultrasonic distance sensor, is the device that uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance
between object and sensor. The increasing need for technology to encounter the problems and
challenges that are being faced brings to the innovation of ultrasonic distance sensor. A mini
project that harnesses cutting edge technology to provide tangible benefits in solving challenges
facing the society.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this project is to create a functional ultrasonic distance sensor using various
electronic components such as LEDs, resistors, a buzzer, an ultrasonic sensor, a 9V battery,
Ethernet wire, Arduino UNO, a one-way switch, and a viral board.

COMPONENTS USED;
1. LED: - Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) act as visual indicators to display the proximity
of an object. Different colors (green, yellow, red) are used to represent various distance
ranges.
2. Resistor: - Resistors are used to limit current flow and protect components from
damage. The specific resistances depend on the requirements of the LEDs and the buzzer
3. Buzzer: - The buzzer is an audible alert device. It produces sound based on the distance
measured by the ultrasonic sensor. In this project, a tone is generated to provide
feedback on the object's proximity.
4. Ultrasonic sensor: - The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor operates by emitting ultrasonic
waves and measuring the time it takes for the waves to bounce back after hitting an
object. It consists of two main components: a transmitter (trigger) and a receiver (echo).
5. Battery (9.0V):- The 9V battery serves as the power source for the entire circuit. It
provides portability and independence from a continuous power supply.
6. Arduino UNO: - The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P chip. It serves as the brain of the project, handling data from the ultrasonic
sensor and controlling the output devices
7. Ethernet (jumper) wire: - Ethernet wire can be used for extending the reach of
components or connecting the Arduino UNO to other devices. In this project, its specific
purpose may vary based on the requirements.
8. One way switch: - The one-way switch is incorporated for turning the system on and
off. It helps conserve battery power when the distance sensor is not in use.
9. Viral board; - A viral board, presumably a typo for a prototyping or breadboard, is used
to organize and connect the components securely. It provides a platform for building and
testing the circuit before making it permanent.
10. Soldering wire.

CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS
 1. Ultrasonic Sensor Connections, - Connect the VCC and GND pins of the ultrasonic
sensor to the 5V and GND pins of the Arduino UNO, then connect the Trig and Echo pins of the
ultrasonic sensor to digital pins on the Arduino (e.g., D2 and D3).

2. LEDs and Buzzer Connections: - Connect the LEDs to digital output pins (e.g., D4, D5,
D6) via appropriate resistors to limit current flow, then connect the buzzer to a digital output pin
(e.g., D7) through an appropriate resistor.

3. Power Connections: - Connect the 9V battery to the Arduino UNO for power.
- Use the one-way switch to control the power supply from the battery to the Arduino UNO.

4. Organizing Components:
- Utilize the viral board (presumably a prototyping board or breadboard) to organize and secure
the components in a systematic layout. Ensure clear and tidy wiring.

Fig 0.1. Circuit connections

WORKING OPERATION
The described setup utilizes an ultrasonic distance sensor to measure the distance between
the sensor and an object. Here's a step-by-step explanation of how the system works:
1. Initialization: - When the switch is turned on, the 9V battery powers the Arduino and the
connected components.
2. Ultrasonic Sensor Operation: - The Arduino sends a short pulse (10 microseconds) to the
trigger pin (Trig) of the ultrasonic sensor. The sensor emits an ultrasonic sound wave.
3. Sound Wave Propagation: - The sound wave travels through the air and reflects off an object
in its path.
4. Echo Reception: - The ultrasonic sensor's Echo pin detects the reflected sound wave. The
sensor generates a pulse on the Echo pin, and the Arduino measures the duration of this pulse.
5. Distance Calculation: - The Arduino uses the measured duration of the pulse to calculate the
distance to the object. The formula `distance = duration * 0.034 / 2` is commonly used, where
0.034 is the speed of sound in centimeters per microsecond.
6. Output Control: - If the calculated distance is less than a predefined threshold (e.g., 20
cm).The LED connected to pin D4 is turned on to indicate proximity. The buzzer connected to
pin D5 produces a tone to provide an audible alert.
- If the distance is greater than the threshold:
- The LED is turned off.
- The buzzer is silent.
7. Serial Monitoring (Optional):-The Arduino can send distance data to the Serial Monitor for
debugging or monitoring purposes.
8. Looping: - The process repeats in a loop, continually measuring and updating the distance as
long as the system is powered.

In summary, the ultrasonic sensor emits sound waves, measures the time it takes for the waves
to reflect off an object, and the Arduino calculates the distance based on this time. Depending on
the calculated.

PRIMARY FEATURES
The mini-project described above, focusing on the Ultrasonic Distance Sensor, possesses several
key features that contribute to its functionality and usability:

1. Distance Measurement
2. Visual Indication with LEDs
3. Audible Alert with Buzzer
4. Portability with 9V Battery
5. on/Off Control with a Switch
6. Organized Circuit Layout with Viral Board
7. Arduino Microcontroller for Processing
8. Versatility with Ethernet Wire
9. User-Friendly Serial Communication
PROGRAMMING
CONCLUSION
The ultrasonic distance sensor project successfully integrates various components to
create a reliable and functional distance measurement system. The combination of visual
indicators (LEDs) and an audible alert (buzzer) enhances its usability in different scenarios. The
one-way switch and 9V battery provide a convenient power solution, making the system portable
and versatile. The use of a viral board ensures a neat and organized circuit layout, facilitating
ease of assembly and maintenance.