CONTENTS UNIT NATURE AND SCOPE OF LEGAL RESEARCH Chapter 1 Research Methodology What is Research? Definition of ‘Research’ Characteristics of Research Variables in Research ‘Types of Variables in Research Objectives of Research or Components of Research Research Methodology Schools of Research Methodology Positivism Phenomenology (Idealism) Chapter 2 Social Science Research Social Science Research Foundation of Social Research Sociological Positivism Modern Methodologies Method Sampling Methodological Assumptions Guidelines for "Good Research" Ethics Respect for Persons Beneficence Justice (ix) y gs 8 w RRR owanewea re 7 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 20 20 20 21 21obits . eet Page ioe Me soe tem td 3 (ase Neto (er Antbropelepea! Method) 2 ema t ethod oe Structural functional © Stethod (Functional) 7 2 i nt . © Feductve ethos) 7 ie a 3 1 Ss td 3 soe So : Samet * 7 Ayes of Interview (00 Schedule Method Characerists of Good Schedule a Evaluation of Schedule Method su (15) Mailed Questionnaire Method s reuai f emiy Taw Quest as asap a (26 asm a Aonism Mars and i lomism Mac and Mier Appresch) tr of So sy reat te elation teow Atom and Siity 26 Inter-Disciptinary Resooren Definition of Intedicpinary Rese - & Comrie ath : Chee ta, tating Interdacpionry evear 3 Sj Gt aa é SEES iertear teen > fo tortegal Research yi 2 7 a Value Neutrality in Social Research & ‘Value Neutrality = 3 HHSERNG! Mimoooioer or veo rooms Salient Features of Laws ‘ ‘Study of Lapa! Phenomena Relationship beten Law and Seince elationhip between Law and Sail Sconces 6 Socio-Lepal Research ‘The Mapping of Lal Stems 2 Mapping ‘Legal Sjstams Mapping of Legal Systems [Mapping of Formal Lag! Systers, = ‘Mapping the Informa! Serial Coto Syste Utlty of Soetoegal esearch Chapter 6 Lego! Research Methodology ‘Meaning of ‘Legal Research’ [Nature and Seape of Legal Research > Characteristics of Legal Research or Legal Research Motivating Factors of Legal Research Basic Assumptions of Legal Research a! Objects of Legal Research ‘ Scenee ® arch Models Based on Objecties = 8 Legal Research Mods i No 8 ©ives of Lega Research er Dring Oi bist OF an Data of Legal Research, i Fa Ein Lege Research cath Woe Nato Lega Rese : ‘union Leal Resor Sane and eg Reserch eae ale Riis sorte af el eset Se Imortance of Loa Research Chapter 7 ties in Lego! Research = ‘Meaning of Ethie! Why le Ethis in Research Codes and Policies fr Legal Research Ethics ‘The Goldens for Research Bthics and the Law Chapter 8 es of toga! Reseorch ym iestin of ege Research itn! o Srmtored age Research ‘endemic ot Dosteral Reeerch Deca or Tratiteel or Nomi Legal Research Charceriice of Dena eneseh ; nanents othe Poe of Beta Racnsch Deo of ctl Research ; Empire ec NewDocial Lapel Reeth + Characeriice : initatne o Faso Ihiting Non-dectrialor hati! Recarc Chopter 9 ‘Methods of Logol Research for Law Reforms - ‘Analytical or Lagcel Analytiel Research Method oF ‘Appresch ‘Mistoeal Researeh Method oF Approsel Legal Research end History Sources of Historical Data Essential Requirements of Histrial Method Usefulness of Histrical Methed in Law zesseascost wax ry BaRgee Liitaons of Herat Enpinst Meta oy guna Comportve Rar rn Motnods of Law-Making Statutes by Legh Coder ae States Deeg of Sulrtate Lege Tesaehing Sets" O° Interpretation ot Staten urposve Approach The Mihi Ru istorealInterptaon nt Precoent (Stare dros) (i) Rais Decent (i) Methods of Deering Rate Decided (6 Uselesothe Dse of Stare De (Precedent) 7 aa biter Dista Legal Reasoning in Research ‘Meaning of Lagi Fallacies in Lapel Reasoning ‘Scientific Logal Reeconing elation of Logie to Lew (Legal Li) ‘Steps in the Deductive Mothod DEMERITS Inductive Method ‘Merits of Inductive Method Demers or Limitations of Inductive Meth ‘The Inverse Doative Method ‘Analy Forte sssaaaly ~, ng es NOY ” chapter 12 Pope ped am aren oie wp sore 13 er ‘or Elements of Science a Co nm sie He eno Ants sins be retin eon 2s sett Bide : a ee abn lon Yo I a eee Mod Es Sg Sot ed Ort ” coarse at Dinincve Fetares of Scene oy 1 Lin pts of Seine Net In Legal ced 1a Chapter 15 Good teal Retearcher ms te Ged Top Renarer % arto Reqarennt pls o eae ws cnapier tt Lape Resor i na oa a The Pans of Lap Roar sa 7 | Teaiteasur to Fon Pav aly Coo) ‘ie S Desi sac in ed Phase ater Coit) (ory 7 cde eres Tied Pas Curent) is ta ‘k on PREPARATION AND PROCESS OF LEGAL RESEARCH cateape Chap oncaps ond Dotalon a nee txecrch malay ton ae 2 Comes Meaning oF Definition of Coe Nature of Coney . Innies in ance Enbodied Content or Copnien Ontangy Mental Representations ‘heaves en th Structure of Con Legal Concept Tet Examples of Legal Concepts eating Patent Law Kinds of Cmnepa Explanation of Legal Concepts Conception Role of Relorant Concept ia Sientie Leal Invertintinn er Detitins of Legal Tense in Aes Tntensinal Define Exensinal Defisitins Homonyns Palsomen Falls Definition Chapter 2 Theory ond Legat Research Legal Theory ‘Theory and Pace ‘Theory and Hypothesis ‘Theory and Lew (Claesietin of Theories on the Bass of Procesz Process of Theory Building Relationship betwoon Theory and Research ‘The Hole of Thery for Research Contribution of Research to Theory Chapter 3 arbjor stops involved In Doing Legal Research ‘he Lega Research Process) Steps forthe Preparation of Legal Research Genera Pheses and, Pinciples of Seintiie Legal esearch Proedare 1, Formulation of Problem 156 156Logs Ree eaegy 2 Formulation of Hype lpi of Concept Cheah Deve (Feat of Data € Datos 7. Conclusions or Generalizations 1 Reporting Chapter 4 Selgcton or Formation of Logcl Research Problem or one Mesing of Research Preble {pes of Leal Prion Ging Pacino in Chasing 0 Legal Research Probe Grech of Reser Prtlen Ealiaton of Rernch Preem Gndos io ve Candace to Formulation of Signitcane March bien Advantages of Right Select 7 on of Research Problem rcoutins to bo takea in Selecting n Problem Components in the Progressive Formulation of a Problem ‘lvpotnosts Meaning of Hypothesis Chacnctevsticn of Qualities of a Usefl or Workable pothesis. (Criteria to: Form a Good Hypothesis) (Contin of Good Hypothesis) Sour gpd Pomaltin sf Hye Eanes of Fortin f Hypothesis Prblens in Formulating Hopes Sine Formsion ef Treas ‘Types of Hypotheses “ Gwen of Hythe Nal types Avatge ta Dative eof pet Imraan ot Se ot «Role Uulty er go Ske Kaleo Uy Chapter 5 MN Hypochesis 1 1 se 155 19 16 161 18 82 2 03 164 165 165, 165 168, 168 Scams “ ow shu the Rear a a Testing the Hyp legal Research Design fe ‘Meaning of Reese Design x ‘Te Teale er God Reach Deng 2 racial Rewer De He Cars of Reereh Dag) ‘Aspects to be considered in Research Deg Reserch Deng Sigiteance ef o Need fr hee “Types of Research Dei a : Design fr plore urmulave Sadie ws or Survey Dee Diogo Design splanatery Deg or Historia Espantien Design Expermoatl Rescech Design a Dirt Types of Experimenta Design (Research Design on the Coston Protea ‘of Women andthe General Paton of Diseiminaton on the Bass of Sex 196 ‘Research Design en Contos! Prk sf Child Emplyet and acne of Cla Tatoor ® (© Reser Design Reeation Py or Siler atasl Gar se Gel 2 aunty Porn (a) seh Deng e Sy Dag Aen Setar aten (oa Ds Se Co Pe ( RemachDrsgn io Peet Fou Msteration “21 Chapter? oa Somping Design fr Legal Resooich om Census er Universe and Sampling Mettsaga seen Mose” eons underlying SOME es Aa gr Lt of Sampling Meh gt Mind in Cnstrtng a Soe a sharacter ue ‘Swot a Sale wae ‘sire of tho Sample ‘the Sample 2 ge Six Binsed Sample malig ae ROBABILITY SAMPLING Prensins ia Drawing Random Sample [Agvantages of Random Sampling Diondnages of Bandon Sempling Advantages Disnvarages Swatifing Proce Kinds of Stated Samples ‘vantages af Stratied Sampling Disdvartages ‘Advantages of Castor Sampling Disadvantages of Chster Sampling (@) NON-PRODADILITY SAMPLING Advantages of Prposive Sapling Disadvantages of Porpoxive Sampling (© QuoTA SAMPLING Advantages of Quota Sampling Disadvantages of Quota Sampling (o) akza Sau (©) SAMPLING B Realty ot Sampling UMAR INTERVALS Somgling Err sundfEenof Sanpting Beer we {qualities of a Good Sources of Survey of togot ne 7 Logot Mat ive Natal eral for Legal Research.. BSSESSSESSseeeeee & wees a2 22 20 au au ou ou 2 a 2K 2K a8 2 comes (2) Precedent aia Writings) Merits of Precedents Demerits of Precedents (9) Custom Brsential of Valid Custom Legal Dictionaries Legal Eneyclopaedias ‘Legal Perioials Annotations ‘renner Administrative Materials Ciators Computerised Sources Ubraries as « Source of Legal Material for Retearch Une of Libraries Library Card Catalogue Call Number Procedure Involved in Tracing the Legal Pesadzal 1 Pld Information on a Subject: Subjet Bibliographies Reference Books ecard Source Material in Libraries Chapter 10 Use of Computer in Legal Research Use of Search Engines in Computers to Get Legal ‘Using the Intern Ral o the Search of Lest Email Dlltin Boards Retrieving Piles esarching the Tntrnet SELECTED LIST OF INTERNET SITES ON LAW g = 238 2 2 ang sens Mao cig tr soe serene ee oa oe cmt Fe a Pv Le Dh ci ta Sagan Dechground of estan” Content Searching Aarne cygguer Orns oe Assit Legal fica Cn ereems wc Litton of COUR oi Resor Sr ee to Seal Neweting See “tS Neen? ee Legal Researeh (CALE) 7 on a METHODS OR TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTION ‘OF DATA IN LEGAL RESEARCH taplcatin of Methods of Socal Research to Legal Research] Chapter 1 ‘Obrervation Method - Meth and Teebiqaee Meaning of Otseratine Characters of Obervtin Method ' Conditions of scentife snervaton Majer Step in Oteretion Yeu of Obnoraton (Onan of Fld Aide in Field Observation Adeantages of Observation Disadvantages or Liittiens of Observation Types of Observations 29 209 250 20 ost 253 253 256 254 Comet (9) Uncateted Observation : Simpl or ‘Nonconted tne Wane (39 Contre Girertion (Gi Partcpant Oberon ‘vantages of Prtsgent Observation Disvamtges or Lnitatane ‘tecraton (9) Non-Paripent Oberation Advantaper Diaadvantages (©) Strctred Osean (6) Unstracared Oberon = (oi) IntreSubjectve and InterSubjectve Obaeration Chapter 2 Interviow Mothod (Schedule Mothoc) ‘Meaning of Interview Inorview Method (Sched Method) (Characteristics of Interview Typos of Interview 1 Stace Itai eral, Cone Ged 2. Unstructured Interview (Informs, Uncoated, Unguided or Uninet Interview) Focused Interview Repetitive Interview ‘The CincalIntersew ‘The Non-directiveInarview ‘The Depth Interview Stops to Be Taken in Conducting an Interview or the ‘Prerequisites that Bnaure Susser Interview reparation for a Interview roca of Intervew or Technique of Interview Sehodulee az Tol of Interview % Kinds of Schedules COharaterities of = Good Schedule eental Contions ofa Good Schedule Procedure fr Forming » Good Sehedale valuation of Schedule Method > Advantages of Interviews through Schedules BEE EEEE Fy Bag 20rr imitations of Interviews isan of Hi ‘Trcic soo = coor pawl of Cchopter 8 Guide oterviow IH epe Questionnaire and Interview ‘Quetonnlres ‘tracared Questonnnie Designing ® Fer nt i i en cere rng Cn Of Gaed Questinnete) es tant re Cake of Questions ‘ype of Naore 5 Querons of Questions uesios to Be Avoided ‘Steer Arrangement of Questions ‘Soto Commansinents to Construct a Questionnaire ‘Chock lt of Questionnaires fr Reliability and Validity este Cantent ein Wording Question Saqoeee Orgaiztion ‘of Enquiry Through Questionaire Advantges of Questionnaire Nethed Disadvantages or Limits of Queetionnsire Method Suvey Method Chapter 4 ‘Meaning of Survey Chara Objectives of Surveys Kinds of Sure Type of Survey Planning and Pred the Survey Meany ® SeMY Methods (Stages of Mert or Aa 858 of Survey Problems o Disadvantages of Surveys Chapter 5 Cate study Mothod Meaning of Case Study Characterates of Cave Stuly Method Basie Atsumptions of Cave Study Sources of Cate Procedure of Case Study Method Importance f Cae Stuy Method Vale of he Staly eho i Limitations of Case Staly Metind Diference etneon Case Sty Mend and the ‘Satal Sesheds cave Stuy nd Inteniew Disernce betwen Cate Sty en Tterviow Difernce twtween Case Stay and Survey Method Chopter 6 Project or Projective Technique ‘Meaning of Projectivo oehni CChataceristis af Projet. Teiques “Typee of Project Technique Advantages af Pojctive Techniques Braluation of Projetive Tecaigues @) Faking (2) Applicabaty (@) Examiner and Situational Variables (Valdis (8) Reliability (© Nome ( Admiintestion Analysis Method Meaning of Content Analyse Basie Characteristics of Content Analysis ‘nee of Content Analyse Stops in Content Analyte Limitations gegees f8SS8SeeuRes EERE EE SESRERE ogge esac Noe ” Chapter 8 cows usally Mahod) ” cau ond Ee! Anas AER x vv Meco PROCESSING AND ANALYS! chapter ™ Eat neseaman Data ego! Impact Analysis My Chopter 1 chapter 10 foe a eoning and Impotence ot ties tao i oa! BOE a nse w Sean = Tartosin : itn = ‘Reno trie a ea te Pat ese = Pen anes Cm Law a Bhs St = SEES Seu Roch Pan Distal Bees he Te of Deana ‘Jetates an the Asalyi af Legal Word Use ay ‘of Statin = goat depts So Maer Det 4 ‘Why is Jurimetrical Research Important? i om Mors Definitions Given by Prominent cn Pe fae of Stn = : Chapter 1 Inputs or Ua of Stites = Scaing tectiav a Lot Roecrch =“ ees ce, 3B epeon of bt ep tere ws Proper Sale Sores a Friary Autbetve Source com Eo tenet Sate a imag ant Seedy Ser Dia Cetin — ‘Types of Rating of Intensity Scales : Unternal and External Sources of Data) ~ Rating Techniques = (a) Primary or Field Source or Internal Source ‘Attitude Seales a, - nee oe Seminy Benoa Soweatnin ieee = tetera Puyol Sout Ses = BS oe ° cro Py Ma Se a = Ee Pepi fe la Soy Soe na ap Ss ‘Rating Seales 322 {Secondary —s of Data) a7 Sete ena coer Dit Sar) : oe feztomaty i ago Tepe of ra Dot = ny in eg Reseach focrement of {SEs tere Berens = Ser x be Dement ofen Dna = rr ad oat Bin Sc fie aa = SSO Sa tone Sate 2 ree rea tea eats Procedure of Cantcting Sx au (2). Oftial Pobleations of Central Arte 38 Anis of Saiomee Ban et Seles ms {@) State Contes m9 wea Sa tae C0 Pan = or 326 (G) Departmental Publications adLege Renoch Metabo (oy legate Leation (1) Poblatons (a) Report (2). Specie Law Rep (20) Catton of In (Gn Academie Law Jooranls Gb ator and Dies ce et egl Paria and Tnx to Foren Tegal Priel (a8 Law Leases Irportance of Dorset Limitations of Dseumentary Dota 7 Chapter 3 Procesting the Legal Research Data ‘Stages of Data Proesing : stor fl Acadomieians 1 Baling 2 Coding (cating Plan i Prose of Code Construction 7 3. Clanifeasoe 2 Baas of Casati Objectives of Cesieaton (Characters af Good Clasifistion 44 Tulaten er Prepraton of Master Chart Objects of Tabaaton Essential Qualities of «Goal Tale Propertis ofa Tale we Chapter 4 cxroment of Log Resoech Dal Concept of Measurement = : Lee Mena res of Mrwureme) amin! Cnn Sea © Ont Se 3) It as (tae Probl in Meret ‘The Pele ovaingVtity of Nese oy pate & Kinds of Valiiy a Prenat Messrement ip 2g 9 319 a0 Kinds of Reibilty Stability Conistensy Precision Chapter 8 uaiative Moasurements In Logel Research averages (Q). Arithmetic Mean (verage) @) Median = @) Mote (4). Standard Deviation 7 (©) Correlation ‘Visual Presentation (Charts, Graphs and Vinual Images) (Charts of Dingrams imitations of Charts or Diagrams Steps to Drow Charts or Diagrams ‘Types of Charts or Diagram on the Bass of Limitations of Graphs Distintion between Charts and Graphs Constrostion af Graphs ‘Visual Imagse "Transco Information from the allowing Charts (Q)_ Diagram Showing Profs of the Pre (2). Dingrom Showing Stall Scale Units in Various States During the Yer 1997 (9) Dingramn Showing Working Population in Three ‘States During tho Year 1897 (Diagram Showing Number of Students Registered ‘vith the Bangalore Unversity During the (6) Diagram Showing Balance of Payrent in Ls tHe) for Sie Yur. (6) Diagram Showing Production of Rice and Colketed Area in ive Counties 1997 (1 Diagram Showing Production of Sugar Cae in Pour Counties Daring 1997 gee? § at gEEgSeegeses & gs 36 ast 35 8 390 0 0sing he Prope Exgeniire sn 1 "Tat Prodvtin in Three (8) Poe Chart Rep ty te Karnataka Oo (© Cabie Chart Showing Sete 1 erg of pet ino Dit wn Sone 30 (01) Grats Showing Rie Production in Kerala Baring Seven eae a (02) Graph Showing Imports and Experts of India GerRtee ora) ering the Seven Yeare 13) Graph Showing Inome,Expendiare and Balance Sports Clb of India During the Five Years. Chapter 6 Slotsica! Data Ancisis E Anas ata Requrenenis Exploratory Data Analysis ‘Tecniqus fr Avayzing Quantitative Data Berries to Eftive Anapee ualiy of Measurements Ina Trnafrmatone Analyin Main Data Analysis Exploratory sad Conimsory Approsehes = Chater? toon of Sotto Dele Ahs Legal Research fee ‘What is Data Interpretation? : Moet ie Dea tne Das tan eatin Da tn ‘Technique of interpretation f Penni — yD eon tpc et nen Pa Inert "iin of Dt: of Dashes Paging ats Inererettion Method Sumary List and Tipe ser 20) see ‘ne ee 3 Seeseggeg 8 369 60 am a7 a3 om 36 316 an 378 cerns unr v WRITING LEGAL RESEARCH REPORT Chapter 1 Generalization in Legal Research Chopter 2 Citation Methodology in Legcl Resecich Citation Content System of Citation ‘Vancouver System Parenthetical Referencing or Harvard Referencing ‘Caation-name System Citation System in Legal Weitings Bluchook System of the USA ‘Bluebook (29th) Citation Fermat Examples Standardisation of Citation Rul (Q) Dates and Nambers (2) Abbreviations (2). Ching Statutes (Legisation) (@) Ging Constittens (Ching « Care Catan from Books and Journals Chapter 2 Plagiarism in Legal Research Bomolay of Pagiariem Definition of Pagirism ‘Tobe Free from Plagirim (Prvention ef Plagirisin) Legal Aspects of Plgirista ‘Types of Common Forms of Plain Reasons for Pagarion How ta Detect Piagirisn Consequences of Plagarsa Chapter 4 Witing @ Legal Research Report ‘What ss Legal Research Meport? Purpose or Importance of a Report Structure of Legal Research Report, ef SRERS RRR RERERERES eaeeer epert enue oe po a Bea a nna Boot oo. oe Chapter 5 Headings of Research Text Headings Fomating Requirements fr Headings ‘Summary DO and DON'T Rules When Designing stings ee Levels of Hoainge Level One Headings ove To Heaings Level Taro Headings ‘Types of Headings Maio of Major Headings Placrent Spacing Leng eters Fomatting Major Ti) He Mrs Wonr mln Using the Stops to May the Subtiadings NY WM Mier Heading Styles ag Conon VS ets i ‘Subcheaings Tt Mt 8 Starting Words in a Eee an ibang? Soc a So ae 26 ag 399 40 so 403 a9 om 404 04 ao 404 405, 405 405 406 405 405 408 409 410 40 40 an a2 a2 Lensth Paragraph Sub heading Consistency Nambecing Formating Subheadings Using Micro. Word ‘Step to Modify the Subeoding Styles chapter 6 Drafting « Legal Research Toxt Flings ‘Appendices Guidelines to prepare the research text ‘Sentence Formation Sentence Structures ‘Verb Patterns Sabjet Patterns ‘Verb Pattern Paragraph Development Start a New Approach ‘Using Punctuation in Research Text Punctuation in Sentenees—How to Use it Corey ‘The Purpose of Punctuation Appropriate Use of Punctuation Marks Use ofen Dash {Ute of em Dash "The Reference Material BOOK BY MORE THAN TWO AUTHORS ARTICLE OF A JOURNAL. 'ARTCLE IN AN ENCYCLOPEDIA APPENDICES FOOTNOTES Foot Note [Bibliography ‘A Comperiaen of Bibigvaphy and Foot-nte Form BIBLIOGRAPHY 43 “3 as