1) A tyre manufacturing company kept a record of the distance covered before a tyre

needed to be replaced. The table shows the results of 1000 cases.

Distance Less than 4000 to 9000 9001 to 14000 More than
(in km) 4000 14000

Frequency 20 210 325 445

If a tyre is bought from this company, what is the probability that :

(i) it has to be substituted before 4000 km is covered?
(ii) it will last more than 9000 km?
(iii) it has to be replaced after 4000 km and 14000 km is covered by it?

Sol:

(i)
Total number of trials = 1000.
The frequency of a tyre required to be replaced before covering 4000 km = 20
So, P(E1) = 20/1000 = 0.02

(ii) The frequency that tyre will last more than 9000 km = 325 + 445 = 770
So, P(E2) = 770/1000 = 0.77

(iii) The frequency that tyre requires replacement between 4000 km and 14000 km
= 210 + 325 = 535.
So, P(E3) = 535/1000 = 0.535

2) One card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards, well-shuffled. Calculate the probability that the card
will
(i) be an ace, (ii) not be an ace.

Sol:

(i)
There are 4 aces in a deck.
Let E be the event the card drawn is ace.
The number of favourable outcomes to the event E = 4
The number of possible outcomes = 52
Therefore, P(E) = 4/52 = 1/13

(ii)
Let F is the event of ‘card is not an ace
The number of favourable outcomes to F = 52 – 4 = 48
The number of possible outcomes = 52
 Therefore, P(F) = 48/52 = 12/13

Complementary Events: If P(E) is the probability of an event and P(not E) is the probability of an
event not happening, then:
P(E) + P(not E) = 1
P(not E) = 1 - P(E)

3) In a class, 35% of the students study science and history. 65% of the students study
science. What is the probability of a student studying history given he/she is already
studying science?
Solution:
Percentage of the students studying science and history = 35%
Probability of students studying science and history = P(S and H) = 0.35

Percentage of students studying science = 65%

The probability of students studying science = P(S) = 0.65

4) Consider the experiment of rolling a die. Let A be the event ‘getting a prime number’, B be the
event ‘getting an odd number’. Write the sets representing the events
(i) Aor B
(ii) A and B
(iii) A but not B
(iv) ‘not A’.
Solution:

Sample Set (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},

A = {2, 3, 5} and
B = {1, 3, 5}
(i) A or B = A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 5}
(ii) A and B = A ∩ B = {3,5}
(iii) A but not B = A – B = {2}
(iv) not A = A′ = {1,4,6}
5) If P(A) = 7/13, P(B) = 9/13 and P(A∩B) = 4/13, evaluate P(A|B).
Solution:

P(A|B) = P(A∩B)/P(B)
= (4/13)/(9/13)
= 4/9

● To solve the problems related to the cards in a deck, you should know which types of
cards are present in each deck. The properties of a deck are given below:
● There are four suits in deck
1. Two suits have black cards and two are red
- In each suit, there are 13 cards.
- These 13 cards include a queen, a king a jack, an ace, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

6) What is the probability of selecting two queen cards from the deck of 52 cards?
Solution:
In a deck of 52 cards, there are 4 queen cards. Since we need to select the two cards
from the deck, hence, first, we will find the probability of selecting the first card from the
deck.
Number of queen cards in a deck = 4
Total number of cards in a deck = 52

The probability of selecting a queen card from a deck =

Now, we will compute the probability of picking up the second card from the deck.
Number of queen cards left in a deck = 3
Total number of cards left in a deck = 51
The probability of picking up a queen card, given that a queen card has already been

selected =
In this example, we need to tell the probability of picking up two queen cards, therefore
we will multiply the probabilities above:

7) In a school, 50% of the students play football and 40% of the boys play basketball.
Suppose that 40% of those who play football also play basketball. What percent of those
that play basketball also play football?

Solution

Let A be an event of a student playing a football and B be an event of the student

playing a basketball.
P(A) = 0.50
P(B) = 0.40
P(B|A) =0.40
 Use the Bayes' theorem to calculate percentage of students who play basketball also
play football P(A|B).

Substitute the values in the above formula:

Hence, 50% of the students who play basketball also play football.

8) There are 12 balls in the pool. 6 balls are blue and the rest are red. Two of the balls are
picked up from the pool without replacement. What is the probability of selecting two red
balls from the pool?

Solution:

We will calculate the probability of the first ball.

Total number of balls in the pool = 12
Probability that a randomly selected ball is red =

Now, we will compute the probability of the second ball.

Total number of balls left in the pool = 11
Number of red balls left in the pool = 5

Probability of selecting a red ball second time =

Probability that two balls selected randomly are red in color = P(A) x P(B|A)

9) There are 8 blue, 7 green, and 6 red-colored pens in a packet. Suppose you draw 2
pens at random from the packet and do not replace them. You then draw another pen.
What is the probability that two pens drawn are green and one is red?

Solution:
First, we will find the probability of drawing one green pen from the packet.
Number of green pens in the packet = 7
Total number of pens in the packet = 21
 The probability of drawing one green pen from the packet =

Now, we will compute the probability of drawing a green pen the second time.
Number of green pens left in the packet = 6
Total number of pens left in the packet = 20

The probability of picking up a green pen second time =

We have to select three pens. Hence, we will also compute the probability of picking up
a red pen from the packet after two green pens were selected.
Number of red pens in the packet = 6
Total number of pens in the packet left = 19

The probability of picking up a third pen that is red =

Probability of picking up two green and one red pen =

10) A small company has hired two architects to create designs for the clients. Architect
1 makes 65% of the designs and architect 2 makes 35% of the designs. Furthermore, 70%
of the designs from architect 1 get approved and 85% of the designs produced by
architect 2 get approved. Suppose a design is drawn at random. If the selected design is
approved, find the probability that it was made by the architect 2.

Solution

Let A1 be an event of the design made by architect 1 and A2 be an event of the design
made by architect 2. Suppose B is an event of selecting an approved design. Now, we
will calculate the conditional probability P(A2|B)

Use the following formula to calculate this probability:

In this problem, we have:

= 0.65
= 0.70
= 0.35
= 0.85

Substitute these values in the formula:

11) In a class, 30% of the students like mathematics and 60% of the students like science.
Suppose that 20% of those who like mathematics also like science. What percent of
those who like science also like mathematics?
Solution:
Let A be an event of a student liking mathematics and B be an event of the student liking
science.

P(A) = 0.30
P(B) = 0.60
P(B|A) =0.20

Use the Bayes' theorem to calculate the percentage of students who like science also
like mathematics P(A|B).

Substitute the values in the above formula:

Hence, 10% of the students who like science also like mathematics.

12) What is the probability of selecting two black cards from the deck of 52 cards?
Solution:
Refer to the types of cards that are present in a deck. Out of 52 cards in a deck, two
suits have black cards and two of them are red. A deck is divided into 4 suits and each
suit has 13 cards.
 In a deck of 52 cards, there are 26 black cards. Since we need to select the two cards
from the deck, hence, first, we will find the probability of selecting the first card from the
deck.

Number of black cards in a deck = 26

Total number of cards in a deck = 52
The probability of selecting a black card from a deck =

Now, we will compute the probability of picking up the second card from the deck.

Number of black cards left in a deck = 25

Total number of cards left in a deck = 51
The probability of picking up a black card, given that one black card has already been

selected =
In this example, we have to tell the probability that both cards selected are black. Hence,
we will multiply the probabilities like this:

13) Two dice are rolled simultaneously. Calculate:

a) The probability of two dice landing on the odd numbers
b) The probability that the sum of the numbers on two dice is an even number
c) The probability that the difference of the numbers on two dice is equal to zero

Solution
First, we will calculate the sample space. The sample space is the list of all possible outcomes
of a random experiment. The sample space of the two dice is given below:

Sample space = S = { (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(1,6),

(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(2,4),(2,5),(2,6),
(3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5),(3,6),
(4,1),(4,2), (4,3),(4,4),(4,5),(4,6),
(5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,5), (5,6),
(6,1),(6,2),(6,3),(6,4),(6,5),(6,6)}

This shows that the total number of possible outcomes is 36.

a) Here, we will compute the probability that two dice land on the odd numbers.

To calculate this probability, first, let us see the number of possible outcomes when two
dice land on the odd numbers:
{(1,1),(1,3),(1,5), (3,1), (3,3), (3,5), (5,1),(5,3),(5,5)}

Number of possible outcomes = 9

 Total number of possible outcomes = 36

Probability of two dice landing on the odd numbers =

b)
To calculate the probability that the sum of the numbers on two dice is an even number,
first, we will see the number of possible outcomes.

{(1,1),(1,3),(1,5),(2,2),(2,4),(2,6),(3,1),(3,3),(3,5),(4,2),(4,4),(4,6), (5,1),(5,3),(5,5),
(6,2),(6,4),(6,6)}

Number of possible outcomes = 18

Total number of possible outcomes = 36

Probability that the sum of the numbers on two dice is an even number =

c)
Now, we will calculate the probability that the difference of the numbers on two dice is
equal to zero.
For this, first, we should find the number of possible outcomes in which the difference of
numbers on two dice is equal to zero.
{ (1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)}
Number of possible outcomes = 6
Total number of possible outcomes = 36

Probability of having the difference of two numbers on the dice equal to zero =

14) Three coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting heads on all
the three coins?

Solution:

Probability of getting a head on the first coin = 1/2

Probability of getting a head on the second coin = 1/2
Probability of getting a head on the third coin = 1/2
Probability of getting heads on all the three coins = 1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2
= 1/8

15) Two workers are working in a house. The probabilities of completing the work on time
with and without rain are 0.70 and 0.25 respectively. If the probability of rain on a certain
day is 0.35, then determine the probability that the workers will complete the work on
time?

Solution:
 Suppose A be the event that workers will complete the work on time
B be the event that it is going to rain. We have the following data:
P(B) = 0.35
P(not raining) = P(B′) = 1 − P(B) = 1 − 0.35 = 0.75

The conditional probabilities of these events will be:

P(A|B) = 0.70
P(A|B') = 0.25

We will use the total probability rule to calculate the probability like this:
P(A) = P(B) P(A|B) + P(B′) P(A|B′)
= 0.35 x 0.70 + 0.75 x 0.25
= 0.4325

16) There are three groups in the class. Each group contains a different number of
students. The first group has 15 students, out of which 8 are girls. The second group has
9 students, out of which the girls are 4. The third group has 12 students, out of which 7
are girls. Find the probability of selecting a girl randomly from one of the three groups.

Solution:
Total number of groups = 3

The number of groups from which a girl will be selected = 1

Probability = P (selecting any one group) = 1/3

Total number of students in the first group = 15

Number of girls = 8
Probability of choosing a girl from the first group = 8/15

Total number of students in the second group = 9

Number of girls in that group = 4
Probability of choosing a girl from the second group = 4/9

Total number of students in the third group = 12

Number of girls in the third group = 7
Probability of choosing a girl from the third group = 7/12

The probability of choosing the girl from one of the three groups will be calculated using
the total probability rule.

P (girl) =

17) Alice wants to go on the trip. The probabilities of going on the trip on a certain day
with or without her friend are 0.90 and 0.15 respectively. If the probability that her friend
is going on the trip is 0.65, then determine the probability that Alice will go on the trip?

Solution:
 Suppose A be the event that Alice will go on the trip and B be the event that her friend is
going. We have the following information:

P(B) = 0.65
P(friend not going) = P(B′) = 1 − P(B) = 1 − 0.65 = 0.35

The conditional probabilities of these events will be:

P(A|B) = 0.90
P(A|B') = 0.15

Because the events B and B' form the partitions of the sample space, S, hence, by the
total probability theorem, we will calculate the probability like this:

P(A) = P(B) P(A|B) + P(B′) P(A|B′)

= 0.65 x 0.90 + 0.35 x 0.15
=0.585 + 0.0525
= 0.6375

Hence, the probability that Alice will go and her friend is also going on the trip is 0.6375
or 63.75%.

17) The blood groups of 200 people is distributed as follows: 50 have type A blood, 65
have B blood type, 70 have O blood type and 15 have type AB blood. If a person from this
group is selected at random, what is the probability that this person has O blood type?
Solution:

We construct a table of frequencies for the blood groups as follows

P(E) = Frequency for O blood / Total frequencies

= 70 / 200
= 0.35

18) Find the probability that a leap year has 52 Sundays.

Solution:

A leap year can have 52 Sundays or 53 Sundays.

In a leap year, there are 366 days out of which there are 52 complete weeks & remaining
2 days. Now, these two days can be (Sat, Sun) (Sun, Mon) (Mon, Tue) (Tue, Wed) (Wed,
Thur) (Thur, Friday) (Friday, Sat).

So there are total of 7 cases out of which (Sat, Sun) (Sun, Mon) are two favorable cases.
So, P (53 Sundays) = 2 / 7
Now, P(52 Sundays) + P(53 Sundays) = 1
So, P (52 Sundays) = 1 - P(53 Sundays) = 1 – (2/7) = (5/7)
19) There are 5 green 7 red balls. Two balls are selected one by one without replacement.
Find the probability that first is green and second is red.
Solution:
P (G) × P (R) = (5/12) x (7/11)
= 35/132

20) A lot of 24 bulbs contain 25% defective bulbs. A bulb is drawn at random from the lot.
It is found to be not defective and it is not put back. Now, one bulb is drawn at random
from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective?
Solution:
25% of 24 = 25100 × 24 = 6.

So, there are 6 defective bulbs and 18 bulbs are not defective.
After the first draw, the lot is left with 6 defective bulbs and 17 non-defective
bulbs.

So, when the second bulb is drawn, the total number of possible outcomes = 23
= 6 + 17

Number of favorable outcomes for the event

E = number of non-defective bulbs = 17.
So, the required probability = P(E) = 17/23

21) In class X, 20% of the students are boys and 80% of them are girls. The probability
that boys passed in mathematics is 0.5 and the probability that girls passed in
mathematics is 0.10. One student is selected at random. What is the probability that the
selected student is passed in mathematics?
Solution:

Let X denote the event that boy is selected,

Y denote the event that girl is selected and
Z denotes the event that the selected student is passed in mathematics.

P(X) = P(boy is selected) = 20/100 = 1/5

P(Y) = P(girl is selected) = 80/100 = 4/5

P(Z/X) = P(selected boy passed in mathematics) = 0.5

P(Z/Y) = P(selected girl passed in mathematics) = 0.10

P(selected student is passed in mathematics)

= P(boy is selected and he is passed in mathematics or girl is selected and she is
passed in mathematics)
 So, required probability is

P(X ∩ Z) + P(Y ∩ Z)

= [P(X) ∙ P(Z/X)] + [ P(Y) ∙ P(Z/Y)]

= [(1/5) × 0.5] + [(4/5) × 0.1]
= 0.10 + 0.08
= 0.18

22) Three identical boxes contain red and white balls. The first box contains 3 red and 2
white balls, the second box has 4 red and 5 white balls, and the third box has 2 red and 4
white balls. A box is chosen very randomly and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball that is
drawn out is red, what will be the probability that the second box is chosen?
Solution:
Let A₁, A₂, and A₃ represent the events of choosing the first, second, and third box
respectively, and let X be the event of drawing a red ball from the chosen box.

Then we are to find the value of P(A₂/X)

Since the boxes are identical, hence P(A₁) = P(A₂) = P(A₃) = ⅓
Again,
by the problem P(X/A₁) = 3/3+2 = 3/5;
P(X/A₂) = 4/4+5 = 4/9;
And, P(X/A₃) = 2/2+4 = 1/3;

Now, event X occurs if one of the mutually exclusive and exhaustive events A1, A2, and
A3 occur. Therefore, using Bayes’ theorem formula we get,

23) Assume that the chances of a person having a skin disease are 40%. Assuming that
skin creams and drinking enough water reduces the risk of skin disease by 30% and
prescription of a certain drug reduces its chance by 20%. At a time, a patient can choose
any one of the two options with equal probabilities. It is given that after picking one of
the options, the patient selected at random has the skin disease. Find the probability that
the patient picked the option of skin screams and drinking enough water using the Bayes
theorem.
Solution:

Assume E1: The patient uses skin creams and drinks enough water;
E2: The patient uses the drug;
A: The selected patient has the skin disease

P(E1) = P(E2) = 1/2

Using the probabilities known to us, we have
P(A|E1) = 0.4 × (1-0.3) = 0.28
P(A|E2) = 0.4 × (1-0.2) = 0.32

Using Bayes Theorem, the probability that the selected patient uses skin creams
and drinks enough water is given by,

(0.28 × 0.5)
=
(0.28 × 0.5 + 0.32 × 0.5)

0.14
=
0.14 + 0.16

= 0.47

24) A man is known to speak the truth 3/4 times. He draws a card and reports it is king.
Find the probability that it is actually a king.
Solution:

Let E be the event that the man reports that king is drawn from the pack of cards
A be the event that the king is drawn
B be the event that the king is not drawn.

Then we have P(A) = 1/4

P(B) = 3/4
P(E/A) = Probability that the man says the truth that king is drawn when actually
king is drawn = P(truth)
= 3/4

P(E/B)= Probability that the man lies that king is drawn when actually king is not
drawn = P(lie)
= 1/4

Then according to Bayes theorem, the probability that it is actually a king

= P(A/E)

= [1/4 × 3/4] ÷ [(1/4 × 3/4) + (1/4 × 3/4)]

= 3/16 ÷12/16

= 3/16 × 16/12

=1/2

= 0.5