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1 views17 pages

physics project

Uploaded by

shivamsingh17917
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SHAISHAV SCHOOL

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mst./Ms. SHIVAM NARSINGH SINGH
of Grade XII Science, has successfully completed his/her Project
under the guidance and supervision of the Internal Examiner.

The Project entitled “TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE INDEXES


OF DIFFERENT LIQUIDS” has been submitted for the academic
year 2024-25 as per the rules of CBSE. The project has fulfilled
all the conditions to the best of my knowledge and information.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to the


Principal, Mr. N.K Sinha, Shaishav School Gotri for his encouragement
and all the facilities that he has provided for this project work.

I extend my hearty thanks to MR. MOSAM PATEL who guided me to


the successful completion of this project. I take this opportunity to
express my deep sense of gratitude for her valuable guidance, constant
encouragement, immense motivation which has sustained my efforts at
all stages of this project.

I would also like to thank Ms. PRIYA GADKARI, Laboratory Assistant,


who helped us with various apparatus and chemicals in the laboratory.

I cannot forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and classmates


who helped me with the advice and support from time to time.
SHAISHAV SCHOOL
Gotri-Sevasi Road, Vadodara-390 021

Academic Year [2024-25]

PROJECT REPORT
PHYSICS (042)
In partial fulfillment of the requirement of
AISSCE (CBSE)
BY

Name: SHIVAM NARSINGH SINGH


Grade: 12TH
Roll no.: 8 Date:___________

Under the supervision of


Mr. MOSAM PATEL
INDEX

SR
NO. TITLE NO. PAGE NO.

1 CERTIFICATE

2 ACKNOWLEDMENT

3 TOPIC

4 INTRODUCTION

5 OBJECTIVE/ AIM

6 EXPERIMENT

7 DIAGRAM

8 RESULT AND PRECATIONS

9 SOURCE OF ERROR

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TOPIC:

To find the refractive index of (a) water (b) oil


using a plane mirror and an equiconvex lens and
an adjustable object needle.
INTRODUCTION:

In optics, the refractive index (a.k.a. refraction index) of


an optical medium is a dimensionless number that
indicates the light-bending ability of that medium. The
refractive index determines how much the path of light is
bent or refracted when entering a material. This is
described by Snell's law of refraction, n1Sin01 = n2Sinn2,
Where,

θ1 = Angles of incidence
θ2 = Angle of refraction,
Respectively of a ray crossing the interface between two
media with refractive indices n1 and n2
OBJECTIVE:

To find the refractive index of water, oil using a plane


mirror and an
equiconvex lens and an adjustable object needle.

MATERIAL REQUIRED:

• convex lens
• Plane mirror
• Water
• Oil
• Clamp stand
• An Optical Needle
• Plumb line
• Knitting needle
• Half meter Scale
• Glass slab
• Spherometer
THEORY:

1. If f1 and f2 be the focal length of the glass convex


lens and liquid lens and f be the focal length of their
combination then:-

1/F = 1/f1+1/f2
OR
f2 = Ff2/f1-F

2. Liquid lens formed a Plano-concave Lens with R1=R


and R2=∞ then by using lens make’s formula

1/f2 = (n-1)[1/R1- 1/R2]


= (n-1)[1/R1-1/∞] –
= (n-1)[1/R-0]
= 1/f2 = n-1/R n
= R/f2+1

Where n = Refractive index of the liquid


R = the radius of the curvature of the convex lens.
3.The radius of the lower surface of the convex lens is
given by:

R = l²/6h+h/2

Here, L is the average distance between the legs of the


spherometer and h is the difference in the reading of the
spherometer when placed first on the convex lens and
then on plane mirror.
PROCEDURE:

(a)For focal length of convex lens:


1. Find the rough focal length of the convex lens.

2. Place a plane mirror on the horizontal


base of the iron stand and
then a convex lens on the plane mirror.

3. Hold the needle in the clamp stand


and adjust its position on the stand such
that there is no parallax between tip of
the needle and its image.

4. Measure distance between tip and


upper surface of the lens by using a
plumb line and half meter scale. Also measure the
distance between tip of needle and upper surface of
the mirror. Take the mean of the two readings. This
means distance will be equal to the focal length of the
convex lens (f1).

(b) For focal length of the combination:


5. Put a few drops of water on the plane mirror and
put the convex lens over it with its same face above as
before. The water spreads in a form of layer and acts
like a Plano-concave lens.

6. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 to determine the


equivalent focal length of the combination.

7. Record the observation.

8. Repeat the steps 5, 6, 7 for other transparent liquid


(oil).

(c) For radius of curvature of convex lens surface:


9. Determine the pitch and the least count of the
spherometer.

10. Remove the convex lens and dry it completely.


Put the spherometer on this lens surface.

11. All the three legs of the spherometer should be


placed symmetrically on the lens and adjust the
central screw tip to touch the surface of the lens.

12. Remove the spherometer from the surface of the


lens and place it on the plane mirror surface and
record the reading.

13. Repeat steps 10 and 11 three times.


14. Obtain the impressions of the three legs of the
spherometer on a paper and mark them and their
average distance.

L = L1+L2+L3
3

DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION:
. Pitch of the spherometer = 1 cm
. Least count of the spherometer = 0.01 cm
· Distance between the Legs:
(1) AB = 3cm
(2) BC = 3 cm
(3) CA = 3cm

TABLE FOR CALCULATION OF ‘H’


TO MEASURE FOCAL LENGTH ‘F’ OF FOCAL LENGHTH:
CALCULATION:

Mean distance between two legs:


l = (AB+BC+CA)/3 = 3 cm

Mean of h:
→ (0.555+0.6)/2 = 0.5775 cm

To find the radius of curvature of the convex lens:


R = l²/6h+h/2 = 2.8861 cm

Measurement of refractive indices of water and oil:

1) With water between the convex lens and plane mirror:


u1 = 1+R/f2 = 1+2.8861/34.7 = 1.0831

2) With oil between the convex lens and plane mirror:


u2 = 1+R/f3 = 1+2.8861/10 = 1.2886

RESULT:

1. The refractive index of water is u1 = 1.0831


2. The refractive index of oil is u2 = 1.2886
PRECAUTIONS:

1. The plane mirror should be clean and fully shining


surface.
2. The liquid taken should be transparent.
3. The parallax should be removed from tip to tip.
4. The eye should be at about 30 cm from the needle
while removing the parallax.
5. Only a few drops of liquid should be taken so that its
layer should be thick.
6. The legs of the spherometer should be vertical.
7. The center leg of the spherometer should turn in one
direction only.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.


2. The parallax may not be fully removed.
3.The spherometer legs should be placed symmetrically
on the surface of the convex lens.
4. The tip of the central screw should not just touch the
surface of lens or mirror.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Help from the internet


2. Help from teachers
3. Help from friend
4. NCERT textbook
4. NCERT physics lab manual
5. www.google.com

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