BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 1

Hey there, UPSC fam!

There’s plenty of buzz
on the block about how tricky current affairs prep can be - and the tea?
Everyone’s struggling with it; like a generational trauma.

As always, we’re keeping it real and unpacking those conflicts

every aspirant faces. Only this time we have taken recourse to a 9 part comic strip!

Here’s a quick look at the common prep struggles—

and how this mag’s gonna help you handle ‘em like a pro.

1. Note-taking vs. Screenshot City

Do you go all out with handwritten notes or keep hoarding endless screenshots? One
saves your sanity, the other saves your time… kinda.
2. Deep Dives vs. Quick Scans
How much detail is too much detail? Should you go full “I know everything” mode, or
stick to surface-level skimming? It’s about balance, but easier said than done.
3. Analyzing Every Angle vs. Headline Hustling
UPSC loves analysis, but you can’t analyze everything. Is it better to know every angle of
a topic or just grab the headlines and go? Real talk: it’s a fine line, and walking it is an art.
4. Prelims-Only Mode vs. Full-On Mains Game
Prelims facts are great for a win, but you need that mains depth, too. Are you ready to
tackle both at once or stay in one lane until the test demands it?
5. Syllabus Essentials vs. “Oooh, This Looks Cool”
Current affairs are endless—there’s always something shiny and interesting. But not
everything’s gonna make it on that syllabus, so here’s the big question: stay strictly
relevant or give in to curiosity?
6. Squad Study Sessions vs. Solo Grind Vibes
Study groups can bring fresh perspectives, but let’s be real, solo time is golden. Do you
lean on your squad or go lone wolf to avoid distractions?
7. Hustle Highs vs. Netflix Naps
You’re hyped up and ready to conquer… until you’re not. Motivation can be a
rollercoaster—whether it’s those highs or tempting Netflix lows. Which way are you
leaning today?
8. Pomodoro Power vs. Insta Scrolling Breaks
Pomodoro Technique is a proven hack for efficiency, but sometimes, a quick Insta break
sounds way more chill. It’s the classic battle of productive breaks vs the social media
black hole.
9. YouTube Rabbit Hole vs. Laser Focus
YouTube has the goods on current affairs, but it can turn into an endless rabbit hole if
you’re not careful. Do you get lost in video suggestions or stick to that one essential
lecture?

At Burning Issues, we’ve crafted this mag to handle these exact dilemmas
head-on! The Burning Issues section dives deep into need-to-know topics for
Mains, helping you balance detail without overwhelming yourself.

For quick recall, Prelims Tidbits dishes out bite-sized facts perfect for prelims-focused prep, while
Note4Students gives you ready-made directions to keep your notes (and sanity) in check.

With Microthemes, we tell you exactly which topic UPSC is going to put a focus on (You
will see this in 2025 Mains Paper, Promise!). And for the basics that tie it all together,
Back2Basics serves up foundational insights, making it easier to manage both prelims and
mains prep without feeling lost. We’ve covered it all so you can prep smarter, not harder!

Dive in, find your balance, and remember: no one’s getting it perfect, but every small win counts.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 2
Contents
Adulterated Offerings 5 Unbalanced Power Play 29
AJR’s Nobel Win 7 Economic Arsenals 31
High Stakes Diplomacy 9 From Secrecy to Openness 34
Breaking Free 11 Achieving SDGs 36
Growth Gauges 13 Equal Plates 39
Land Laws 2.0 15 High Performance Buildings 41
Consent Within Marriage 18 No Benefits, No Security 43
From Fragmentation to Uniformity 21 Legislative Autonomy 46
Power Moves 24 From Black to Green 48
Seed to Success 27 BRICS+ Expansion 51

Prelims Tidbits 54

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 3
Get the maximum out
of every Burning Issue

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 4
 BURNING ISSUE #1 WHY THIS? The NDDB just dropped a

Adulterated Offerings
bombshell: the ghee used in Tirumala
Tirupati Devasthanams’ rituals—and
their iconic Laddu Prasadam—contained
foreign fats like fish oil, beef tallow, and
The Tirupati Laddu even lard. This brings up two big issues: how much control the government really has over temple practices and
Case Exposes where India stands on food safety laws. Since food safety isn’t exactly front-page news every day, we’ve broken
India’s Food Law it down into an easy-to-grasp 6-C framework so you can ace any related questions. Also, check out how we’ve
Flaws mapped the entire Indian Food Law System within this framework—perfect for quick use in your answers!

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Social Governance: Government Food Processing and Related Ethics in Public Administration:
empowerment, communalism, policies and interventions for Industries in India, Science and Status and problems; ethical
regionalism & secularism. development in various sectors Technology: Developments and concerns and dilemmas
and issues arising out of their their applications and effects in in government and private
design and implementation everyday life. institutions, corporate
Note4Students: Delve governance.
Note4Students: Understand the Note4Students: Explore the into the food processing
ethical implications of food regulatory challenges of food industry’s standards and the Note4Students: Reflect on the
adulteration in religious offer- safety and the role of agen- importance of traceability, ethical challenges surrounding
ings and its impact on societal cies like FSSAI in ensuring testing protocols, and food safety in religious institu-
values, communal trust, and consumer protection and regulatory compliance. This tions and the responsibilities of
secular practices. This case compliance. This case offers case illustrates the need temple management. This case
provides insights into how insights into governance for India-specific testing provides a perspective on eth-
food safety intersects with so- issues related to religious methods in food safety, ical governance, transparency,
cial empowerment and public institutions and highlights focusing on consumer and accountability in managing
trust in religious institutions. the need for better regulatory rights and the effective public and religious trust
oversight and consumer rights. application of technology in
Microthemes food safety management. Microthemes
Communalism, Social Microthemes Microthemes Public/Civil Service Values,
Empowerment Structural reforms and Actions Food Processing Sector Corporate Governance

The Centre for Adulterants detected included:

Analysis and •P  lant-based fats: soybean, sunflower oil,
Learning in Livestock rapeseed oil, linseed, wheat germ, maize germ,
and Food (CALF) of cotton seed, coconut, and palm kernel fat.
the National Dairy • Animal-based fats: fish oil, beef tallow, and
Development Board lard (pig fat).
found that ghee
samples supplied to The case of Tirupati Laddu Adulteration
the Tirumala Tirupati highlights critical intersections between
Devasthanams (TTD) food safety standards, regulatory oversight,
for preparing laddus and societal values. The 6-C Framework
were adulterated evaluation helps unravel the weaknesses and
with various fats. opportunities in India’s food safety mechanisms,
from legislative gaps to ethical dilemmas.

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Evaluation of the Tirupati Laddu Adulteration Case for Food Safety
Component Evaluation of Tirupati Laddu Case
1. Clear • FSSAI is the central regulatory authority, but oversight of religious offerings like the Tirupati Laddu was unclear, allowing adulteration to go undetected.
Authority • The temple management had internal control over preparation but failed to maintain food safety standards.
• The involvement of external bodies like NDDB shows the need for better jurisdiction clarity and external audits.
2. Compre- • While the Food Safety and Standards Act (2006) outlines strict food safety norms, religious offerings like laddus might not be consistently tested.
hensive • Section 272 of the Indian Penal Code criminalizes adulteration, but minimal penalties meant deterrence was weak.
Standards • The lack of India-specific standards for testing ghee from Indian cows allowed adulteration to go undetected for years.
3. Com- • The internal compliance mechanism failed, as ghee adulteration with harmful animal fats went undetected for a long time.
pliance • T here was a clear lack of regular external inspections and certifications by food safety authorities.
Mechanisms • The need for traceability was highlighted, as it was unclear how the adulterated ghee entered the supply chain.
• Penalties under existing laws were insufficient to prevent such adulteration, leading to weak enforcement.
4. Consumer • Devotees were unaware of the adulteration, raising concerns over consumer rights in sacred offerings.
Protection • T he lack of a system for grievance redressal allowed this issue to persist without devotees being informed.
• There was no labeling of ingredients or source of the ghee used in the laddus, compromising consumer trust.
5. Capacity • The lack of trained personnel at the temple and weak external checks allowed adulteration to go unnoticed.
Building • Technology integration like gas chromatography failed due to the absence of India-specific testing protocols.
• There was no focus on R&D to develop local testing methods based on Indian cows’ unique biochemical profiles.
6. Collab- • The scandal highlighted the need for India-specific testing standards instead of reliance on international testing protocols for adulteration detection.
oration • There was little focus on sustainability in production and sourcing practices for sacred offerings.
• The National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) stepped in, but regular collaboration between food safety bodies and religious institutions was lacking.

Way Forward:
•S  trengthen Enforcement Mechanisms: Increase resources for testing • Temple Management Reforms: Temple management should involve
facilities and train personnel to implement FSSAI standards more effec- independent trusts of local leaders and experts, with government over-
tively, ensuring regular checks for sophisticated adulteration. sight. Mandatory audits and public fund disclosures ensure transparen-
• Develop India-Specific Testing Protocols: Create testing standards cy. Devotee councils can advise on rituals, while the state focuses on
based on baseline data specific to Indian cows and local adulterants to heritage preservation. Temple funds may support welfare initiatives, with
improve accuracy in detecting food adulteration. religious authorities’ consultation.

BACK2BASICS Components Of A Good Food Safety Law

Component Key Elements Evaluation of Indian System for Food Safety (Pointers)
1. Clear Centralized Authori- • FSSAI is the centralized authority overseeing food safety across India.
Authority ty, Decentralization, • Coordination issues between central and state bodies affect implementation.
Clear Jurisdiction • States like Karnataka and Maharashtra have implemented state-specific food safety regulations, but these sometimes clash
with central guidelines.
2. Compre- Food Safety Stan- • FSSAI sets comprehensive standards aligned with Codex Alimentarius.
hensive dards, International • M andatory licensing and registration are required, but compliance is weaker in rural and informal sectors.
Standards Alignment, Licensing • Tamil Nadu has additional state regulations for food safety in public distribution systems, supplementing FSSAI standards.
& Registration
3. Com- Quality Control, • Inspection protocols exist, but limited trained manpower affects regular inspections.
pliance Inspection, Penal- • Enforcement of penalties for non-compliance is inconsistent, especially in smaller setups.
Mechanisms ties, Certification, • Traceability systems are improving but are not uniformly implemented across states.
Traceability • States like Kerala are more proactive with local-level inspections and penalties for non-compliance.
4. Consumer Right to Safe Food, • India guarantees the right to safe food, but consumer education initiatives need more reach, particularly in rural areas.
Protection Consumer Education, • Labeling regulations (ingredients, allergens, expiry) exist but are not uniformly followed in informal sectors.
Labeling, Grievance • Grievance redressal is available but underutilized by the general public.
Redressal • West Bengal and Delhi have strong labeling and consumer awareness campaigns around food safety, helping improve
compliance.
5. Capacity Training, Technology Initiatives like FoSTaC (Food Safety Training and Certification) provide training but are still lacking in rural areas.
Building Integration, R&D • Technology integration (e.g., real-time monitoring) is growing but is limited due to infrastructure challenges.
Focus, Innovation • R&D and innovation in food safety practices are in early stages, with little incentive for large-scale innovation.
Incentives • Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have technology-driven food safety initiatives that could serve as models for other states.
6. Collab- International • India works with international food safety bodies like WHO and Codex Alimentarius, but collaboration needs improvement.
oration Cooperation, Global • Incorporation of sustainability practices (e.g., eco-friendly packaging) in food safety is limited.
Partnerships, Sus- • Global trade compliance is improving but is uneven across industries, with some states focusing more on exports than others.
tainability • Punjab has actively engaged with global partners to improve agricultural food safety, particularly for exports.

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 BURNING ISSUE #2 WHY THIS? This year’s Nobel Prize in Economics went to Daron

AJR’s Nobel Win

Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James Robinson for showing
how institutions are the backbone of development. Their
work makes it important to understand how institutions are
crucial for topics like governance, economic growth, and social
How Strong justice. Here’s the catch: a lot of people miss the connection between institutions and real-world issues like
Institutions Drive poverty, inequality, and resource access. So, for your prep, don’t just stick to textbook definitions. Dive into how
Development institutions impact real problems, and focus on clear examples that bring these effects to life

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4

Society: Social Empowerment, Governance: Role of Civil Economic Growth, Role of Ethics in Public Administration:
Regionalism, Globalization, Services in Democracy, Institutions in Development, Accountability, Probity in
Urbanization: Issues in Urban Transparency & Accountability, Inclusive Growth, Sustainability, Governance, Dilemmas in Public
Development, Social Inequality Constitution: Separation of Climate Change, e-Governance, Administration
Powers, Role of Regulatory Cybersecurity
Note4Students: Examine the Institutions, Social Justice: Note4Students: Discuss how Note4Students: Reflect on the
role of institutions in man- Welfare Schemes, Rights Issues strong institutions foster ethical challenges faced by
aging social inequalities Note4Students: Analyze the economic growth and inno- institutions when dealing
and addressing challenges institutional role in maintain- vation by providing a stable with corruption and political
posed by urbanization and ing checks and balances framework for investments interference. Discuss how
globalization. Consider how within democratic systems and infrastructure devel- ethical governance can
institutions like local bodies and protecting citizens’ opment. Explore the role of be strengthened to resist
help balance social empower- rights. Evaluate how institu- institutions in addressing populism and ensure fairness
ment and regional aspirations. tions such as the Judiciary climate change and regulating in public decision-making
and Election Commission technological disruptions
uphold transparency and like AI and cybersecurity.
public trust in governance.
Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes
Social Empowerment, Govern- Civil Services, Transparency Inclusive Growth, Financial Ethical Dilemmas in Public
ment Programmes and Accountability Inclusion, e-Governance Administration

How Institutions Affect Development

Aspect Impact of Institutions on Development Examples
Economic Strong institutions create a stable environment for businesses, Central banks ensuring monetary stability (e.g.,
Growth promoting investment, innovation, and economic expansion. Reserve Bank of India or Federal Reserve in the U.S.).
Property Rights Institutions protect property rights, encouraging entrepreneurship Land reforms and legal protections for private
Protection and investment by securing ownership and returns. property (e.g., World Bank’s Doing Business Index).
Reduction in Institutions with strong governance reduce corruption, making Anti-corruption bodies like the Lokpal in India or
Corruption the use of public resources more efficient and equitable. Transparency International rankings.
Human Capital Educational and healthcare institutions promote human capital Government-funded education systems (e.g., Finland’s
Development development, improving workforce productivity and innovation. education system) & universal healthcare models.
Infrastructure Institutions guide and oversee the development of critical Government agencies overseeing infrastructure projects,
Development infrastructure like roads, ports, and digital networks. such as NHAI in India or Federal Highway Authority.
Social Inclusion Institutions ensure equitable distribution of resources and Welfare programs like MGNREGA in India or social
and Equality opportunities, reducing poverty and social inequalities. security systems in Scandinavian countries.
Environmental Institutions regulate environmental practices, ensuring that Environmental Protection Agencies (e.g., EPA in the
Sustainability development is sustainable and not at the cost of ecosystems. U.S.) and India’s National Green Tribunal (NGT).
Political Institutions promote political stability, which is crucial for Stable democratic systems like Germany’s,
Stability sustained economic development and investor confidence. promoting long-term investments.
Innovation and Research institutions foster innovation by supporting scientific Institutions like the Indian Council of Medical Research
Research research, technological advances, and skill development. (ICMR) or MIT in the U.S. leading in innovation.

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While institutions play a critical role in
promoting economic development and social
equality, they increasingly face emerging
challenges like corruption and technological
disruptions, which can weaken their role in
maintaining sustainable growth and stability.

Emerging Challenges for Institutions

Challenge Description Impact on Institutions
Corruption and Lack Corruption undermines the efficiency and credibility of institutions, Leads to inefficient use of resources, reduced public confidence,
of Accountability weakening governance & eroding public trust. and weakened development outcomes.
Political Interference Excessive political control over institutions reduces their Affects decision-making, judicial autonomy, and overall
independence, compromising their ability to function fairly. governance quality, as seen in many developing nations.
Bureaucratic Inefficiency Slow and outdated bureaucratic procedures delay implementation of Delays reforms, public services, and infrastructure
policies, hampering development and service delivery. development, limiting progress.
Globalization and Global economic trends put pressure on domestic institutions to Institutions may struggle to balance global economic forces
Economic Pressures adapt rapidly, sometimes undermining local governance structures. with local needs, leading to instability.
Technological Disruption Rapid technological change challenges institutions to adapt to new Institutions may lag in regulation, security measures, and
realities, such as AI, digital governance, and cybersecurity. integration of technology, causing inefficiencies.
Climate Change and Institutions are often unprepared to manage large-scale environmental Lack of preparedness & inadequate environmental governance
Environmental Degradation crises, affecting their ability to implement sustainable policies. can exacerbate natural disasters and resource depletion.
Social Inequalities and Institutions may fail to address growing income disparities and social Social instability, protests, and dissatisfaction with
Marginalization inequalities, leading to unrest and weakening democratic structures. governance emerge, undermining institutional effectiveness.
Global Health Crises Institutions may lack capacity to respond to health emergencies like Weak health governance and lack of preparedness strain
pandemics, leading to delayed responses and uncoordinated actions. public services, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Rise of Populism and Erosion Populist movements challenge traditional institutional frameworks, Threatens the checks and balances of governance, affecting
of Democratic Norms often leading to the undermining of democratic processes. the rule of law and institutional legitimacy.
Digital Misinformation & The spread of misinformation and cyber threats challenges Undermines public trust, electoral integrity, and the capacity
Cybersecurity Threats institutions to protect democratic integrity and public trust. of institutions to respond effectively.

Way forward: [B2B] Importance of Institutions in Democracy

•S  trengthen Inclusive Institutions: Focus on legal and
policy reforms that secure property rights, ensure fair Importance Importance of Institutions Examples
governance, and promote transparent decision-making, Rule of Law Institutions uphold the rule of law, ensuring Judiciary enforcing
encouraging broad-based economic participation and that all individuals, including government constitutional provisions,
growth. officials, are subject to the law. such as in India.
• Empower Marginalized Groups: Implement policies that Checks and Institutions ensure the separation of Legislative, Executive, and
reduce power concentration by supporting grassroots Balances powers, preventing any single branch of Judiciary separation in the
movements, enhancing education access, and providing government from becoming too powerful. U.S.
economic opportunities to disadvantaged communities
to overcome historical inequalities. Protection Institutions safeguard citizens’ National Human Rights
of Rights fundamental rights, ensuring that Commissions or Election
democratic freedoms are upheld. Commissions.
Transparency Institutions enhance government Ombudsman institutions
and Account- transparency and hold leaders and anti-corruption
ability accountable for their actions. agencies (e.g., Lokpal).
Public Institutions enable public involvement in Public hearings,
Participation decision-making processes, fostering an consultations, and
inclusive democracy. referenda by local councils.
Stability and Institutions provide stability, ensuring that Parliamentary systems like
Continuity changes in leadership or political shifts do in the UK ensuring smooth
not disrupt governance mechanisms. transitions.
Conflict Institutions mediate disputes, reducing Courts resolving electoral
Resolution the likelihood of political or social conflicts disputes or constitutional
escalating into violence. questions.

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 BURNING ISSUE #3 WHY THIS? India-Canada relations are all over the news

High Stakes
lately with India expelling six Canadian diplomats and
recalling its High Commissioner, really cranking up the
tension. UPSC probably won’t ask about India-Canada

Diplomacy
India and Canada at Crossroads?

relations as a standalone topic, but understanding the ethical dimensions shaping international relationships. While taking
impact of this fallout can help you answer broader ques- notes, focus on the bigger picture—national sovereignty, the ethical
tions, like how ties with developed nations affect India’s duties of diplomats, and the challenges of dealing with foreign influ-
economy. Its important to go beyond the headlines in ence. This approach lets you see the issue from all angles, making it
such topics. It is especially important to dive into the easier to tackle complex questions.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Communalism, IR: Effect of policies & politics of Int. Security: Role of external state Ethics in Governance: Ethical
Ethnic Conflicts, and Social developed & developing countries and non-state actors in creating issues in IRs, Accountability, and
Integration on India’s interests, Indian diaspora challenges to internal security Conflicts of Interest
Note4Students: Analyze the Note4Students: Study the im- Note4Students: Evaluate how Note4Students: Explore the
impact of international diplo- plications of the India-Canada the alleged involvement ethical dimensions of diplomatic
matic tensions on ethnic and diplomatic fallout on India’s of Indian intelligence in conduct, foreign interference,
diaspora communities, focus- foreign policy, bilateral ties, criminal networks and and state accountability, con-
ing on how the India-Canada and the geopolitical ramifi- assassinations abroad relates sidering the balance between
row may exacerbate commu- cations with other Western to internal security concerns national security interests
nalism and social divisions allies like the U.S., considering and the role of external and international diplomatic
among the Sikh diaspora in how issues of sovereignty threats, such as Khalistani norms, as well as the ethical
Canada and Punjab in India. and foreign interference can extremism, in India’s national dilemmas faced by diplomats.
strain international relations. security landscape.

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Communalism, Regionalism Geo-politics affecting India’s Threat from External state Ethical issues in IR
Interest, Indian Diaspora and Non-state actors

About the News Potential Implications

India’s expulsion of six Canadian diplomats
and its recall of the High Commissioner Concerns Details
have heightened tensions with Canada,
sparking concerns over potential economic Halted Trade Diplomatic tensions have suspended negotiations on the
impacts. These include $75 billion in Agreement Talks Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA), blocking
Canadian pension investments in India, opportunities for expanded trade ties.
stalled trade negotiations, and remittance Trade Disruptions
flows from Canada. A key source of friction Canada supplies 1% of India’s trade, including 25% of pulse and 5% of
is the Khalistan movement for a separate fertilizer imports; the current situation may impact trade stability.
Sikh state. Tensions escalated after the Investment
killing of Khalistani leader Hardeep Singh Uncertainty Canada, the 18th-largest investor in India (2020-2023), has $3.31
Nijjar in Canada, which Prime Minister billion invested, with $75 billion in pension fund stakes in key Indian
Justin Trudeau linked to Indian agents. firms (e.g., Kotak, Paytm); strained relations introduce investment risks.
India denied the accusation, instead Possible Remit-
alleging Canadian support for Khalistani tance Decline India received $125 billion in remittances in 2023, with Canada among
extremists. This diplomatic strain not only the major sources; 0.6% of India’s remittances (2021-22) came from
places economic interests at risk but also Canada, potentially affected by the fallout.
threatens established frameworks for Challenges for
trade, investment, and people-to-people Student Mobility Canada hosts 427,000 Indian students; diplomatic friction may affect
ties between the two countries. student movement and disrupt educational ties.

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Importance of India-Canada Despite recent challenges, India and Canada share extensive ties, underscoring the
Relations: importance of sustained cooperation across strategic, economic, and social domains.

Key Area Details

1. Indo-Pacific Cooperation • Canada’s Indo-Pacific Strategy identifies India as a key partner, emphasizing shared values of democracy and pluralism.
• China is viewed as a “disruptive power,” contrasting with India’s role as a “critical partner.”
2. Trade Relations • India ranks 10th among Canada’s trading partners; bilateral trade totals USD 5 billion.
• 400+ Canadian companies in India, with 1,000+ exploring the Indian market.
• Canadian pension funds invested USD 55 billion (2014-2020). Working on CEPA and FIPA agreements.
3. Development Partnership • Canada invested $24 million (2018-2019) in 75 projects in India via NGOs like Grand Challenges Canada.
4. Energy Collaboration • The Nuclear Cooperation Agreement (2010) created a Joint Committee on Civil Nuclear Cooperation.
• A Uranium supply agreement was signed during PM Modi’s 2015 visit.
5. S&T and Space Ties • ISRO and Canadian Space Agency (CSA) have MoUs for space exploration.
• ANTRIX (ISRO’s commercial arm) launched several Canadian satellites.
6. Educational Links • Since 2018, India has been the largest source of international students in Canada, aiding subsidized domestic education.
7. Indian Diaspora • Canada hosts 1.6 million people of Indian origin (3% of its population).
• 22 Indian-origin MPs in the 338-member House of Commons showcase the diaspora’s influence.
• Indian communities contribute strongly to Canada’s political, cultural, and economic sectors.

Given the extensive shared interests and historical ties, both nations must pursue strategic measures to
Way Forward navigate the current crisis and reaffirm their commitment to collaboration in various sectors.

1.Engagement with Sikh Diaspora: In- 3.Dehypenation of Political Issues: It is 5.Responsible Media Engagement: Pro-
dia should actively engage with the crucial for India and Canada to sep- moting accurate media reporting is key
Sikh community in Canada to counter arate the Khalistan issue from trade to ensuring public narratives reflect
Khalistani separatist propaganda. Out- discussions. Resuming negotiations on the complexities of India-Canada rela-
reach initiatives can highlight the sta- the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) will tions. Addressing allegations of foreign
bility and economic progress in Punjab, be vital for enhancing economic ties. interference and organized crime is
fostering unity among the diaspora. crucial for a balanced discourse.

2.Pragmatic Cooperation Framework: A new 4.Civil Society and Track II Diplomacy: 6.Ethical Governance in Diplomacy: Both
framework focusing on mutual benefits in Supporting civil society initiatives can nations should discuss the ethical as-
trade, energy, infrastructure, and transport foster dialogue and improve people-to-peo- pects of diplomatic conduct, focusing
is essential. This can facilitate econom- ple connections. Track II diplomacy is on foreign interference and state ac-
ic cooperation and rebuild trust amidst important for conflict resolution and countability. Establishing ethical norms
concerns of diplomatic disengagement. rebuilding trust between the nations. will help balance national security with
international diplomatic standards.

Conclusion: Ethical Dilemma Description [Back2Basics] Examples

Navigating the Balancing National Diplomats must protect national security interests while How can India protect its security concerns related to the
complexities of Interests with fostering constructive relations with Canada, navigating India’s Khalistan movement without infringing on Canada’s right
India-Canada Bilateral Relations stance on separatism against Canada’s sovereignty rights. to handle its domestic issues autonomously?
relations in
light of recent Managing National Canada supports freedom of expression, including activities How do diplomats respect Canada’s values on freedom of
tensions requires Security vs. Free- by Khalistan supporters. India views these activities as a expression while addressing activities that India perceives
a multifaceted dom of Expression threat, complicating a balance between rights and security. as hostile to its national security?
approach that Influence of Diaspo- A large Indian diaspora in Canada influences both countries’ How can diplomats promote diaspora unity and support
emphasizes ra on Diplomatic policies, demanding a balance between upholding diaspora while ensuring that community activities do not contribute
constructive Relations rights and managing legal implications in each nation. to escalations in diplomatic tensions?
dialogue, ethical Trade and Eco- Tensions over the Khalistan issue impact India-Canada Should economic considerations be isolated from
governance, and nomic Security vs. economic relations, including trade agreements and political issues, or can economic relations be strategically
the promotion of Political Disputes investments, posing a choice between economic interests leveraged to encourage resolutions on political disputes?
shared interests. and political issues.
By focusing on
these key areas, Transparency vs. Diplomats must balance transparency in communicating To what extent should open communication be prioritized
both nations can State Security with Canada about Nijjar’s death while protecting sensitive to uphold diplomatic accountability, and at what point does
work towards in Diplomatic information critical to state security. confidentiality for national security become essential?
restoring Communication
diplomatic ties Adherence to Ethi- With mutual accusations regarding extremism and How can diplomats uphold ethical standards and
and addressing cal Standards Amid international norms, diplomats are tasked with ensuring international protocols while managing the sensitive issue of
the underlying State Accountability accountability while avoiding escalatory measures. state accountability without escalating mutual accusations?
issues affecting
Conflict Resolution Institutions mediate disputes, reducing the likelihood of Courts resolving electoral disputes or constitutional
their bilateral
political or social conflicts escalating into violence. questions.
relationship.

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 BURNING ISSUE #4

Breaking
WHY THIS? World Development Report 2024 has flagged the risk of over 100 countries, including India,
getting stuck in the middle-income trap. For UPSC CSE 2025, it’s crucial because understanding

Free
India’s economic vulnerabilities and possible solutions is central to tackling questions on economic
development. People will usually read its definition, challenges and way forward and then
Can India escape the move into trade protectionism. But it’s important to understand the underlying factors
Middle-Income Trap? that make India vulnerable and how ideas and innovation help countries escape this trap.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Poverty and Governance: Issues relating to Economy: Inclusive growth; Ethics and Integrity: Work
developmental issues, Social development and management Government Budgeting; Effects culture, quality of service
Empowerment. of social sector/services; of liberalization on the economy, delivery, and utilization of public
Government policies and changes in industrial policy, funds.
interventions for development in and their effects on industrial
various sectors. growth.

Note4Students: Understand Note4Students: Examine the Note4Students: Analyze India’s Note4Students: Reflect on
the challenges posed by the role of governance in ad- vulnerability to the mid- ethical governance challenges
middle-income trap on India’s dressing structural challeng- dle-income trap and explore associated with economic
economic and social struc- es like income inequality strategies for escaping it, like transitions, such as reducing
ture. Study the role of income and institutional efficiency. innovation and export-led corruption and enhancing
inequality, wage stagnation, Learn how policy reforms growth. Understand how transparency. Study how
and wealth disparity in can strengthen India’s path sustainable diversification and ethical public administration
limiting broad-based growth. towards high-income status. green technology investments can support sustainable and
can balance economic growth inclusive economic growth.
with environmental goals.
Microthemes Microthemes
Social Empowerment, Poverty Government Schemes and Microthemes Microthemes
and developmental issues policies Inclusive growth, Financial Utilisation of public funds,
Inclusion quality of service delivery

What is the Middle-Income Trap? India’s Middle-Income Trap

The World Bank defines middle-income econ- India, the world’s most populous
omies as those with incomes between $1,136 democracy and a major emerging
and $13,845 per capita. The middle-income economy, faces the critical challenge of
trap refers to a slowdown in growth when an escaping the “Middle Income Trap.”
economy reaches a certain income threshold, With aspirations to achieve devel-
about 11% of U.S. per capita income. oped-nation status by 2047, India must
adopt a holistic and dynamic approach to
economic growth, emphasizing innova-
tion, diversification, and inclusivity​.
Escaping The Middle-Income Trap For India, which remains classified as a
According to the World Development Report lower-middle-income nation with a per
2024, over 100 countries, including India, are capita GDP of approximately USD 2,850​
at risk of stagnating at middle-income levels, , breaking out of this trap is essential to
failing to transition into high-income economies. fulfilling its developmental ambitions.

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Why is India Vulnerable? Global Comparisons: Lessons
Vulnerability Factors from South Korea and Chile
Details To understand how India can overcome these
in India’s Economy
challenges, it is essential to examine success stories
Diminishing Returns In the 1980s & 1990s, investments in physical capital drove
like South Korea and Chile, which escaped the middle-
on Physical Capital growth. Current economy shows diminishing returns, making capital
income trap through targeted state intervention:
deepening insufficient for future growth.
South Korea: Adopted an export-led growth strategy
Income Inequality India’s Gini Index stands at around 35, indicating significant income and focused on industrialization. The government
inequality. Wealth disparity curbs domestic consumption & restricts played a crucial role in guiding industrial policies and
broad-based economic growth. fostering competitive private sector development,
Real Wage Stagna- Despite sectoral advances, real wages remain flat. Manufacturing particularly through its chaebols (large family-owned
tion & Premature sector stagnation & premature deindustrialization (fall in conglomerates).
Deindustrialization manufacturing’s GDP contribution) constrain domestic demand. Chile: Developed its natural resource industries, such
as salmon farming, through active state support and
Challenges in Innova- Gains from digitalization & service sector growth haven’t spread strategic interventions in high-potential sectors.
tion & Productivity across industries. Limited R&D investment & the inability to scale
domestic innovations hinder progress. Both countries illustrate the importance of state-
Structural Constraints Economic growth driven by the top 100 million citizens. directed investment, technology infusion, and
Cronyism & wealth concentration distort competition & restrict innovation—what is often referred to as the 3i strategy.
innovation & productivity growth. India must adopt a similar approach, tailored to its
democratic structure and economic complexities.

How Can India Escape the Middle-Income Trap?

Strategies for Escaping
Details
the Middle-Income Trap
Enhancing Productivity Prioritize R&D and technology adoption.
through Innovation Strengthen links between universities and industries.
Learn from Taiwan & Japan, where innovation drives high-value activities.
Boosting Manufacturing Focus on Production Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes.
and Exports Aim to increase manufacturing GDP share from 15.6% to 21% by FY31.
Ensure global competitiveness through advanced technologies and value-added production.
Addressing Income Inequality Introduce progressive taxation and boost social spending.
Expand social safety nets and implement regional development initiatives to promote inclusive growth.
Sustainable Economic Move beyond traditional sectors like services and agriculture.
Diversification Focus on emerging industries such as renewable energy and technology-driven manufacturing.
Invest in green technologies and energy transitions to drive new growth and enhance climate resilience.
Strengthening Institutions Enhance transparency and reduce corruption.
and Governance Implement institutional reforms to streamline regulations and attract foreign direct investment (FDI).
Increase institutional efficiency to ensure effective policy implementation.

Environmental & Climate Resilience: [B2B] Ideas & Innovation Vs The Middle Income Trap
Balancing economic growth with environmental
sustainability is critical for India, especially as it aims IDEAS Pillar Description Example
to reach high-income status by 2047. Investments
in green technologies and practices can help India Innovation Build R&D hubs and promote South Korea boosted electronics
align its growth strategies with its climate goals Ecosystem entrepreneurship to drive high- and automotive sectors through R&D
of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. value industries and tech growth. investment, becoming an advanced
economy.
Digital Invest in digital infrastructure to Estonia’s e-Estonia initiative digitized
Conclusion: India’s aspiration to escape the middle- Transformation raise productivity, cut costs, and government services, attracting tech
income trap by 2047 is achievable, but it requires support new business. startups and enhancing efficiency.
a comprehensive strategy focused on innovation,
productivity enhancement, and inclusive growth. The Education Develop a skilled workforce Singapore created a highly skilled
country’s strengths in digital infrastructure, demographic and Skills with education and vocational workforce, allowing it to quickly
advantage, and emerging industries like renewable energy training to climb the value chain. move into advanced industries.
provide a solid foundation for future growth. However,
Access to Global Join global supply chains for Vietnam became a manufacturing
without targeted reforms in governance, manufacturing,
Markets competition, growth, & innovation hub by leveraging trade agreements
and labor markets, India risks stagnating at its current
through trade and exports. and foreign investments.
income level. Drawing lessons from countries like South
Korea and Chile, and adopting a holistic approach Sustainable Promote long-term, stable Costa Rica focused on sustainable
that leverages the 3i strategy—investment, infusion Development growth through governance and tourism and high-tech, supported by
of technologies, and innovation—India can unlock its sustainability policies. stable governance, reaching upper-
potential and achieve sustained high-income growth. middle income status.

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 BURNING ISSUE #5 WHY THIS? The yield-centric approach of Indian Agriculture has led

Growth Gauges
to significant issues affecting long-term agricultural sustainability.
In UPSC, understanding the nuances of sustainable agriculture is
crucial as questions often cover the intersections of food securi-
ty, resource management, and climate change resilience. Thus, in
Does Agriculture Need preparing for questions on agriculture and sustainability, it’s key not to limit yourself
to discussions on yield for assessment. To set your answers apart, include specific
an indicator change ? indicators like soil health metrics and water-use efficiency, which we’ve detailed in
complementary tables. These indicators help craft an answer that’s solution-ori-
ented and provides a balanced perspective, linking policy, ethics, and practical
on-ground techniques.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Issues relating to Governance: Govt policies & Agriculture: Major cropping pat- Ethics in Public
poverty and developmental issues, interventions for development terns in various parts of the coun- Administration:
urbanization. Geography: Distri- in various sectors and issues try, different types of irrigation and Accountability and
bution of key natural resources; arising out of their design and irrigation systems. Environmental ethical Governance.
factors responsible for the location implementation. Social Justice: Conservation. Disaster and Disas-
of primary, secondary, and tertiary Welfare schemes for vulnerable ter Management. Note4Students: Explore
sector industries in various parts of sections of the population. Note4Students: Critique yield as ethical implications of
the world, including India. Note4Students: Evaluate the a sole measure of agricultural prioritizing yield over
role of government schemes success, focusing on its envi- sustainability. Discuss
Note4Students: Analyze how (e.g., Pradhan Mantri Krishi ronmental and economic lim- accountability in im-
yield-focused agricultural practices Sinchayee Yojana) in promoting itations. Highlight sustainable plementing agricultural
impact food security and nutrition. water-efficient and soil-conserv- farming practices like intercrop- policies that balance
Discuss the geographical impli- ing practices. Discuss policy ping, conservation agriculture, productivity with
cations of practices that affect support for crop diversification and climate-resilient varieties environmental conser-
soil health, water use, and crop and resilience to reduce depen- to enhance productivity while vation and long-term
diversity across regions. dence on high-yielding varieties. protecting resources. farmer welfare.

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Social Empowerment, Poverty and Hunger, Structural reforms and Integrated farming System, Accountability and
developmental issues. actions Disaster Management Ethical Governance.

Indicator For Agriculture : Yield ? Limitations of Using Yield as the Sole

Government must embrace a new approach where the Indicator of Agricultural Success
success of agriculture is defined by its capacity to nourish
people, support livelihoods, and safeguard our planet for Limitation Explanation
future generations. Nutritional Quality High-yielding varieties often have lower
Neglect (ICAR) micronutrient levels (e.g., reduced zinc and iron in
rice and wheat).

While yield is an important measure Increased In- Achieving higher yields can increase costs, with
put Costs fertilizer response declining since the 1970s.
of agricultural productivity, its Biodiversity Loss Focus on a few high-yielding varieties reduces crop
limitations underscore the need for diversity (e.g., loss of ~104,000 rice varieties in
India).
complementary indicators that offer
Environmen- Intensive farming for yield leads to soil degradation,
a more holistic view of agricultural tal Impact water depletion, and harm to ecosystems.
sustainability. Reduced Resilience Yield-first approaches reduce crop resilience to
extreme weather events like droughts, floods, and
heatwaves.

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Complementary Indicators to Yield in With these additional indicators, farmers can adopt specific practices to en-
Assessing Agricultural Sustainability hance sustainability, ensuring both productivity and resilience in agriculture.

Indicator Explanation
Nutritional Output Per Hectare Measures both the quantity and nutritional quality of food produced.
Soil Health Metrics Includes soil biological activity and soil organic carbon to ensure long-term fertility and productivity.
Water-Use Efficiency Tracks water required per crop yield to encourage better water management.
Farm Biodiversity Evaluates crop diversity (Landscape Diversity Score), improving resilience against pests, diseases, and
climate shifts.
Economic Resilience Metrics Assesses income diversification through methods like intercropping and livestock to ensure farmer
stability.
Environmental Impact Measures Tracks carbon footprint and ecosystem services to assess broader environmental impacts.

Practices for Farmers to Improve Sustainability Beyond Yield

Practice Explanation
Intercropping Growing multiple crops together (e.g., sugarcane with vegetables) for improved income and soil
health.
Agroecological Approaches Methods like crop rotation and organic farming to maintain biodiversity and soil fertility.
Water Management Techniques Techniques such as drip irrigation and AI tools for more efficient water use.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Combines biological, mechanical, and chemical methods to reduce harmful pesticide use.
Conservation Agriculture Methods like no-till farming and mulching to improve soil structure and moisture retention.
Adopting Climate-Re- Growing drought-tolerant or flood-resistant varieties to reduce climate change risks.
silient Varieties

WAY FORWARD
India’s agricultural future requires moving shocks. The Landscape Diversity Score can 4.Addressing Environmental Impact
beyond yield as the sole indicator. A multi- promote intercropping and income diversifi- a.Environmental Degradation: Intensive
dimensional approach, integrating nutrition, cation, boosting resilience. farming for yield increases soil and water
sustainability, and resilience, is necessary. b.Millets for Resilience: Coarse grains like depletion. Tracking carbon footprints and
millets are better suited to withstand climate ecosystem services is vital to mitigate
1.Focus on Nutritional Security extremes. However, their cultivation area has environmental harm. Adoption of climate-re-
a.Nutritional Output Per Hectare: The Indi- dropped by 10 million hectares. silient varieties is critical to combat extreme
an Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) weather patterns.
found that high-yielding rice and wheat vari- 3.Sustainable Resource Management
eties reduced micronutrients—zinc by 33% a.Soil Health: Metrics like soil biological 5.Collaborative Policy Framework
and iron by 27%. A shift towards crops that activity and organic carbon must be tracked a.Inter-Ministerial Approach: Indicators
improve both yield and nutrition is crucial, as to reverse degradation caused by intensive should be developed collaboratively by the
two-thirds of children under five are anemic. farming. Practices like no-till farming and Ministries of Agriculture, Health, Environ-
mulching can enhance soil health. ment, and Water to ensure a comprehensive
2.Enhancing Crop Diversity and Resilience b.Water-Use Efficiency: With water scarcity view that addresses nutrition, water, and
a
 .Biodiversity Loss: India lost 1,04,000 rising, water-use efficiency must improve. environmental challenges.
rice varieties since the Green Revolution. Successful projects like Telangana’s ‘Saagu
Overreliance on high-yield crops reduces Baagu’ have demonstrated efficient water
crop resilience and adaptability to climate management through AI tools.

Conclusion: India must

redefine agricultural success
by incorporating nutrition, soil
health, water efficiency, and
biodiversity alongside yield.
This will ensure food security,
improve farmer resilience, and
safeguard natural resources in
the face of climate change.

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 BURNING ISSUE #6 WHY THIS? India’s land governance is stuck in outdated legal complexities

Land Laws 2.0

despite digitization efforts, with conflicting laws, inaccurate records, and
fragmented markets. Digitization isn’t enough to fix these deeper issues. For
UPSC 2025, understanding how land law reforms tie into economic growth,
governance, and sustainability is the key. Focus on the L-framework—Legal,
Why Going Digital Won’t Solve Everything Land Info Systems, Land Use Planning, Equity, Markets, and Sustainability.
Don’t miss how each piece connects to larger governance challenges!

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society, Geography: Govt. Policies & Interventions, Agriculture, Environmental Ethics in Public
poverty and developmental Issues Relating to Development and Conservation, Economic Administration,
Issues, and access to resources. Management of Social Sector/Services, Development, Science and Accountability and
Urbanization. Role of Women Welfare Schemes for Vulnerable Technology Transparency
and Women’s Organizations Sections, Separation of Powers

Note4Students: Understand Note4Students: Examine the need Note4Students: Consider how Note4Students: Reflect on
the impact of land governance for clear land rights, transparent land consolidation, sustain- ethical principles in land
on socio-economic inequal- governance, and judicial oversight able land use, and digital tools governance, including
ities, including gender and to improve social justice in land like GIS can enhance agricul- transparency and fairness
caste issues, and the role of access, especially for vulnerable tural productivity, economic in land transactions, to
sustainable land-use planning and marginalized communities. growth, and environmental ensure social justice and
in addressing urban and rural conservation. reduce historical inequal-
development challenges. ities in land access.

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Poverty and developmental Government Schemes and policies, Land Reforms, Tech in farm Quality of service
issues, Government Pro- Structural reforms and actions productivity. delivery.
grammes

Intended Impact of Digitization on Land Governance

The impact of digitization on land governance is transformative, ushering in a new era of
efficiency, transparency, and inclusivity. As countries grapple with challenges related to land
ownership, usage, and sustainability, digital tools and technologies emerge as pivotal solutions.

1.Legal Framework: 2.Land Information System: 3.Land Use Planning:

a) D
 igitization enhances the legal frame- a) A digitized land information system a).In land use planning, geospatial and
work of land governance by providing ensures that land records are accurate remote sensing technologies contribute
digital land records that offer clear and and up-to-date, providing critical informa- significantly by monitoring and optimizing
tamper-proof ownership details, thereby tion on land ownership, boundaries, and land use, thereby balancing development
increasing legal security. transactions. needs with environmental conservation.
b) O
 nline dispute resolution platforms also b) Geospatial tools, such as Geographic b).Digital platforms foster better integra-
play a crucial role by reducing the time Information Systems (GIS), facilitate precise tion of urban and regional planning data,
and costs associated with resolving land land mapping and allow for real-time facilitating collaboration across different
conflicts, making the legal system more updates on land use, which is essential for departments.
accessible to the public. urban planning and boundary management. c).Moreover, digital climate models assist
c) F
 urthermore, digital land laws and reg- c) A
 dditionally, public access to these digital in incorporating environmental consider-
ulations can be easily accessed, which records enhances transparency in land ations into land use planning, ensuring
promotes transparency and accountability transactions, thereby reducing opportuni- resilience to climate change impacts.
within land governance. ties for fraud and corruption.

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4.Land Equity & Inclusivity: 5.Land Markets & Transactions: 6.Land Sustainability:
a) Digitization plays a vital role in promot- a) T
 he advent of blockchain technology pro- a) In the realm of sustainability, remote sens-
ing land equity and inclusivity. Digital vides a secure and transparent framework ing and GIS tools are invaluable for moni-
databases help document and safeguard for land transactions, significantly reduc- toring land degradation and deforestation
land rights for vulnerable groups, including ing the risk of fraud and illegal land deals. in real time, ensuring prompt interventions
women and indigenous communities. b) O
 nline land market platforms enhance for land conservation.
b) T he digitization of land records also transparency in buying and selling land b) D igital tools also promote sustainable
enhances information accessibility for all by providing public access to pricing and agricultural practices by tracking essential
individuals, ensuring equitable access to transaction histories. metrics such as soil health, water usage,
land rights. c) D
 igitization also facilitates the formaliza- and land productivity, thereby facilitating
c) A
 dditionally, tracking systems for digital tion and secure recording of customary better land management.
land reforms can effectively monitor re- land rights within national systems. c) F
 urthermore, digitized environmental as-
distributive policies, ensuring their proper sessments simplify the management and
implementation. protection of public lands, securing them
for future generations.

Component Example
Legal Digital Land Records: The Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP) in states like Maharashtra and
Framework Rajasthan creates clear, tamper-proof land records.
Online Dispute Resolution: Karnataka’s Land Record Management System (LRMS) provides an online platform for resolving
land disputes.
Accessible Digital Laws: Canada’s e-Laws platform allows citizens to access updated land laws easily.
Land Accurate Land Records: The Bhulekh system in Uttar Pradesh offers digitized records detailing ownership and boundaries.
Information Geospatial Tools: The GIS used by the National Land Use Policy in the Philippines enables precise mapping of land use changes.
System Public Access to Records: Sweden’s Lantmäteriet provides digital access to land transaction records, reducing fraud potential.
Land Use Monitoring Land Use: The European Space Agency employs remote sensing to monitor urban expansion and land use changes.
Planning Cross-Departmental Collaboration: Brazil’s digital platforms integrate urban planning data across government departments.
Digital Climate Models: Kenya’s Climate Smart Agriculture utilizes digital tools to incorporate climate considerations in land use
planning.
Land Equity Documenting Land Rights: The African Land Information Network (ALIN) documents land rights for marginalized groups.
& Inclusivity Improved Accessibility: Rwanda’s Land Administration System digitizes records, improving access for vulnerable populations.
Redistributive Policies Monitoring: Colombia’s Integrated Land Governance Programme tracks land reforms digitally for
effective implementation.
Land Markets Blockchain Technology: Georgia has a blockchain-based land registry system that ensures secure transactions.
& Transactions Online Market Platforms: The Land Lease platform in the U.S. provides access to pricing and transaction histories.
Formalizing Customary Rights: Ghana’s Digital Lands Policy aims to formalize & record customary land rights in national systems.
Land Sus- Monitoring Land Degradation: Global Forest Watch uses remote sensing to monitor deforestation in real-time.
tainability Tracking Agricultural Practices: India’s Soil Health Card scheme provides farmers with soil health information.
Environmental Assessments: The U.S. EPA uses digitized assessments to manage and protect public lands sustainably.

What are the limitations of digitisation in land law reform?

•F  ailure to Address Legal Complexities: • I neffectiveness in Fragmented Land •O
 ver Reliance on Administrative
Digitisation alone does not resolve the Markets: Digitisation does not solve the Procedures: The complexities of legal and
underlying conflicts in land laws, such as issue of land fragmentation, which reduces administrative frameworks still hinder land
unclear titles, insecure tenure, and legal agricultural productivity and hampers ownership, transfers, and use, despite
ambiguities around land ownership and investment. digitisation efforts.
transfers.
• Outdated Records: Even digitised land •L
 imited Impact on Tenancy and Leasing •P
 olitical Exemptions from Judicial Review:
records may remain outdated or inaccurate, Laws: Digitisation does not address The exclusion of land laws from judicial
undermining the reliability of property titles restrictions on land leasing or tenancy, scrutiny through the Ninth Schedule limits
and failing to improve access to formal leaving land markets inefficient and accountability and the ability to challenge
credit. informal. unjust political or administrative actions.

Beyond these technical and legal

limitations, socio-political factors
play a critical role in determining
how effectively digitisation can
reshape land governance.

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How do socio-political factors influence Addressing these socio-political barriers alongside legal challenges is
the effectiveness of digitisation efforts? essential to creating a holistic approach to land governance reform

•P  olitical Resistance: Local and state-level •C

 ultural Norms and Gender Dispari- •L  ack of Integration in Subsidy Targeting:
political interests may resist changes to ties: Socio-political dynamics, especially Social and political factors, such as ineffi-
land laws that could undermine entrenched regarding gender and caste, influence land cient targeting of subsidies (e.g., fertiliser
power structures or vested interests, ownership patterns, limiting the impact of subsidies not linked to land records), limit
impeding the effectiveness of digitisation digitisation in addressing social inequalities. the impact of digitisation on equitable
efforts. resource distribution.
• Rent-Seeking Behavior: Complex land laws •S
 tate Variability: Differences in state • Exclusion from Judicial Review: The Ninth
and administrative procedures encourage capacity, resources, and political will lead to Schedule’s protection of land laws from
rent-seeking, making digitisation ineffec- uneven adoption and success of digitisa- judicial review allows political decisions to
tive without legal reforms that simplify tion efforts across India. go unchallenged, reducing the long-term
regulations. effectiveness of digitisation reforms.

Way forward
•C  omprehensive Legal Reforms: Overhaul
conflicting land laws to ensure clarity, secure
property titles, & strengthen property rights.
• Tenancy & Leasing Reforms: Modernise
& liberalise tenancy laws to formalise
leasing arrangements & reduce the risk of
expropriation.
• Land Use Flexibility: Reforms allowing easier
conversion of land use between agricultural,
industrial, & residential sectors to ensure
optimal land utilisation.
• Land Consolidation Policies: Facilitate
land consolidation to improve agricultural
productivity & attract investment by reducing
fragmentation.
• Gender Equality in Land Ownership: L-Components Of Land Governance
Strengthen laws ensuring equal land & Land Governance refers to the policies, processes, institutions, and systems that
property rights for women, addressing govern land ownership, use, development, and management within a country or
gender-based inequalities in land ownership. region. It encompasses a range of activities, from defining land rights and resolving
• Judicial Oversight: Allow land laws to be land disputes to regulating land use and planning for sustainable development.
subject to judicial review, ensuring fairness Effective land governance ensures equitable access, security of tenure, efficient land
& protecting against arbitrary political & administration, and sustainable land management, which are crucial for economic
administrative decisions. development, social stability, and environmental protection.

Components Key Elements Explanation

1. Legal Clear Land Rights, Inclusive Clear and legally enforceable land rights ensure security for landowners & tenants.
Framework Land Laws, Dispute Resolution, Inclusive land laws protect the rights of vulnerable groups like women, indigenous peoples, &
Transparency & Accountability marginalized communities.
Efficient dispute resolution mechanisms ensure timely resolution of conflicts.
Transparent processes for land registration, transactions, & inheritance enhance accountability.
2. Land Infor- Accurate Land Records, Cadastral Accurate, digitized land records provide clarity on ownership, boundaries, & tenure.
mation System Mapping, Transparency in Comprehensive cadastral mapping ensures precise & regularly updated land boundaries.
Transactions Transparency in land transactions reduces fraud & ensures public access to transaction data.
3. Land Use Sustainable Land Use, Integrated Sustainable land use policies balance economic growth with environmental conservation.
Planning Planning, Climate-Resilient Land Use Integrated land use planning aligns with urban, rural, & regional development policies.
Climate-resilient land use planning incorporates environmental challenges to ensure adaptability to
climate change.
4. Land Equity Land Access for Vulnerable Groups, Ensures equal access to land for vulnerable groups, including women, marginalized communities, and
& Inclusivity Redistributive Policies, Gender Equity indigenous peoples.
in Land Rights Redistributive land policies address historical inequalities and improve land access for the underprivileged.
Gender equity in land ownership ensures women’s inheritance and property rights are safeguarded.
5. Land Markets Efficient Land Markets, Regulation of Efficient land markets provide fair pricing, transparency, & access for buyers & sellers.
& Transactions Transactions, Protection of Custom- Regulated land transactions prevent illegal sales, speculation, and fraud.
ary Land Rights Recognition and protection of customary land tenure systems for rural & tribal areas.
6. Land Environmental Sustainability, Land degradation prevention policies protect ecosystems and support reforestation.
Sustainability Sustainable Agriculture, Protection of Promotion of sustainable agricultural practices conserves water, soil, and biodiversity.
Public Lands Safeguarding public lands for conservation, recreation, and community use ensures long-term
environmental sustainability.

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 BURNING ISSUE #7

Consent Within
WHY THIS? This article addresses the ongoing debate around
the marital rape exception in India, especially relevant after

Marriage
recommendations from the Justice Verma Committee and recent
court discussions. For UPSC CSE 2025, understanding this issue
is crucial as it touches on gender justice, constitutional rights, and legal reforms. Most aspirants
focus on the legal definition and challenges, but it’s key to grasp why marital rape immunity
The Unspoken Reality persists and how it violates fundamental rights like Articles 14 and 21, as these points often
of Marital Rape shape questions around women’s rights and social justice reforms.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 4
Indian Society: Role of women and Polity & Governance: Separation of Powers, Ethics and Integrity: Attitude: Social influence
women’s organisation, Population and mechanisms, laws, institutions and and persuasion, Laws, Rules , Regulations and
associated issues, Urbanisation Bodies constituted for the protection and Conscience as Source of Ethical Guidance
betterment of vulnerable sections.
Note4Students: Understand the histor- Note4Students: Link the topic of marital Note4Students: Explore ethical dilemmas
ical and social roots of marital rape rape to constitutional rights, specifically regarding marital rape and the implications of
exemption in India. Analyze how pa- Articles 14 and 21, and examine the role of perpetuating a patriarchal legal framework.
triarchy and gender norms affect the judicial recommendations like those by the Reflect on fairness, justice, and accountability
legal system and societal attitudes Justice Verma Committee. Understand the in policy decisions related to women’s rights
towards marital sexual violence. gaps in legal protections for women and and dignity.
how these affect justice and equality.
Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes
women and associated concerns, Women, Separation of power Laws, Rules , Regulations and Conscience as
Emerging urban issues. Source of Ethical Guidance; Social influence
and persuasion

What is it ? The term marital rape (also referred to as spousal rape) refers to unwanted
intercourse by a man on his wife obtained by force, threat of force or physical violence or
when she is unable to give consent. The words unwanted intercourse refers to all sorts of
penetration (whether anal, vaginal or oral) perpetrated against her will or without her consent.

SOURCES Details Impact

Marital Rape The definition of rape under Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) does not criminalize marital This legal exemption enables non-
under IPC rape. Exception 2 to Section 375 allows sexual intercourse by a man with his wife (over the age of 18) consensual sex within marriage,
Section 375 to not be considered rape, based on the assumption of perpetual consent within marriage. providing legal immunity to husbands.
Protection Marital rape is covered under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, but Civil remedies are inadequate to
under Domestic only as domestic violence. This is a civil law and provides civil remedies, not criminal sanctions. address the criminal nature of marital
Violence Act Under IPC Section 376-A, only the rape of a judicially separated wife is criminalized. rape.
Justice Verma In 2012, the Justice Verma Committee recommended the removal of the marital rape exception Despite recommendations, the law
Committee’s under the IPC, advocating for its criminalization. has not been amended, leaving marital
Recommendation rape outside the scope of criminal law.
Survey Findings A 2011 survey by the International Centre for Research on Women found that nearly 20% of Reflects the prevalence of marital
on Marital Sexual Indian men admitted to committing sexual violence against a female partner. The 2015-16 sexual violence in India.
Violence National Health and Family Survey (NFHS-4) reported that 5.6% of women were victims of forced
sexual intercourse by their husbands.
NFHS-5 Report The NFHS-5 report found that 30% of women aged 18-49 had experienced physical violence Highlights the widespread prevalence
(2019-2021) since the age of 15, and 6% had faced sexual violence. Among those who reported sexual of marital sexual violence in India.
assault, over 80% said the perpetrator was their husband.

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Why is there an exception to History Details
marital rape under Section 375?
The MRE is found in Exception 2 to Section British The Indian Penal Code (IPC) was implemented during British
375 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, and Colonial Rule colonial rule in 1860. The marital rape exception applied to women
its equivalent, Section 63 of the Bharatiya over 10 years of age, raised to 15 in 1940.
Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023. According to these 1847 Draft of The IPC is based on Lord Macaulay’s 1847 draft. The exception
provisions, sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a Lord Macaulay decriminalized marital rape without any age limit, implying consent
man with his wife do not constitute rape if the wife by married women to protect conjugal rights.
is above 18 years of age.
Doctrine of Given by Matthew Hale, the British Chief Justice in 1736, it stated
Hale (1736) that a husband cannot be guilty of rape as mutual matrimonial
It is premised on broadly two consent implied perpetual consent.
assumptions:
•C  onsent in perpetuity: This is the assumption that Doctrine of A woman loses her legal identity after marriage. The doctrine,
on marriage a woman gives consent held by her Coverture which was invoked during the Supreme Court’s 2018 ruling
husband in perpetuity, which she cannot retract. decriminalizing adultery, violates women’s fundamental rights.
This concept in colonial-era law has roots in the
antiquated idea that a woman is the property of
her man. Judicial opinion on the matter
• The expectation of sex: This is the assumption
that a woman is duty-bound or is obligated to fulfil Justice Opinion Key Points
sexual responsibilities in a marriage since the aim Justice Rajiv Declared the Marital - MRE violates bodily autonomy of women.
of marriage is procreation. Since the husband has Shakdher Rape Exception (MRE) - Rooted in patriarchy and misogyny.
a reasonable expectation of sex in a marriage, the unconstitutional. - Classification of marital rape is arbitrary
provision implies that a woman cannot deny it. and unreasonable.

Despite the compelling reasons for criminalizing Justice Upheld the Marital Rape - Sexual relations within marriage are
marital rape, there are significant challenges and C. Hari Exception, considering legitimate expectations.
opposing viewpoints that complicate the path to Shankar it legal within the - Prosecuting husbands for non-consensual
legal reform. framework of marriage. sex would undermine marriage.

Challenges
Argument Against
Explanation Counter-Point
Criminalization
Marriage as a Sac- Some experts argue that marriage is a sacred institution, and all Upholding marital rape exemption disregards a woman’s consent
rosanct Institution procreative sex within marriage should be considered legitimate. and bodily autonomy, undermining the sanctity of individual rights.
Threat to Criminalizing marital rape may lead to further atrocities & increased threats Legal protections & support systems for women can help mitigate these
Woman’s Life to a woman’s life from her husband & in-laws. risks and protect victims of marital violence.
False Allegations There is concern that angry or vengeful wives may falsely accuse The judicial system already deals with false accusations in other
innocent husbands of marital rape, and it would be difficult for rape cases, and safeguards can be implemented to avoid misuse.
husbands to prove innocence.
Lack of Since marital rape occurs in private spaces, it may be difficult to prove This issue is present in all cases of sexual violence, yet the lack of
Eyewitnesses due to the absence of eyewitnesses. eyewitnesses does not negate the crime or need for justice.

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Way Forward
1.Legal Reform & Societal Change: Legal
reform is essential to address marital
rape, but societal transformation is
equally critical to challenging patriar-
chal norms and the outdated concept of
perpetual consent within marriage.
2.UN Recommendations
•The United Nations Declaration on the
Elimination of Violence against Women
defines violence as any act likely to
cause physical, sexual, or mental harm
to women, regardless of the private or
public sphere.
•In 2013, the UN Committee on the
Elimination of Discrimination Against
Women (CEDAW) recommended that
India criminalize marital rape.
3.JS Verma Committee: The JS Verma
Committee, established after the 2012
Delhi gang rape case, also recommend-
ed the criminalization of marital rape,
advocating stronger legal protections
for women against domestic and sexual
violence.
4.Supreme Court Intervention under
Article 142: Article 142 of the Consti-
tution empowers the Supreme Court to
exercise extraordinary powers to ensure
complete justice. This includes the
potential to strike down Section 375
(Exception 2) of the IPC, if Parliament Conclusion: India stands at a crucial juncture where legal and constitutional principles
fails to act. demand the removal of marital rape exemptions under Section 375 (Exception 2) of the
5.Need for a Holistic Approach: Legal Indian Penal Code. The evolving jurisprudence, particularly regarding women’s rights,
changes must be accompanied by emphasizes the need to uphold individual consent and equality, as enshrined in the
public awareness campaigns, education Constitution. The marriage license cannot be a substitute for a woman’s consent, and it is
on gender equality, and gender sensi- imperative for lawmakers to ensure that the rights of women are protected within marriage.
tization programs to ensure a broader The principle of equality, central to the Indian Constitution, must permeate every law,
cultural shift in understanding consent ensuring justice, dignity, and autonomy for all citizens, including married women.
and autonomy.

[Back2Basics] The Deeper Layers Of The Issue

Reason Explanation Impact
Violation of Article Marital rape abuses, humiliates, and degrades women, violating their Criminalization is necessary to uphold a
21 (Right to Life) dignity and bodily integrity, which undermines their right to life under woman’s right to life and dignity.
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
Violation of Article Applying different criminal provisions based on a woman’s marital Criminalization is essential for ensuring
14 (Right to Equality) status violates her right to equality. Additionally, a husband involved equal treatment under the law,
in the gang-rape of his wife is exempt from punishment, which irrespective of marital status.
undermines equal treatment for all accused persons.
Gender Justice and Marital rape is a severe form of sexual violence and is criminalized in Criminalizing marital rape aligns with
Global Standards many civilized societies as a symbol of gender justice. global standards of gender justice and
women’s rights.
Patriarchal Mindset Decriminalizing marital rape reinforces patriarchal beliefs that wives Criminalization is key to challenging and
are the property of their husbands and can be treated without consent. dismantling patriarchal norms in society.
Insufficiency of The civil remedies provided by the 2005 Domestic Violence Act Criminalization would act as a deterrent,
Civil Remedies (protection orders, judicial separation, compensation) do not deter reducing instances of marital rape.
violent behavior; they only help women escape the situation.
Erosion of Women’s Marital rape immunity undermines a woman’s ability to negotiate Criminalization restores women’s sexual
Sexual Autonomy contraception, protect herself from sexually transmitted diseases, and autonomy and reproductive rights.
seek safety in intimate relationships.
Psychological Impact Marital rape has deep psychological effects on victims. Studies show Criminalizing marital rape acknowledges
that women victims of marital rape are twice as likely to experience the serious mental health impact and
depression. provides justice to victims.

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 BURNING ISSUE #8 WHY THIS? The Bureau of Indian Standards

From Fragmentation
seeks to standardize agricultural practices.
This is particularly important for UPSC

to Uniformity
CSE 2025 aspirants, as it emphasizes the
significance of national codes in ensuring
consistent quality, sustainability, and technological advancement in agriculture.
While many may delve into the NAC’s structure, understanding how it aligns
National Agriculture Code Tackles with broader national codes—like the National Building Code and National
India’s Farming Challenges Electrical Code—will provide insights into promoting best practices across
sectors. It’s vital to focus on how these codes can foster uniformity and
efficiency, ultimately benefiting farmers and the agricultural economy. Don’t
overlook the implications of standardization as you prepare; it could be pivotal
in understanding India’s path towards sustainable agricultural development.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Geography: Poverty and Government policies and Agriculture: E-technology in the aid Ethics and Integrity:
developmental issues, interventions for development in of farmers, Major cropping patterns Attitude, accountability
Social Empowerment various sectors, Issues relating to in various parts of the country, Issues and ethical governance
development and management related to direct and indirect farm
Note4Students: Under- of Social Sector/Services relating subsidies, Minimum Support Prices, Note4Students: Reflect
stand how standardized to Health, Education, and Human Technology missions, Economics of on ethical and sustain-
agricultural practices Resources animal rearing able practices promot-
influence land use and Note4Students: Link the NAC’s role Note4Students: Examine the potential ed by NAC, fostering
cropping patterns in to policy integration and gover- of NAC to streamline agricultural accountability and
India. Analyze the geo- nance, particularly how it can practices, improve quality assur- environmental steward-
graphical implications help align agricultural practices ance, and facilitate market access ship in agricultural oper-
of uniform guidelines with government policies and for farmers. Gain insights into how ations. Explore the role
on agriculture. enhance regulatory mechanisms. technology and sustainable practices of ethics in sustainable
are integrated into farming standards. resource management.
Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes
Poverty and develop- Human Resources, Government Tech in farm productivity and income, Social influence
mental issues, Social Schemes and policies food security and persuasion.
Empowerment

Role of standardization Problem 2: Many farmers overuse chemical Problem 3: Farmers lack clear guidelines for
in Agriculture fertilizers, unaware of sustainable nutrient using IoT sensors to monitor soil moisture,
management practices. This leads to soil leading to either over-irrigation or under-ir-
Problem 1: Example: A farmer’s produce is degradation & environmental pollution. rigation. Without a standardized approach,
consistently rejected in regional markets due Standardized guidelines for sustainable prac- it’s difficult to adopt technology effectively,
to inconsistent quality & grading. Without tices could help farmers manage resources reducing the potential benefits of precision
standardized practices for quality assurance, efficiently, improving soil health & reducing agriculture & wasting resources.
such as uniform pest management & harvest harmful runoff. Integrating Modern Technology
timing, farmers often struggle to meet market Adopting Sustainable Practices a).Technology Adoption: Establishes guide-
standards, limiting their market access & a).Policy Integration: Ensures that lines for using IoT & other tech in agricul-
reducing income potential. standardized practices align with ture, improving productivity & efficiency
Ensuring Quality & Market Access government policies, making sustainability
a).ComprehensiveFramework: Provides a core part of agriculture.
a uniform set of quality benchmarks for b).Collaborative Development: Involves Addressing these challenges highlights
agricultural practices, ensuring consistent stakeholders, including universities & R&D, the need for a structured and stan-
standards across the sector. to develop sustainable practices, ensuring dardized approach through a National
b).Sector-wide Application: Applies standards relevance & practicality. Agricultural Code, which can provide
to all aspects of agriculture, promoting quali- c).Capacity Building for Farmers: Trains uniform solutions to improve quality,
ty control throughout the value chain. farmers on sustainable practices, helping sustainability, and technology adoption
c).Quality Assurance & Market Access: Helps them adopt resource-efficient & eco- in farming practices across the country.
farmers meet quality requirements, opening up friendly methods.
new markets & better pricing opportunities.

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Why standardisation of
agricultural practices is
necessary through a code ?
The National Agricultural Code (NAC) plays a
vital role in standardizing agricultural practices
to ensure efficiency, quality, and sustainable
growth in the agriculture sector.

Component Role of NAC in Standardization

Comprehensive The NAC provides a structured, uniform framework for all agricultural processes. By covering practices like machinery
Framework use, water and crop management, and input control (e.g., fertilizers, pesticides), it promotes consistency and quality
across farming activities nationwide.
Sector-wide It sets comprehensive guidelines across various agricultural areas, such as crop selection, land preparation, irrigation,
Application soil and plant health, and post-harvest operations. This encourages uniform practices that align with both traditional
and innovative techniques, including organic farming.
Policy Integration By serving as a reference for policymakers, agriculture departments, and regulators, the NAC can be embedded
into agricultural policies and schemes, ensuring quality control throughout the agricultural value chain. This aligns
government initiatives with standardized agricultural practices.
Collaborative Led by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the NAC draws on the expertise of university professors, research
Development organizations, and agriculture experts. Collaboration with institutions like GBPUAT ensures that standard practices
are demonstrably effective through Standardized Agriculture Demonstration Farms.
Capacity Build- The BIS aims to train farmers on NAC standards, building their technical knowledge and encouraging sustainable
ing for Farmers practices. This empowers farmers to make informed decisions, maximizing productivity while conserving resources,
thus fostering a more sustainable agriculture ecosystem.
Quality Assurance Standardized agricultural practices help ensure that crops meet quality benchmarks, which can enhance market
& Market Access access. Quality compliance opens avenues to better markets, leading to potentially higher income and more stable
livelihoods for farmers.
Technology NAC standards promote the adoption of emerging agricultural technologies, such as IoT, to enhance productivity.
Adoption By incorporating guidelines on new technologies, farmers are more prepared to adopt and integrate them, improving
overall operational efficiency and crop yield.

Challenges in designing a Code

Challenges Description Implications
Diverse India has a wide range of climates (15 agro-climatic zones) and soil Creating a uniform code may lead to
Agricultural types, making it difficult to create a one-size-fits-all set of standards. inefficiencies and failure to address specific
Practices Tailoring the NAC to accommodate these variations can be challenging. regional needs, affecting productivity and
sustainability.
State vs. Agriculture is a state subject in India under Entry 14 of the State List in Discrepancies in regulations can create confusion
Central the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India, leading to potential for farmers and stakeholders, hindering effective
Jurisdiction conflicts between central and state regulations. Harmonising these laws implementation of agricultural policies.
while respecting state rights is a significant challenge.
Resource Many smallholder farmers may lack the resources or infrastructure Without adequate resources, the adoption of
Constraints to adopt new practices recommended by the NAC, including access the NAC’s recommendations may be limited,
to modern equipment, quality seeds, and efficient irrigation systems. perpetuating existing inequalities in the
Engaging these groups in the formulation process is essential to ensure agricultural sector.
acceptance.
Technologi- While the code aims to promote technology adoption, many farmers Failure to provide adequate technological support
cal Barriers may lack access to the necessary technology or skills. Addressing these may result in uneven benefits from the NAC,
gaps is essential to realise the benefits of the code. leaving behind a significant portion of the farming
community.
Data and There may be a lack of comprehensive data on agricultural practices, Inadequate data can lead to poorly informed
Research yields, and market trends, hindering evidence-based policy formulation. policies, reducing the effectiveness of the NAC
Gaps Addressing these gaps is crucial for creating an effective code. and potentially worsening the challenges faced
by the agricultural sector.

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Way Forward:
Customization and Flexibility: Capacity Building:
a). Develop region-specific guidelines in a). Implement hands-on training pro-
the National Agriculture Code (NAC) grams for farmers on the NAC.
to cater to India’s diverse agro-climatic b). Develop mobile applications (e.g.,
conditions. Meghdoot) and platforms (e.g.,
b). Ensure scalability and adaptability for e-NAM, Kisanbandi) for real-time
various farm sizes, from smallholder advice and information sharing.
farms to large agricultural enterprises.
Policy and Regulatory Support:
Environmental Considerations: a). Create a supportive legislative
a). Address key issues like land degra- framework to ensure the enforce-
dation, water scarcity, and climate ability of the NAC.
change while promoting agricultural b). Establish incentive structures,
growth. such as tax benefits and recog-
nition programs, to encourage
farmer compliance.

[Back2Basics] The Significance Of National Codes

National Codes serve to SAFEguard industry standards by ensuring standardized,
adaptable, compliant, and sustainable practices across sectors. Here’s a
breakdown of the purpose of National Codes such as the National Building Code
(NBC), National Electrical Code (NEC), and the National Agriculture Code (NAC),
structured in a table format and summarized with the acronym SAFE.

Purpose (SAFE) Description Examples

Standardization National Codes establish uniform practices and NBC: Standardized guidelines for building design, materials,
of Practices guidelines across sectors, ensuring consistency, and safety.
safety, and quality in implementation. NEC: Sets safety standards for electrical installations.
Adaptation to These codes evolve to address contemporary NBC 2016: Revised to include new provisions for high-rise
Evolving Needs challenges and advancements in technology, buildings and digital approvals. NEC 2023: Updated with
materials, and safety standards. solar standards.
Facilitation of Com- Codes promote ease of compliance by offering NBC 2016: Single-window approvals enhance compliance.
pliance and Safety clear, streamlined guidelines that protect against NEC: Outlines measures against electric shocks and fires in
hazards, ensuring public safety and efficiency. installations.
Environmental By encouraging sustainable materials and NBC 2016: Supports the use of sustainable materials.
and Economic practices, National Codes help reduce NEC 2023: Ensures safe solar installations to support
Sustainability environmental impact and promote cost-effective renewable energy.
solutions in their respective fields.

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 BURNING ISSUE #9 WHY THIS? The Indian government’s in talks with big names like Reliance, Tata

Power Moves
Power, and Adani for $5.3 billion investments each in nuclear energy. This is
more than just energy—it’s about security, sustainability, and breaking down
the regulatory walls. If you’re prepping for GS Paper 2 or 3, this is the stuff
that can give your answers that edge. Don’t just stop at the basics—use this
Can Private Players Supercharge content to connect it to larger themes like economic reforms, risk-sharing, and
India’s Nuclear Future? India’s move toward cleaner energy.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Poverty Governance, Constitution, and Science and Technology, Ethics in Public Administration:
and developmental Polity: Government policies and Economic Development, and Corporate governance, Ethical
issues, Urbanisation interventions for development in Environmental Conservation: concerns and Dilemmas
various sectors. Developments in the field in Government and Private
of nuclear energy and its Institutions.
Note4Students: Understand Note4Students: Understand environmental impact.
the role of private investment the regulatory frameworks Note4Students: Analyze the Note4Students: Reflect on the
in modernizing India’s nuclear governing nuclear energy and challenges and opportunities ethical implications of involving
energy sector to add depth explore the implications of presented by private investments private players in nuclear energy,
to your answers on industri- public-private partnerships for in nuclear energy, focusing on including public safety concerns
alization and its impact on accountability and efficiency economic growth, job creation, and the need for regulatory
economic development in energy projects. and the transition to non-carbon- compliance to ensure account-
emitting sources. ability and transparency.
Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes
Poverty and developmental Government schemes Tech solutions for daily Corporate Governance, Account-
issues, Government and policies, Structural challenges, EIA ability and Ethical Governance.
Programmes reforms and actions

Two goals of Need of Private Investment in Nuclear Energy in a 5-Level Framework

the move: Mapping to Private Invest-
[1] Enhance electricity Framework Level Explanation
ment in Nuclear Energy
generation from non-carbon-
emitting sources. 1. Capital Infusion Private investment introduces significant The nuclear sector needs approximately $26
[2] Aligning with India’s financial resources for building billion in private investment to construct and
ambitious goal of achieving infrastructure and meeting growth targets. expand nuclear power plants.
50% non-fossil fuel-based 2. Technological Private sector brings new technologies Private firms can foster innovation in Small
electric generation capacity Advancements and innovation to improve efficiency and Modular Reactors (SMRs) and introduce advanced
by 2030, up from 42% productivity. technologies for safer nuclear energy production.
currently.
3. Operational Private sector focus on operational Private investment can drive better efficiency
Efficiency efficiencies leads to better productivity in operations, ensuring optimal use of nuclear
This need for private sector
and resource optimization. resources and improved safety standards.
participation can be structured
through an operational 4. Risk Sharing financial, operational, & technologi- Involving the private sector reduces the financial
framework that clearly defines Distribution cal risks between public and private sectors burden on the government and distributes risk
roles between private companies makes large-scale projects feasible. across multiple entities.
and NPCIL, facilitating 5. Econom- Private investment stimulates job Private nuclear projects promote job creation,
efficient collaboration in ic Growth & creation, boosts economic development, infrastructure development, and support allied
nuclear energy expansion. Employment and fosters industry-wide growth. industries, driving economic growth.

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Operational framework While this framework outlines the collaboration model, certain regulatory
between private and safety challenges must be addressed to ensure smooth and secure private
companies and NPCIL investment in nuclear energy.

Element Government (NPCIL) Private Sector

Roles and Re- NPCIL retains the rights to build, operate, and manage Private companies will invest in nuclear plants, acquire
sponsibilities nuclear stations, including fuel management, as per land and water resources, and handle construction
existing legal provisions. outside the reactor complex.
Revenue Generation NPCIL manages fuel and safety operations but does Private companies generate revenue from electricity
not directly engage in revenue from electricity sales for sales after the plants become operational, benefiting
private investments. financially from operations.
Hybrid Model NPCIL’s involvement ensures adherence to the Atomic The private sector’s role is to accelerate capacity
Energy Act of 1962, with the model requiring final expansion without amending the Atomic Energy Act,
approval from the Department of Atomic Energy. ensuring quicker growth.
Regulatory Compliance The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) will Private companies must comply with AERB safety
oversee all safety and regulatory processes, maintaining standards during construction and operation.
stringent safety and operational standards.
Public-Private NPCIL or another government body will retain 51% Private companies can form public-private
Partnerships majority ownership in nuclear plants, ensuring continued partnerships to collaborate with NPCIL in nuclear
public control. energy expansion and management.

What challenges and regulatory To overcome the challenges and regulatory considerations outlined below,
considerations must be addressed a comprehensive and forward-looking approach is essential, which can
for successful implementation? be addressed through the following way forward recommendations.

Issue Explanation Recommendations/Challenges

Safety and Environ- Public safety concerns persist due to nuclear plant Increase the frequency of inspections.
mental Concerns risks, as seen in protests at Kudankulam. Enhance emergency response protocols to ensure
consistent safety standards.
Investment Conditions Current policies restrict direct foreign investment Policy reforms needed to allow greater foreign
and Restrictions in nuclear energy, limiting foreign participation to investment for nuclear infrastructure development.
equipment manufacturing.
Infrastructure and Tech- Nuclear projects are capital-intensive and require a Invest in training and capacity-building to enhance
nological Development highly skilled workforce. operational efficiency and safety.
Lack of Institution- The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) lacks full Ensure AERB independence to bolster regulatory credibility
al Independence independence, as it operates under the Department of The Atomic Energy Act of 1962 limits private sector
Atomic Energy (DAE). involvement.
Legal The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act (CLNDA) Legal reforms are necessary to clarify and mitigate
Uncertainties creates risks for investors, allowing the government to liability risks for private and foreign investors in the
novate contracts for nuclear operations. nuclear sector.

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Way Forward 3.Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) 6.Human Resource Development
a.PPP Models: Adapt successful infra- a.Skill Development: Launch a Nuclear
1.Legislative Reforms structure PPP models such as Build-Op- Skill Development Program and nuclear
a.Phased Amendment: Gradually amend erate-Transfer (BOT) and Operations and engineering courses in IITs and NITs. Foster
the Atomic Energy Act of 1962. Start with Maintenance (O&M) contracts for nuclear R&D through a Nuclear Innovation Hub
private investment in non-critical areas plants. The LVM3 space project provides similar to the Atal Innovation Mission.
(equipment, maintenance) and move a viable template for nuclear energy part-
toward allowing minority and eventually nerships. 7.Safety and Transparency
majority stakes in new projects, with strong a.Performance Benchmarks: Implement
regulatory oversight. 4.Risk Mitigation a transparent safety and performance
b.Nuclear Waste Management: Expand a.Nuclear Insurance Pool: Strengthen the benchmarking system, akin to the US
private involvement under the ‘polluter Indian Nuclear Insurance Pool (INIP) and Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and intro-
pays principle’ based on the 1996 Supreme collaborate with international reinsurers to duce a rating system to incentivize safe
Court ruling. boost capacity, reducing liability risks for and efficient plants.
private investors. This strategy mirrors the b.Public Engagement: Build public trust with
2.Regulatory Framework UK’s Hinkley Point C approach. regular safety disclosures and outreach
a.Independent Regulatory Body: Expedite programs, following Finland’s high public
the creation of an independent Nuclear 5.Technology and Indigenization acceptance model.
Regulatory Authority, reviving the 2011 a.Tech Transfer & Collaboration: Establish
Nuclear Safety Regulatory Authority Nuclear Technology Parks to promote pub-
Bill to ensure regulatory autonomy and lic-private collaboration, drawing inspiration
robust oversight of both public and private from successful models like L&T-Westing-
operators. house in 2009.

[Back2Basics] Why Private Investment In Any Sector ?

Level Explanation
1. Capital Infusion Private investment brings much-needed capital for infrastructure, development, and expansion, especially in sectors
where government funding is insufficient or spread thin across other priorities.
2. Technological Private firms often bring innovation and advanced technologies that improve efficiency, reduce costs, and provide
Advancements cutting-edge solutions that may not be possible through public investment alone.
3. Operational Efficiency Private companies typically operate under market-driven principles, leading to better resource utilization, reduced
waste, and enhanced productivity due to competition and performance incentives.
4. Risk Distribution Private sector participation helps distribute financial and operational risks, making large, capital-intensive
projects more viable by sharing risks between the public and private sectors.
5. Economic Growth Private investment drives economic growth through job creation, increased productivity, and multiplier effects in
& Employment allied sectors, boosting overall economic development and enhancing public welfare.

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 BURNING ISSUE #10 WHY THIS? The Union Cabinet’s approval of the National Mission on Edible Oils-Oilseeds (NMEO-Oilseeds)

Seed to
aims to boost domestic oilseed production and reduce reliance on imports. For UPSC CSE 2025,
understanding this initiative is essential as it ties directly into questions on food security, agricultural

Success
policy, and economic self-sufficiency. While you might dive into the specifics of the NMEO-Oilseeds, don’t
overlook the broader implications of enhancing domestic production for farmers and the economy.
Keep an eye on how such missions contribute to sustainable development and local livelihoods—
these nuances could be key in your exam prep!

The Edible Oils

Mission Unleashed

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society; Agricultural Government Policies and Wel- Economic Development; Ethics in Governance;
Practices and Rural Livelihoods fare Schemes; Agriculture and Agriculture; Technology and Accountability in Public
Food Security Infrastructure Administration

Note4Students: Analyze how Note4Students: Evaluate the Note4Students: Evaluate the Note4Students: Reflect on
government initiatives like the strategies outlined in the strategies outlined in the the ethical considerations
National Mission on Edible NMEO-Oilseeds to boost NMEO-Oilseeds to boost and accountability measures
Oils-Oilseeds (NMEO-Oil- domestic oilseed production domestic oilseed production necessary for the successful im-
seeds) aim to enhance farm- and develop agricultural infra- and develop agricultural plementation of the NMEO-Oil-
ers’ incomes and self-suffi- structure. Analyze the impact infrastructure. Analyze the seeds. Discuss how transpar-
ciency in edible oil production. of technological advance- impact of technological ency in resource allocation
Examine the socio-economic ments and support for farmers advancements and support and management can prevent
implications for rural commu- in improving productivity for farmers in improving corruption and enhance the ef-
nities and the role of oilseeds and sustainability in oilseed productivity and sustainability ficacy of agricultural initiatives.
in improving livelihoods. cultivation. in oilseed cultivation.

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Poverty and developmental Government schemes Crop diversification, Tech in Accountability and ethical gover-
issues, Government Pro- and policies, Structural agri production and marketing nance, Quality of service delivery.
grammes reforms and actions

About the Newly Launched ROADMAP

NMEO-Oilseeds:
Objective Details Target Timeline
Aim: Boost domestic oilseed production, achieve Increase Edible Achieve higher domestic 25.45 million By 2030-31
selfreliance in edible, and boost farmers’ incomes. Oil Production production of edible oils tonnes, covering
Currently, imports account for 57% of India’s 72% demand
domestic demand for edible oils.
Seed Infra Introduce 5-year rolling seed Ensure timely Ongoing via
Focus: It will focus on increasing edible oil produc- Development plan on the SATHI portal seed availability SATHI portal
tion from Oil Palm by enhancing the production Seed Hubs Establish new seed hubs and 65 seed hubs and In phases by
of key primary oilseed crops (Rapeseed-Mustard, & Storage storage units to bolster seed 50 storage units 2030-31
Groundnut, Soybean, Sunflower, and Sesamum) Expansion production infrastructure
Value Chain Develop value chain clusters 600 clusters Annually till
Increasing collection and extraction efficiency
Cluster to enhance seed quality and covering 1 million 2030-31
from secondary sources (Cottonseed, Rice Bran,
Development promote Good Agricultural hectares annually
and Tree Borne Oils).
Practices across 347
districts
Tenure: 7 years (from 2024-25 to 2030-31)

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In addition to NMEO-Oilseeds, the government Other Initiatives by the Government:
has introduced various initiatives to enhance National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil Palm (NMEOOP): Launched in 2021 with a budget
domestic edible oil production and protect local of Rs 11,040 crore to boost oil palm cultivation.
farmers from import competition. Import Duties: A 20% import duty on edible oils has been imposed to protect domestic
producers from cheap imports and encourage local oilseed cultivation.
These combined efforts underscore the need MSP & PM-AASHA: The Minimum Support Price (MSP) for mandated edible oilseeds
for a dedicated mission on oilseeds to boost has been increased, and the Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-
production, address rising demand, and reduce AASHA) ensures oilseed farmers receive MSP through price support and deficiency
reliance on imports. payment schemes.

Why a mission on Oilseeds ?

Element Details Significance Impact on Indian Economy
Oilseeds Sector Dynamic global growth of oilseeds at 4.1% per annum over Shows resilience and adaptability in Contributes significantly to agricultural
Growth three decades. face of price and demand fluctuations. GDP.
Domestic Produc- Domestic oilseed growth faced weather, price, & demand Oilseeds production remained Reduces dependency on imports and
tion Performance challenges; maintained growth rates from 2000-10. resilient, supporting food security. stabilizes local markets.
Rising Domestic Demand for vegetable oils rose at CAGR of 4.3%, driven by Higher consumption drives the need Self-reliance in vegetable oils lessens
Consumption population growth, demographics, & rising per capita GDP. for expanded oilseed production strain on import bill.
capacity.
Per Capita Con- Per capita consumption surpassed 14 kg/year in 2010-11, Shows significant demand for Addresses the nutritional requirements of
sumption Needs 40% above ICMR’s recommended fat intake. vegetable oils, requiring a robust India’s population.
supply chain.
Economic India’s vegetable oil economy is the 4th largest globally; Vital sector for agriculture; supports Contributes to GNP and supports
Significance 13% of gross cropped area dedicated to oilseeds. marginal farmers on rainfed land. livelihoods across the country.
Technology Established in 1986 to increase domestic edible oil Led to breakthrough in oilseed Reduced import dependency;
Mission on production through technological and infrastructural production, with productivity strengthened rural economy.
Oilseeds (TMO) improvements. improvements.
Oilseed production rose from 108.3 lakh tonnes (1985-86) Demonstrates success of policy- Lowered imports, improved productivity,
to 324.79 lakh tonnes (2010-11) due to TMO’s integrated driven growth and technological and supported food security.
approach. advancements.

[B2B] How Does NMEO-OS Ensure Value Chain Development ? To meet these objectives, NMEO-
Oilseeds employs a comprehensive
Component NMEO-Oilseeds Initiatives approach that supports the
oilseed value chain at every stage,
Input Supply Promotion of high-yielding, high oil content seed varieties for primary oilseed crops like from input supply to R&D.
Rapeseed-Mustard, Groundnut, Soybean, Sunflower, and Sesamum.
Introduction of an online 5-year rolling seed plan on the SATHI Portal for seed availability.
Production Expansion of oilseed cultivation by 40 lakh hectares by targeting rice and potato fallow lands Way Ahead for Edible
and promoting intercropping. Use of genome editing and advanced seed technologies to Oil Self-Sufficiency
enhance crop productivity. 1.Government Initiatives
Post-Harvest Support for FPOs, cooperatives, and industry players to establish or upgrade post-harvest a.National Mission on Edible Oils – Oil
Handling units. Enhanced recovery and extraction efficiency from secondary sources like cottonseed, Palm (NMEO-OP): Launched to boost
rice bran, and tree-borne oils. domestic oil production.
b.Higher MSP for Oilseeds: Significant
Processing Assistance for post-harvest oil extraction units to improve processing capabilities.
increase in Minimum Support Price to
Storage & Establishment of 65 new seed hubs and 50 seed storage units to strengthen storage and ensure fair returns to farmers.
Logistics logistics.
Distribution Development of over 600 Value Chain Clusters across 347 districts covering over 10 lakh 2.Support Schemes for Farmers
& Marketing hectares annually, managed by entities like FPOs and cooperatives. a.PM-AASHA: Provides MSP via price
Access to quality seeds and GAP training in clusters. support and price deficiency pay-
ment schemes to safeguard oilseed
Sales & Cus- Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaign promoting recommended dietary farmers.
tomer Service guidelines for edible oils, aiming to increase awareness and consumption of locally produced oils.
Policy & Financial outlay of Rs 10,103 crore over seven years (2024-25 to 2030-31) to achieve self- 3.Protection from Imports
Institutional reliance in edible oils. Coordination with FPOs, cooperatives, government, and private entities for a.Import Duty on Edible Oils: 20% duty
Support infrastructure development. imposed to protect domestic produc-
R&D Use of cutting-edge global technologies such as genome editing for seed improvement. ers from cheap imports and promote
Focus on improving seed quality through global advancements in agricultural biotechnology. local cultivation.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 28
 BURNING ISSUE #11 WHY THIS? Sonam Wangchuk’s detention at the Delhi border highlights ongoing demands

Unbalanced
for Ladakh’s inclusion in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, pushing for greater
autonomy. For UPSC CSE 2025, grasping asymmetrical federalism is vital as it connects

Power Play
directly to questions on regional governance, political autonomy, and social justice. As
you study this topic, focus on how such frameworks shape India’s diverse needs—these
insights will enrich your understanding and responses in the exam. Remember to link current
events like these to broader themes in federalism and regional identity in your notes!

Cracking the Code of

Asymmetric Federalism
in India

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Tribal Indian Constitution: Features Internal Security; Economic Ethics in Governance; Integrity,
Movements, Diversity of Federalism; Separation of Development and Resource Probity, and Accountability in
of India, Population and Powers; Government Policies Management; Environment and Public Administration
associated issues and Welfare Schemes Regional Development

Note4Students: Analyze how Note4Students: Study how the Note4Students: Evaluate how Note4Students: Reflect on the
asymmetrical federalism Fifth and Sixth Schedules asymmetrical federalism helps ethical challenges of managing
shaped the reorganization of address demands for autono- manage security and economic regions with special provi-
regions like Ladakh. Focus my in regions like Ladakh and development in sensitive sions, ensuring accountability
on tribal movements, such North-East India, balancing regions like Ladakh through and preventing corruption in
as Sonam Wangchuk’s regional identity with national provisions like the Sixth governance, while balancing
activism, to understand their unity under asymmetrical Schedule and special resource autonomy with national integrity.
role in regional autonomy federalism. allocation.
and cultural preservation.
Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes
Diversity and pluralism, Popu- Nature of Indian Federal- Role of media and social Ethical dilemma in public
lation and associated issues ism, Special Provisions networking sites in internal administration.
security threats

Climate activist Sonam Wangchuk was detained at the Do the 5th & 6th schedules grant areas under them more autonomy?
Delhi border while leading a group of protesters seeking •F  ifth Schedule: Grants special protections to ‘scheduled areas’ in 10 states. These
to petition the Central government for Ladakh’s inclu- areas are governed by Tribes Advisory Councils (TACs) and Governors, who have the
sion in the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, along with power to regulate land transfers, businesses, and the applicability of laws.
other demands for greater autonomy for the region. • Sixth Schedule: Provides greater autonomy to ‘tribal areas’ in four northeastern
states (Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura) through Autonomous District
What is Asymmetrical federalism? Councils (ADCs).
Asymmetrical federalism is a federal system entailing
uneven distribution of powers and autonomy among ADCs have more legislative, executive, and financial powers,
constituent units of a federation, to accommodate their
including the ability to regulate land use, social customs, and
distinct needs and circumstances.
taxation.
Which are the other States seeking
constitutional safeguards? Why did the British create provisions for ‘excluded’ and ‘partially
•L  adakh: The Union Territory of Ladakh has seen excluded’ areas?
increasing demands for inclusion in the Sixth Sched- •B  ritish Policy of Isolation: To avoid unrest and rebellion among the tribal popula-
ule of the Constitution to safeguard its indigenous tions, the British adopted a policy of ‘isolation’ by creating ‘excluded’ and ‘partially
culture and provide greater autonomy. excluded’ areas in tribal regions under the Government of India Act, 1935.
• Arunachal Pradesh: The state has passed a resolu- • Excluded Areas: These were mostly in the northeastern hilly regions, where the Gov-
tion seeking inclusion in the Sixth Schedule to grant ernor had the authority to legislate.
more autonomy to its tribal populations. • Partially Excluded Areas: These included tribal regions in Central and Eastern India,
• Manipur: The Hill Area Committee in Manipur has where laws from central and provincial legislatures were applicable but with modifi-
also demanded inclusion in the Sixth Schedule for its cations, ensuring minimal interference with tribal customs and governance.
tribal areas, particularly the ‘Hill areas’.

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Need Political, Legal & Governance Social Economic UT & Asymmetrical Federalism
Safeguard Provides Union with both: Secure Unity in Diversity Reducing Dissatisfaction: Tailored Union’s Obligation toward National
Territorial Carrot: Accommodates sub- Fosters cultural preservation, economic policies for regional Security: Direct control ensures effective
Integrity & regional demands, reducing accommodates ethnic diversity. needs. management of strategic interests.
Sovereignty appeal of secessionist groups. Example: Linguistic Example: Special Category states Example: A&N Islands’ strategic location.
Stick: Emergency powers to reorganization, Article 371 for provisions.
address security threats. NER regions.
Example: Naga Peace Accord,
AFSPA.
Better Rep- Provides representation to Reducing Radicalization: Resource Allocation Special Administrative Needs
resentation minority areas and regions with Special powers mitigate Centre allocates resources based Consistent governance for UTs with
lower populations. radicalization in diverse on diverse state needs. smaller populations.
Example: Fifth and Sixth regions. Example: Tax devolution based on Example: Governance of UTs except
Schedules for tribal groups. Example: Autonomy for tribal Population (45%). Delhi and J&K.
areas under 5th Schedule.
Enable Addresses unequal resource Compensating Social Economic Flexibility: Allows states Direct Economic Intervention
Inter-state distribution post-state Inequalities: Helps bridge with special provisions to have Union government can directly intervene
Equity reorganization. historical inequalities through more flexibility in using resources in the economic management of UTs,
Example: Article 371D for AP and affirmative action policies and for development goals. boosting socio-economic development.
Telangana. autonomy. Example: Flexibility in using central Example: Special Development Package
Example: Article 371J for funds for NER development. for J&K and Ladakh.
backward areas.
Address Corrects historical negligence of Promoting Cultural Identity Regional Development: Ensures Strategic Governance in Sensitive
Intra-state sub-regions. Provides autonomy to preserve tailored economic interventions Areas: Provides for governance
Inequality Example: Article 371J for distinct cultural identities, to address disparities between arrangements in politically or
backward districts in Hyderabad- ensuring protection of regions within a state. geographically sensitive regions,
Karnataka. indigenous rights. Example: Special financial ensuring stability.
Example: Article 371 for NER allocations for development of Example: Special governance structures
tribal autonomy. backward regions like Vidarbha for UTs like Lakshadweep and A&N
and Saurashtra. Islands for national security.
Secure Provides a legal structure to Protecting Marginalized Encouraging Balanced Growth Consistent Policy Implementation
Legal manage inter/intra-state tensions Communities: Legal autonomy Special provisions encourage Ensures streamlined governance,
Framework and make concessions. provisions protect marginalized balanced growth by addressing the avoiding administrative fragmentation,
Example: Article 371 for Vidarbha communities from exploitation specific needs of less developed especially in regions with unique
and Saurashtra regions. and ensure inclusive states or regions. strategic or demographic conditions.
governance. Example: Focused growth Example: Andaman & Nicobar’s direct
Example: Fifth and Sixth schemes for Special Category administration ensures consistent
Schedules for tribal areas. states. national security policies.

[B2B] Issues with Asymmetrical Federalism While asymmetrical federalism addresses the
Issues Major Issues Due To diverse political, social, and economic needs of
Asymmetrical Federalism various regions, it also brings challenges that
Exacerbates Regional States with more autonomy may gain advantages raise questions about equity, administrative
Inequalities in resource allocation, taxation, and economic
development. Example: Himachal Pradesh efficiency, and national integration.
(Special Category) vs Bihar.
Political Discontent Unequal political power may lead to discontent
& Secessionist and perceived injustice. Example: NER’s lack of Way Forward
Tendencies parliamentary representation fuels secessionism.  cknowledging Diversity: India’s progress requires acknowledging
A
Administrative Com- Diverse constitutional arrangements create and accommodating its diversity; a one-size-fits-all approach is
plexity & Inefficiency overlapping responsibilities, leading to inefficiency. inadequate.
Example: AFSPA regions face allegations of
human rights violations. I nstitutionalizing Asymmetric Arrangements: Transparent asym-
metric arrangements contribute to nation-building and benefit the
Hinders National Regional autonomy fosters identity politics, federation overall.
Integration hindering national unity. Example: Gorkhaland
demand. 
Caution Against Unitary Policies: Unitary policies pursued for short-
Hinders Eco- Lack of uniform laws, taxation, and governance term gains can jeopardize the long-term stability and interests of
nomic Growth creates obstacles for businesses. Example: NER federalism.
and J&K rank low in ease of doing business.
 radual Reform Process: Any adjustments to existing constitutional
G
Inconsistent Differential treatment and selective application
asymmetry should be gradual and long-term, with careful consider-
Application of autonomy based on political considerations.
ation both legally and politically.
Example: Special status of Jammu and Kashmir.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 30
 BURNING ISSUE #12

Economic
WHY THIS? Weaponized trade is a complex area that demands understanding beyond
typical economic sanctions or trade policies. This is a very tricky topic. Aspirants

Arsenals
may struggle with connecting themes across GS1 (Indian Society), GS2 (International
Relations), GS3 (Economy), and GS4 (Ethics) when addressing questions related to it.
This topic demands a comprehensive view that links globalization’s social impact, bilateral
pressures, and economic strategies. Case studies like U.S.-China tariffs, India’s import
The Weaponization of Global Trade policies and other examples add necessary depth to notes

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Impact of International Relations and Economy: Indian Economy Ethics: Ethics in Governance,
Globalization on Indian Society Polity: Bilateral Agreements, and issues related to planning, Ethics in international
Effect of policies and politics of mobilization of resources, growth, relations, Transparency and
Note4Students: Understand developed countries on India’s development, and employment, Accountability in governance.
the influence of international interests, India and its neigh- linkages of organized crime with
trade policies and how global borhood terrorism
economic pressures, such Note4Students: Strengthen your Note4Students: Enhance your Note4Students: Build ethical
as sanctions, affect India’s understanding of how weap- critique of global economic reasoning on how weaponized
domestic economic systems onized trade impacts India’s influences on India’s trade trade strategies conflict with
and society. Analyze the social foreign policy and economic policies. Understand how global norms of fairness and
impact of reduced invest- diplomacy. Examine the use of weaponized trade shapes justice. Explore how India’s
ments and how globalization trade sanctions, global supply domestic industry growth and ethical stance in internation-
reshapes Indian urbaniza- chains, and economic coercion strategic resource planning, al diplomacy is shaped by
tion and development. to evaluate India’s role in inter- and the role of protectionist balancing economic pressures
national negotiations measures. with moral accountability

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Globalisation Bilateral relations, neighbour- Organised crime and terrorism, Ethical issues in International
hood Border area management relations and funding

What is trade weaponization?

•T  rade weaponization refers to the stra-
tegic use of trade policies and economic
measures by countries to exert political or
economic pressure on others.
• Instead of trade being purely an economic
activity aimed at mutual benefit, it becomes
a tool of influence, coercion, or retaliation.

Elements of weaponized trade

•E
 xternally Oriented: Weaponized Trade is
primarily offensive and externally directed,
aiming to influence a target government’s
behavior, often in unrelated policy areas. Its
goal is to coerce or punish, though distin-
guishing offensive from defensive measures
can sometimes be subjective.

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When China imposed import restrictions on Australian coal in
response to Australia’s call for an inquiry into COVID-19 origins, it
was a clear attempt to pressure Australia politically rather than ad-
dress trade issues directly. Similarly, U.S. tariffs on Chinese tech firms
can be viewed as an effort to restrict China’s technological ambitions
on a global scale.

•F
 ormal and Informal Measures: Weaponized Trade includes both
formal (explicit policies) and informal (covert actions) strategies.
Aggressors often maintain a legal façade, with both governments and
private actors involved. Private entities may serve as state proxies,
complicating legal accountability.

•A
 Legal and Political Grey Zone: Unlike regular commercial
competition, Weaponized Trade focuses on security, driven by
geostrategic objectives. Such measures often operate outside
legal bounds, leveraging economic tools unilaterally to exert
political pressure, undermining established economic and security
governance frameworks.

When the U.S. imposed sanctions on companies

involved in the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, it was
a political maneuver aimed at Europe’s energy
dependence on Russia, raising security concerns
but eluding formal legal challenges under
international law. These actions undermine
the rules of economic and security governance,
eroding the boundaries between trade policy and
national security.

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Impact On India
The following table breaks down how the elements of weaponized trade directly affect India’s trade strategies,
economy, and foreign policy, offering real-world examples to help you better understand these dynamics.

Element of Weaponized Trade Impact on India Substantiation

Externally Oriented Powerful economies may use trade restrictions to India’s oil imports from Iran declined
Pressure influence India’s foreign policy. India would have to sharply due to U.S. sanctions pressure,
balance strategic partnerships while managing economic demonstrating the impact of trade
dependencies. weaponization on strategic autonomy.
Formal and Nations could pressure their private sectors to reduce U.S.-China trade tensions affected global
Informal Measures investments in India, affecting sectors like technology, tech investment, and India’s policies toward
manufacturing, and infrastructure, thus limiting growth, Chinese firms, like app bans, show proactive
innovation, and development in critical industries such as defensive measures in tech and telecom.
defense, telecom, and energy.
Legal and Political Weaponized trade measures often bypass international Disputes with China at the WTO over steel
Grey Zone norms, leaving India limited legal recourse in international tariffs illustrate challenges India faces in
bodies. This legal ambiguity risks India’s economic using international bodies to resolve trade
stability. weaponization issues.
Rising Protectionism India has responded to global protectionist trends by Over 30 anti-dumping measures in 2024
imposing measures. These defensive actions aim to on Chinese products demonstrate India’s
protect Indian industries from predatory pricing, helping proactive response to counter predatory
local industries stay competitive amid economic pressure trade practices.
from large, exporting economies.
Impact on India faces the challenge of protecting critical sectors India’s participation in frameworks like the
Global Supply from foreign influence, especially from China, which Quad highlights its efforts to secure critical
Chains requires careful regulation to prevent dependency while supply chains and reduce reliance on high-
fostering economic growth. risk nations.
Foreign Relations India’s foreign policy is progressively shaped by The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework
economic security concerns. Trade disputes, particularly for Prosperity and other regional alliances
with China, prompt a re-evaluation of economic showcase India’s pivot to economically
partnerships, pushing India to strengthen collaborations secure, like-minded partnerships.
within frameworks like the Indo-Pacific.

Way Forward
1.Strengthening Multilateral Trade 3.Developing Domestic Industries and 5.Promoting Transparent Trade Policies:
Frameworks: Encourage nations to Strategic Reserves: By investing in critical Transparency in trade policies and practices
uphold international trade norms through industries domestically and maintaining can build trust and discourage covert eco-
organizations like the WTO. Reforming strategic reserves (e.g., energy, food, and nomic coercion. Clear, rules-based policies
and strengthening these frameworks can key raw materials), countries can reduce make it harder for countries to weaponize
prevent the misuse of trade policies as tools vulnerabilities and reliance on potentially trade without facing diplomatic or reputa-
for economic coercion. adversarial trading partners. tional consequences.

2.Diversifying Trade Partnerships: Coun- 4.Establishing Economic Security Alliances:

tries can reduce dependency on any single Like-minded countries can form alliances
trading partner by diversifying their supply to mutually support each other during trade
chains and trade relationships. This resil- disruptions. Initiatives like the "Quad" and
ience allows nations to mitigate the impact the “Chip 4” alliance for semiconductor
of trade restrictions or sanctions from any supply chains exemplify this approach.
one country.

Steps taken against trade weaponization

•R  egional Trade Agreements: Countries are forming or revitalizing regional trade agreements
(RTAs) to enhance cooperation and reduce reliance on major economies.
a).Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP),
b).Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) etc.
• Mineral Security Partnership: (MSP) to diversify and stabilize global supply chains of Criti-
cal Minerals.
• Reform of the WTO: Ongoing discussions to reform the World Trade Organization (WTO)
aim to enhance its dispute resolution mechanisms and address the challenges posed by
unilateral trade actions.
• Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF): It serves as a countermeasure to economic
coercion by countries that use trade as a tool of influence, promoting a more equitable and
rules-based trading system.

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 BURNING ISSUE #13 WHY THIS? Governments are undermining the RTI Act by delaying the

From Secrecy
appointment of information commissioners, causing commissions to
struggle with increasing backlogs, according to a 2023-24 report of

to Openness
Satark Nagrik Sangathan. This makes the topic important from the
Governance point of view. Thus, knowing about the challenges in the
implementation of RTI is important. But since RTI overlaps with multiple
parts of the 4 GS papers, it is important to know the entire chain of ISSUE
– SUBSTANTIATION-IMPACT for each challenge. This would make your
prep for the topic conceptually strong.
How RTI Drives Transparency and
Accountability in India

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Role of Important aspects of Gov- Internal Security and Role of Ethics in Governance:
Women, Urbanization, and ernance, Transparency, and Non-state Actors in creating Accountability and Ethical
Social Empowerment Accountability, Separation of challenges to internal security Governance
powers

Note4Students: Understand Note4Students: Strengthen your Note4Students: Explore how Note4Students: Enhance your
the role of RTI in promoting understanding of RTI as a tool the protection of RTI activists understanding of ethical
social accountability and the for ensuring transparency and relates to maintaining internal governance through case
empowerment of marginalized good governance. Link the im- security and preventing studies on RTI. Examine the
communities. Study how RTI pact of RTI amendments and governance abuses. Analyze balance between transparency,
enables civil society to play judicial rulings to arguments how threats to RTI users affect privacy, and ethical challeng-
an active role in strengthen- for protecting democratic civic activism and transparency es in governance systems.
ing democratic participation accountability in India. in India.
and social empowerment.

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Social Empowerment, Govern- Transparency and account- Threat from external state Quality of service delivery, Infor-
ment Programmes ability or non-state actors, mation sharing and transparency
in Government X RTI

The Right to Information empowers citizens in a democratic state by

providing unhindered access to information about government functions
across the legislative, executive, and judiciary. This right transforms
individuals from passive subjects to active citizens in governance.

What is the Right to Information (RTI)? History of Constitutional Recognition in India

The RTI ensures that the public can access information about govern- The Indian Constitution does not explicitly mention RTI as a funda-
ment functioning, promoting citizen engagement and accountability. mental right, but the Supreme Court has interpreted it as an ex-
tension of Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) and
Philosophical Basis of Right to Information connected it to Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty).
The philosophical foundation of the Right to Information can be • State of U.P. v Raj Narain (1975): SC declared that RTI is implicit in
traced back to Aristotle’s ideas, linking Democracy’s core values— the right to freedom of speech and expression.
Liberty and Equality—with citizens’ right to know about governmen- • S.P. Gupta v. President of India (1982): SC supported citizens’ right
tal functions. Access to information shapes personal, social, political, to know public actions and decisions by public functionaries.
and economic identity and capabilities. • People’s Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India: SC elevated RTI
as a human right tied to Article 21.
Recognition in International Law
•U  nited Nations (UN): In 1946, the UN General Assembly recognized Legislative Recognition
Freedom of Information as a fundamental human right and essential The Right to Information Act (RTI Act) was enacted in 2005 after
for all other freedoms. strong advocacy from civil society groups like Mazdoor Kisan
• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR): Shakti Sangathan and judicial support for transparency. The RTI
Article 19 of the ICCPR enshrines the right to access information, Act aims to ensure transparency, accountability, and public access
establishing it as a legal obligation in international human rights law. to information.

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Significance of Right 3.Strengthening Democracy: Empowers The Issue-Impact
to Information citizens to question the government, Conundrum
1.Exposing Corruption: RTI reveals reinforcing democratic engagement. While the Right to Information (RTI) Act
corruption, nepotism, and favoritism 4.Shift in Government Work Culture: has been a vital tool for transparency
(e.g., CWG scam, coal allocation scam). Fosters a culture of openness and and accountability, its effectiveness
2.Transparency in Executive record-keeping in government offices. is being undermined by several chal-
Functions: Increases government 5.Judiciary’s Role: Empowers the judiciary lenges. The following table offers a
department transparency (e.g., Public to nullify laws promoting secrecy (e.g., clear framework that can be used to
Distribution System in UP). ruling on the Electoral Bonds scheme). enrich answers with facts and data.

Issue Substantiation Impact

Vacant Posts Many information commissions have unfilled vacancies. For example, the Central Information Severe disruption of RTI functioning;
in Information Commission has 8 out of 11 positions vacant. States like Jharkhand, Tripura, and Telangana have delays in case processing.
Commissions had defunct commissions for years.
Mounting Backlogs Due to insufficient information commissioners, there are over 4 lakh pending appeals and Long delays in justice; citizens lose trust
complaints. In states like Chhattisgarh and Bihar, fresh appeals may not be resolved until 2029. in RTI’s effectiveness.
Bias in Appointments Many commissioners appointed are retired government officials or have political affiliations, Erodes public trust and reduces the
leading to reluctance in taking action against transparency violations. effectiveness of the RTI Act.
Failure to Impose Information commissions impose penalties in only 5% of applicable cases, leading to a culture of Discourages adherence to RTI; promotes
Penalties impunity among officials. violations without accountability.
Regressive The 2019 RTI Amendment Act reduced the autonomy of information commissions by granting the Undermines the independence of the RTI
Amendments central government control over commissioners’ tenure, salaries, and entitlements. Act; limits transparency.
The 2023 Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act further restricted disclosure of personal
information under RTI.
Threats and Attacks Nearly 100 killings and thousands of cases of assault, intimidation, and legal harassment have Creates fear, discouraging the public
on RTI Activists been reported against individuals using the RTI Act. from using RTI to expose corruption.

Way Forward
1.Judicial Reaffirmation:
The Supreme Court should
reaffirm RTI as essential to
democracy, especially in
cases like electoral bonds.
2.Language Accessibility: RTI
information should be accessible
in regional languages.
3.RTI Education: The right to
know should be included in
school curricula to cultivate
vigilant citizens.
4.Inclusion of Political Parties:
Parliament should consider
extending RTI to cover [Back2Basics] The lesser talk- The RTI has reinforced democratic participation
political parties for better ed-about side: How RTI has ushered by transforming citizens from passive recipients of
democratic accountability. in an era of transparency ? information to active stakeholders in governance.

Key Contribution Description Example

Exposing Corruption RTI has been instrumental in revealing large-scale RTI inquiries uncovered the Commonwealth Games scam and coal
and Malpractices corruption and misuse of resources. allocation scam, leading to public outcry and investigations.
Enhancing Transparency RTI requests have led to greater openness in government In Uttar Pradesh, RTI applications revealed inefficiencies in the Public
in Government Functions departments and more accurate record-keeping. Distribution System, prompting improvements in food distribution.
Promoting Citizen En- RTI empowers citizens to ask questions, seek Citizens used RTI to expose irregularities in local development
gagement in Democracy accountability, and participate more actively in projects, such as incomplete road constructions and school funding
governance. misuse.
Shift in Governmen- RTI has encouraged transparency and accountability Improved record maintenance and timely data responses in various
tal Work Culture within government offices, fostering a more open work departments due to RTI requests, making public records more
environment. accessible.
Judicial Support for RTI aids the judiciary in challenging laws that promote In cases like the Electoral Bonds scheme, RTI-backed transparency
Transparency secrecy or infringe upon fundamental rights. arguments contributed to the judicial review of laws affecting public
accountability.

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 BURNING ISSUE #14 WHY THIS? With India’s progress on SDGs being scrutinized globally, and our role in major

Achieving
international commitments, understanding the SDGs isn’t just a supplementary topic.
Aspirants often struggle to connect large-scale socio-economic inequalities to direct societal

SDGs
outcomes, like urbanization challenges or social empowerment issues. In this article, we
have given a structured view of how persistent inequalities in income, access, and basic
services affect urban planning, development initiatives, and empowerment efforts. Further, many aspirants
might understand inequality at a macro level but miss specifics, like rural-urban divides in labor force
Inequalities vs Human participation, which directly impacts SDG success. This article will help you to link the 3 most repeated
Development themes: SDGs, Inequalities and human development.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Poverty Governance and Social Justice: Economic Development, Ethics: Ethics in Public
and Developmental Issues, Issues Relating to Development Environment, and Technology: Administration, Attitude,
Urbanization and its Problems, and Management of Social Inclusive Growth, Environmental Corporate Governance
Social Empowerment Sector/Services, Important Conservation and Sustainable
International Institutions Development

Note4Students: Understand Note4Students: Grasp the gov- Note4Students: Learn how Note4Students: Enhance your
the link between SDGs and ernance challenges and the sustainable development understanding of the ethical
social inequalities in India, role of government initiatives goals intersect with India’s dimensions of governance,
focusing on how disparities like the PM Garib Kalyan growth challenges, especially focusing on policies aimed at re-
in income, education, and Yojana and Ayushman Bharat in terms of income disparities, ducing inequalities and promot-
access to basic services in addressing inequalities and gender gaps, and the informal ing inclusive and sustainable
hinder human development ensuring sustainable develop- economy’s impact on the development in line with SDGs.
and sustainable growth. ment in line with SDGs. country’s progress.

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Poverty and developmental Education, Health, Human Inclusive Growth and Corporate Governance
issues, Globalisation Resources sustainable development

Present Scenario Towards Achieving the SDGs by 2030

Element Description
Current Status India is classified in the “medium human development” category, with an HDI value of 0.644, ranking 134 out of
193 countries.
Improvement India has seen a significant HDI increase of 48.4% from 0.434 in 1990 to 0.644 in 2022, reflecting a positive long-term
Over Time trend despite recent stagnation and declines due to the COVID-19 pandemic and other socioeconomic challenges.
SDG India’s HDI dimensions align directly with SDGs such as SDG-3 (good health), SDG-4 (quality education), and SDG-
Interconnections 5 (gender equality). Progress in these areas is essential to achieving broader SDG targets.
Rank Improvements From 2015 to 2022, India improved its HDI ranking by four places. However, neighboring countries like Bangladesh and
Bhutan improved by 12 and 10 places, respectively, underscoring India’s need to accelerate efforts to achieve SDG targets.
Focus on Green India is working on green growth policies to address climate-related SDGs (SDG-7, SDG-13) with significant investments
Growth in renewable energy & initiatives like the International Solar Alliance (ISA) to promote sustainable energy solutions.
Regional Disparities While some states show remarkable progress in HDI and SDG alignment, others lag due to varying levels of
development, resource allocation, and policy implementation, indicating the need for targeted regional policies to
ensure inclusive national progress toward the SDGs.

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How INEQUALITY These inequalities collectively weaken human development by hindering equitable access
militates against human to resources, restricting economic and social opportunities, and perpetuating intergenera-
development in India ? tional poverty, making it essential for India to address these issues comprehensively.

High income inequality, with the richest 1% holding 21.7% of total income, creates disparities in access to
I - Income Inequality
essential resources, limiting opportunities for equitable growth and impeding sustainable development.
Persistent inequalities in nutrition impact marginalized groups, particularly women and children in rural areas.
N - Nutrition Gaps
Malnutrition hinders cognitive and physical development, reducing future productivity and perpetuating poverty.
COVID-19’s impact on education and health services has disproportionately affected poorer populations,
E - Education and Health
increasing the vulnerabilities of marginalized groups and reducing overall human development potential.
Large informal sector employment, with low wages and lack of social security, is prevalent, particularly for
Q - Quality of Employment
marginalized communities, hindering socio-economic stability and individual growth.
The disparity in female labor force participation between rural (41.5%) and urban areas (25.4%) suggests a
U - Urban-Rural Divide lack of supportive policies for women in urban areas, undermining inclusive economic growth and widening
the development gap.
Unequal access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and clean water restricts progress for
A - Access to Basic Services
disadvantaged groups, impeding their ability to contribute meaningfully to economic growth and development.
One of the largest gender gaps in labor force participation rates exists in India, with women’s LFPR at
L - Labor Force Gender Gap 28.3% versus men’s at 76.1%. This not only restricts women’s economic potential but also reduces overall
productivity and growth.
Insufficient infrastructure in marginalized and rural regions creates significant barriers to development, from limited
I - Infrastructure Disparity
connectivity and access to markets to restricted educational and health facilities, widening the inequality gap.
Digital inequality limits access to online education, healthcare, and job opportunities for low-income and rural
T - Technological Divide
populations, reinforcing socio-economic divides in an increasingly digital world.
Youth from disadvantaged backgrounds face significant barriers in accessing quality education & employment
Y - Youth Disparity
opportunities, limiting their potential and perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality across generations.

Way Forward
•S
 trengthening Gender Equality:
Implement gender-transformative
approaches to enhance women’s
participation in the labour force
and address systemic barriers. This
includes policies promoting work-life
balance, flexible work arrangements,
and targeted skill development
programs.

•E
 nhancing Education and Skill
Development: Invest in quality
education, vocational training, and
lifelong learning opportunities that
cater to both genders, particularly in
rural areas.

•P
 romoting Social Protection:
Expand social safety nets and
anticipatory social protection
programs that target vulnerable
populations, particularly women and
marginalized groups.

•R
 educing Income Inequality:
Implement progressive taxation
and wealth redistribution policies
to address the concentration of
income.

•M
 ulti-Stakeholder Engagement:
Foster collaboration between
government, civil society, and
the private sector to implement
sustainable development initiatives.

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[Back2Basics] A Summary of SDGs of India.

SDG Achievements Challenges Case Study (India)

Significant reduction in poverty levels; PM Garib Kalyan Yojana provided free food grains
Economic inequality, urban-rural poverty
1. No Poverty improved access to social welfare and financial aid to the poor during the COVID-19
gaps.
programs. pandemic.

Increase in agricultural productivity, Malnutrition and hunger persist, especially Mid-Day Meal Scheme in schools to improve nutrition
2. Zero Hunger
expansion of food security schemes. among vulnerable populations. for children and boost school attendance.

3. Good Health Expansion of healthcare facilities and Healthcare inequality, high disease burden, Ayushman Bharat Scheme provides free healthcare
and Well-being vaccination coverage. and limited rural healthcare access. to economically weaker sections.

4. Quality Improved literacy rates, expansion of High dropout rates, limited access to quality Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan has aimed to achieve
Education primary education access. secondary and higher education. universal elementary education.

Improvements in women’s Persistent gender discrimination, gender-

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao campaign promotes gender
5. Gender Equality representation in politics, workforce based violence, and low female literacy rates
equality and reduces discrimination against girls.
participation, and legal protections. in some areas.

Increased access to improved

6. Clean Water Water scarcity, water pollution, and poor Swachh Bharat Mission significantly improved
sanitation facilities and clean drinking
and Sanitation sanitation in rural areas. sanitation by building millions of toilets across India.
water.

Growth in renewable energy sector, High reliance on non-renewable sources,

7. Affordable & Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana provided clean
especially solar power; increased affordability, and accessibility issues in
Clean Energy cooking fuel (LPG) to rural households.
electrification of villages. remote areas.

8. Decent Work Increased focus on entrepreneurship, Skill India Mission offers training to improve
Unemployment, underemployment, and
and Econom- economic growth, and skill employability and entrepreneurship skills among
informal sector challenges.
ic Growth development programs. youth.

9. Industry, High infrastructure deficit, limited R&D

Growth in infrastructure development Make in India initiative promotes local manufacturing,
Innovation, and investment, and inadequate industrial
and technology adoption. innovation, and infrastructure growth.
Infrastructure innovation.

Socioeconomic disparities, discrimination Reservation Policies in education and employment

10. Reduced Enhanced social programs, legal
against certain communities, and economic for SCs/STs and OBCs reduce socio-economic
Inequalities reforms for marginalized groups.
inequality. disparities.

11. Sustain- Increased investment in urban

Urban pollution, waste management issues, Smart Cities Mission is aimed at developing
able Cities and infrastructure, smart cities projects,
and slum proliferation. sustainable and inclusive urban areas across India.
Communities and affordable housing.

12. Responsible
Promotion of sustainable practices High levels of waste generation, low Plastic Ban in many states to reduce plastic pollution
Consumption
and waste management programs. recycling rates, and consumer awareness. and encourage sustainable alternatives.
and Production

Commitment to reducing carbon International Solar Alliance (ISA) led by India

13. Climate High vulnerability to climate change, air
emissions, expansion of renewable promotes global cooperation on solar energy
Action pollution, and extreme weather events.
energy. deployment.

Expanded marine conservation

14. Life Overfishing, marine pollution, and habitat National Marine Turtle Action Plan aims to conserve
efforts, initiatives to reduce plastic
Below Water degradation. marine biodiversity and protect vulnerable species.
waste.

Increased forest cover, initiatives for

Deforestation, habitat loss, and biodiversity Project Tiger has successfully helped in the
15. Life on Land wildlife conservation, and ecosystem
threats. conservation of tiger populations in India.
restoration.

16. Peace, Jus- Improvements in legal frameworks, Lok Adalat System offers a cost-effective, quick
Judicial backlog, corruption, and lack of
tice, and Strong steps to curb corruption, and increase resolution of legal disputes, reducing burden on the
access to justice for vulnerable populations.
Institutions in public participation. judiciary.

Strengthened global and national India-UN Development Partnership Fund supports

17.Partnerships Resource limitations, coordination
partnerships, expanded role in sustainable development projects in developing
for the Goals challenges, and uneven progress on SDGs.
international cooperation. countries.

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 BURNING ISSUE #15 WHY THIS? The theme for this year’s World Food Day (16th Oct 2024) is “Right

Equal Plates
to Foods for a better life and a better future,” emphasizing the importance
of equitable access to safe, nutritious, and affordable food. This initiative is
supported by the FAO, IFAD, and WFP in collaboration with the Government
of India, highlighting the urgent need to address food insecurity affecting 733
Building Fair Agrifood Systems million people globally.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society and Geography: Governance and Social Justice: Economic Development, Ethics and Governance:
Poverty and Developmental Government Policies and Inter- Agriculture, Environment: Food Ethics in Public and Private
Issues, Social Empowerment, ventions, Role of NGOs, SHGs, Security, Inclusive Growth, Relationships, Corporate
Salient Features of World’s and Civil Society, Development Conservation, Environmental Governance and Social
Physical Geography of Social Sector/Services Pollution, and Degradation, Land Responsibility, Attitude and
Reforms Compassion
Note4Students: Understand Note4Students: Link govern- Note4Students: Enhance your Note4Students: Build your ethical
how food insecurity and ment policies to promoting understanding of sustainable reasoning on issues related to
malnutrition disproportion- equitable food access and agriculture, food security, and fair distribution of resources
ately affect marginalized sustainable agriculture. Focus land reforms. Focus on the role and corporate responsibil-
communities and explore the on how welfare schemes, of inclusive policies to bridge ity in ensuring food equity.
societal impact of climate NGOs, and civil society efforts economic disparities in food Explore ethical dilemmas in
change on agrifood systems. address hunger and poverty in systems and market access for ensuring social justice and
Make notes on social equity vulnerable sections. small farmers. sustainable food systems.
and geographic vulnerabilities.
Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes
Poverty and Developmental Civil Society, Welfare and Inclusive growth and sus- Corporate Governance, Com-
Issues, Social Empowerment development schemes tainable development, Buffer passion
stock and food security

What is Equitable Agrifood Systems? These systems are characterized by:

Equitable agrifood systems are defined as those that not only Sustainability: They contribute to the sustainable management
ensure food security but also promote social equity among various of natural resources while ensuring economic opportunities for all
stakeholders involved in the food supply chain. actors within the agri-food sector.
Social Equity: They aim to provide equal access to resources,
Food access is a critical aspect of equitable agrifood systems, addressing disparities related to gender, ethnicity, and socio-
which aim to address food inequality and ensure that all indi- economic status.
viduals have sufficient access to nutritious food. Nutritional Security: They focus on delivering adequate nutrition
to all populations, combating issues like malnutrition and hunger.

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Challenges in achieving Equitable Agrifood Systems
Challenges Description Examples
Current System Existing agrifood systems often fail to provide adequate food security High rates of obesity alongside food
Limitations and equitable distribution, leading to simultaneous issues of hunger and insecurity.
overconsumption, known as the “triple burden of malnutrition.”
Investment Most investments in agrifood systems prioritize production over social or Preference of monoculture farming instead
Priorities environmental objectives, limiting progress toward equity. of sustainable practices.
Research Gaps There are significant gaps in research focused on social equity outcomes Limited studies on the nutritional needs
within food systems. This lack of targeted research contributes to the of rural women compared to urban
marginalization of critical issues such as health, nutrition, and the needs populations.
of vulnerable populations like women and youth.
Power Inequities in power among stakeholders in food systems can prevent Smallholder farmers lacking representation
Imbalances marginalized groups from participating in decision-making processes. in policy discussions about agricultural
practices.
Climate Change Climate change disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, Increased droughts leading to crop failures
Impacts threatening their food security and livelihoods. for smallholder farmers in arid regions.
Market Small-scale farmers often face challenges accessing markets, limiting Local farmers unable to compete with large
Access Barriers their ability to sell their produce at fair prices. agribusinesses due to inadequate infra.

Steps To Make Agrifood Systems Equitable

1.Making Agriculture Attractive and Profit- 3.Facilitating Sustainable Consumption 5.Taking a Holistic Approach: A compre-
able: Many young people view agriculture Patterns: Since the 1990s, there has been hensive approach to food systems is vital,
as unattractive and unprofitable despite its a rise in processed and fast foods, leading recognizing the interconnections between
vast potential and opportunities within the to decreased crop diversity and poorer various actors and policies. Farmers must
agri-food sector. High youth unemployment diets. Influential marketing strategies have be involved in agricultural policymaking
and structural barriers limit their ability to shifted consumption patterns, necessitat- alongside profit-driven industries. Provid-
pursue careers in agriculture. To engage ing a focus on promoting healthy, sustain- ing young people and indigenous groups
youth, the sector must offer meaningful, able, and culturally diverse food options. with knowledge about market access and
skilled, and green jobs, supported by eco- Governments must ensure accountability engagement is necessary for building equi-
nomic investments. within the industry and support equitable table and inclusive systems.
2.Strengthening Property and Land Rights: food choices.
Young people face low access to property 4.Encouraging Inclusive Decision-Making:
and capital, hindering their involvement in Involving marginalized groups, particularly
agribusiness. This issue also affects indige- youth and young women, in decision-mak-
nous peoples, who often practice sustain- ing enriches food system understanding
able agriculture. Recognizing and securing and innovation. Recognizing the diversity
property and land rights is essential for within the youth population is crucial for
fostering equitable food systems. creating an enabling environment where all
voices are heard and valued.

[Back2Basics] Accessibility x Equitable Agri Food Systems

Accessibility in an equitable food system means ensuring that everyone has the opportunity
to obtain nutritious food that is affordable, culturally relevant, and convenient, while also
being supported by educational initiatives and sustainable practices. Through inclusive
policies and practices, communities can achieve better food security and health outcomes.

Acronym Definition Examples

A - Affordability Ensuring that all individuals can afford nutritious food Subsidized food programs for low-income families.
without financial strain.
C - Convenience Making healthy food options readily available and easy to Local farmers’ markets and mobile food pantries in food
access, especially in underserved areas. deserts.
C - Cultural Providing food options that respect and reflect the cultural Ethnic grocery stores offering traditional ingredients
Relevance and dietary preferences of diverse communities. and foods.
E - Education Promoting awareness and knowledge about nutrition, food Community workshops on cooking and nutrition
preparation, and healthy eating habits. education.
S - Sustainability Creating a food system that supports long-term environmen- Urban community gardens and local food cooperatives.
tal health, ensuring access to fresh produce year-round.
S-S
 upportive Implementing government and organizational policies that Policies that encourage the establishment of food banks
Policies promote equitable food access and support marginalized and assistance programs for vulnerable populations.
communities.

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 BURNING ISSUE #16 WHY THIS? Rapid growth of urbanization has increased the

High Performance
demand for sustainable, energy-efficient infrastructure
to mitigate environmental impacts. The UPSC expects
aspirants to critically analyze solutions to rapid urbanization,

Buildings
especially in GS1 (Urbanization) and GS2 (Governance).
When making notes, ensure you cover the specifics of HPBs—technologies (like energy-efficient
HVAC, smart lighting), materials, water conservation practices, and management systems. Usually
the answers of urbanization are generic, however, these facts will make it specific and add value to
Next Step For your answer. For effective preparation, avoid treating HPBs as standalone structures; link them to
Sustainable Urbanization urban policy, social welfare, and environmental responsibility for a comprehensive approach.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society and Governance, Welfare Schemes, Economic Development, Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude:
Urbanization: Urbanization, and Policies: Issues related to Environment, and Disaster Accountability and Ethical
their problems, and their Development and Management Management: Infrastructure, Governance, Corporate
remedies, Industrialization and of Social Sector/Services, Gov- Conservation, Environmental Governance
Associated Social Changes ernance Systems Pollution, and Degradation,
Disaster and Disaster
Management
Note4Students: Understand Note4Students: Link sustainable Note4Students: Enhance your Note4Students: Understand
the role of High-Performance urbanization policies to HPBs, knowledge of HPBs and how the ethical implications of
Buildings (HPBs) in address- and explore how inclusive they contribute to energy sustainable urbanization and
ing the challenges of rapid governance and public par- efficiency, urban resilience, and the corporate responsibility in
urbanization. Make notes ticipation foster resilience in environmental conservation. developing high-performance,
on sustainable urbanization, cities. Focus on how gover- Focus on sustainable building energy-efficient buildings.
energy efficiency, and their nance systems can effectively technologies, disaster risk Build your reasoning on how
impacts on social infrastruc- manage urban growth and management, and eco-friendly governance and CSR can
ture and urban environments. sustainability challenges. urban development. promote environmental ethics
and urban sustainability.

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Environmental Problems, Structural reforms and actions EIA, Environmental pollution Corporate Governance, Corpo-
Emerging urban issues and mitigation, Disaster Man- rate Social Responsibility (CSR)
agement

Difference Between HPBs and Green Buildings

What are High-Performance Buildings (HPBs)? •S  cope and Focus: Green buildings aim at energy effi-
These are structures designed to achieve peak levels of ciency, water conservation, and sustainable materials,
energy efficiency, sustainability, and occupant comfort. For while HPBs pursue peak efficiency in all these areas
plus occupant comfort.
example, Unnati (Greater Noida) and Indira Paryavaran
• Technology and Monitoring: HPBs integrate advanced
Bhawan (New Delhi) showcase smart designs like sun- tech like energy-efficient HVAC and smart lighting with
optimized facades and advanced HVAC systems, reducing real-time tracking (e.g., Infosys’ Bengaluru campus),
energy use. whereas green buildings often focus on meeting certifi-
cation criteria.

Feature Description
Energy Efficiency Utilizes technologies like energy-efficient HVAC systems, smart lighting controls, and advanced insulation to
lower energy consumption.
Water Conservation Employs methods such as greywater recycling and rainwater harvesting to reduce water usage.
Sustainable Materials Uses eco-friendly, durable materials to decrease carbon footprint and improve building longevity.
Site-Specific Design Incorporates natural lighting, ventilation, and terrain-based water management to enhance thermal efficiency
and reduce energy needs.
Building Management Implements systems to monitor real-time metrics (energy, water, indoor air quality) to ensure ongoing resource
Systems optimization and efficient building operations.

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HPBs : A keystone in India’s sustainable urbanization model
Role of HPBs in
Description Example
Sustainable Urbanization
1. Reducing Energ HPBs minimize energy demand through efficient systems and Infosys Hyderabad and Bengaluru campuses use BMS and
Consumption and Emissions renewable energy sources, thereby reducing carbon emissions renewable energy to achieve energy efficiency.
and supporting India’s climate goals.
2. Enhancing Indoor Air By incorporating advanced HVAC and air filtration, HPBs Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in New Delhi integrates HVAC with
Quality and Comfort improve indoor air quality and occupant comfort, essential for air purification, optimizing air quality for occupants.
dense urban settings.
3. Conserving Water HPBs incorporate water-saving technologies, such as rainwater ITC Green Centre in Gurgaon includes rainwater harvesting
Resources harvesting, greywater recycling, and low-flow fixtures, to and greywater recycling systems, reducing water use by 40%.
support water conservation in water-scarce urban areas.
4. Promoting Sustainable With adaptive and resilient designs, HPBs can respond to TCS Banyan Park in Mumbai features green spaces, natural
and Adaptive Designs environmental changes and reduce resource usage, promoting lighting, and sustainable materials, making it resilient and
longevity and sustainability of urban infrastructure. resource-efficient.
5. Supporting Economic HPBs increase property value, reduce operational costs, and Godrej Bhavan in Mumbai leverages automation and AI for
and Social Value through foster a healthier, more productive environment, creating long- resource management, enhancing both property value and
Smart Ecosystems term economic and social benefits in urban areas. user satisfaction.

[BACK2BASICS]: Sustainable Urbanization

Sustainable urbanization is the process of developing and expanding cities in
CASE STUDIES
a way that meets the needs of people today without harming the environment 1. Freiburg, Germany: Known as Germany’s “Green
or depleting resources for future generations. It focuses on efficient use of City,” Freiburg is a global example of sustainable urban
resources, reducing pollution, enhancing quality of life, and creating resilient, planning with a focus on eco-friendly infrastructure,
inclusive urban communities. renewable energy, and community involvement.

Component Aspect Description Key Features:

• Transportation: The city prioritizes public transport,
Sustainability Mobility Address traffic issues with mass public cycling, and pedestrian zones, reducing car
transit, shared economy transport solutions, dependency and emissions.
and reduced car-centric policies to curb • Energy: Freiburg heavily relies on renewable energy,
greenhouse gas emissions. especially solar power, and has energy-efficient
Energy Systems Invest in renewable energy (solar, wind, hydro) buildings with green rooftops.
over traditional fossil fuels for energy-efficient, • Waste Management: The city practices advanced
sustainable, and less polluting urban energy recycling and composting systems, achieving one of
systems. the highest recycling rates in Europe.
Impact: Freiburg has reduced its carbon emissions
Environmental Use waste-to-energy tech, recycling, and
significantly and provides a high quality of life with
Protection & Waste methane combustion in landfills to reduce
clean air, green spaces, and active community
Management pollution, improve air quality, and manage
engagement.
waste sustainably.
Inclusiveness Geography of Planned compact cities prevent urban sprawl,
Urbanization improve energy efficiency, allow diverse 2. Songdo, South Korea: Built as a smart, eco-friendly
economic strata interaction, and offer better city from the ground up, Songdo International Business
access to services. District is a high-tech urban area near Seoul that
People-Centric Encourage local landholder participation, integrates sustainability with technology.
Development linking peri-urban and urban areas to markets
and services, fostering social inclusivity. Key Features:
• Smart Infrastructure: Songdo uses Internet of
Public Space & Land Provide access to public spaces for social, Things (IoT) technologies for waste disposal,
Development cultural development, and a more inclusive energy management, and traffic control, enhancing
urban environment. efficiency.
Governance Policies and programs should reflect • Green Spaces: Over 40% of Songdo’s area is devoted
Systems public demand and be coordinated across to parks and green spaces, including a central park
government levels for inclusive, effective inspired by New York City’s Central Park.
governance. • Green Buildings: All buildings in Songdo are LEED-
certified, reducing energy and water usage.
Resilience Managing Risk Prioritize planning and administration in
Impact: Songdo serves as a model for sustainable,
& Investing in disaster-prone areas to reduce risks from
tech-driven urban living and has attracted global
Resilience continued urban expansion.
attention as a prototype for future sustainable cities.
Addressing Urban Form inclusive coalitions of elites and popular
Conflicts groups through urban governance policies to
help reduce urban conflicts and violence.

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 BURNING ISSUE #17 WHY THIS? The Fairwork India Ratings 2024 highlights that platform companies

No Benefits,
in India are failing to meet basic fair labor standards for gig workers, particularly
regarding living wages and collective bargaining rights. For UPSC, the gig economy

No Security
intersects with topics in Indian society, governance, economic growth, and labor
rights. Moving beyond the challenges and strengths of the Gig economy, you should
be able to discuss how gig work challenges traditional labor policies and whether
current welfare schemes adequately address gig worker needs. We’ve further
The Various Sides of the Gig Hustle included structured notes on labor practices and ethics for you to build impactful
answers, giving you a balanced view of worker rights and platform accountability in
India’s evolving digital economy.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society and Welfare Schemes, Social Jus- Economic Development, Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude:
Globalization: Effects of tice, and Governance: Govern- Inclusive Growth, and Labor: Corporate Governance, Work
Globalization on Indian Society, ment Policies and Interventions Employment, Inclusive Growth, Culture,
Urbanization and their problems for Development in Various Issues relating to Poverty and
Sectors, Role of Civil Services in Hunger.
a Democracy
Note4Students: Understand Note4Students: Link the Note4Students: Gain insights Note4Students: Study the ethical
how the gig economy, as part growth of the gig economy to into the economic challenges issues related to labor practices
of globalization, affects Indian governance and social justice faced by gig workers in terms in the gig economy, focusing on
society, particularly urban issues. Study how welfare of fair wages, job security, fairness, social responsibility,
areas. Analyze the socio-eco- schemes and labor rights pol- and working conditions. and the ethical obligations of
nomic challenges faced by icies are evolving to address Explore how the gig economy platform companies. Reflect
gig workers, including job the needs of gig workers, and fits into broader issues of on the moral dimensions of
insecurity, unstable earnings, analyze the role of state inter- inclusive growth, labor welfare, worker rights, fair wages, and
and lack of social protections. ventions in improving working and sustainable economic corporate responsibility.
conditions. development.

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Emerging Urban is- Government schemes and Industrial reforms, labour Corporate Governance, Work
sues, Globalisation policies, structural reforms reforms, Inclusive growth Culture
and actions

The ‘Fairwork India Ratings 2024’ highlights that platform aggregators in

India fail to ensure local living wages and resist recognizing the collective
rights of workers.

Who are the Gig Workers?

•G  ig workers are individuals who take up short-term, flexible work assignments,
typically managed via digital platforms. In the Indian context, gig workers oper-
ate in various sectors such as food delivery, ride-hailing, logistics, and personal/
domestic care services.
• These workers are not considered employees in the traditional sense and often
lack the benefits associated with full-time employment, such as job security,
healthcare, and social protection.
• Examples of platforms using gig workers include Swiggy, Zomato (food delivery)
Uber, Ola (transportation), etc.

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Present Status of Gig Economy in India
Principle Observation Examples
Growth India is witnessing rapid growth in the gig economy, with millions Uber, Zomato, and Urban Company has driven
of workers depending on digital platforms for their livelihoods. the expansion of gig work across urban areas.
Government Focus Recent years have seen increasing political and legislative Karnataka and Jharkhand have proposed new
attention to gig worker welfare. legislation
Fair labour No digital labor platform scored above 6 out of 10, and none met Fairwork India Ratings 2024 highlighted gaps in
standards all criteria across the five principles of fair labor standards. adhering to these standards for all major platforms.
Fair Pay Only a few platforms, such as BigBasket and Urban Company, Gig workers on platforms like Zomato and
ensured a minimum wage. However, no platform guaranteed a Swiggy often face fluctuating earnings, which
living wage. may fall short of living wages.
Fair Some platforms (e.g., Amazon Flex, Swiggy, Zepto) provided Amazon Flex provides workers with safety gear,
Conditions basic safety equipment and training. However, only a few while Zepto offers limited accident coverage,
offered comprehensive accident insurance and income loss with comprehensive coverage largely absent.
compensation.
Fair Platforms like BigBasket and Swiggy made contracts accessible BigBasket’s worker contracts include simplified
Contracts and easy to understand, and took measures for data protection. terms and privacy protections, setting a
standard in contract clarity.
Fair Management BluSmart and Zomato introduced grievance processes and anti- Zomato’s grievance mechanism allows drivers
discrimination protocols to address worker concerns. to report issues without fear of retaliation,
promoting a fairer work environment.

Challenges for Gig Workers

Challenge Description Examples
Low Wages Many platforms fail to ensure a living wage for workers, covering only Workers on platforms like Uber often face income
and Unstable a minimum wage on some platforms, such as BigBasket and Urban volatility, with earnings varying based on demand
Earnings Company. None guarantee a sustainable income after work-related and without a reliable baseline for stability.
costs are considered.
Lack of Social Most gig workers lack benefits such as healthcare, insurance, and Few companies provide social benefits; Swiggy, for
Security and paid leave. Although some platforms offer accident insurance, instance, offers accident insurance but lacks broader
Benefits comprehensive social security remains out of reach. protections like health insurance and retirement benefits.
Poor Working Safety training & protection measures are often inadequate. While Zepto provides basic safety gear but does not cover
Conditions Swiggy, Zomato, & Zepto offer basic safety equipment, protections such lost income due to injury or illness, leaving workers
as income loss compensation & paid sick leave are largely unavailable. vulnerable during downtime.
Inflexible Contracts are often complex, lengthy, and difficult for workers to Gig workers on Amazon Flex have reported issues
Contracts fully understand, limiting transparency and awareness of their rights. understanding contract terms, leading to confusion
about job requirements and compensation.
Management Workers face arbitrary management decisions, limited appeal options, Zomato has a grievance system, but workers
Issues and Bias and potential discrimination in work allocation. Although some sometimes report perceived bias in job assignments,
platforms have grievance systems, few ensure fair allocation of work. impacting their earnings and job satisfaction.
Collectivization Platforms resist acknowledging gig workers’ right to unionize or form The formation of the Indian Federation of App-
Challenges collective groups. Although worker unions are gaining momentum, based Transport Workers highlights the struggle
no platform currently supports these efforts. for recognition among gig workers, with limited
response from companies.

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Way Forward
1.Formalizing Worker Protections:The gig 3.Data Transparency and Platform Ac- 5.Expanding Access to Financial Services:
economy needs a regulatory framework countability:Platforms should be required Gig workers often struggle with financial
that recognizes gig workers as a formal to ensure transparency in algorithms and stability, lacking access to traditional bank-
workforce and provides benefits like data usage to prevent exploitative practic- ing, loans, and credit. Expanding financial
minimum wage, health insurance, and paid es. This could involve transparency in how inclusion through specialized products can
leave. For example, countries like Spain gig workers are matched with jobs or com- help. For example, platforms like Grab in
have introduced laws making gig platforms pensated. For example, California’s Prop Southeast Asia offer microloans to drivers,
like Uber classify drivers as employees, thus 22 requires companies to provide greater helping them manage income variability,
ensuring basic labor rights. transparency around pay and work hours, which could be extended to other gig plat-
helping workers make informed decisions. forms globally.

2.Skill Development & Upskilling Programs 4.Creating Portable Benefits: Gig workers
As gig work often requires specialized skills, should have access to benefits that are
governments and platforms can collaborate portable across platforms. This would allow
on upskilling programs to increase workers’ workers to move from one gig platform to
earning potential. For instance, Amazon’s another without losing accrued benefits like
“Upskill 2025” initiative offers technical healthcare or retirement savings. New York
training to employees, which could be City has explored options for portable bene-
adapted for gig workers, enabling them to fits for its gig workers, providing a potential
take on higher-paying tasks. model for broader application.

[Back2Basics] Impact of Gig Economy on Indian Society

The gig economy, characterized by temporary, flexible jobs where individuals
work as independent contractors or freelancers, has experienced substantial
growth in India. Digital platforms like Uber, Ola, Swiggy, and Zomato have
enabled millions to join the workforce with flexible schedules, reshaping
traditional employment norms. While this economic model offers flexibility
and opportunities for supplemental income, it also introduces social
challenges, such as job insecurity and lack of benefits. Here’s a detailed
analysis of the impact of the gig economy on Indian society, covering both the
benefits and the issues it presents.

Impact On Society Explained Examples

Employment across The gig economy has opened new employment avenues for Students earning as delivery agents for Swiggy,
new demographics people across diverse demographics, including students, Zomato; homemakers taking up freelance graphic
homemakers, and retirees. design on Fiverr or Upwork.
Youth Young Indians can explore various career paths without College students working as part-time drivers for Uber
Empowerment long-term commitments, helping them gain skills and build or freelance digital marketers.
work experience early.
Income for Ru- The gig economy offers rural Indians an option to Villagers working on online platforms like Meesho
ral Areas earn remotely, helping mitigate urban migration and for retailing goods or freelancing on platforms like
unemployment. Freelancer.com.
Social Gig roles have brought in a new social status, where Women driving autos or delivery bikes in metro
Status Shift previously marginalized or underrepresented individuals cities, financially supporting families and reshaping
find a respectable means of livelihood and financial traditional roles.
autonomy.
Social Lack of benefits such as health insurance, retirement Ola and Uber drivers without job benefits or health
Security Concerns funds, or paid leave creates insecurity among gig workers, insurance; Swiggy delivery agents with no paid leave
affecting their financial and social stability. despite accident risks.
Mental The uncertainty and erratic hours in the gig economy can Food delivery riders on strict deadlines facing high-
Health Impact contribute to stress, anxiety, and social isolation among stress levels and struggling with mental health issues
workers. due to job unpredictability.
Women’s Flexible work hours make gig roles accessible to women, Homemakers working on online tutoring platforms or
Workforce Growth increasing female participation in the workforce and aiding Meesho resellers contributing to household income.
financial independence.
Erosion of Work- The lack of structured hours can blur the line between Freelancers working across different time zones or
Life Boundaries work and personal life, impacting family time and social gig workers working late nights to meet job demands,
engagements. disrupting social interactions and family life.

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 BURNING ISSUE #18

Legislative WHY THIS? The Supreme Court’s recent landmark ruling affirmed the States’ constitutional
right to regulate industrial alcohol as an “intoxicant” under Entry 8 of the State List. For

Autonomy
UPSC, this decision is essential to understanding the depth of India’s federal structure,
fiscal federalism, and regulatory autonomy between the Centre and States. To ace
questions related to federalism and fiscal autonomy, don’t just stick to the basics. Our
Understanding the Supreme analysis integrates the ruling’s fiscal implications with ethical and governance dimensions,
Court’s Ruling on Industrial Alcohol providing you with a comprehensive take on regulatory autonomy and state accountability.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Indian Society: Population Polity and Governance: Issues Economy: Government Ethics and Integrity: Ethics
and associated issues, and challenges pertaining to the Budgeting; Effects of in Public Administration -
poverty and developmental federal structure, devolution of liberalization on the economy, accountability and ethical
issues, urbanization, their powers and finances, Separa- changes in industrial policy, governance.
problems, and their remedies. tion of powers, dispute redressal and their effects on industrial
mechanisms. growth.

Note4Students: Analyze how Note4Students: Explore the bal- Note4Students: Understand Note4Students: Reflect on the
federalism shapes policies on ance of power between Centre the fiscal implications ethical dimensions of alcohol
public health and local reve- and State in regulating indus- of decentralized alcohol regulation, focusing on public
nue generation. Gain insights trial alcohol. Strengthen your regulation on state revenue and accountability and health
into the societal implications understanding of federalism, public health. Examine how safety. Evaluate how state
of alcohol regulation and state autonomy, and legislative state control over industrial responsibilities promote ethical
how state policies impact authority in policy domains like alcohol aligns with fiscal governance and public welfare
local health and safety. public health. federalism and addresses in managing industrial alcohol.
environmental concerns linked
to alcohol misuse.
Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes
Emerging urban prob- Centre-State Relations, Government Budgeting, Global- Accountability and ethical
lems, Population and Separation of Powers isation X formal and informal governance
associated issues economy, Industrial reforms

A nine-judge Constitution Bench, with an 8:1 majority, 2-fold IMPACT Important Points of the Ruling
affirmed the authority of State legislatures to regulate The balance Strengthening State Autonomy: The ruling supports
industrial alcohol. of power States’ right to regulate industrial alcohol under Entry 8 of
between state the State List, affirming their legislative authority.
Ruling : Important points and central Reinforcement of Federalism: The decision strengthens
1.State Authority: The Supreme Court affirmed that governments federalism by ensuring States control matters within their
State governments have the right to regulate industri- jurisdiction.
al alcohol, not just drinking alcohol. Challenge to Centre’s Authority: The judgment restricts
2.Broad Definition of “Intoxicating Liquor”: The court the Centre’s claim to exclusive control over industrial
expanded the meaning of “intoxicating liquor” to alcohol under Entry 52 of the Union List, limiting
include industrial forms of alcohol (like rectified spirit, Parliament’s control over industries to exclude full
extra neutral alcohol, and denatured spirit), which regulation of industrial alcohol.
aren’t for drinking but could be misused.
State revenues Increased State Revenue: States may now generate more
3.Public Health Emphasis: The ruling highlighted that
and public revenue from industrial alcohol by imposing excise duties,
alcohol in any form can be harmful and that States
health taxes, and licensing fees.
should regulate industrial alcohol to prevent it from
Enhanced Public Health Regulation: Greater control over
being illegally converted into dangerous drinking
industrial alcohol helps States prevent its misuse in illicit
alcohol, protecting public health and safety.
liquor production, improving public health.
4.Legal Precedents: The court referenced earlier
Strengthened Policies: The ruling encourages States to
cases where “intoxicating liquor” was not limited to
implement stricter policies to prevent unauthorized uses
drinkable alcohol, showing a consistent approach to
of industrial alcohol, promoting public safety and reducing
including all potentially harmful alcohol forms under
alcohol-related health risks.
State regulation.

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What does Fiscal Federalism do cesses & surcharges outside the divisible
truly mean ? pool affect the fiscal health of states?
1.F - Fiscal Autonomy: Assess the degree of 6.A – Accountability: Investigate accountability
fiscal independence each level of government structures at various levels. Are local
has. Are there constraints on state revenue governments answerable to citizens for
generation or spending? How flexible is the financial decisions? Are intergovernmental
financial framework for regional governments? transfers tied to performance metrics, & is there
2.E – Equity: Look at the fairness of revenue fiscal transparency?
distribution among states. Are fiscal policies 7.L – Legitimacy: Assess the perceived
promoting equitable development, or do certain legitimacy of the fiscal federalism framework.
regions face systemic disadvantages? Consider Do states & citizens see the system as just &
measures like vertical & horizontal equity in representative? Are institutions like the Finance
resource allocation. Commission & GST Council perceived as fair
3.D – Devolution: Examine the extent to which arbitrators?
power & resources are devolved from the Centre
to the States. This includes analyzing the role
of Finance Commissions & intergovernmental
transfers in empowering states. #Fiscal Federalism:
4.E – Efficiency: Evaluate the economic The ruling by the Supreme Court on the
efficiency of the current fiscal federal structure. regulation of industrial alcohol is closely
How effectively does it minimize waste, & are related to fiscal federalism. It refers to
funds allocated to maximize social welfare &
the division of taxation and expenditure
economic growth?
responsibilities among various levels of
5.R - Revenue Sharing: Analyze the mechanisms
of revenue sharing. Are the methods of tax government, in this case, between the
devolution & grants-in-aid well-structured? How Union and State governments in India.

[Back2Basics]: Now Let Us Analyse

Element Analysis of Supreme Court’s Ruling on State Regulation of Industrial Alcohol
F- State Revenue Generation: The ruling strengthens States’ power to regulate industrial alcohol, potentially leading to increased revenue from
Fiscal excise duties, licensing fees, and other taxes on alcohol-based products. This fiscal autonomy supports States in diversifying revenue sources,
Autonomy reducing dependence on central funds.
Resource Allocation: By affirming States’ authority, the decision enables them to allocate resources towards public health initiatives and
enforcement mechanisms around alcohol regulation, directly benefiting regional economic and social interests.
E- Fair Distribution of Regulatory Powers: The ruling reaffirms that States should have control over areas within their jurisdiction, supporting a fair balance
Equity in central and state powers. It promotes equity by allowing States with varying public health and socio-economic concerns to regulate alcohol based on
local needs, such as preventing alcohol-related health risks.
Taxation Equity: With the right to regulate and tax industrial alcohol, States can equitably address local economic conditions, implementing progressive
excise policies aligned with their population’s welfare rather than a one-size-fits-all central regulation.
D- Strengthening Decentralization: The ruling underscores the principle of federalism by acknowledging State authority over industrial alcohol,
Devolution which is constitutionally placed under State jurisdiction in Entry 8 of the State List. This strengthens decentralization and limits central
intervention in local matters.
Autonomy in Policy Design: By enabling States to define policies on industrial alcohol, it allows them to create frameworks suited to local socio-
economic factors, including more stringent regulations to curb alcohol misuse and health hazards.
E- Improved Local Governance: State-level regulation can lead to more efficient governance as policies are tailored to local realities. States can
Efficiency enforce strict monitoring and compliance mechanisms to prevent illegal diversion of industrial alcohol more effectively than a central authority
that lacks the localized insight.
Focused Public Health Strategies: States can efficiently address alcohol misuse by directly implementing health-focused regulations, thus
potentially reducing alcohol-related deaths from illicit products and enhancing overall public safety.
R- Enhanced Revenue for States: With this ruling, States gain clearer authority to levy taxes and fees on industrial alcohol. The decision bolsters
Revenue the States’ right to independently collect revenue from this sector, providing additional fiscal space to fund public welfare initiatives.
Sharing Reduced Fiscal Centralization: The decision prevents central revenue collection through control over the industrial alcohol sector, which could
otherwise undermine State fiscal autonomy. It reinforces the notion that certain revenue streams should remain with the States.
A- State Accountability to Citizens: With the responsibility to regulate industrial alcohol, States are more accountable to their residents for public
Account- health outcomes related to alcohol consumption. This accountability empowers citizens to hold local governments responsible for policies
ability impacting their health and safety.
Transparent Revenue and Regulatory Policies: States now have the latitude to create transparent regulatory and taxation policies, which allows
for greater citizen oversight and alignment with public expectations.
L- Reinforcing Constitutional Legitimacy: The ruling upholds constitutional legitimacy by affirming the State’s authority in line with Entry 8 of the
Legitimacy State List, adhering to the framework established in the Constitution. This bolsters the perception of fairness and lawfulness in governance.
Legal Precedent and Public Confidence: By expanding the definition of “intoxicating liquor” to include industrial alcohol, the Court respects
established legal precedents while addressing the practicalities of public health, which may increase public confidence in judicial and
legislative processes.

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 BURNING ISSUE #19

From Black
WHY THIS? Phasing out Coal has been in news for quite some time now. While
preparing topics related to energy, usually aspirants directly jump into the pros

to Green
and cons of different types of energy such as renewable and non-renewable. And
next they move into prepping Energy Security. But one needs to understand that
concepts like phasing out of technologies, tech transfer etc are significant in their
own rights. Here, we have provided such a framework to you, which can be used to
India’s Challenges in Moving Beyond Coal tackle any question with respect to it.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
Geography: Distribution Governance: Government Environment: Conservation, Ethics and Integrity:
of key natural resources policies and interventions for environmental pollution and Environmental ethics, work
across the world; factors development in various sectors degradation, environmental culture, quality of service
responsible for the location and issues arising out of their impact assessment. Economic delivery, and utilization of public
of primary, secondary, and design and implementation. Development: Issues relating funds.
tertiary sector industries. to resources, growth,
development, and employment.

Note4Students: Understand the Note4Students: Examine the Note4Students: Explore the Note4Students: Reflect on
geographical distribution of policy challenges in India’s environmental and economic ethical considerations around
coal reserves in India and glob- coal phase-out, including consequences of India’s sustainable development,
ally. Study how India’s reliance economic, social, and political coal dependence. Analyze balancing economic needs with
on coal affects regional econo- implications. Understand strategies like renewable environmental conservation.
mies and livelihoods, particu- the need for balanced policy energy investments and energy Study examples of socially re-
larly in resource-rich states. frameworks that support efficiency improvements to sponsible energy transitions like
green energy while mitigating transition away from coal while Germany’s and South Africa’s
coal dependency. balancing economic growth. initiatives to understand ethical
governance in public policy.
Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes
Energy, Natural re- Government schemes and Energy X SDGs, Environmental Utilisation of public funds, Envi-
source potential policies pollution ronmnet

A study by iForest reveals that India What is the status of coal usage around the world and in India?
would need over $1 trillion (or ₹84 lakh
crore) over the next 30 years to phase Global Coal Usage India’s Coal Usage
out coal. The report highlights that coal 1. China accounts for nearly half of the world’s 1. India is the second-largest producer
will remain essential to India’s energy coal consumption. of coal globally.
mix for at least another decade, posing a
major challenge for transitioning away 2. The G20 countries accounted for 85% 2. India holds the 5th largest coal
of global coal exports in 2017, with major reserves in the world, with around 7%
from it.
exporters being Australia (37%), Indonesia (16%), of global proven coal reserves.
and Russia (12%). Phasing out coal will impact
TERI recommends that India must
their export revenue and create job losses.
eliminate coal use entirely by 2050 to
reach net-zero emissions, given coal’s 3. Approximately 30% of the primary energy 3. The coal sector constitutes over 48.3%
critical role as India’s most abundant supply of G20 countries depends on coal. of India’s energy mix, while renewable
fossil fuel. However, India’s heavy energy accounts for about 44.3%.
reliance on coal—holding the world’s 4. Countries like the UK, Italy, France, the EU, 4. India is the 3rd biggest coal importer
second-largest share of coal-based and the US show a strong commitment to among G20 countries, accounting for
electricity and 94 GW of coal power reducing coal usage through policies such as 12% of global coal imports. Most coal
projects in the pipeline—intensifies the pre-retiring coal plants and carbon taxes. is used for power production and in
difficulties in achieving this transition. captive power plants (CPP).

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The following image shows the share of coal in electricity generation in 2017.

WHY & HOW to phase out coal + Implications

Why ? How ? Implications
1. Mitigation of Phase-out of coal by 2050 is necessary to limit global Essential for achieving climate goals and preventing
Climate Change warming to 1.5 °C (IPCC report). severe climate impacts.
2. Health Benefits Coal contributes to air pollution, causing over Reducing coal usage will decrease serious and minor
800,000 premature deaths globally per year. illnesses, improving public health.
3. Economic Im- Phasing out coal will mitigate negative economic Leads to reduced healthcare expenses and less lost
plications impacts like increased healthcare costs. working days, boosting productivity.
4. Energy Independence Reducing coal imports enhances energy Lowers geopolitical tensions and conserves foreign
and Fiscal Benefits independence and improves balance of payments. exchange reserves.
5. Lower Costs of Renewable energy is becoming a cheaper option for By 2025, new renewable energy infrastructure may be
Renewable Energy power generation compared to coal. cheaper than new coal infrastructure.

What are the challenges in phasing out coal in India?

Challenges Ground reality Implications
1. Geographic India has 319.02 Billion tonnes of coal reserves, with Phasing out coal could harm the economies of these
Disadvantage 68% located in Jharkhand, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh. resource-rich states, hindering development.
2. Job Cuts/Losses Public sector coal entities employ around 369,053 Significant job losses across the coal and related
individuals, with many more in private sectors and sectors could occur.
logistics.
3. Reduction in In FY20, the Centre collected approximately Rs. 29,200 Phasing out coal may negatively impact India’s overall
Tax Revenue crore in GST compensation cess from coal. tax revenue.
4. Economic Influence Coal accounts for about 40% of total freight revenue A decline in coal usage could reduce logistical revenue
on Freight Movement for Indian Railways and trucking. for the country.
5. Stranded Assets Risk Policy changes may render coal-fired power plants as This poses financial risks for investors and the
stranded assets, decreasing their value & increasing economy.
liabilities.
6. Economic Costs Germany’s coal phaseout plan requires over 50 billion Similar investments may not be feasible in India,
of Phasing Out euros in investment for mining and plant operators. complicating the transition.

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Case Study 1: Case Study 2:
Germany’s Coal Phase-Out Initiative South Africa’s Just Energy Transition
Germany has taken a landmark step towards a coal-free future South Africa, highly dependent on coal, has embarked on a transformative
by passing laws aimed at eliminating coal power by 2038. Just Energy Transition Investment Plan (JET-IP), which will receive substan-
This ambitious initiative, backed by a substantial €55 billion tial international backing from the UK, France, Germany, the US, the EU, the
investment, goes beyond closing coal mines and power plants. Netherlands, and Denmark. Unlike a simple coal phase-out, JET-IP focuses
It includes a targeted economic development plan for coal-de- on reducing coal reliance while fostering green energy growth. Most of the
pendent regions to ensure that communities aren’t left behind financial aid is dedicated to renewable energy initiatives, representing a
in the energy transition. By implementing financial and devel- balanced approach that prioritizes environmental health, economic growth,
opmental support, Germany is not only addressing its climate and energy security. South Africa’s collaborative, internationally supported
targets but also promoting social equity, providing a model approach sets an example for nations aiming for a responsible, financially
for balancing environmental goals with economic stability in viable shift to renewable energy.
affected regions.

Way Ahead
1.Mass Deployment of Clean Energy: To 4.Public Funding: Public funding through
achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, grants and subsidies, combined with private
India needs to increase the share of renew- investments in green energy infrastructure, is
ables in its power mix to 90% (as per The crucial for phasing out coal.
Energy and Resources Institute - TERI).

2.Focus on Energy Efficiency: Transitioning 5.Utilization of DMF and CSR Funds: India
to energy-efficient buildings, lighting, appli- has around $4 billion in district mineral
ances, and industrial practices can facilitate foundation funds, which can support new
a gradual phase-out of coal. The government businesses in coal districts and community
should encourage states and UTs to create development, alongside corporate social
carbon-neutral plans, as demonstrated by responsibility (CSR) funds.
Ladakh and Sikkim.
3.Carbon Sequestration Plans: Devel- 6.Common but Differentiated Responsi-
opment of natural and artificial carbon bilities (CBDR-RC): Developed countries,
sequestration methods is essential. Utilizing which historically relied on coal for industri-
biofuels can help reduce emissions from alization, must adopt CBDR-RC principles
light commercial vehicles and agricultural to provide developing nations, like India,
tractors. adequate time and support to phase out coal
responsibly.

[Back2Basics] Phasing Out Technologies

As the world moves toward a more sustainable future, phasing out old technologies
becomes crucial in combating climate change and fostering innovation. This
process involves various components that ensure a smooth transition to cleaner,
more efficient alternatives. The following table outlines these components:

Component Description Examples Impact

Sustainability Prioritize sustainable Solar and wind energy replacing fossil Reduces carbon emissions and promotes
alternatives fuels renewable energy use
Harmonization Ensure compatibility of new Electric vehicles integrating with Smooth transition and reduced infrastructure
technologies with existing current power grids disruption
systems
Innovation Foster research and Development of carbon capture Advances in clean tech and reduces
development technology greenhouse gas emissions
Financing Secure funding and Green bonds and government subsidies Provides financial support for transitioning to
investment for renewable projects new tech
Training Provide education and Workshops for workers transitioning Enhances skills and prepares workforce for
training for the workforce from coal to renewables new jobs
Engagement Involve stakeholders in the Community forums for feedback on Builds trust and ensures community needs are
transition process new energy projects addressed
Data-Driven Utilize data and analytics Using AI and analytics to optimize Enhances efficiency and effectiveness of
Decision Making for informed decisions energy consumption resource management

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 BURNING ISSUE #20 WHY THIS? BRICS summit was recently concluded.

BRICS+ Expansion
International Organisations in general have seen an
increasing number of questions in UPSC. Keeping in
line with the trend, we have analysed the traditional
areas from which an aspirant may be tested, such
Bridging Continents, Strengthening Alliances as - significance, navigating the challenges etc. What is going to be
really helpful is the comparison chart of BRICS with the rest to help you
analyse better. The parameters have also been selected very diligently, so
that you do not need to read anything beyond the table provided.

GS 1 GS 2 GS 3 GS 4
World History: Major events, International Relations: Bilateral, Economic Development: Effects Ethics in International Relations:
their causes and effects regional, and global groupings of liberalization on the economy. Ethical issues in international
in the world since the and agreements involving Security: Challenges to internal relations and funding, corporate
18th century. Geography: India and/or affecting India’s security. governance.
Distribution of key natural interests. Role of International Note4Students: Examine
resources across the world. Organizations. how initiatives like BRICS
Note4Students: Understand the Note4Students: Get insights into Pay, Cross-Border Payment Note4Students: Reflect on the
evolution and strategic rele- India’s role within BRICS+, its Systems, and the BRICS Grain ethical considerations around
vance of BRICS and BRICS+ diplomatic strategies, and the Exchange aim to strengthen BRICS+ expansion, including
as a multilateral organization geopolitical implications of ex- economic cooperation the importance of a rule-based
influencing global geopolitics. panded BRICS+ membership. and reduce dependency order, balanced power distribu-
Learn about the geographi- Analyze how BRICS+ address- on Western-dominated tion, and South-South coopera-
cal distribution of resources es the need for a multipolar financial systems. Study the tion. Understand India’s vision of
within member countries and world and provides a voice for implications of these economic balanced international coopera-
how it shapes global econom- the Global South. initiatives for India’s economic tion and the role of ethical gov-
ic and political alliances. resilience and security. ernance in multilateral forums.

Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes Microthemes

Globalisation Groupings beyond South Asia, Threat from external state and Ethical issues in IR and funding,
Geo-politics affecting India’s non-state actors, FDI Corporate Governance
interest

The 16th BRICS Summit, hosted by Russia, recently concluded in Kazan. Evolution of BRICS as a multilateral grouping
It was also the first summit-level meeting of the expanded BRICS+,
which saw participation from leaders of the newly added BRICS Year Event
countries- Egypt, Ethiopia, UAE, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. A special BRICS 2001 Economist Jim O’Neill coined the term ‘BRIC’ to
outreach conference was attended by around 30 Global South leaders. describe Brazil, Russia, India, and China, forecasting
their global economic dominance by 2050.
Key Outcomes of the 16th BRICS Summit
1. Kazan Declaration- Kazan Declaration was adopted, which emphasized 2006 BRIC nations held an informal meeting at the
the need for a more equitable global governance structure and peaceful G8 Outreach Summit in St. Petersburg, initiating
resolutions of international conflicts through dialogue. diplomatic engagement.
2. BRICS Pay- An alternative payment system to SWIFT was introduced in 2009 The first official BRIC summit took place in
Kazan. It aims at facilitating trade among member countries while reduc- Yekaterinburg, Russia, focusing on global
ing reliance on Western financial systems. governance and economic cooperation.
3. BRICS Grain Exchange- The establishment of BRICS Grain Exchange
aims to enhance food security and agricultural cooperation among the 2010 South Africa joined the group, rebranding it as BRICS.
BRICS members.
2014 The New Development Bank (NDB) was established
4. Cross-Border Payment System- The feasibility of a BRICS Cross-Bor-
with $100 billion to finance development projects.
der Payment System to further integrate member economies, was also
explored by the members. 2023 BRICS expanded to BRICS+ with the inclusion of
5. Political and Security Cooperation- The summit also advocated for Saudi Arabia, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, Argentina, and
reforms in global institutions like the UN and IMF for equitable represen- the UAE.
tation of developing countries.

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Significance of BRICS as a grouping
Significance Description Examples / Statistics
Multipolar Global Order BRICS fosters a multipolar world order, supporting political and Expanded membership now includes
economic parity. The expanded BRICS represents ~41% of the six new major emerging economies.
world’s population and ~28% of global GDP.
New World Order BRICS embodies a New World Order independent of Western Acts as a platform for alternative
dominance, counterbalancing Western-led groups like the G7. global leadership.
Voice for the Global South BRICS gives Global South countries a platform to influence Recent inclusion of Egypt,
international issues, expanding its geographical representation. Ethiopia, and Argentina enhances
representation of the Global South.
Alternative to Bretton New Development Bank, Contingency Reserve Agreement, and NDB supports projects aligned with
Woods Institutions BRICS Pay address the financial concerns of developing economies, the priorities of developing nations.
countering Western-centric institutions like the World Bank and IMF.
Economic Decou- With ~23% of global GDP and 18% of world trade, BRICS aims for Efforts underway to reduce
pling from the West de-dollarization by increasing domestic currency use in global trade. dependency on the U.S. dollar.
Alternative Oil BRICS-Plus, including six of the top 10 oil-producing nations, offers Represents ~45% of the world’s oil
Trade Platform an alternative platform for oil exporters, complementing OPEC+. production capacity.
SDG Collaboration BRICS focuses on poverty reduction, hunger alleviation, and Promotes collaborative initiatives for
achieving UN Sustainable Development Goals. sustainable development.

BRICS+ and India: Navigating Opportunities and Challenges

Positive Implications Possible Challenges
Enhanced Global Influence: India’s participation in an expanded Increased Economic Strain: As BRICS+ includes more developing
BRICS provides a platform for more significant influence in global countries, India may need to allocate additional resources to support
decision-making processes and multilateral dialogues. collective economic goals, potentially straining its own economy.
Economic Cooperation: BRICS+ expansion could boost India’s trade Geopolitical Balancing: India’s alignment with both BRICS and
partnerships, offering new markets within the member countries. Western allies (like the U.S. and Europe) may become challenging,
particularly if BRICS policies increasingly diverge from Western
interests.
Strategic Diversification: By fostering relations within BRICS+, India Risk of Dependency: There is a potential for over-reliance on BRICS
can diversify its strategic partnerships and reduce over-reliance on trade and economic arrangements, which may expose India to risks
any one bloc, especially relevant in light of shifting global alliances. associated with BRICS+ economies’ economic volatility.
Strengthening of South-South Cooperation: The expanded group Diplomatic Strain with China: China’s growing influence within
aligns with India’s vision of promoting South-South cooperation, BRICS may lead to diplomatic challenges for India, especially
enhancing solidarity and cooperation among developing nations. regarding issues of border disputes and regional influence.

Way Forward for BRICS+ By following these steps, BRICS+ can solidify its role as a fair and impactful multilateral
& India’s Vision for organization, balancing global influence and supporting equitable representation for all members.
Stability This approach aligns with India’s vision of a balanced, cooperative international order.

• Rule-Based Order: To ensure credibility, key objectives like economic cooperation

BRICS+ should operate within a rule- and sustainable development.
based framework, avoiding economic • Containing Chinese Dominance: China’s
dominance by any nation or anti-West strong influence poses challenges. India
rhetoric. India advocates for transparent, should seek alliances within BRICS+,
cooperative engagement globally. building consensus with members
• Reducing RIC Dominance: As Russia, India, like Brazil and South Africa to ensure
and China currently lead, this dominance balanced power distribution and prevent
risks marginalizing smaller members. BRICS+ any single-nation dominance.
should embrace a pan-continental approach, • Permanent Secretariat: A dedicated
reflecting diverse emerging markets and BRICS+ secretariat would enhance
strengthening its global representation. stability, improve coordination, and
• Clear Membership Criteria: BRICS+ professionalize operations. With continuous
must establish transparent criteria for communication and consistent decision-
new members, ensuring alignment with its making, BRICS+ could evolve into a
principles. Clear guidelines will promote structured, results-driven coalition that
cohesion and keep the group focused on actively represents emerging markets.

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[BACK2BASICS] : COMPARING BRICS VS. REST
NAM (Non-Aligned
Feature BRICS+ G20 G7 G77
Movement)
Representation Claims to represent Focuses on global Primarily Represents 134 Represents 120
the Global Majority, yet economic stability, represents the members, mainly members, focusing on
dominated by national including emerging world’s largest developing postcolonial states
interests of members like and developed advanced countries. and non-alignment.
China and Russia. nations. economies.
Economic Includes both low-income Includes a mix High-income, Mostly low- to Predominantly lower-
Diversity countries (Ethiopia, Egypt) of advanced economically middle-income income nations in
and wealthy nations (Saudi and emerging advanced nations. developing Asia, Africa, and Latin
Arabia, UAE). economies, but countries. America.
most are high-
income.
Energy Diverse, with net importers Similar diversity; Net energy Primarily net Net energy importers,
Interests (India, China) and major oil major energy consumers with energy importers, with limited
exporters (Saudi Arabia, producers and limited natural reliant on major resources for energy
UAE). consumers resources. suppliers. independence.
represented.
Global Influence Members pursue individual Affects global Strong influence Limited; lacks Generally non-
sovereignty, aspiring to economic policy; over international collective global aligned; influence is
major power status (e.g., includes major economic norms. influence. regional, not global.
China, Russia). economies across
continents.
Internal Cohesion Lacks cohesion; risk of Consensus-driven, Highly cohesive, Moderate Moderate cohesion
factionalism, especially with with periodic with shared values cohesion, often but struggles with
recent geopolitical rivals like disagreements on and economic divides on North- unity in multilateral
Saudi Arabia and Iran. trade and climate. goals. South issues. contexts.
Expansion High; over 30 countries Limited expansion Closed to new Open to all Open to all non-
Potential interested, risking increased potential; mostly members; limited developing aligned countries.
complexity and potential stable membership. to high-income countries.
dysfunction. democracies.
Risk of Dominance China holds dominant Dominance by high- U.S. and EU Minimal Minimal dominance;
influence, especially as the income economies dominance; G7 dominance; no relies on consensus
group expands. (U.S., EU) but more heavily influenced single country among members.
balanced. by Western values. holds sway.
Key Challenges Balancing diverse national Managing differing Maintaining Fragmentation on Struggles to maintain
interests, risk of factional views on economic relevance amid key policy issues. relevance in a
rivalries, lack of membership policies and evolving global multipolar world.
criteria. climate. dynamics.
Decision-Making Consensus-driven but Consensus, but Primarily Consensus but Consensus-driven but
complicated by diverse conflicts arise on consensus-based, often slow due to slow decision-making.
interests and lack of economic policies. though closely large membership.
cohesive strategy. aligned.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 53
OCTOBER 2024

PRELIMS
TIDBITS

→
Abhidhamma
Divas
WHAT? PM participated in
the celebration of International
Abhidhamma Divas and the
recognition of Pali as a classical
language.
Abhidhamma means “Higher
Teaching” in Pali, forming one of the
Classical Languages three divisions of the Tripitaka in
Theravada Buddhism. It systematically
explores the mind, matter, and
WHAT? The Union Cabinet has WHEN? Tamil (2004)
Buddhist philosophy.
approved conferring the status of Sanskrit (2005)
Classical Language to Marathi, Pali, Telugu (2008)
WHY? Abhidhamma delves into
Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali. Kannada (2008)
mental states, consciousness, and
Malayalam (2013)
causal relationships. It introduces
WHY? The objective is to recognize Odia (2014)
technical terms like Chitta
and preserve Bharat’s cultural heritage
(consciousness), Chetasika (mental
embodied in these languages and their Impact: Employment:
factors), and Nibbana (final liberation).
ancient literary traditions. • New jobs in academia, research, and
The Abhidhamma Pitaka consists
archiving.
of seven treatises, with Pannhana
HOW? • Employment in preservation,
focusing on causal relationships.
1. 2004 (when Tamil was added): digitization, translation, and
• High Antiquity over 1000 years. publishing of ancient texts.
WHO? The Abhidhamma was
• Ancient literature highly valued across Implementation Strategy:
traditionally believed to be taught
generations. • Central Universities established for
by Buddha to the gods in Tavatimsa
• Original literary tradition, not Sanskrit (2020).
heaven and later shared with his
borrowed. • Promotion of other classical languages
disciple Sariputta.
2. 2005 (when Sanskrit was added): through the Central Institute of Indian
• High Antiquity over 1500-2000 years. Languages (Mysuru).
WHEN? International Abhidhamma
• Ancient literature highly valued. • National and international awards
Divas is celebrated on Ashwin
• Original literary tradition, not to recognize contributions to classical
Purnima, marking Buddha’s descent
borrowed. languages.
from Tavatimsa-devaloka to
• Distinct from modern forms, possibly
Sankassiya (UP). It concludes the
showing discontinuity. WHAT ELSE? Eighth Schedule:
three-month rain retreat, Vasa. The
3. 2024 (Linguistic Experts Committee The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution
event is held at Vigyan Bhavan, New
recommendation): lists 22 official languages, governed by
Delhi, organized by the Ministry of
• High Antiquity over 1500-2000 years. Articles 344(1) and 351.
Culture and International Buddhist
• Ancient literature valued by generations, Languages added:
Confederation (IBC).
including knowledge texts, prose, • 1950: 14 languages initially.
It commemorates the day Buddha
inscriptions. • 1967: Sindhi (21st Constitutional
descended from Tavatimsa after
• Distinct from modern forms or may show Amendment).
teaching Abhidhamma. The event also
discontinuity. • 1992: Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei),
coincides with the Pavarana festival,
Nepali (71st Constitutional Amendment).
marking the end of Vassa.
WHERE? Languages and the states • 2003: Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santali
involved: (92nd Constitutional Amendment).
WHAT ELSE? In 2024, Pali was
Marathi: Maharashtra • 2011: Oriya replaced by Odia (96th
recognized as a Classical Language
Pali, Prakrit: Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Constitutional Amendment).
by the Indian government. Pali is
Pradesh
the ancient language of Buddhist
Bengali: West Bengal
canonical texts, including the Tipitaka
Assamese: Assam
(Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, and
Abhidhamma Pitaka).

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 54
 Dravidian Style
of Architecture

Dravidian Style of Shikhara of North Indian temples.

Temple Tank: Common to have a large water reservoir or tank
Architecture within the complex.
Shapes of Temples
WHAT? The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has recently Square: Kuta or Caturasra.
copied inscriptions at three temples in Thirukurungudi, Tirunelveli Rectangular: Shala or Ayatasra.
district, Tamil Nadu. Elliptical: Gaja-prishta or Vrittayata.
Circular: Vritta.
Octagonal: Ashtasra.
The Dravidian style flourished from the 8th century to the 13-
14th century AD.
WHO? Pallavas were the early builders, transitioning from rock-
cut temples to structural temples.
Key Features:
Mahabalipuram: Initiated by Narasimhavarman I (Mamalla) and
Enclosure: Temples are enclosed within a compound wall, unlike
completed by Narasimhavarman II (Rajasimha).
Nagara style temples.
Shore Temple: Houses three shrines for Shiva and Vishnu.
Gopuram (Entrance Gateway): Large, elaborate gateway tower at
Rajarajeswara (Brahadeeshwarar) Temple: Built by Rajraja
the entrance.
Chola in 1009 CE, the tallest and largest Indian temple with
Vimana (Main Tower): Pyramid-like structure, unlike the curving
elaborate Gopurams.

Temple Name Dedicated to Location Historical Importance/Architecture

Nambi Rayar Temple Lord Vishnu Thirukoshtiyur, Sivaganga Part of the 108 Divya Desams (sacred Vishnu
(Thirukoshtiyur Temple) district, Tamil Nadu temples).

Associated with Ramanuja, who learned the

sacred mantra “Ashtakshara” here.
Built in Dravidian style, with a five-tiered
Rajagopuram (temple tower).
Thirumalai Nambi Temple Lord Vishnu Thirumaliruncholai Another of the 108 Divya Desams.
(Thirumaliruncholai (Azhagar Kovil), near Traditional Dravidian architecture with
Temple) Madurai, Tamil Nadu intricate carvings, set in a hilly region.
Aniliswarar Temple Lord Shiva Anilivandhan Kottai, near Traditional architecture with a smaller
Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu Gopuram (temple tower) compared to more
well-known temples.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 55
Konark Wheels Annular Solar
WHAT? Four replicas of the
Eclipse
Konark wheels, made of sandstone, WHAT? An annular solar eclipse
have been installed at Rashtrapati occurs when the Moon is at its
Bhavan Cultural Centre and Amrit
→
farthest point from Earth, partially
Udyan to symbolize India’s rich covering the Sun and creating a “ring
cultural heritage. of fire.” It was visible in parts of South
America on October 2, 2023, but not
Konark Wheels in India.
Design
• The Konark Sun Temple is designed
Konark Sun
as a chariot drawn by seven horses Temple WHY? A solar eclipse happens
when the Moon moves between the
with 24 wheels. Earth and Sun, blocking sunlight
• Each wheel has a diameter of 9 WHERE? Konark Sun Temple is either fully or partially. The types of
feet 9 inches, with 8 wider and 8 located 64 km from Bhubaneswar in solar eclipses include:
thinner spokes. Odisha. Total Solar Eclipse: Moon fully covers
the Sun.
Symbolism WHEN? Constructed in the 13th Annular Solar Eclipse: Moon partially
• Seven horses represent the days of century (around 1250 CE) under King covers the Sun, leaving a visible ring.
the week. Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Partial Solar Eclipse: Moon covers
• 12 pairs of wheels represent the 12 Ganga Dynasty. part of the Sun.
months of the year. Hybrid Solar Eclipse: Shifts between
• 24 wheels signify the 24 hours in HOW? Architecture total and annular as the shadow
a day. Dedicated to Surya, the Sun God, moves.
• 8 spokes symbolize the prahars the temple embodies Kalinga
(three-hour periods). architecture with intricate stone WHEN? Eclipses occur 2-5 times
carvings and sculptures. annually, only during a new moon
Architectural Features Built with Khondalite stone, the when the Moon’s orbit aligns with
• Intricacy temple structure resembles a chariot specific points (nodes). They don’t
- The wheels are intricately carved drawn by seven horses with 24 happen every month because the
with designs of foliage, animals, wheels. Moon’s orbit is tilted by 5 degrees.
and figures of women in various
poses.
- The rims are decorated

→
with ornamental carvings,
showcasing exquisite
craftsmanship.
• Sun Dial
- Two wheels function as sundials,
accurately indicating time from
sunrise to sunset based on the
shadow cast by the axle.

WHY? Cultural Symbol

• Represented on Indian currency:
the old Rs. 20 and the new Rs. 10
notes.
• Symbolizes advanced timekeeping
and astronomical knowledge from
13th-century India.

Legacy
• The Konark Wheel reflects the cycle
of life and worship of Surya, the
Sun God. Its depiction on currency
highlights its role in promoting
national identity and tourism in
Odisha.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 56
 Brain Mapping Cerebral Palsy
of Fruit Flies WHAT? The World Cerebral Palsy

→
Day was observed on October 6, with
WHAT? Researchers have the theme #UniquelyCP, celebrating
successfully mapped the entire the individuality of people with CP.
brain of an adult fruit fly (Drosophila Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of

Fluorescent
melanogaster), marking a significant neurological disorders affecting
milestone as it is the first detailed movement, muscle tone, and posture.
Nano- map of an adult animal’s brain.
This achievement highlights
It is caused by abnormal brain
development, usually before birth.
Diamonds advancements in neuroscience and
brain mapping techniques, offering
(FND) insights into brain structure and
Types:
• Spastic CP (70-80%): Stiff muscles,
function. difficulty in movement.
WHAT? Scientists at Purdue • Dyskinetic CP: Uncontrolled
University have achieved the HOW? Mapping Process: movements.
levitation and spinning of FNDs • The process began in 2013. • Ataxic CP: Poor balance and
in a vacuum, advancing research in • The adult fruit fly’s brain was dunked coordination.
quantum mechanics. in a chemical bath, hardening it into • Mixed CP: Combination of
Fluorescent Nano-Diamonds (FNDs) a solid block. symptoms from different types.
• FNDs are stable, non-toxic carbon • The mapping involved 7,050 Symptoms: Difficulty with motor
nanoparticles that emit consistent sections of the brain, producing 21 skills, muscle stiffness/looseness,
fluorescence, with a lifespan of million photos for analysis. poor coordination, speech issues,
over 10 nanoseconds. They can be Key Findings: seizures.
levitated and spun in a vacuum for • Over 50 million connections were Risk Factors: Premature birth, low
quantum research applications. identified among 139,000 neurons. birth weight, lack of oxygen during
Applications: • The neurons were classified into birth.
• Medical Diagnostics: FNDs are 8,453 distinct types, creating the Treatment: CP is treated with
used for high-resolution imaging largest catalogue of cell types in any physical, occupational, and speech
and cell tracking due to their brain. therapies. Medications and, in severe
non-toxic nature and long-lasting • Insights were gained into the cases, surgery may be required.
fluorescence. functioning of different cell types Niramaya Health Insurance Scheme
• Temperature Sensing: FNDs can and how the fruit fly’s eyes process provides financial support for
measure microscale temperatures, motion and color. treatment.
useful in various scientific
experiments. WHY? The study reveals that while
• Correlative Microscopy: Their the human brain is more complex, the
fluorescent properties make them communication logic of neurons is
ideal for combining multiple imaging similar in both fruit flies and humans.
techniques.
• Sensor Technologies: Due to their
Fruit flies serve as a valuable model
system for neuroscience, solving
Psychedelic
sensitivity to acceleration and
electric fields, FNDs are used in
similar brain function problems as
humans.
Drugs
industrial sensors and gyroscopes This research could aid in WHAT? A study by TIFR, Cornell,
for rotation sensing. understanding and treating mental Yale, and Columbia researchers
• Quantum Computing: FNDs health conditions such as Parkinson’s discovered how psychedelics alleviate
doped with nitrogen can be and depression. anxiety by interacting with the brain.
used in quantum superposition The mapping raises hopes for future Psychedelic drugs are psychoactive
experiments, advancing future efforts to map the entire human substances that alter perception,
quantum computing technologies. brain. mood, and cognition. Common
examples include LSD, Psilocybin,
MDMA, DMT, and Mescaline.

HOW? Psychedelics interact

→

with serotonin receptors (5-HT2A),

leading to altered brain connectivity,
hallucinations, and heightened
sensory experiences.
Therapeutic Potential: They may help
treat anxiety, depression, and PTSD
by resetting dysfunctional neural
circuits, promoting neuroplasticity,
and emotional breakthroughs.

57
Raigad Fort National Combination
WHAT? Raigad Fort is among Manuscript Therapeutic
12 forts nominated for UNESCO
World Heritage status under the title
Mission Clotting
“Maratha Military Landscapes of
WHAT? The Union Ministry of
Implant
India”.
Culture is planning to revive the
WHAT? Scientists at the Institute
National Mission for Manuscripts
WHY? Historical Importance: of Nano Science and Technology
(NMM) and create an autonomous
Served as the capital of the Maratha (INST), Mohali, in collaboration with
body, possibly called the National
Empire under Chhatrapati Shivaji other researchers have developed the
Manuscripts Authority, to better
Maharaj, symbolizing Maratha Combination Therapeutic Clotting
preserve India’s ancient texts.
resilience and independence. Implant.
The National Mission for
• Known as Durgaraj (King of Forts) The Combination Therapeutic
Manuscripts (NMM) was formed in
and referred to as the Gibraltar of Clotting Implant is a hybrid implant
2003 by the Ministry of Tourism
the East by Grant Duff. developed by the Institute of Nano
and Culture. It is managed by the
National Archives of India with Science and Technology (INST) to
Architectural Highlights reduce the recurrence of localized
the objective of documenting,
• Features include Royal Complex, tumors after surgery. It combines
conserving, digitizing, and
Ranivasa, Rajsadar, and metal-based nanomedicine with
disseminating India’s manuscript
Jagadishwar Mandir. patient-derived blood clotting
heritage.
• Samadhi of Shivaji Maharaj is components.
located nearby, marking the fort’s
A manuscript is a handwritten
cultural significance. HOW? The implant uses Nano-
document that is at least 75 years
old, made from materials like paper, Micro-Sera (NMS) and autologous
Natural Defense fibrin to bond with tissue in the tumor
bark, cloth, metal, or palm leaf.
• Built on an isolated hill with 1,500- bed. It delivers localized chemo-
Manuscripts primarily contain
foot escarpments and a strategic phototherapy, inducing immunogenic
knowledge content rather than direct
location atop the Sahyadri range. cell death (ICD) and activating the
historical information.
• Naqqarkhana and Palkhi Darwaja body’s immune response to prevent
serve as main entry points, tumor recurrence.
WHY? Currently operating as part
showcasing Maratha military
of the Indira Gandhi National Centre
architecture. Why Important? It provides an
for the Arts, the NMM is being
restructured into an autonomous affordable and effective post-surgical
body to enhance the preservation cancer treatment, especially for
and accessibility of ancient marginalized patients, by reducing
systemic toxicity and ensuring
Artificial Neural manuscripts across India.
Achievements and Challenges. localized therapy. It also prevents

Network 5.2 million manuscripts have been metastasis and supports faster
documented, and 300,000 titles healing.
digitized, though only 130,000 are
WHAT? John Hopfield and Geoffrey
uploaded.
Hinton were awarded the 2024 Nobel
Preventive and curative
Prize in Physics for their pioneering
conservation of over 9 crore folios in
contributions to artificial neural
networks and machine learning.
the past 21 years. Synthetic
Medical Images
Issues remain with mismatches
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
between digitized data and original
are computational models inspired
manuscripts, and only 70,000
by the structure of the human brain,
manuscripts are accessible to the WHAT? Synthetic medical images
consisting of interconnected nodes
public due to the absence of an are created using mathematical
representing neurons. These nodes
access policy. models or AI techniques, such as
strengthen connections through
generative adversarial networks
training, allowing the network to learn.
(GANs), diffusion models, and
Significance: Hinton’s work on
autoencoders.
Boltzmann machines and other →
neural networks has revolutionized
WHY? These images offer
AI development, enabling modern
advantages like protecting privacy,
applications such as image
reducing costs, and generating large
recognition, pattern analysis, and
amounts of data for AI training.
decision-making technologies.
Synthetic images help in intra-
modality and inter-modality
translation, but they raise concerns
about ethical misuse, potential
diagnostic inaccuracies, and
regulatory challenges.

58
Doppler, X-Band DOPPLER RADAR
WHAT? A Doppler radar measures the
installation of 56 additional Doppler
radars over the next few years.
Radar, NISAR velocity and movement of weather
formations, based on the Doppler effect,
• The ₹2,000-crore Mission Mausam
approved on September 11, 2024, aims to
WHAT? After the floods and landslides
which refers to changes in frequency due upgrade meteorological infrastructure,
in Wayanad in July 2024, the Union to the motion of the source relative to the including the installation of 60 radars by
Ministry of Earth Sciences approved observer. 2026.
the installation of an X-band radar in the Applications: • The Wayanad radar initiative will also
district. • Velocity Measurement: Determines the install a C-band radar (4-8 GHz) in
speed and direction of clouds and rain. Mangaluru, with an observational range
X-BAND RADAR • Weather Monitoring: Tracks rainfall of 250 km.
WHAT? An X-band radar operates in intensity, wind patterns, and helps
the 8-12 GHz frequency range with predict storms or tornadoes. NISAR WHAT? NISAR (NASA-ISRO
wavelengths of 2-4 cm. It is useful for India’s Radar Network: Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint
detecting small particles like raindrops • The India Meteorological Department satellite mission between NASA and
and fog, providing high-resolution images. (IMD) has been using radars since the ISRO, aiming to create high-resolution
Key Features: 1950s. The first X-band storm detection maps of Earth’s landmasses to track
• High Resolution: Provides detailed radar was installed in 1970 in New Delhi. In natural processes.
images for tracking precipitation and 1996, IMD replaced 10 old X-band radars Its payload includes:
particle movements. with digital X-band radars. India also • L-band radar (1.25 GHz, 24 cm) by NASA.
• Limited Range: Shorter range compared uses S-band radars (2-4 GHz) for long- • S-band radar (3.2 GHz, 9.3 cm) by ISRO.
to S-band radars, as higher frequency range detection, with the first S-band NISAR is expected to launch in 2025
signals are attenuated faster. cyclone detection radar installed in aboard an ISRO GSLV Mk II rocket, with a
• Applications: Used for weather Visakhapatnam in 1970. total cost of $1.5 billion, primarily funded
forecasting, especially in short-range Recent Developments: by NASA.
weather monitoring, rainfall intensity • In September 2024, the Ministry
prediction, and landslide forecasting. of Earth Sciences announced the

Trachoma Marburg Virus Rudder Rollout

WHAT? The World Health WHAT? A recent outbreak in Guidance
Organization (WHO) declared that
India has successfully eliminated
Rwanda has caused global concern
due to the virus’s high fatality rate and
Actuator
Trachoma as a public health potential for widespread infection. WHAT? Certain variants of the
problem. The Marburg Virus causes Marburg Boeing 737 equipped with a rudder
This makes India the third country in Virus Disease (MVD), a severe and rollout guidance actuator are under
the Southeast Asia Region to achieve highly fatal haemorrhagic fever. The investigation for potential control
this milestone. virus is from the same family as Ebola system issues, following a United
Trachoma is a bacterial eye infection and has a case fatality rate between Airlines incident in February 2024.
caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis. 24% to 88%. The rudder is part of an airplane’s tail,
It is contagious and can lead to Currently, there is no approved controlling left or right movement,
irreversible blindness if untreated. vaccine or specific antiviral critical for turns, landing, and
Trachoma has historically been one treatment. Supportive care, such stabilizing in windy conditions or
of the leading causes of blindness in as rehydration, and treatment of engine failures.
India, and the rate of blindness due symptoms, is essential for survival. The Rudder Rollout Guidance
to trachoma was 5% in 1971. By 2017, Actuator assists in automatic
India was declared free from infectious HOW? It spreads from bats (notably
landings, helping the plane stay on
trachoma. the Egyptian fruit bat) to humans course, particularly in bad weather
Found mainly in underprivileged and then human-to-human via direct with poor visibility.
communities, Trachoma thrives in contact with bodily fluids.
areas with poor sanitation.
WHERE? The virus was first
HOW? India implemented the WHO identified in 1967 in outbreaks in
SAFE strategy: Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany. →
Surgery
Antibiotics
Facial hygiene
Environmental cleanliness

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024

 Betelgeuse
WHY? Recent research has
uncovered that the brightening and
dimming patterns of Betelgeuse,
previously thought to signal an
imminent explosion, may be

Moonlight
influenced by an unseen companion

→
star, dubbed Betelbuddy.
Programme Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star

Mycobacterium WHAT? The European Space

Agency (ESA) launched the
in the Orion constellation, marking
Orion’s left shoulder. It is one of the
Tuberculosis Moonlight Lunar Communications largest and brightest stars visible in
the night sky, located about 650 light-
Bacteria and Navigation Services (LCNS)
Programme. years from Earth.
The Moonlight Programme aims to When Betelgeuse explodes, its
WHAT? Due to increasing establish a communications and supernova will be visible during the
antimicrobial resistance in navigation infrastructure around the day for several weeks, and it will
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Moon, supporting future missions appear brighter than the Moon at
(Mtb), many existing antibiotics are by space agencies and private night.
becoming less effective. Researchers companies. Though Betelgeuse’s supernova will
are now studying Mtb to identify key Collaboration: Works with NASA be a spectacular visual event, it poses
proteins and design new drugs to and JAXA through the LunaNet no harm to Earth. The radiation from
target them. initiative to standardize lunar mission the explosion, being 650 light-years
Mtb is the bacterium that causes communications and navigation. away, will dissipate before reaching
tuberculosis (TB), primarily affecting our planet. However, space missions
the lungs, but can spread to other HOW? By deploying a satellite
and satellites may experience minor
organs. It spreads through airborne constellation of five lunar satellites to interference from cosmic rays.
droplets from coughing or sneezing. provide communication and navigation
Mtb can remain dormant for years services, covering a data transfer Size: Betelgeuse is vast, measuring
and infects macrophages (immune range of 400,000 km between Earth over 700 million miles (1.2 billion
cells), where it survives and multiplies and the Moon. The first satellite, Lunar kilometers) in diameter, nearing the
instead of being destroyed. Pathfinder, will launch in 2026, with end of its life.
full operational capability expected by Pulsation Cycles
WHAT ELSE? A 2024 CSIR- 2030. • A short-term cycle of about one
CCMB study revealed that Mtb uses year.
cysteine synthase enzymes to WHY? Supports over 400 lunar
• A longer six-year cycle, possibly
survive oxidative stress. missions planned over the next influenced by Betelbuddy moving
A 2017 Karolinska Institute study 20 years. Provides continuous, through surrounding dust.
identified 71 compounds that all-weather connectivity for lunar
inhibit these enzymes, enhancing HOW? The star’s cyclic dimming
missions, with a focus on the Moon’s
the effectiveness of antibiotics like South Pole. and brightening patterns, combined
isoniazid. Supports NASA’s Artemis programme with a cooling surface temperature
Other studies focus on Mtb’s and future Mars missions (MARCONI). and mass loss, signal its late stellar
phosphate and carbon metabolism, Reduces costs by sharing phase. Spectral analysis shows the
vital for its survival in hostile infrastructure, boosting global lunar presence of heavy elements, typical
environments, and its ability to evade exploration and commercial lunar of late-stage fusion, indicating that
the immune system due to long co- activities. Betelgeuse is nearing a supernova.
evolution with humans.

HOW? Effective treatment

approaches include:
Targeting enzymes like CysK2 and
→

CysM to weaken Mtb’s defenses.

Studying Mtb’s metabolic pathways
to identify vulnerabilities.
Exploring how Mtb develops
antibiotic resistance and finding
ways to overcome it.
Investigating how Mtb evades
immune responses by manipulating
immune cells.
Combining new inhibitors with
existing antibiotics to improve
treatment efficacy.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 60
Arun River
WHAT? The Arun River is
contributing to the rise of Mount
Everest by up to 2 mm per year
through the process of isostatic
rebound caused by erosion in the river
basin.
The Arun River is a trans-Himalayan
River that flows through Tibet and
Nepal, contributing to the hydrology
and ecosystems of the region. It
originates in the Tibet Autonomous
Region of China and flows into Nepal.
The Arun River contributes about
37% of the water in the Sapta Koshi
system, making it the largest trans-
Himalayan river in Nepal.
The Arun River is approximately 3,500
meters (11,500 ft) above sea level at →
the Nepal border.

HOW? The Arun River makes Mount

Everest taller through a process
involving two key steps: Golden Langur Amangarh
1. River Incision:
• The Arun River, about 75 km WHAT? The construction of Tiger Reserve
from Mount Everest, erodes large wildlife passages and artificial
amounts of rock and soil from the canopy bridges along the India- WHAT? The body of an eight-year-
landscape, reducing the weight on Bhutan border has been prompted old tiger was found on the border of
the Earth’s crust. by increased deaths of golden langurs Amangarh Tiger Reserve of Bijnor and
• This erosion, which started due to road accidents. Jim Corbett National Park.
accelerating 89,000 years ago, The Golden Langur is an endangered The reserve is part of the Corbett
deepens the river’s channel and primate species known for the golden Tiger Reserve landscape and
decreases the landmass, reducing color of its fur, which changes with the contributes to Project Tiger for tiger
pressure on the Earth’s crust in the seasons. Young langurs are almost conservation in India. It is home to
region. pure white. tigers, leopards, elephants, and
• The river may have gained this Conservation Status: various species of deer and birds.
erosion ability by capturing another • IUCN: Endangered.
river system in Tibet. • CITES: Appendix I. WHERE? Amangarh Tiger Reserve
2. Isostatic Rebound: • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: is located in Bijnor district, Uttar
• When the weight on the Earth’s Schedule I. Pradesh, established in 2012 as a
crust decreases due to erosion, buffer zone for Jim Corbett National
the crust rises to balance the loss, WHERE? Golden langurs are Park.
similar to how a boat rises when found year-round in Assam, India, It is situated near the Ganga and
heavy cargo is removed. and Bhutan, in areas bordered by Ramganga rivers and covers an
• This uplift process under Mount the Bhutan foothills (north), Manas area of approximately 80 square
Everest causes its elevation to river (east), Sankosh river (west), kilometers.
increase by 2 mm annually. and Brahmaputra river (south). They
inhabit moist evergreen, tropical
deciduous forests, riverine areas, and
→
WHERE? The Arun River flows savannahs.
from Tibet, where it is known as Habitat:
Phung Chu or Bum-chu, into Nepal. It • Ripu Reserve Forest and
joins the Sun Koshi and Tamur River Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary
at Tribenighat, forming the Sapta (WLS) are critical habitats for golden
Koshi River. langurs.
Left tributaries: Yeru Tsanpo, Trakar- • Fragmented habitats in these areas
chu. pose threats to their population
Right tributary: Barun River. stability.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 61
Swallowtail
Butterfly
WHAT? A recent study highlights
that the overexploitation of
medicinal plants is threatening the
survival of Swallowtail butterflies
in the forest habitats of Assam’s
Bodoland Territorial Region.
The Swallowtail Butterfly belongs
to the family Papilionidae and is
known for its large size, brightly
colored wings, and distinctive tail-like
extensions on its hindwings. Globally,
there are 573 species, with 77
species found in India.
12 species of Swallowtail butterflies
in India are under federal protection,
with some species listed under
Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection
Act.

WHERE? Swallowtail butterflies

→

are distributed across tropical and

temperate regions of Asia, Africa, and
the Americas. In India, they are found
in rainforests, woodlands, cultivated
lands, and protected areas like the
Western Ghats and Northeast India.
Northeastern India is a critical zone
for Swallowtail conservation under
Little Prespa Tardigrades
SCAP. Lake WHAT? Researchers have
discovered the genetic mechanisms
HOW? Swallowtail butterflies WHAT? Little Prespa Lake is enabling a newly identified species of
depend on specific host plants slowly drying, which has raised tardigrade, Hypsibius henanensis, to
from families like Rutaceae, concerns about the ecological and withstand high radiation levels.
Aristolochiaceae, Lauraceae, and economic stability of the region. Tardigrades: Known as “water
Magnoliaceae for larval development. Little Prespa Lake, also known as bears” or “moss piglets”, tardigrades
The overexploitation of these plants is Small Lake Prespa, is located at the are microscopic water-dwelling
threatening their survival, particularly Albanian-Greek border. It is a smaller organisms famed for surviving
in regions like Bodoland. part of the Great Prespa Lake, extreme conditions.
Threats: situated to the south. Much of the lake Survival Abilities
• Overexploitation of medicinal has transformed into swamps or dried • Withstand extreme temperatures
plants used by Swallowtail larvae. up due to reduced water inflow. from near absolute zero to over
• Deforestation, illegal cattle farming,
150°C.
agriculture, tree felling, and pesticide WHERE? The lake lies mostly in • Resist high radiation, vacuum
use. Greek territory, with the southern tip conditions, and survive extreme
Conservation: The Swallowtail extending into Albania. dehydration.
Conservation Action Plan (SCAP) The total area of the lake is • Tolerate pressures six times that of
aims to protect endangered approximately 450 hectares in the ocean’s deepest trenches.
Swallowtail species by focusing on: Albanian territory.
• Habitat protection. Historically, it was fed by snowmelt HOW? Genetic Mechanisms:
• Host plant conservation. and precipitation. Researchers identified 2,801 genes
• Population restoration.
associated with DNA repair:
HOW? The drying of Little Prespa DNA Repair Protein (TRID1): Enables
Lake is mainly due to: repair of radiation-induced double-
Climate change and human strand DNA breaks.
intervention, reducing snowmelt and Mitochondrial Gene Activation:
→

precipitation. Radiation exposure activates genes

1970s diversion of the Devoll River producing two proteins essential for
by communist authorities in Albania mitochondrial synthesis and DNA
for agricultural purposes, which repair.
significantly reduced the lake’s water Antioxidant Pigments (Betalains):
inflow, starting its ecological decline. Neutralize harmful chemicals
generated by radiation within cells.

62
International Energy Efficiency Hub
WHAT? The Union Cabinet has international best practices in energy Key Initiatives:
approved the signing of a Letter of Intent efficiency. • Standards and Labeling Program (Star
for India to join the Hub, enabling the • Promotes India’s transition to a low- rating for appliances).
country to enhance its participation in carbon economy, improves energy • Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT)
global energy efficiency efforts. security, and contributes to climate Scheme for energy-intensive industries.
The International Energy Efficiency change mitigation by promoting energy- • Energy Conservation Building Code
Hub (Hub) is a global platform promoting efficient technologies. (ECBC) for commercial buildings.
energy efficiency collaboration among Global Impact: • National Mission for Enhanced Energy
governments, international organizations, • India’s participation strengthens global Efficiency (NMEEE).
and the private sector. It was established in efforts toward energy conservation and • Energy Efficiency Financing Platform
2020 as the successor to the International the development of efficient technologies. (EEFP).
Partnership for Energy Efficiency Programs:
Cooperation (IPEEC). Bureau of Energy Efficiency • National Energy Conservation Awards.
(BEE) WHAT? • Demand Side Management (DSM).
WHO? As of July 2024, the Hub has 16 • The Bureau of Energy Efficiency • Street Lighting National Program
member countries, including: (BEE), established in March 2002 (SLNP) (LED streetlight replacement).
Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, under the Energy Conservation Act, Goals:
China, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, 2001, promotes energy efficiency and • Reduce energy intensity in India.
Korea, Luxembourg, Russia, Saudi Arabia, conservation, aiming to reduce energy • Improve energy efficiency in agriculture,
the European Commission, the UK, and intensity and enhance energy security. industry, buildings, and appliances.
the US. Functions: • Contribute to sustainable development
The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) • Develops energy efficiency policies and and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
has been designated as the implementing strategies. International Cooperation:
agency for India’s participation in the Hub. • Implements energy conservation • Collaborates with UNDP, World Bank,
programs across sectors like industry, and ADB on global energy efficiency
WHY? For India: transport, and municipalities. projects.
• India can collaborate with member states, • Promotes R&D in energy conservation • Supports India’s climate commitments
sharing expertise and learning from technologies. under the Paris Agreement.

EnviStats India 2024 Report

WHAT? The EnviStats India 2024 • Ocean Accounts (SDG 14: Life Below Recommendations: The report suggests
Report has been released by the Water): several policy directions based on its
Ministry of Statistics and Programme - Introduced for the first time, this findings:
Implementation (MoSPI). It is the 7th section covers the extent and • Biodiversity Protection: Strengthen
consecutive publication that compiles condition of ocean ecosystems. community-led conservation and expand
environmental-economic accounts • Energy Use & Physical Asset Accounts protection of critical ecosystems.
based on the System of Environmental- (SDG 7 & SDG 13): • Ocean Ecosystem Management: Utilize
Economic Accounting (SEEA) Framework. - Includes Physical Asset Accounts and Ocean Accounts for sustainable marine
Physical Supply and Use Tables for resource management and pollution
The report provides insights into India’s Energy, aligned with the SEEA-Energy control.
natural resources, ecosystems, and efforts Framework, incorporating data from • Soil Health: Encourage sustainable
toward environmental sustainability, the Coal and Petroleum ministries. farming practices and better soil
highlighting critical environmental • Soil Nutrient Index (SDG 2: Zero management using Soil Health Cards.
statistics. Hunger): • Integrated Planning: Focus on species
Highlights: - Updated data on the Soil Nutrient conservation, habitat restoration, and
• Protected Areas (SDG 13 & SDG 15): Index based on the Soil Health Card genetic conservation through data-driven
- 72% increase in the number of 2023-24, reflecting soil health and planning.
Protected Areas from 2000 to 2023. agricultural sustainability.
- 16% increase in the area of Protected • Biodiversity & Species Richness (SDG
Areas, reflecting efforts in biodiversity 15: Life on Land):
conservation. - Data on faunal and floral diversity,
• Mangrove Cover (SDG 13 & SDG 15): including endangered species like
- 8% increase in mangrove cover from Leopards and Snow Leopards,
2013 to 2021, indicating growth in connected to biodiversity conservation.
coastal ecosystem protection.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 63
 HurricaneMilton Karakoram
WHAT? Hurricane Milton made Wildlife
landfall near Siesta Key, Florida,
USA, causing heavy rain, flooding,
Sanctuary
strong winds, and significant damage WHAT? The National Board for
and loss of lives. Wildlife (NBWL) approved 5 roads,
A hurricane is a large cyclonic storm including 4 passing through the
that forms over warm ocean waters, Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary near
primarily in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf the Line of Actual Control (LAC). This
of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea. includes a route to Daulat Beg Oldie
Hurricanes form when sea-surface (DBO), India’s northernmost military
temperatures exceed 26°C, fueling outpost.
the storm through evaporation and
moisture accumulation. They typically WHERE? Located in Ladakh, India,
develop during the Atlantic hurricane the sanctuary is in the eastern part
season from June to November.
→

of the Karakoram Range. It spans

Most hurricanes follow a westward approximately 5,000 sq km, with an
path, but Hurricane Milton moved altitude range from 4,200m to over
eastward and made landfall on the 7,500m at Saltoro Kangri.
western coast of Florida, which
Hasdeo Arand is rare. Additionally, the storm
encountered almost no wind shear,
WHAT ELSE? Climate: The

Forest allowing it to strengthen without

sanctuary has a cold desert climate
with harsh winters, low temperatures,
interference. and sparse vegetation. Winter
WHAT? Tribal communities in TERMINOLOGY: temperatures can drop below -20°C,
Chhattisgarh’s Hasdeo Arand forest • Typhoon: Northwest Pacific while summer temperatures range
ambushed police in response to Ocean. between 5°C and 20°C.
resumed tree-felling for coal mining • Hurricane: North Atlantic, Central Biodiversity: It is home to endangered
activities. and Eastern North Pacific Oceans. species like the snow leopard,
The Hasdeo Arand Forest, known • Cyclone: South Pacific and Indian Tibetan antelope (chiru), Tibetan wild
as the “lungs of Chhattisgarh”, is Ocean. ass (kiang), ibex, and blue sheep
Central India’s largest unfragmented (Bharal). Migratory birds also visit the
forest, covering 1,879.6 sq km in HOW? Hurricane Milton became
sanctuary seasonally.
Sarguja, Korba, and Surajpur a Category 5 hurricane with wind Flora: Vegetation is sparse, with cold
districts. speeds of 285 km/h, making it one of desert flora such as hardy grasses,
the strongest hurricanes recorded shrubs, and medicinal plants.
The Hasdeo River flows through in the Atlantic Ocean. It intensified Rivers: The Shyok and Nubra rivers
this forest, which supports a rich rapidly, going from Category 1 to provide essential water sources for the
biodiversity. Category 5 in just 12 hours, with wind region.
Biodiversity: Home to nine protected speeds increasing by 145 km/h in
species under Schedule I of the one day. This rapid intensification was Significance: The sanctuary is part
Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, due to sea-surface temperatures of the trans-Himalayan ecosystem,
including elephants, leopards, and of 31°C, much higher than the typical offering a crucial habitat for some of
Indian grey wolves. It also hosts 26°C required for hurricane formation. the rarest species in the world.
640 plant species, including 128
medicinal plants and 40 timber
species.

WHY? Environmental Impact:

Mining threatens forest cover,
biodiversity, and wildlife corridors.
Livelihood Concerns: Local
communities rely on the forest for
farming and forest produce.
Displacement Issues: Inadequate
compensation and resettlement have
raised concerns among villagers.
Forgery Allegations: Villagers allege
fake gram sabha resolutions were
used to secure mining clearances.
Demands: Activists are calling for
the cancellation of the Parsa coal
block and assurance that the Lemru
Reserve Forest (1,995 sq km)
remains protected from mining.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 64
South Caucasus
Region
(Transcaucasia)
WHAT? The 29th COP to
the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) will begin on November
11, 2024, in Baku, the capital
of Azerbaijan. As global leaders
gather near the Caspian Sea, the
surrounding region of the South
Caucasus faces significant climate
challenges.

WHERE? The South Caucasus

Region (Transcaucasia) lies
south of the Greater Caucasus
Mountains, bordered by Russia
→
(north), Turkey and Iran (south),
and between the Black Sea and
the Caspian Sea. The climate in
the region includes continental
climates with hot summers and
cold winters, subtropical conditions
Similipal Tiger DANA
along Georgia’s Black Sea coast, and Reserve (Depresion
semi-arid to desert climates near the
Caspian Sea (Azerbaijan). WHAT? The Odisha government
Aislada En
WHERE ELSE? Regional/
translocated a female tiger from
Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve
Niveles Altos)
transboundary areas: Northern (Maharashtra) to Similipal Tiger WHAT? The extreme weather in
Armenia, southern Georgia, and Reserve to enhance genetic diversity. eastern Spain, including Valencia
north-west Azerbaijan.
receiving a year’s worth of rain in
• Alazani/Ganykh river basin WHERE? Similipal Tiger Reserve just 8 hours, has been attributed to
(Azerbaijan and Georgia). is situated in Mayurbhanj District, Depresion Aislada en Niveles Altos
Within countries: Odisha, with peaks Khairiburu and (DANA).
• Yerevan and Ararat Valley Meghashini (1,515 meters). DANA: Known as the “cold drop” in
(Armenia).
English, DANA is a meteorological
• Lake Sevan (Armenia). WHEN? Declared a Tiger Reserve phenomenon specific to the western
• Kura-Aras lowlands and Absheron in 1956 and included in Project Tiger Mediterranean region, bringing
Peninsula (Azerbaijan). in 1973. intense rainfall and flooding.
• Adjara and Black Sea coast
Features
(Georgia). WHAT ELSE? Flora and Fauna • Occurs when cold air from the Polar
• Tbilisi, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, and • Home to 1,078 plant species, Regions detaches from the polar jet
Kakheti (Georgia). including 94 orchids. stream and descends over the warm
• Fauna includes leopards, Mediterranean Sea.
WHY? The region is rich in natural elephants, gaur, and the rare • The temperature contrast between
resources like oil and natural gas, pseudo-melanistic tiger. cold air aloft and warm, moist
especially in Azerbaijan, making it Unique Features surface air leads to atmospheric
a critical hub for energy pipelines • Hosts the only population of instability, creating cumulonimbus
like the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pseudo-melanistic tigers caused clouds and intense thunderstorms.
pipeline. This adds to its geopolitical by a mutation in the Taqpep gene.
importance, with ongoing tensions in • Declared a UNESCO Biosphere WHERE? Geographical Impact:
Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, Reserve in 2009 due to its Primarily affects Spain and Portugal,
and Abkhazia. biodiversity. but can also impact Italy, France,
and other Mediterranean regions,
especially in autumn and spring due
to more pronounced temperature
variations.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 65
 Heatwaves Mount Fuji
WHAT? The Tamil Nadu WHAT? Japan’s iconic Mount Fuji
government has declared heatwaves has experienced the longest delay in
a State-specific disaster and snowfall since record-keeping began
announced ₹4 lakh ex-gratia for in 1894.
families of heat-related death victims,
including relief workers. WHY? Higher Temperatures:
A heatwave is a prolonged period of Japan’s hottest summer on record,
excessively hot weather relative to the combined with above-average
usual climate of a region. October temperatures, delayed the
required cooling for snowfall.
WHEN? In India, heatwaves typically Heatwave: Japan experienced
occur from March to June. several “extremely hot” days, with
temperatures over 35°C extending
HOW? 1. Criteria for Declaring into September.
Heatwaves: For a heatwave Jet Stream Shift: A shift in the sub-
declaration, at least two stations in tropical jet stream brought warmer
a region must record temperatures air over Japan, further preventing snow
meeting the following conditions for formation.
two consecutive days:
a. Departure from Normal: WHERE? Mount Fuji is situated

Nature i. Heat Wave: 4.5°C to 6.4°C above

normal.
on Honshu Island, about 100 km
southwest of Tokyo.
Conservation ii. Severe Heat Wave: >6.4°C above
normal. WHAT ELSE? Height: At 3,776
Index (NCI) b. Actual Max Temperature (for
plains):
meters (12,389 feet), it is Japan’s
tallest mountain.
WHAT? India ranked 176th in the i. Heat Wave: Max temperature Type of Volcano: A stratovolcano,
Global Nature Conservation Index reaches 45°C. recognized for its conical shape
(NCI) 2024 with a score of 45.5 out ii. Severe Heat Wave: Max created by alternating layers of lava,
of 100, placing it among the five temperature reaches 47°C. ash, and tephra.
lowest performers. Eruptions: The last major eruption
Nature Conservation Index: 2. Declaration by IMD: The India was in 1707 (Hoei eruption), which
Developed by the Goldman Meteorological Department caused ash to fall on Edo (now
Sonnenfeldt School of (IMD) defines heatwaves based on Tokyo).
Sustainability and Climate Change. temperature thresholds:
Launched on October 24, a. Plains: At least 45°C. Cultural Importance
2024, ranking 180 countries on b. Hills: At least 30°C. • Considered a national symbol of
conservation efforts, focusing on c. Coastal regions: Minimum 37°C Japan and sacred in Shintoism,
protected areas, biodiversity with a 4.5°C deviation from associated with the deity
threats, governance, and future normal. Konohanasakuya-hime.
natural resource management. • Known as one of Japan’s Three
Top Performers: Nations with WHY? The declaration allows the Holy Mountains and featured
advanced climate policies, like government to provide immediate prominently in Japanese art, such
Sweden and Denmark, scored high, relief, especially during the peak heat as Hokusai’s Thirty-Six Views of
with countries such as Finland, season (April-May 2024), funded Mount Fuji.
Norway, and Switzerland leading in by the State Disaster Response UNESCO Status: Recognized as
conservation practices. Fund. Kerala became the first state a World Heritage Site in 2013 for
to declare man-animal conflict as a its cultural significance and natural
WHY? Reasons for India’s Low state-specific disaster in March 2023. beauty.
Ranking:
High Land Conversion: 53% of
land converted for urban, industrial,
and agricultural use, impacting
biodiversity.
Soil Pollution: A sustainable nitrogen
index of 0.77 due to pesticide use
affects soil health.
Minimal Marine Conservation: Only
0.2% of waterways protected, with
no designated areas in the Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ).
Illegal Wildlife Trade: India is the
fourth-largest in illegal wildlife trade,
with a yearly trade value of £15 billion.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024

 Gram Sabha Dadasaheb
WHAT? The Ministry of Panchayati Phalke Award ‘22
Raj is organizing special Gram Sabhas
across 750 Gram Panchayats on WHAT? Mithun Chakraborty will
2nd October 2024, marking Gandhi receive the 2022 Dadasaheb Phalke
Jayanti. These meetings aim to Award, recognizing his remarkable
promote Mahatma Gandhi’s vision contribution to Indian cinema.
of Gram Swaraj—self-reliant villages
through people’s participation in WHY? Chakraborty’s career
governance. spans over 350 films across
The Gram Sabha is the foundation multiple languages. He became an
of the Panchayati Raj system, international star with Disco Dancer
responsible for village development (1982). He has won three National Film
and local governance. It is a Awards and was honored with the
permanent body defined under Article Padma Bhushan in 2023.
243(b) of the Indian Constitution.
HOW? The award is given by
VISION: the Ministry of Information and
→

• Gram Swaraj: Emphasizes Broadcasting. It includes ₹1,000,000

community-led governance and cash, a Swarna Kamal medallion, and
the involvement of elders, women, is presented by the President of India.

IQAIR Report and youth in village decision-

making through Gram Panchayat
WHAT? Lahore was declared the Development Plans (GPDP).
world’s most polluted city by air • Lal Bahadur Shastri’s Legacy:
quality monitor IQAir, with an Air His slogan “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan”
Quality Index (AQI) of 394, deemed highlights the role of rural
hazardous by global standards. Delhi development and the importance of
ranked second with an AQI of 204, farmers and self-reliance.
classified as “very unhealthy.”
HOW? Meetings: The Gram Sabha
Lahore’s AQI exceeds the WHO must meet 2 to 4 times annually, on
guideline by over 55.6 times. IQAir dates such as Republic Day (26th Jan),
monitors the concentration of PM2.5 Labour Day (1st May), Independence
particles, which pose serious health Day (15th Aug), and Gandhi Jayanti
risks, ranking cities using the AQI (2nd Oct). Additional meetings can be
scale (0-500), with values over 300 requested by 10% of members or 50
being hazardous. people (whichever is greater), with 5
days’ notice.
→

HOW? IQAir uses real-time air Organization: Meetings are organized

quality data from government by the Panchayat Secretary (Gram
Sevak) with approval from the
BRCA1 Testing
agencies, monitoring stations,
and low-cost sensors to rank the Sarpanch.
world’s most polluted cities, focusing Decision-Making: All decisions made
on PM2.5 particles. The data is by the Panchayat must be approved WHAT? Angelina Jolie’s preventive
compared to WHO’s standard, which by the Gram Sabha to be validated. surgery due to a BRCA1 mutation
recommends PM2.5 levels below 5 highlighted the importance of genetic
micrograms per cubic meter. WHO? Any individual above 18 testing for hereditary cancers.
years of age, residing in the village, BRCA testing identifies mutations
WHY? Primary Causes of Lahore’s and listed on the electoral rolls is a in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, linked
Pollution member of the Gram Sabha. to a higher risk of breast and ovarian
Stubble Burning: Residue burning cancers.
after rice harvests in Punjab (India and WHY? The Gram Sabha discusses Breast cancer is the most common
Pakistan). local governance, development issues, cancer among women in India,
Vehicular Emissions: Increase in and formulates need-based plans for accounting for 27% of all cancer
vehicles and use of low-quality fuel. the village. cases.
Industrial Pollution: Factories and Women with BRCA mutations have
brick kilns release harmful pollutants. up to a 72% risk of developing breast
Geography & Weather: Temperature cancer.
inversion during winter traps
pollutants. HOW? BRCA testing is done
Coal-Fired Power Plants: The using blood or saliva samples. Early
1320MW Sahiwal coal-fired power detection can lead to preventive
plant contributes significantly to actions such as regular screening or
smog. surgery.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 67
 Exercise
KAZIND-2024

→
WHAT? Exercise KAZIND is a joint
military exercise between India and

Navika Sagar
Kazakhstan. The 8th edition took
place in Uttarakhand.

Parikrama WHY? The exercise focuses on

counter-terrorism operations under a
WHAT? Navika Sagar Parikrama is UN mandate. It enhances coordination
a maritime expedition by the Indian for joint military operations, especially
Navy, aimed at circumnavigating in semi-urban environments.
the globe on a sailboat, with women
officers as the crew, symbolizing HOW? It includes tactical drills such
women’s empowerment and as raids and counter-Unmanned Aerial
promoting Indian maritime traditions. System operations. From 2023, it also
involves Air Force personnel, making it
WHY? To promote women’s a bi-service exercise.

→
empowerment, gender equality,
oceanic research, and showcase
Indian maritime heritage.

WHEN? First Edition: Began on

September 10, 2017, and concluded on Chagos Island was expelled in 1971 following the
closure of plantations.
May 21, 2018, with an all-women crew
3. UN and ICJ Involvement (2017-2019):
aboard INSV Tarini. WHAT? The UK has settled its • 2017: The UN General Assembly
Second Edition: Flagged off on long-standing sovereignty dispute with requested an advisory opinion from the
October 2, 2024, with two women Mauritius over the Chagos Islands. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) on
officers, Lt. Commander Dilna K. and deal also secures the future of the Diego the legal status of the Chagos Islands.
Lt. Commander Roopa A., from INS Garcia military base for an initial period of • 2019: The ICJ ruled that the UK’s
Mandovi, Goa. 99 years. administration of the islands was illegal
The Chagos Archipelago is a group of and called for the islands’ return to
WHERE? Five legs with four 58 islands in the Indian Ocean, located Mauritius.
stopovers: 500 km south of the Maldives. It has 4. UK-Mauritius Agreement (2023):
1. Goa to Fremantle, Australia been a subject of dispute between the The UK agreed to cede claims over the
2. Fremantle to Lyttleton, New UK and Mauritius over sovereignty. One Chagos Islands, allowing Mauritius to
Zealand of the islands, Diego Garcia, serves as implement a resettlement program.
3. Lyttleton to Port Stanley, Falkland a strategically important military base, However, the UK retained sovereignty
Islands jointly operated by the UK and the US. over Diego Garcia for military use.
4. Port Stanley to Cape Town, South
Africa WHEN? WHY DIEGO GARCIA? US-UK
5. Cape Town to Goa, India 1. BIOT Formation (1965): The British Defense Agreement: Diego Garcia is
Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) was essential for joint military operations,
formed when the UK incorporated the enabling rapid deployment in critical
Chagos Archipelago, detaching it from regions.
Mauritius before its independence.
Overseas Citizen Mauritius was compensated with 3
Global Operations Hub: Key for US air
and naval operations during conflicts like
of India (OCI) million pounds.
2. UK-US Defense Agreement (1966):
the Gulf War and War in Afghanistan.
Geopolitical Control: Ensures a strong
The UK and US signed an agreement US-UK presence in the Indian Ocean to
WHAT? After complaints about allowing Diego Garcia to be used as a counter other powers, especially China.
reclassification of OCI holders, the military base, making it a vital outpost Strategic Location: Vital for monitoring
Ministry of External Affairs clarified due to its strategic location in the the Malacca Strait and other global trade
that no changes were made to OCI Indian Ocean. The local population routes, particularly for energy supplies.
rules. OCI is a status allowing Persons
of Indian Origin (PIOs) to register
for a form of dual citizenship. It was
introduced in 2005.

HOW? OCI cardholders receive

a life-long visa to visit India and
are exempt from local registration.
However, they cannot vote, hold
government positions, or apply for
certain jobs.

68
 F&O Trading
WHAT? SEBI has introduced a six-step 2. Intraday position limits: Real-time
framework to limit speculative trading in tracking of position limits to control
F&O, aiming to reduce retail participation speculative trading activity.
and lower trading volumes on expiry days. 3. Removal of calendar spread
Futures and Options (F&O) are financial benefits: Calendar spread benefits on
derivatives. expiry day will be removed to reduce
Futures are contracts to buy or sell an aggressive trading strategies.
asset (stocks, indexes, or commodities) at 4. Increased contract size: The
a predetermined price on a future date. minimum contract size for index
→ Options give the right, but not the derivatives is increased to ₹15 lakhs,
obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a set making it more expensive for retail
price before a specific date. investors to enter.
Chenchu Tribes HOW? SEBI’s Six-Step Framework
5. Rationalization of weekly expiries:
Only one benchmark index per
WHAT? The Chenchu tribe’s living (Effective November 2024 – April 2025): exchange will have weekly expiries,
conditions have worsened due to the 1. Upfront premium collection: Retail lowering speculative opportunities.
discontinuation of the MGNREGS investors must pay the full options 6. Enhanced margin requirements:
Chenchu Special Project, which premium upfront, limiting leverage in Margin requirements on options expiry
was launched in 2009 to provide 180 trading. days will be raised to manage risk.
days of employment tailored to their
needs.
The Chenchu tribe is a Particularly
Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG)
primarily found in Andhra Pradesh, Humsafar Central
Telangana, Karnataka, and Odisha.
They face significant challenges, Policy Electricity
including poverty and unemployment.
Role in Conservation: Act as WHAT? The Humsafar Policy, Regulatory
tiger protection watchers in the launched by the Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways, aims to
Commission
Nagarjuna-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
(NSTR). improve travel convenience on (CERC)
Forest Rights: Granted land rights National Highways through the
under the Forest Rights Act (2006), development of Wayside Amenities. WHAT? CERC has appointed a
enabling subsistence farming and Single Member Bench to assess
forest dwelling. HOW? The policy provides for challenges from a surge in power
the development of food courts, demand, projected to reach 232.2
Challenges: fuel stations, EV charging stations, GW in October 2024. Additional
• Facing displacement due to parking, ATMs, toilets, pharmacies, generation of 12.60 GW is required to
conservation efforts, a low literacy and other traveler facilities along meet the demand.
rate of 40.6%, and rehabilitation highways. Facilities are featured on
issues from relocating their forest the ‘Rajmarg Yatra’ app for real-time WHAT ELSE? The Central
homes. updates and feedback from users. Electricity Regulatory Commission
• Major threats include lack of modern (CERC) is India’s statutory power
skills, poverty, and low literacy rates. WHY IMPORTANT? The policy regulator, established under the
Cultural Practices: enhances the user experience, Electricity Regulatory Commissions
• Worship the Malalamma Vana supports local job creation, and Act, 1998, and later brought under
Devatha (goddess of honey). promotes sustainability through the Electricity Act, 2003. It operates
• Brew traditional liquor from acacia the use of solar energy, water with quasi-judicial authority.
bark, mahua flower, and jaggery. conservation, and waste recycling at Primary Functions: Regulates tariffs
As per the 2011 Census, the these highway amenities. of power generation companies,
population of the Chenchu tribe is interstate transmission tariffs,
64,227, spread across five districts in and issues licenses for interstate
Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. transmission.
They have been granted special rights
under the Scheduled Tribes and Key Role in Tariff Evolution:
Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Introduced Two-Part Tariff (1992)
(FRA). and Availability Based Tariff (2000).
Advisory Role: National Electricity
WHERE? Location: Primarily and Tariff Policy.
in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, First Chairman: Mr. S.L. Rao
Karnataka, and Odisha. (1998–2001).
Habitat: Sparse and deciduous
forests of the Nallamala forest, part
of the Eastern Ghats.

69
 Swap Academic
WHAT? The Reserve Bank of India Freedom
(RBI) has announced a Currency
Swap Agreement with the Maldives
Index (AFI)
Monetary Authority (MMA) WHAT? India’s academic freedom
under the SAARC Currency Swap score has dropped from 0.6 in 2013
Framework 2024-27. to 0.2 in 2023, marking a sharp
decline and classifying the country
WHAT ELSE? The SAARC
as “completely restricted.” This is the
Currency Swap Framework, lowest score since the mid-1940s.
administered by the Reserve Bank
of India (RBI), provides short-term WHAT ELSE? The Academic
liquidity support to SAARC member Freedom Index (AFI) is a global
→

countries during financial crises or index to assess academic freedom in

instability. various countries.
Objective: To provide short-term
Rani Durgavati
Released by: Global Public Policy
liquidity support to SAARC countries Institute (GPPi), in collaboration with
during financial crises. Scholars at Risk (SAR) and V-Dem
WHAT? The Chief Minister of Countries Involved: Afghanistan, Institute.
Madhya Pradesh chaired a meeting in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Score Range: 0 (complete repression)
honor of Rani Durgavati on her 500th Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. to 1 (full academic freedom).
birth anniversary.
HOW? India will provide $400
Main Parameters:
WHO? Rani Durgavati was a 16th- million under the USD/Euro swap and - Freedom to Research and Teach.
century tribal queen of the Chandela ₹30 billion (~$357 million) under the - Institutional Autonomy.
dynasty, born in 1524 in Mahoba (now INR swap window. - Freedom of Expression for
Uttar Pradesh). She is commemorated Academics.
for her bravery and resistance against - Campus Integrity.
Mughal forces.
She was married to Dalpat Shah, son
of Gond King Sangram Shah of the
Garha-Katanga kingdom.

WHEN? After her husband’s death Z-Morh Tunnel Lady Justice

in 1550, she ruled as regent for her
young son, Bir Narayan.
Project Statue
Rani Durgavati expanded her kingdom WHAT? Militants attacked workers WHAT? The Chief Justice of India
and shifted her capital to Chauragarh constructing the Z-Morh tunnel on the unveiled a new statue of ‘Lady Justice’
for strategic advantage. Srinagar-Sonamarg highway, leading at the Supreme Court, replacing the
In 1564, she faced an attack from to casualties. previous version.
Mughal General Asaf Khan under The Z-Morh Tunnel is a 6.4 km long The statue, dressed in a saree, holds
Emperor Akbar. She led her forces tunnel connecting Sonamarg health scales and the Indian Constitution,
bravely, initially defeating the Mughals resort to Kangan town, and forms with uncovered eyes symbolizing that
in a strategic battle at Narhi. part of the Srinagar-Sonamarg-Leh justice sees all equally.
To avoid capture, she sacrificed her highway. Symbolism
life, becoming a symbol of courage Significance Uncovered eyes represent justice for
and resistance. Ensures year-round connectivity to all.
the tourist destination Sonamarg and Saree symbolizes Indian heritage.
WHAT ELSE? She undertook the strategic region of Ladakh. Constitution in hand, replacing the
public works, including the Crucial for military logistics, reducing sword, reflects fairness and rights.
construction of Ranital, a reservoir reliance on air transport for supplies. Scales continue to symbolize balance
near Jabalpur. Economic boost to tourism in Kashmir. in law.

WHERE? Located near Gagangir WHEN? In 2024, this 6-foot statue

village, Kashmir, at an altitude of over was created by Vinod Goswami,
8,500 feet, named after the Z-shaped breaking away from colonial
road stretch. representations and emphasizing that
“law is not blind.” It reflects Indian
WHEN? Conceived in 2012 by the values and constitutional principles.
Border Roads Organisation (BRO),
with a soft opening in February 2024.
Full inauguration is pending.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 70
ASEAN Summit India-ASEAN Science and Technology
Fund.
and cyber resilience.
9. Green Future: Promote green hydrogen
4. Scholarships: Double Master’s workshops to advance sustainable
WHAT? In alignment with the theme of scholarships for ASEAN students at energy solutions.
this year’s ASEAN Summit— “Enhancing Nalanda University and introduce 10. Climate Resilience: Launch the “Ek
Connectivity and Resilience”—PM agriculture scholarships. Ped Maa Ke Naam” campaign to
Modi laid out the ten key suggestions for 5. Trade Review: Complete the ASEAN- encourage tree planting for climate
strengthening cooperation. India Trade Agreement review by resilience.
2025 to boost economic ties.
PM Modi’s Suggestions: 6. Disaster Resilience: Allocate USD 5 WHEN? The Association of Southeast
1. Tourism: Declare 2025 as ASEAN-India million from the ASEAN-India Fund to Asian Nations (ASEAN) was founded in
Year of Tourism and commit USD 5 enhance disaster resilience. 1967 for economic growth and regional
million to promote tourism. 7. Health Resilience: Institutionalize peace. It includes 10 member countries
2. Act East Policy: Celebrate a decade of ASEAN-India Health Ministers from Southeast Asia, and East Timor has
India’s Act East Policy with events like Meeting and collaborate on cancer applied for membership.
music festivals, youth summits, and research.
hackathons. 8. Cyber Resilience: Establish a cyber- WHY? The aim is to foster regional
3. Women Scientists: Hold an annual policy dialogue to strengthen digital growth, ensure peace, and build an
Women Scientists’ Conclave under the integrated ASEAN community.

Hanle Dark
Sky Reserve
WHAT? The Indian Institute of
Astrophysics (IIA) hosted a Star
Party at HDSR, attracting amateur
astronomers and astrophotographers
from across India to observe celestial
phenomena such as faint galaxies
and the rare sight of Venus casting a
shadow.
Hanle is home to the Indian
Astronomical Observatory and the
second-highest optical telescope in
the world. Its high altitude, low light
pollution, and dry climate offer ideal
conditions for observing the night sky.

WHERE? The Hanle Dark Sky

Reserve (HDSR), located in Ladakh’s
Changthang region, is a designated
area created to reduce light pollution
and preserve natural dark skies,
making it ideal for astronomical
research and astrophotography.

WHY IMPORTANT? HDSR plays

a critical role in promoting astronomy,
astrophotography, and astro-tourism.
It also helps preserve natural dark Draft National framework for National Sports
Federations (NSFs) and align India’s
skies while contributing to the local
economy by supporting eco-friendly
Sports sports governance with global standards.

tourism. Governance HOW? Formation of the Sports

Bill, 2024 Regulatory Board of India to oversee

NSFs.
Creation of Ethics Commissions and
WHAT? The Draft National Sports Athletes Commissions within NSFs.
Governance Bill, 2024 was released by Introduction of a Safe Sports Policy to
the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports protect athletes from harassment.
for public comments. Establishment of an Appellate Sports
Tribunal for resolving sports-related
WHY? It aims to establish a regulatory disputes.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 71
 Mount Dhaulagiri and “giri” (mountain).
It is bordered by the Kali Gandaki River,
which flows through the gorge between
WHAT? Five Russian mountaineers lost Dhaulagiri and Annapurna, and has
their lives during an expedition on Mount important glaciers like the Chonbardan
Dhaulagiri. and Myagdi Glacier.

WHERE? Mount Dhaulagiri, located WHY? Dhaulagiri is significant for

in north-central Nepal, is the world’s its extreme climate, including high
seventh-highest peak with an elevation winds, and unpredictable weather
of 8,167 meters. conditions, making it a challenging peak
It is part of the Dhaulagiri Himal range in for mountaineers. It was first ascended
the Nepal Himalayas. The name comes on May 13, 1960, by a Swiss-Austrian-
from Sanskrit: “dhawala” (white/dazzling) Nepalese expedition.
→

NABARD financial literacy among rural households,

contributing to rural empowerment.
11,710) compared to non-agricultural
households (Rs. 10,675).
NAFIS Survey HOW? The survey collected primary
Savings:
• 66% of households reported savings in
WHAT? The National Bank for data from 1 lakh rural households across 2021-22, up from 50.6%.
Agriculture and Rural Development 28 states and Union Territories. • 71% of agricultural households reported
(NABARD) published the findings of its savings, compared to 58% of non-
second All India Rural Financial Inclusion KEY FINDINGS: Income: agricultural households.
Survey (NAFIS) 2021-22, which provides • Average monthly income increased by Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Usage: 44% of
insights into rural economic and financial 57.6%, from Rs. 8,059 (2016-17) to Rs. agricultural households possessed a valid
indicators. 12,698 (2021-22). KCC.
• Agricultural households earned Insurance: 80.3% of households had at
Rs. 13,661, while non-agricultural least one insured member, with vehicle
WHY? The survey aims to assess the households earned Rs. 11,438. insurance being the most common.
financial inclusion and economic well- • The largest income source was salaried Pension: 23.5% of households had a
being of rural households, especially in the employment, contributing 37%. member receiving a pension, up from
post-COVID period. Expenditure: 18.9%.
It highlights the improvements in income, • Average monthly expenditure rose from Financial Literacy: 51.3% of respondents
savings, insurance coverage, and Rs. 6,646 to Rs. 11,262. demonstrated good financial literacy, up
• Agricultural households spent more (Rs. from 33.9%.

Wular Lake constructed by King Zainul-Abidin.

Ecological Significance: It has been
→
a Ramsar Wetland Site since 1990,
WHAT? supporting bird species like the black-
The harvest of water chestnuts (locally eared kite, Himalayan monal, and
known as goer) has begun around Wular Himalayan golden eagle.
Lake in Kashmir. Fish Habitat: Wular accounts for 60%
of the fish production in Jammu and
WHERE? Wular Lake is located in Kashmir.
the Bandipore district of Jammu and
Kashmir. It is the largest freshwater lake WHY SIGNIFICANT? Wetland Status:
in India and the second-largest in Asia, Designated as a Wetland of International
covering an area of 200 sq. km. Importance under the Ramsar
The lake is fed by the Jhelum River and its Convention in 1990.
tributaries, Madhumati and Arin. It was Tulbul Project: Located at the mouth
formed due to tectonic activity and is of Wular Lake, it aims to regulate water
possibly a remnant of the ancient Satisar flow into the Jhelum River for enhanced
Lake. navigation and year-round water
availability. The project faces objections
WHAT ELSE? Island: Wular from Pakistan under the Indus Waters
Lake features Zaina Lank, an island Treaty and remains stalled.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 72
UNIFIL (United Nations Personnel: Over 10,000 peacekeepers from 50 countries.
Mission:
Interim Force In Lebanon) - Prevent hostilities and maintain peace along the 121-km Blue
Line.
WHAT? India raised concerns about the safety of UN - Ensure no weapons or fighters are present in the region.
peacekeepers, including 600 Indian soldiers, stationed in south - Report violations to the UN Security Council.
Lebanon after they came under fire from Israeli forces. - Rules of Engagement: Peacekeepers are armed but can only
UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) is a UN use force if safety of peacekeepers or civilians is at risk.
peacekeeping mission established in March 1978 after Israel’s
invasion of Lebanon, under UNSC Resolutions 425 and 426. WHERE? UNIFIL is headquartered in Naqoura, southern
Lebanon and operates along the Israel-Lebanon Blue Line.
Primary Objectives:
- Confirm Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon. WHY? Conflict Prevention: UNIFIL prevents escalations
- Restore international peace and security. between Israel and Lebanon.
- Assist the Government of Lebanon in regaining control over Civilian Protection: Safeguards civilians and supports
southern Lebanon. humanitarian aid.
Area of Operation: Southern Lebanon, near the Blue Line (border Support for Lebanon: Helps the Lebanese government maintain
with Israel). control alongside the Lebanese Armed Forces.

Anaconda
Strategy
WHAT? Taiwanese authorities
reported that the People’s Liberation
Army (PLA) of China is using
an ‘anaconda strategy’ to put
pressure on Taiwan. The Anaconda
Strategy combines military tactics,
psychological pressure, and
cyber warfare to weaken Taiwan’s
defenses and force it into submission
without a full-scale invasion.

HOW? China is applying constant

pressure by increasing military
activities around Taiwan: Air
incursions into the Taiwan Strait
rose from 36 in January to 193 in
September. Chinese ships around
Taiwan increased from 142 to 282 by
August 2024.

WHY? The aim is to exhaust

Taiwan into making mistakes,
potentially leading to a blockade or THAAD Defense System
exploiting vulnerabilities without
direct conflict. This keeps Taiwan’s WHAT? The US has announced it will • Operates both inside and outside the
forces on the defensive. send its advanced THAAD (Terminal atmosphere, providing a comprehensive
High-Altitude Area Defense) missile defense.
WHAT ELSE? Wolf Warrior system to Israel, along with US troops, in THAAD is designed to intercept missiles
Diplomacy: An aggressive response to regional security concerns. with ranges of up to 5,000 km. The AD-1
diplomatic approach, with THAAD is a missile defense system and AD-2 missile interceptors in India’s
nationalistic rhetoric used to defend developed by Lockheed Martin in the Phase 2 Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD)
China’s interests. 1990s. It is designed to intercept and system are similar to THAAD.
Gray-Zone Tactics: Involves covert destroy ballistic missiles during their
strategies like cyberattacks, terminal phase. WHY? The deployment of THAAD
propaganda, and incremental gains, to Israel is part of broader US military
aiming to achieve objectives without Key Features of THAAD: adjustments to support Israel’s defense
provoking a full-scale war. • Uses “hit-to-kill” technology to destroy and protect Americans from potential
Salami Slicing: A tactic where small, incoming missiles. threats by Iran and its aligned militias. This
incremental actions are taken to • Can defend a larger area compared also signals increased US involvement in
achieve larger goals without triggering to the older Patriot Air and Missile the conflict.
a strong reaction. Defense System.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 73
 India-UAE
CEPA
WHAT?
India raised concerns regarding
the increase in imports of silver
products, platinum alloy, and dry
dates from the UAE under the Free
Trade Agreement (FTA).
The Global Trade Research Initiative
(GTRI) has urged an urgent review
of the India-UAE CEPA, citing that
the agreement allows unlimited
imports of gold, silver, platinum, and
diamonds with zero tariffs. Many of
these imports reportedly do not meet
Rules of Origin requirements.
• India’s gold and silver imports from
the UAE rose by 210% to $10.7
billion in 2023-24.
• India provides 7% customs duty
concessions on silver and 1% on
160 metric tonnes of gold.
India requested that:
• The Indian Jewellery Exposition
Centre in Dubai be classified as a
Designated Zone to allow domestic
jewellery manufacturers to benefit
from concessional duties.
• The UAE grants recognition to
the i-CAS (India Conformity
Assessment Scheme) Halal
scheme to simplify certification and
→

boost animal product exports.

TRADE VOLUME:
• The UAE is India’s 3rd largest
trading partner with $83.65 billion
in bilateral trade in 2023-24.
Nile River System to disputes over water rights, especially
concerning the construction of the Grand
• The Comprehensive Economic
Partnership Agreement (CEPA)
Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD),
WHAT? Despite Egypt’s opposition, was signed in February 2022,
which has led to tensions between
a regional partnership of 10 countries providing zero duty access to 90%
Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan.
announced that an agreement on the of Indian exports.
equitable use of Nile River water WHERE? Source: The White Nile
resources has come into effect. TRADE RELATIONS:
originates from Lake Victoria, and the
The “cooperative framework” for Nile • India’s Exports to UAE: UAE
Blue Nile originates from Lake Tana in
water usage was confirmed by the African is India’s 2nd largest export
Ethiopia.
Union after South Sudan joined the destination after the US, with
Mouth: The river empties into the
treaty, which is supported by the Nile exports of $31.61 billion in 2022-
Mediterranean Sea, forming the Nile
Basin Initiative (NBI). Countries like 23.
Delta in Egypt.
Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, and • India’s Imports from UAE: UAE
Key Dams: The Aswan High Dam
Tanzania have ratified the agreement, plays a key role in India’s energy
(Egypt) helps control flooding, generates
while Egypt and Sudan have refused to security, being India’s 4th largest
hydroelectric power, and provides water
sign. crude oil supplier and 2nd largest
for irrigation. However, it also disrupts the
The Nile River is the longest river in the for LNG and LPG.
flow of silt.
world, stretching approximately 6,650
km. It traverses 11 countries, including WHEN? The 1929 and 1959 Nile
Uganda, Rwanda, DR Congo, Tanzania, Water Agreements allocated most water
Kenya, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan,
→

resources to Egypt and Sudan. However,

and Egypt. upstream countries have sought revisions
The Nile River provides over 90% of the to these agreements through the Nile
water for Egypt and Sudan, supporting Basin Initiative (NBI), established in 1999
vital sectors like agriculture, fishing, and to promote cooperation and sustainable
energy production. The river is central management of the Nile’s resources.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024

 Jordan River HAL Becomes
and its Valley 14th Maharatna
WHAT? Extremist groups recently Company
conducted drone strikes on Israeli
territory in the Jordan Valley, which
In India
forms the border between Jordan, WHAT? The Centre has upgraded
Israel, and the West Bank. the status of Hindustan Aeronautics
Ltd (HAL) from Navratna to
Maharatna.
WHERE? The Jordan Valley is part
HAL is a Public Sector Undertaking
of the Great Rift Valley, stretching (PSU) under the Ministry of Defence,
from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead headquartered in Bengaluru. Founded
Sea. It forms a natural border in 1940 as Hindustan Aircraft Limited,
between Jordan, Israel, and the West it merged with Aeronautics India
Bank, with parts lying below sea level Limited in 1964.
near the Dead Sea. HAL designs, develops, manufactures,
MQ-9B
Climate: Semi-arid to arid, with and maintains aircraft, helicopters,
hot summers and mild winters. engines, avionics, and aerospace
HALE UAV Limited rainfall requires irrigation for
agriculture.
equipment. It produces fighter aircraft
like Tejas LCA, Sukhoi Su-30MKI,
Significance: and helicopters such as Dhruv ALH
WHAT? • The region is crucial for agriculture,
India and the US concluded a $3.5 and LCH. It collaborates with global
producing citrus, dates, and companies like Boeing and Airbus.
billion deal for the procurement of 31 vegetables. The Jordan River is a
MQ-9B HALE UAVs. vital source of water for agriculture
The MQ-9B is a version of the MQ-9 WHERE? It operates 20 production
and drinking and serves as an and R&D centers across India,
“Reaper” drone. It comes in two ecological corridor for migratory
models: including Bangalore, Nashik, Koraput,
birds. and Lucknow.
• Sky Guardian • The Jordan River holds great
• Sea Guardian biblical and historical significance,
FEATURES: HOW? To qualify, a PSU must
including the site of Jesus’ baptism. have an annual turnover exceeding
• Can fly over 40,000 feet The region is rich in archaeological
• Endurance: 40 hours for long ₹25,000 crore, a net worth above
sites, with traces of civilizations like ₹15,000 crore, and a net profit of
surveillance missions the Canaanites and Romans.
• Equipped with automatic take-off ₹5,000 crore for three consecutive
• The Jordan Valley plays a critical years.
and landing, collision avoidance, role in the Israeli-Palestinian
secure GPS, and encrypted conflict, with strategic importance
communications. WHY? The upgrade to Maharatna
for security and border control. It status allows HAL more financial
PROCUREMENT: is vital for Palestinian economic
• 15 Sea Guardians for the Indian and operational autonomy, enabling
development and the establishment it to invest up to ₹5,000 crore or
Navy of a future state. Shared water
• 16 Sky Guardians (8 each for the 15% of its net worth in a project
resources also create tensions without government approval. This
Indian Army and Air Force) between Israel, Jordan, and Syria.
• The Indian Navy leased two move promotes HAL’s growth,
MQ-9As, with the first flight on competitiveness, and expansion in
ISSUES: Agriculture is the primary
November 21, 2020. international markets.
economic activity, while tourism HAL can now engage in mergers,
flourishes due to religious and acquisitions, and strategic
WHERE? The MQ-9B drones will be historical sites.
deployed at four locations: investments more freely, aiming to
Water scarcity and the shrinking of foster expansion and become a global
INS Rajaji (Chennai) the Dead Sea due to river diversion
Porbandar (Gujarat) player. It joins other Maharatna PSUs
are major concerns. Pollution and like Indian Oil Corporation and ONGC,
Sarsawa and Gorakhpur (Uttar overuse of the Jordan River affect
Pradesh) at Air Force bases due to enhancing its ability to compete
both water quality and ecosystem globally and make quicker decisions.
runway requirements. health.

WHY? The Sea Guardian model

will help the Navy patrol large areas
efficiently.
For the Army and Air Force, these
drones are valuable for border
surveillance, particularly along the
China border.
The drones offer 80% of a manned
aircraft’s capabilities at 20% of the
operational cost per hour.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024

 NCLAT, NCLT
WHAT? The Supreme Court
overturned the National Company Law
Appellate Tribunal’s (NCLAT) approval
of a settlement between an edtech
firm, Byju’s, and the Board of Control
for Cricket in India (BCCI) regarding
overdue payments.
Article 142 The National Company Law
Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) is
WHAT? The Supreme Court declined 2. Article 142(2): Empowers the court
an appellate authority established
a PIL seeking directions under Article to secure attendance, document
under the Companies Act, 2013. It
142 to include sexual offences against discovery, or punishment for
hears appeals against the orders of
men, trans-persons, and animals in the contempt.
the National Company Law Tribunal
Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), which
(NCLT) and other related bodies.
replaced the Indian Penal Code (IPC). WHY?
NCLAT plays a crucial role in
The petition argued that the new BNS To ensure justice in cases where regular
maintaining transparency and
omitted Section 377 of the IPC, which laws may not provide adequate remedies
accountability within India’s
previously criminalized ‘unnatural sex’ and to address extraordinary situations.
corporate sector. It also supports
and carnal intercourse involving men, Controversies:
the objectives of the Insolvency and
women, or animals. There have been accusations of judicial
Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016, by
In Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India overreach, as Article 142 can sometimes
streamlining insolvency resolution
(2018), the Supreme Court struck down be seen as breaching the separation of
processes and ensuring corporate
Section 377, decriminalizing consensual powers principle.
governance.
sexual acts between adults, but non- In Supreme Court Bar Association v.
Jurisdiction: NCLAT hears appeals
consensual acts remained punishable. The Union of India, the court clarified that
related to:
BNS lacks provisions criminalizing sexual Article 142 should supplement rather than
NCLT decisions
offences against men, trans persons, and replace the law.
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of
animals. Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court
India (IBBI) orders
to ensure justice, but raises debates over
Competition Commission of India
WHY? The Supreme Court bench, checks and balances in the democratic
(CCI) orders.
led by CJI DY Chandrachud, stated that system.
Decisions of NCLAT can be further
it cannot direct Parliament to create or
appealed to the Supreme Court of
reintroduce offences, as such actions fall WHAT ELSE?
India.
within the parliamentary domain, even Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1989):
under Article 142. Compensation of $470 million was
WHEN? NCLAT was established on
awarded.
1 June 2016.
ARTICLE 142: Ayodhya Case (2019): Directed the
formation of a trust for Ram Mandir
WHO? The NCLAT comprises a
WHAT? construction.
Chairperson and other members
Grants the Supreme Court discretionary Liquor Sale Ban (2016): Banned liquor
appointed by the Central Government.
powers to pass orders or decrees sales along highways using Article 142,
The Chairperson is usually a retired
necessary for complete justice. extending beyond central government
judge of the Supreme Court or High
1. Article 142(1): Allows the Supreme orders.
Court.
Court to pass enforceable orders
across India for complete justice.
About NCLT WHAT?
The National Company Law Tribunal
(NCLT) serves as the adjudicating
authority for company law matters and
insolvency cases under the Insolvency
Bihta Inland and transportation facilities to facilitate
exports and imports. The first dry port in and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016.

Container India was opened in Varanasi in 2018. NCLT passes judgments in corporate
matters, and NCLAT reviews these
Depot (ICD) HOW? The Bihta ICD, operating judgments in the appellate process,
creating a system of checks and
under a Public-Private Partnership
WHAT? Bihar inaugurated its first dry (PPP), is managed by Pristine Magadh balances in corporate governance.
port in Bihta, near Patna, to enhance Infrastructure Private Limited in WHERE?
exports. The first consignment, leather collaboration with Bihar’s state industry NCLAT is headquartered in New
shoes, was sent to Russia. department. Approved by the Department Delhi.
of Revenue, it is fully connected by rail to
A dry port, also known as an Inland major gateway ports including Kolkata,
Container Depot (ICD), is a logistics Haldia, Visakhapatnam, Nhava Sheva, and
facility located away from a seaport or Mundra.
airport. It provides cargo handling, storage,

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024 HQ: Ground Floor, Apsara Arcade, ORN, New Delhi-05 80765 17832 76
Minority Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
• The State has the right to legislate
Institution is defined as one established or
maintained by members of a minority group.
Institutions – to improve educational quality in
government-aided minority institutions.
Judicial Precedent: In the T.M.A. Pai
Foundation vs. State of Karnataka (2002)
Article 30 • A broader curriculum is essential for case, the Supreme Court ruled that minority
madrasa students to ensure they acquire status is determined based on state
WHAT? The Supreme Court clarified the skills necessary to lead a full life as demographics, not the national population.
that laws regulating religious or linguistic responsible citizens. Rights of Minority Institutions
minority institutions do not inherently Article 29 allows minorities to preserve
violate secularism. This was in response to WHERE? This ruling applies to madrasas their distinct language, script, or culture.
a challenge to the Allahabad High Court’s in Uttar Pradesh and sets a precedent for However, these institutions do not have
decision to strike down the Uttar Pradesh other states with minority-run educational absolute autonomy in appointing staff, as
Board of Madrasa Education Act, 2004. institutions. affirmed by the West Bengal Madrasah
The 2004 Act regulated madrasas in Service Commission Act, 2008.
Uttar Pradesh. The High Court ruled that
it violated secular principles and ordered About Minority Educational WHO?
the transfer of nearly 17 lakh students from Institutions in India Recognized minority communities in India
16,000 madrasas to regular schools. include Muslims, Sikhs, Christians,
Issue: The High Court believed the What? Buddhists, Jains, and Zoroastrians
Act conflicted with Article 28 of the Article 30(1) of the Constitution grants (Parsis), as per the National Commission
Constitution, which prohibits religious linguistic and religious minorities the right to for Minorities Act of 1992.
instruction in fully state-funded institutions. establish and administer their educational
Supreme Court Observations institutions. WHY?
• Regulating minority institutions does not Minority institutions play a key role in
automatically breach secularism. How? preserving the cultural and linguistic
• The Court cited the Hindu Religious The National Commission for Minority heritage of their communities while
Endowments Act, which regulates Educational Institutions Act, 2004 providing access to education, fostering
religious institutions in states like protects the educational rights of minorities inclusivity and diversity in India’s
under Article 30(1). A Minority Educational educational landscape.

Rashtriya b. Bardoli Satyagraha (1928): Organized

protests against increased land
Ekta Diwas revenue, earning him the title “Sardar.”
2. Integration of Princely States: Played
WHAT? Rashtriya Ekta Diwas a crucial role in integrating over 565
(National Unity Day) is celebrated on princely states into the Indian Union
31st October each year to mark the birth post-independence through diplomatic
anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. skills and strong leadership.
National Unity Day was introduced in 3. Administrative Reforms: Advocated
2014 and is observed annually to honor for a unified administrative framework,
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel for his role in leading to the establishment of the
the political integration of India. Indian Administrative Service (IAS),
31st October is also observed as often referred to as India’s “steel
Rashtriya Sankalp Diwas or National frame.”
Pledge Day, commemorating the 4. Indian National Congress
assassination of Indira Gandhi. Leadership: Served as President
during the Karachi session (1931),
WHO? Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 where important resolutions on
October 1875 – 15 December 1950) was Fundamental Rights were adopted.
an Indian independence activist, lawyer, 5. Constitutional Contributions:
and a leader in the Indian National Chaired the Constituent Assembly
Congress. He served as India’s first committees on Fundamental Rights
Deputy Prime Minister and Home and minority rights, contributing
Minister. significantly to the Indian Constitution.
6. National Unity: Promoted the vision
WHY? His Contributions: of “Ek Bharat, Shresth Bharat” (One
1. Freedom Struggle India, Great India), emphasizing unity
a. Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Led a non- in diversity to build a cohesive nation.
violent campaign against land revenue 7. Social Reforms: Worked against caste
tax during a famine. discrimination, untouchability, and
alcohol consumption; promoted
social justice and women’s rights.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024

Kittur Rani British East India Company’s
refusal to recognize her adopted son,
Exercise
Chennamma Shivalingappa, as the rightful heir, under
the Doctrine of Lapse.
SIMBEX 2024
WHAT? A commemorative postage How? In October 1824, she led the Kittur WHAT? The 31st edition of the
stamp was released at the Kittur Fort army against 20,000 British soldiers Singapore India Maritime Bilateral
to mark the 200th anniversary of Kittur stationed near Kittur Fort. Exercise (SIMBEX) is being held
Vijayotsava, celebrating Kittur Rani British official John Thackery was killed, at the Eastern Naval Command in
Chennamma’s bravery. and the Company forces faced significant Visakhapatnam.
losses. Despite her initial success, British
WHO? Kittur Rani Chennamma was forces returned in December 1824 with
SIMBEX (formerly known as
born in 1778 in Kakati, Belgaum (now a larger army. Rani Chennamma was
Exercise Lion King) is an annual
Karnataka). Trained in horse riding, eventually captured and imprisoned in
naval exercise between India and
sword fighting, and archery, she married Bailhongal Fort, where she remained until
Singapore, first held in 1994. It has
Mallasarja Desai, the ruler of Kittur, a her death in 1829.
evolved from anti-submarine warfare
small principality in Karnataka. drills to include maritime security,
Doctrine of Lapse WHAT?
anti-air, and anti-surface warfare.
WHY? Rani Chennamma is regarded as The Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by
Objectives
one of the first women in Indian history Lord Dalhousie in 1848 to expand British
to lead an anti-colonial uprising against territories in India. It stated that princely
Strengthen the strategic partnership
the British. Her courage, patriotism, and states without a natural or legally adopted
between India and Singapore.
resistance made her a symbol of defiance male heir would be annexed by the British.
Enhance interoperability and
against colonial oppression. Impact: The Doctrine played a significant
maritime domain awareness.
Legacy Celebrated in Kannada folklore, role in the annexation of states such as
Cooperate in tackling shared
especially through lavani (folk songs) that Satara (1848), Jhansi (1853), and Nagpur
maritime challenges.
honor her bravery. (1854). It was viewed as illegitimate by
Statues of Rani Chennamma can be found many Indian rulers and contributed to the
WHY? SIMBEX is the longest
across Karnataka, including a prominent Indian Rebellion of 1857.
uninterrupted naval exercise
one in Bengaluru’s Parliament House. conducted by India with any other
When Abolished?
country, as noted by the Indian High
Kittur Uprising (1824) WHAT? The policy was abandoned in 1859, two
Commission. It plays a key role in
The Kittur Uprising was led by Rani years after the end of the Company Rule
strengthening bilateral naval ties
Chennamma in response to the in India.
and fostering maritime cooperation.

Livestock Census governments and has been in place since

1919. The 21st Livestock Census (2024)
buffalo, mithun, yak).
• Indigenous Cattle: Declined by 6%.
is the latest and uses a mobile app for • Exotic and Crossbred Cattle: Increased
WHAT? The Centre has launched the improved accuracy and real-time data by 29.3%, driven by demand for high
21st National Livestock Census (LC), a collection. milk-yielding breeds.
five-yearly exercise to count the country’s Buffalo Population: Rose by 1% to 109.85
livestock. WHY? Policy Formulation: Data helps million, contributing significantly to milk
Innovations: For the first time, data the government develop policies for the production.
collection is being conducted via a mobile growth of the livestock sector, including Sheep Population: Grew by 14.1% to 74.26
app, improving accuracy and timeliness. breed improvement, disease control, and million.
The census covers 15 species of animals feed management. Goat Population: Increased by 10.1% to
(excluding poultry), including cattle, buffalo, Rural Economy: Provides insights into 148.88 million.
mithun, yak, sheep, goats, pigs, camels, how livestock enhances rural incomes, Poultry Population: Experienced 16.8%
horses, donkeys, and elephants. It also nutrition, and employment. growth, totaling 851.81 million birds,
records information on 219 Indigenous Livestock Development Programs: reflecting the growth of commercial
breeds, livestock holdings by pastoralists, Supports initiatives like the National poultry farming.
and the gender of individuals involved in Livestock Mission (NLM), focusing on Female Livestock: Increase in female
livestock rearing. breed development, feed improvement, cattle (18%) and female buffaloes (8%),
The Livestock Census (LC) is a nationwide and innovative livestock practices. highlighting the focus on dairy production.
survey conducted every 5 years to count Indigenous Breed Conservation:
domesticated animals across rural and Tracks indigenous livestock breeds for 19th Livestock Census (2012) Noted
urban households, enterprises, and conservation and sustainable practices. an increase in buffalo populations and a
institutions. decline in indigenous cattle.
20th Livestock Census (2019) Total Marked significant growth in poultry
HOW? The census is conducted by Livestock Population: 535.78 million, a numbers, reflecting evolving agricultural
the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and 4.6% increase from 2012. and economic patterns.
Dairying in collaboration with State/UT Bovine Population: 302.79 million (cattle,

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Mission Mission Karmayogi envisions transforming
India into a global manufacturing hub and
WHO? The programme targets all
civil servants, including contractual
Karmayogi a supplier of skilled human resources
by improving governance and civil service
employees, across various ministries,
departments, and agencies of the Union
WHAT? The Prime Minister recently efficiency by 2047. Government.
launched the ‘Karmayogi Saptah’ The programme is overseen by:
– National Learning Week to boost WHY? To prepare civil servants for the Prime Minister’s Public Human Resources
individual and organizational capacity future by making them more creative, Council
among civil servants. constructive, and innovative, with a focus Capacity Building Commission
Karmayogi Saptah emphasizes lifelong on transparency and technology. Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) for digital
learning, innovation, and a citizen-first Key Features assets
mindset, aligning with Mission Karmayogi’s On-Site Learning: Practical experience Coordination Unit led by the Cabinet
goals of creating a digitally proficient, complements off-site learning. Secretary.
skilled workforce. It promotes inter- iGOT-Karmayogi platform for integrated
government training. iGOT-Karmayogi WHAT?
departmental collaboration, fostering a One
Government ethos, and contributes to the iGOT-Karmayogi offers personalized
vision of a Viksit Bharat by 2047. HOW? NPCSCB is based on the following training courses tailored to civil servants’
Mission Karmayogi is the National frameworks: capacity-building needs. Its features
Programme for Civil Services Capacity Policy Framework include:
Building (NPCSCB), launched on 2nd Institutional Framework My iGOT: Personalized courses for
September 2020. Competency Framework individual development.
Digital Learning Framework through iGOT- Blended Programs: Combining offline
Karmayogi classroom learning with online training for
e-HRMS equitable access.
Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Curated Programs: Customized learning
paths for different ministries.

Maithili Language in India, making it the second most

spoken language in Nepal.

WHAT? Despite demands, Maithili was Eighth Schedule WHAT?

not considered for classical status as The Eighth Schedule lists the official
the Bihar government did not officially languages recognized by the Indian
forward a proposal, while five other Constitution.
languages were granted the status. Constitutional Provisions
Linguistic Roots Part XVII (Articles 343 to 351) of the
• Maithili is part of the eastern sub- Constitution outlines provisions for official
group of the Indo-Aryan language languages.
family, with origins in Magadhan Article 344(1): Mandates the formation
Prakrit. of a Commission by the President to
• Popularized by poet Vidyapati in recommend steps to promote Hindi
the 14th century, establishing its after five years of the Constitution’s
importance in literature and folk culture. commencement.
Recognition Article 351: Emphasizes promoting
• Added to the Eighth Schedule of the Hindi as a medium to represent India’s
Indian Constitution in 2003, making it composite culture.
one of India’s 22 officially recognized HOW MANY?
languages. Languages Included
• Given second official language status Originally (14 languages): Assamese,
in Jharkhand (2018). Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada,
Script Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri,
• Mithilakshar or Tirhuta is the original Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit,
script for Maithili, related to Bangla, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu.
Assamese, Odia, Tibetan, and Nepali Later Additions: Sindhi (21st Amendment,
scripts. 1967); Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali (71st
• The oldest records of the script date Amendment, 1992); Bodo, Dogri, Maithili,
back to 950 AD (Sahodara stone Santhali (92nd Amendment, 2003).
inscriptions). Official Status
Hindi (in Devanagari script) is India’s
WHERE? Spoken primarily in Bihar official language, with English as
and Jharkhand in India, with a significant an additional official language for
presence in Nepal, especially in the Terai administrative purposes.
region.
2011 Census: Around 12 million speakers

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 Tropical Cyclone Dana
WHAT? West Bengal and Odisha have WHAT ELSE? Landfall happens when
experienced heavy rainfall as Tropical a tropical cyclone moves from sea to land,
Cyclone Dana made landfall. with the eye crossing the coast.
Cyclones are wind systems rotating inward Impact: During landfall, cyclones begin
toward a low-pressure area. They are to weaken as they lose their moisture
categorized into two types: supply and encounter increased surface
→ Tropical Cyclones (Temperature-induced) friction. While landfall is often the most
Temperate Cyclones (airmass-induced). destructive phase, it also signals the start
of a cyclone’s dissipation.
WHY? Tropical Cyclones develop Landfall vs Direct Hit:
Digital Arrest in warm regions and require the
following conditions: Warm sea surface
Landfall is not the same as a “direct hit.”
A direct hit occurs when the eyewall (the
Scams temperatures above 27°C. Presence of area of high winds) impacts land, even if
the Coriolis Force to induce rotation. the eye stays offshore. Cyclones can still
WHAT? The Prime Minister, in his Pre-existing low-pressure systems. Small have destructive effects if the centre does
recent “Mann Ki Baat” broadcast, vertical wind speed differences. Upper not directly hit the coast.
warned about the rising ‘Digital air divergence to maintain airflow.
Arrest’ scams in India. FOR HOW LONG?
Digital Arrest Scams are fraudulent WHERE? Form over warm water bodies, Cyclone landfall can last for several hours,
schemes where scammers deriving energy from the condensation of depending on the storm’s size and wind
impersonate law enforcement officials warm water in cumulonimbus clouds. speeds. For Cyclone Dana, the landfall
to extort money from victims by falsely Cyclone rotation depends on the Coriolis process is expected to last five to six
claiming an impending arrest. Force, resulting in anti-clockwise hours, with wind speeds around 125 km/h
Modus Operandi rotation in the northern hemisphere and affecting a wide area.
• Scammers use audio or video clockwise in the southern hemisphere.
calls to intimidate victims, claiming Cyclones dissipate near 30° latitude as
involvement in illegal activities such warmth decreases.
as drug trafficking.
• Victims are kept under visual
surveillance until demands are met.
Common Tactics
• Use of deepfake videos and fake
arrest warrants. Velu Nachiyar And Anjalai Ammal
• Threats involving family members
and fabricated claims of parcels WHAT? In his recent speech, • Ruled until she passed the throne to
containing illegal goods. Superstar Thalapathy Vijay cited Rani her daughter in 1790, celebrated as
Impact: Victims face financial losses, Velu Nachiyar and Anjalai Ammal as Tamil Nadu’s ‘Veeramangai’ (Brave
emotional distress, and heightened inspirations during the launch of his new Lady) for her resistance against British
vulnerability due to intimidation party. colonialism.
tactics.
WHO? Anjalai Ammal
WHY? Over 11 lakh complaints of Born in 1890 in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu
financial cyber fraud were reported in Velu Nachiyar to a weaver family; married Murugappan
2023, largely due to the expansion of Born in 1730 to King Chellamuthu in 1908.
internet users. Sethupathy and Queen Sakandhimuthal Freedom Struggle
of the Ramnad kingdom (now Tamil • Actively participated in the Non-
HOW? Prevention Measures Nadu). Cooperation Movement in 1921 and
• Awareness about scam tactics and Trained in horse riding, archery, played a notable role in Neil Statue
verifying callers’ identities. kalaripayattu, and silambam; proficient Satyagraha, Salt Satyagraha (1930),
• Immediate disconnection of in Tamil, Urdu, English, and French with a and Quit India Movement (1942).
suspicious calls. strong understanding of military strategy. • Served as President of the All India
• Reporting incidents to local police Key Contributions Women’s Congress in Madras (1931)
and cybercrime helplines. • Became Queen of Sivagangai and and faced multiple arrests.
Legal Framework resisted British forces after her Legacy: First woman elected to the
• Governed by the Information husband’s death in 1772. Madras legislature as a Congress
Technology Act, 2000. • Allied with Hyder Ali of Mysore and representative; honored as “South India’s
• Incidents can be reported through Gopala Naicker to reclaim Sivagangai Rani of Jhansi” by Gandhi. Remained
the National Cyber Crime in 1780. politically active until her death in 1961,
Reporting Portal (www.cybercrime.gov.in). pioneering women’s rights and freedom.

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 United Nations
Relief and
Works Agency
(UNRWA)
WHAT? Israel’s Knesset recently
banned UNRWA from operating within
its borders, citing alleged connections
between its staff and Hamas.
9th National Ayurveda Day The United Nations Relief and
Works Agency for Palestine
WHAT? On the occasion of the 9th Takshashila and Nalanda attracted Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
Ayurveda Day, the Prime Minister will foreign students. was established in 1949 by the
launch healthcare projects valued at UN General Assembly to provide
Rs 12,850 crore. The theme for 2024 Global Spread: relief, healthcare, and education for
is ‘Ayurveda Innovations for Global Through Buddhism, Ayurveda influenced Palestinian refugees displaced after
Health’. Tibetan and Chinese medicine. the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
Adopted by Egyptians, Greeks, and
WHEN? Ayurveda origin is rooted Romans via trade. WHERE? Originally headquartered
in the four Vedas (5000–1000 BCE), in Beirut, it moved to Vienna in 1978
with references in Ramayana and WHO Standards and Milestones: and finally to Gaza in 1996. UNRWA
Mahabharata. Developed fully by 1000 Integrated in ICD-11 and recognized by operates across Jordan, Lebanon,
BCE with key texts: Charaka Samhita WHO with global standards. Syria, Gaza, and the West Bank
and Susruta Samhita. GTMC, Jamnagar (Gujarat): A center (including East Jerusalem).
dedicated to Ayurveda research and
Revival in India: In the 19th and 20th practice. WHO? The agency is led by a
centuries, formal courses in Ayurveda Commissioner-General, appointed
began, leading to a spread of Ayurvedic Initiatives by the UN Secretary-General and
colleges. The 1970s marked a significant National Ayush Mission (2014): Promotes approved by the General Assembly.
revival in academic research. AYUSH systems across India.
Ayurveda Research Portal (2021): Digital WHAT ELSE?
WHAT ELSE? Foundational Texts platform for research and collaboration. Services Provided: UNRWA supports
Brhattrayi (Three Major Treatises): Ayush Grid (2020): Connects over 5 million Palestinian refugees
Caraka Samhita (internal medicine), practitioners, patients, and educational and their descendants through:
Susruta Samhita (surgery), and Astanga institutions digitally. • Education, serving 500,000
Sangraha and Astanga Hrdaya. children.
Prominent learning centers like • Healthcare, social services, and
infrastructure improvement.
• Microfinance and emergency aid.
Funding: UNRWA is primarily funded
by voluntary contributions from

Nobel Prize In prosperity. They distinguished between:

• Inclusive institutions: Promote
UN member states and has limited
financial support from the UN Regular
Economics democracy, rule of law, and property
rights, fostering long-term growth.
Budget for staffing.
Global Significance:
• Extractive institutions: Concentrate • Plays a critical role in humanitarian
WHAT? The 2024 Nobel Memorial
power and exploit resources, aid by providing food, shelter, and
Prize in Economics was awarded to
discouraging investment and healthcare to Palestinian refugees.
Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and
innovation. • Recognized globally, despite
James A. Robinson for their research on
Their study also explored how European controversies over its mandate on
why some nations are more prosperous
colonization shaped current economic refugee descendants and alleged
than others.
disparities, depending on whether affiliations.
The Nobel Economics Prize is officially
known as the Bank of Sweden Prize in inclusive or extractive institutions were
Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred established, influenced by factors such as
Nobel, established in 1968. It is not part mortality risks during colonization.
of the original Nobel Prizes created in The research underscores the importance
1895, but is awarded alongside them on of societal institutions in determining
December 10, the anniversary of Alfred a country’s prosperity and offers
Nobel’s death. policy insights for building inclusive
institutions to promote long-term
WHY? The 2024 Nobel awardees’ prosperity. The findings have global
research focused on the role of societal implications for reducing inequality and
institutions in determining economic promoting sustainable development.

BURNING ISSUES Oct 2024

Nobel Prize
of Literature
WHAT? The 2024 Nobel Prize
in Literature was awarded to Han
Kang, a South Korean writer, for her
“intense poetic prose” that confronts
historical traumas and explores the
fragility of human life.

WHO? Han Kang, born in 1970 in

Gwangju, South Korea, is known for
her poetic and experimental writing
that deals with trauma, violence,
grief, and complex human emotions.
Her Literary Works:
• The Vegetarian (2007): A novel
about a woman’s decision to stop
eating meat, exploring control,
independence, and violence. It won
the Man Booker International Prize
in 2016.
• Human Acts (2016): Set during the
1980 Gwangju Uprising, it gives
voice to victims of massacres.
• The White Book (2017): A
meditation on grief and loss,
narrated through white objects.
• Greek Lessons (2023): Explores
language, identity, and loss
through a woman losing her ability
to speak.
• We Do Not Part (2025,
forthcoming): Focuses on two
women confronting a hidden
massacre in 1940s Korea.

WHY? The Swedish Academy

praised her for addressing patriarchy,
violence, and historical injustices
while examining connections between
body and soul, and between the
living and the dead.

WHO ELSE? 2023: Jon Fosse

(Norway) for his minimalistic plays
and prose.
2022: Annie Ernaux (France) for
her exploration of personal and
collective memory.
2021: Abdulrazak Gurnah (Tanzania)
for his depiction of colonialism and
migration.
2020: Louise Gluck (USA) for her
personal poetry.
1913: Rabindranath Tagore won the
Nobel Prize in Literature for his work
“Gitanjali”, becoming the first non-
European laureate in Literature. He
was recognized for his sensitive and Click Here to
spiritual poetry. Download

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We were the pioneers in UPSC to introduce Mentorship.

How Civilsdaily Does

Mentorship?

Third Phase Fourth Phse

First Phase Second phase
(Pre-Prelims) (Post-Prelims)

Aspirants struggle with Aspirants may

Switching to prelims Intensive preparation for
content overload and experience burnout
mindset. the Mains exam.
basic concepts. and self-doubt.

Mentors help them make Pre-tests and post-

sense of what to read, Mentors provide per- tests to discussions to
Hands-on classes and
how to approach subjects, sonalized support and assess retention and
post-test discussions.
and how to revise motivation. identify strengths and
effectively. weaknesses.

Regular tests are giv- Focus on consolidating

Personalized strategies
en to anchor marks to notes and knowledge Value enrichment sessions
for improving accuracy
understand performance gained. Introduction and X-factor notes are
and tackling difficult
through personalized to more complex and needed to gain an edge.
questions.
feedback. challenging subjects.

Double down on GS and

Answer writing practice Guidance on revising Guidance on online re-
Optional answer writing.
begins in the first few material and reflecting sources and study mate-
Frequent practice and
weeks. it in answers. rials
continuous feedback.

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Key aspects of Civilsdaily’s Mentorship:

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We precisely know where you are in your prep journey. We are constantly trying to ensure
that you stay on top of your preparation and hit your next milestone. Be it strategy, doubts,
post test discussions. We got your back.

CD Mentorship is not loose calls between mentors and mentees. It is a SYSTEM. Designed to
help you put your best foot forward. Our propriety technology ensures there are no lapses at
the end. Such sophisticated systems don’t exist anywhere.

Here’s how Mentor Dashboard looks like.

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How do our stats look like?

As of 20th September, 2024. Our stats are as

82.3% 8.70% students are not-regular with Mentor

calls but are making progress.

students are REGULAR. They are

in touch with their Mentors, are 5.68% students are Ghost meaning they
have been absconding.
working on their targets.

These numbers flip for classroom-style Foundation programs

where 20% students quit by 2nd week. By nearly 2 months, 40% have quit.

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Mentorship is a busy department.
We have had a rather busy week before Mains with our mentors being on calls around the clock.

The heart of the Civilsdaily platform is the Foundation Program and Ultimate Assessment
Program (UAP). For years, aspirants have enrolled here because they couldn’t find such depth
and passion towards quality content and Mentorship anywhere. Their search inevitably ends
at Civilsdaily. Enrollment in these programs and Mentorship also makes us accountable to
aspirants for the value they get.

In the past few years, we’ve worked quietly in the background with hundreds of aspirants;
many now serve as IAS, IPS, IFS, and more. We are very proud of what we’ve achieved.

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Here are some of the
recent rankers who
show us gratitude.