Arts Appreciation articulate our thoughts and feelings, and

to communicate the moments in our

Module 1: Assumption and Nature of Arts
lives. What life lacks, the mind fills in and
Nature of Art builds upon.

Art is subjective. 4. Art is universal

- Humans are born with and develop - Transcending through eras and
individual differences throughout the cultures, the human thoughts, feelings
course of their lives due to the differences and experiences reflected in art are
we have in our experienced realities, we widely recognizable. Despite its
also perceive the world in varied ways in subjective nature, art is identifiable
the creation of art, we simultaneously because of the kind of soul that humans
reveal more about ourselves and about pour into them. Humans connect with
the world itself. what they feel even if they don't exactly
know what it is.

Assumptions of Art
Module 2: Understanding Art
1. Art is everywhere
Practically, when we talk about function,
- One marker of civilization is the we are pertaining to its use or its
presence of art. Originating from the objective (what is it for?). With art, the
Latin word artis, meaning artificially function in question varies from case to
made or created by man. Whether case as different art forms come with
through crafting tools and accessories or distinctive functions. Art forms like the
designing buildings humans are applied arts (i.e., architecture,
continuously creating and exhibiting woodworking, pottery etc.) particularly
works that can be viewed and accessed have a more utilitarian function as
every day. compared to the other forms. Paintings or
2. Art is not nature literary works are often examined not for
their practical use but for their value in
- Given that nature is that which is not themselves. According to Dudley et. al
created by man but is itself the existing (1960), they are functional "in so far as
order of life, nature can be considered as they are designed to accomplish some
the opposite of art. Humans, in our quest definite end." Functions of art can be
to make sense of the world we live in, loosely classified into: personal, social
may try to recreate nature in all its beauty and physical.
and madness. It is through art, that we
divulge the way we perceive nature.
3. Art involves experience Functions of art:

- Not merely knowing but feeling deeply 1. Personal Function (PUBLIC DISPLAY
the events that constitute one's life. OR EXPRESSION)
Humans utilize art in our attempt to
- Just as art itself, the personal function efficiently but may lack in beauty. Art is
of art is highly subjective. The function of not merely efficiency in performing one '
a particular work of art is dependent on s function.
the person (the artist) who made it. The
artist may create art for mere
entertainment, or for trying to express Philosophical perspectives on art:
themself, or for processing emotions.
1. Art as Mimesis
2. Social Function (CELEBRATION OR
TO AFFECT COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR) - Imitation, mimicking that which already
exists in reality, this was the view that
- Addressing collective interest (instead Plato asserted in his masterpiece The
of personal interest) is the factor that Republic. He saw artists as mere
differentiates the social function from imitators who, through their works,
personal function Art may deliver a discourage others to pursue real entities
message of protest, call for action, in the World of Forms. Believing in the
promote advocacies and convey superior role of rationality in humans,
anything that the artist wishes for the Plato was further dismayed by art's
work to convey. appeal to emotions (in his view, emotions
cloud rationality or the ability to use
3. Physical Function (UTILITARIAN)
reason). For Socrates art was meta
- This is the kind of function that is easily imitation - an imitation of an imitation.
recognizable. The physical functions of
2. Art as Representation
art are seen in works that serve some
form of practical purpose. Some - Aristotle was not in agreement with his
examples of art forms that have physical teacher's perspective on art. For him, art
function include architecture, jewellery- was an aid to philosophy in revealing the
making, pottery and the like. truth. Art does not claim to know (and
thus show) what the reality of the world
DOES ART REQUIRE FUNCTION?
IS, but it does try to show what it
Not all artworks have known functions. MIGHT BE. Instead of thinking of art as
The value of a work does not depend on an imitation of an imitation, Aristotle
its function but on the work itself. In the viewed art as a representation of the vast
cases that do have known functions, possible versions of reality. Art even
however, it should be noted that failure to serves two particular purposes,
achieve its function limits its perceivable according to the Aristotelian worldview: It
beauty. Adequate performance of allows for the experience of pleasure
function partly determines the beauty of (even in things that normally would not),
a design in functional art forms. and it can be a medium to impart lessons
and things about life.
Despite the importance of function in
certain art forms, it should not be 3. Art as Disinterested Judgment
mistaken that functionality equates to
- For Immanuel Kant, aesthetic judgment
beauty. An object can perform its function
despite being "judgments of taste" exhibit
universality. These judgments are • What is the artist trying to show to the
thought of as disinterested in that they do world?
not involve possession or promotion
• What are the ways the artist conveyed
(needs, wants, interests) but mere
his message?
human judgment for their aesthetic value
(their beauty). And it is due to this Types of Subjects
"disinterest" that Kant construes the
judgment of art as universal - humans are Representational art (Objective)
expected to perceive art and from his - These types of art have subjects that
own faculties unclouded by personal refer to objects or events occurring in the
interests recognize beauty in a work of real world. Often, it is also termed
art. In perceiving something as beautiful figurative art, because as the name
Kant believes that one is indicating that suggests, the figures depicted are easy
the piece has caused them satisfaction to take out and decipher.
and as such expects the others will
experience this satisfaction as well. - Mona Lisa, also called Portrait of Lisa
Gherardini, wife of Francesco del
4. Art as Communication of Emotion Giocondo, Italian La Gioconda, or French
- Leo Tolstoy, in his book What is Art, La Joconde, oil painting on a poplar wood
regarded the role of art in panel by Leonardo da Vinci, probably the
communication. The emotions of an artist world’s most famous painting. It was
that the audience would be quite painted sometime between 1503 and
unaware of otherwise, these emotions 1519 when Leonardo was living in
can be effectively communicated through Florence.
art. Tolstoy advocated the sociality of art - The Mona Lisa is a portrait of a woman
- through its humans are able to access and does not have anything to do with
feelings of people from different times, God. Realism is also shown in this
different countries different cultures. painting because of the realistic colors
and details on her clothes. Individualism
is also the in the picture because it is a
Module 3: Subject and Content in Art portrait of one person.
Subject in Art
- Subject refers to the visual focus or the
image that may be extracted from
examining the artwork. Non-Representational art (Non-
Objective)
- To determine the subject matter in a
particular piece of art, ask yourself: - This art does not make a reference to
the real world, whether it is a person,
• What is actually depicted in the place, thing, or even a particular event.
artwork? Also known as non-figurative art. It is
stripped down to visual elements such as
shapes, lines, emotions, and even - Traditional art is an art that is part of a
concepts. culture of a certain group of people, with
skills and knowledge passed down
- Jackson Pollock's Number 1A, 1948
through generations from masters to
shows how much paint can be
apprentices.
“unrestricted, unexpected, uncontrolled”
as we see it poured onto a canvas Sacred Texts
making lines that are assertive, and we
- Sacred art was created by holy figures
also see a complexity of shapes, globs,
and claimed as such. Religious people
pools of paint layered one on top of
create, and their artwork can be called
another.
religious. Non-religious people, however,
also create using religious themes or are
inspired by spiritual events; and their
Sources of Subject
work can be called religious art too.
Nature
- Nature is a very rich source of the
Other works of art
subject of art. From the flora and fauna to
the land and water formations: these are - Every work of art has a subject. A song
just some of the elements of nature that may contain lyrics of devotion directed to
an artist can depict in their work. a certain person. A novel may talk about
the results of war. A painting may show a
History
scene in nature. Every work of art –
- These works serve as documentary and regardless of the period in which it
commemorative artworks that illustrate belongs – has a subject, the core of its
subjects such as important leaders and conception. This may inspire a new
figures; events as they were recorded to creation of artwork.
happen; and representations of
ideologies or values.
Kinds of Subject
Mythology
Landscape
- Traditionally classified as a form of
history painting, mythological pictures - A landscape is the visible features of an
are based on themes taken from area of land, its landforms, and how they
mythology - that is, from traditional tales integrate with natural or man-made
invented to explain a particular belief, features, often considered in terms of
historical event, or fact of nature. their aesthetic appeal.
Mythological imagery can also be based
Cityscape
on fables or parables, or historical
legends. - In the visual arts, a cityscape is an
artistic representation, such as a
Tradition
painting, drawing, print or photograph, of
the physical aspects of a city or urban
area. It is the urban equivalent of a expressions are predominant. The intent
landscape. is to display the likeness, personality, and
even the mood of the person
Seascape
Figures
- Just as the name suggests, seascape
art is where the ocean or another body of - A figure in art is the human shape and
water is the central element of the piece. form. Figures in art were heavily used
Sometimes seascapes can include a during the realism period to portray real
cheeky tugboat or a mermaid or two, but life images of what was happening in the
typically the piece will be of classic world. A form is a three-dimensional
crashing waves. object in space
Animals Dreams and Fantasies
- Animals have been a source of - Like all big ideas in art, people can
inspiration for many artists. From art become united across cultures and time
about rural life and growth to myths and by sharing an interest in the subject
legends, animals are used in art in many matter. Humans have experienced
different ways. Art can help us explore dreams, nightmares, and fantastic
our relationship with wildlife and can help imaginations throughout time, and have
us think about how we care for animals since been making art to create new
and the environment. worlds out of them.
Everyday Life Mythology and Religion
- Artwork that captures ordinary people in - A general category for artworks
a realistic manner, partaking in everyday containing religious or mythological
activities. These works are characterized symbols or conveying religious or
by their intimacy and close attention to mythological ideas. Examples range from
the details of people’s costumes, tools, historical pieces featuring gods and
and settings. goddesses to contemporary works in
which the artist engages with broad
Still Life
religious ideas or creates personal
- The term “still life” describes a work of mythologies.
art that shows inanimate objects from the
Legend and History
natural or man-made world, such as fruit,
flowers, dead game, and/or vessels like - A term used to refer to images of
baskets or bowls. Looked at it another important or memorable episodes from
way: still, life depicts things that are “still” literary, historical, or religious sources.
and don't move. These works are often large-scale and
include complex arrangements of figures
Portrait
and objects in a landscape or
- A portrait is a painting, photograph, architectural setting. Historically, it was
sculpture, or other artistic representation revered as the highest form of painting.
of a person, in which the face and its
Content Subject vs Content
- Sometimes it is spoken as the Subject
"meaning" of the artwork. One may not
- Main object in the artwork
always easily recognize the content, but
it is transmitted by the way the subject - Very recognizable
and form interact in the work.
- Is the one of the parts of the work of art
- Content is the meaning that is
communicated by the artist or the Content
artwork. - The meaning of the Artwork
- Must be analyzed
Three Levels of Meaning - Involves and unifies all parts of the work
Factual of art.

- It pertains to the most rudimentary

level of meaning for it may be extracted Module 4: Artist and Artisans
from the identifiable or recognizable
forms in the artwork and understanding Artists and artisans articulate a vision
how these elements relate to one through their art or craft. Fine artists work
another. with paint, watercolor, pen and ink, or
illustrations, while artisans craft work like
jewelry, glasswork, pottery or other
Conventional functional products. Artists focus on
creating aesthetically pleasing works,
- It pertains to the acknowledged while artisans work focuses on
interpretation of the artwork using motifs, accessorizing and functionality more
signs, symbols, and other ciphers as than aesthetics. The work of artists tends
bases of its meaning. These conventions to show in museums or galleries, while
are established through time, artisans sell their crafts at fair and shops.
strengthened by recurrent use and wide
acceptance by their viewers or audience Difference between Artist and Artisan
and scholars who study them. Artist
Subjective • Creates art for enjoyment and
- When subjectivities are consulted, a appreciation.
variety of meanings may arise when a • Performs creative arts.
particular work of art is read. These • Creates something whose only
meanings stem from the viewer’s or value is aesthetics.
audience’s circumstances that come into • Makes output to express the
play when engaging with art. beauty of art itself.
Artisan ephemeral or something transient, such
as trach (recording of sound), a film or
• Makers of crafts romance.
• Practical
• Functional Arts Techniques – is a way of carrying outa
• Skilled Workers particular task especially the execution or
performance of an artistic work.
Artist Technique of artwork shows the level of
They are the creative individuals who use familiarity with the medium being
their imagination and skills to manipulated.
communicate in an art form. GAMAHABA – a Filipino citizen or group
They look to many sources for of Filipino citizens engaged in any
inspiration. traditional art uniquely Filipino, whose
distinctive skills have reached such a
• Some look forward to their natural high level of technical and artistic
and cultural environment for excellence and have been passed on to
ideas. and widely practiced by the present
• Others look within themselves for generations in their community with the
creative motivations. same degree of technical and artistic
competence.
Just like artists, the artisans learn skills
and techniques from some other artists
but eventually, both artists and artisans,
develop their own unique styles. Module 5: ELEMENTS OF THE VISUAL
ARTS
• They produce directly functional
and/or decorative arts.
 Whenever we see an art object, we
cannot fail to notice several things:
• They help us in meeting our basic shape or form, texture, space and
needs, such as food, clothing, lines which the artist used in
dwelling, furniture kitchen, expressing his ideas. These are
utensils, and etc. called the elements of the visual arts.
• They craft everything that makes Like medium, elements are present in
our life easy. every art form.

Production Process  Line is an important element at the

disposal of every artist. Through lines
1. Preproduction of a painting or sculpture, the artist
2. Production can make us known what the work is
3. Postproduction about. He uses lines to represent
figures or curved.
Medium – is the mode of expression in
which the concept, idea or message is
conveyed. It may be concrete or tangible,
such as paintings, sculptures, ➢ Lines
monuments, and structures; or it may be
Lines always have direction. They are seen in a person standing straight, a
always moving. Lines, as used in any tall tree, statues of saints and heroes
work of art, may either be straight or give an impression of dignity. Vertical
curved. lines also tend to express as well as
arouse emotions of exaltation and
 Lines inquietude and this is evident in
monumental architecture.
Man usually lies prone when asleep or
when at rest and stands erect when in
action. He stands stiff and straight when
 Diagonal lines suggest action and
movement. They give animation to
resistant or stern, and relaxes when in a any composition in which they
playful mood and the lines of his body appear. Almost every object in action
fall into easy curves. When in motion, he assumes a diagonal line. A running
bends forward; when he encounters an person makes a diagonal line with his
opposing force, he braces against it. body and legs. The degree of action
is shown by the angle of the diagonal.
We have learned that certain emotional
states always find expression through
definite positions. We associate the  Curve lines suggest grace,
emotions with the lines that define their movement, flexibility and joyousness.
accompanying positions. When given a They are never harsh or stern since
work of art, we call upon our they are formed by a gradual change
unconscious with its accompanying in direction. They tend to impart these
emotional state. Straight lines are qualities to any work where they are
always associated with the ideas of used. The curved lines of the
steadiness and force, curved lines with woman’s body and the bamboo stern
flexibility, buoyancy, and grace. The where according to Philippine legend,
straight line moves in one direction only. man and woman sprang.
It may either be horizontal, vertical or
diagonal.
 Lines may also be classified into
three groups: lines which follow or
 Horizontal lines are lines of repose repeat one another, lines which
and serenity. They express ideas of contrast with one another and
calmness and quiescence. Horizontal transitional lines which modify or
lines are found in reclining persons, in soften the effect of others.
landscapes, calm bodies of water and
in the distant meeting of the earth and
 Repetition occurs when two or more
lines are drawn within a corner
sky in what is commonly called the
following the lines of the corner. Lines
horizon. The horizontal lines of the
that are in opposition to each other
sarcophagus of King Tut are
form a contrast. When a curved line
suggestive of repose.
cuts across a corner from an
 Lines opposition line to another, it forms a
 Vertical lines are lines poised for transition line. Transitional lines
modify the sharpness of vertical and
action. They are posed, balanced,
horizontal lines giving a harmonizing
forceful, and dynamic. Vertical lines
effect.
 these primary hues are mixed in
 Color equal parts, the secondary hues are
produced. The secondary hues are
Delight in color is a universal human
characteristic. Color is a property of orange, green and violet. Orange is
light. When light goes out, color goes produced by mixing red and yellow;
with it. green by mixing yellow and blue; and
The white light of the sun contains all violet by mixing blue and red.
the colors of the spectrum, violet, indigo,
blue, green, yellow, orange and red.  Warm and Cool Colors
These colors are co blended that they
yield no sensation of color. When a  Colors may either be warm or cool.
beam of light passes through a prism, Red, orange, and yellow are the
the different rays of color are separated warm hues. They are associated with
so that we are able to see and identify objects like the sun, fire and other
them. When light strikes a surface, sources of heat. They tend to impart
some of the color rays are absorbed warmth to any composition in which
while others are reflected. Others pass they are used. They are conspicuous,
through, especially when the object is cheerful and stimulating, vivacious,
transparent. Most surfaces absorb all joyous and exciting. They are
the color rays except those which yield a suugestive of impetuous or instinctive
single-color sensation and therefore action. They are called advancing
appear to be of that color. colors because they have an effect of
advancing or coming towards you.
 A blue dress absorbs all the color The cool colors are those where blue
rays except the blue ray which it predominates like green, blue-green,
reflects. A red ball absorbs all the blue, blue-violet. They cause
color rays except the red ray which surfacescovered with them to appear
are reflected to the eyes of the to recede. They suggest distance.
beholder. Objects that appear to be They are calm, sober, restful and
black absorb practically all the color inconspicuous.
rays and reflect none, while objects
that appear white reflects all the color
 Colors
rays equally. Gray is due to the partial  Red, the color of fire and blood, is the
reflection of the color rays. White, warmest, most vigorous and most
gray and black have no color quality. exciting of the colors. Yellow, the
They are called the neutral colors. color of light, is the most brilliant,
 Color has three dimensions or cheerful, and exultant of the colors.
Blue, the color of the sky and of deep
attributes: hue, value and intensity. and still water, is the coolest and the
 Hue is the dimension of color that most tranquil of the colors.
gives color its name. When we say
the flower is yellow, we are naming its  Color Harmonies
hue. Color names such as red, green, There are two kinds of color harmonies:
violet, and yellow indicate the color related color harmonies and the
characteristic called hue. Blue, red contrasted color harmonies.
and yellow are the primary hues. If
 Related Color Harmonies may either  An understanding of values will help
be monochromatic or adjacent. the artist to use colors to the best
Monochromatic harmony is made up advantage. It will offer important
of several tones of one hue, like for suggestions for the arrangement of
instance orange, tan, brown and color values in interior decoration.
other tones from the orange family. The floor should be the darkest in the
Monochromatic harmonies are the room, the walls should be lighter and
simplest and easiest to use. Different the ceiling, the lightest.
tones of the same hue all have
something in common, so it is easy  Tints are values above the normal
for them to agree. and shades are values below the
normal. Pink is a tint of red, maroon is
 In adjacent or neighboring harmony, a shade of red. Sky-blue is a tint,
two or three neighboring hues on the navy-blue is a shade.
color circle are used together. For
example, tones of green, yellow and  The value of a hue can be changed.
orange can produce a delightful We raise it by adding more light to it
harmony. They have something in so that it reflects more light and lower
common because there is yellow in it by reducing the light it can reflect.
green and in orange. Good adjacent  Intensity
harmonies can be produced by using
groups of neighboring colors like  The third and last dimension of color
yellow, orange and red; or orange, is intensity. It refers to the brightness
red and violet. or darkness of color. It gives color
strength. Colors differ in intensity.
 Contrasted Color Harmonies. Colors Intensity differences may be
which lie directly opposite each other described as full intensity, two-thirds
in the color circle are called intensity, two-thirds neutra; and
complementary colors. Red and neutral. Two colors may be both blue,
green, orange and blue, violet and but one is more intense than the
yellow are complementary colors.. other. When a hue is in its vivid form,
They contrast with each other it is said to be in full intensity. When it
strongly, therefore, they are more is dulled, it is said to be partly
difficult to use harmoniously than the neutralized. The more black or white
related color combinations. However, is added, the weaker is the intensity.
when they are properly harmonized,
they give very beautiful effects.  Color plays an important role in the
work of an artist. Although painting is
 Value refers to the lightness or known as the art of color, color is also
darkness of a color. It is a quality important in sculpture and
which depends on the amount of light architecture. Buildings are painted;
and dark in color. The value scale bronze is selected for its rich brown
shown has nine value steps starting color and marble for its whiteness.
from white to black.
 Texture
 Value
 Texture is the element that deals  Perspective deals with the effect of
more directly with the sense of touch. distance upon the appearance of
It has to do with the characteristic of objects, by means of which the eye
surfaces which can be rough or judges’ spatial relationships. It
smooth, fine or coarse, shiny or dull, enables us to perceive distance and
plain or irregular. Texture is best to see the position of objects in
appreciated when an object is felt space. There are two kinds of
with the hands. perspective: linear perspective and
 Texture is found in all visual arts. A aerial perspective. To get depth or
distance, an artist uses both linear
painting, a building, or a piece of and aerial perspective.
sculpture has textures which are felt
and described in a variety of ways.  Linear Perspective is the
Texture is due primarily to representation of an appearance of
defferences in medium. In distance by means of converging
architecture, the different feel of lines. The tracts of a railroad aooear
wood, concrete, and metal, to the viewer as seeming to rise and
determines the texture of the building. meet in the distance. Linear
The sculptor can also produce perspective has to do with the
differences in texture in his works. He direction of lines and with the size of
can leave marks on the surfaces of a objects. Painters usually show the
statue or he can polish it to give it a effect of space and distance by using
shiny and smooth texture. Together converging lines and diminishing size.
with the other elements, texture can Objects appear smaller as they
contribute to the total effect of the recede into the distance. People or
finished work of art. objects at the background of a
painting seem to be shorter than
 Texture those in front.

 In painting, texture is used to  Aerial Perspective is the

represent the skin, clothes, jewelry, representation of relative distances of
furniture, and others. Texture can add objects by gradations of tone and
richness and vitality to paintings. color. Objects become fainter in the
Contemporary painters have realized distance due to the effect to the
the important effects of texture on atmosphere. Objects appear to be
their work. During the 19th and 20th lighter in color and the outline more
centuries, a high premium is placed vague as they recede into the
on very smooth surfaces and forms. A distance or into the atmosphere.
group of painters including Cezanne
Picasso and others, emphasized  Space
texture by purposely making portions
of the paintings rough.  In painting as in architecture, space is
of great importance. The exterior of a
building is seen as it appears in
 Perspective space while the interior is seen by
one who is inside as enclosing space.
 Painting does not deal with space
directly. It represents space only on a  In addition to function, another factor
two-dimensional surface. Sculpture in determining form is the way in
has very little to do with space which a building is constructed. The
relationship or perceptio of space. skyscrapers would not have been
built had it not been made necessary
by rising land values resulting from
 Form urban congestion. Great architecture,
 Form applies to the overall design of therefore, is produced only when the
elements of function and construction
a wirj of art. It describes the structure
or shape of an object. All the visual are integrated by creative design.
arts are concerned with form.  Form
Sculpture and architecture deal with
three-dimensional forms although  Triangles, circles and rectangles are
sculpture deals with exterior form favorite designs used by painters.
alone because we do not get inside a Tables, buildings, picture frames,
statue but we always get inside a furniture, are usually composed of
building. The sculptor is restricted to cubes or rectangular solids. Oranges,
masses in relation to other masses as electric bulbs, lakes and domes are
a means of interpretation. shaped as spheres. Trees,
Michelangelo’s “David” idealizes and mountains, flowers, are cones. The
conventionalizes forms and features, trunk of trees, human arms or legs
like the best of the Golden Age Greek and pencils are cylinders.
sculpture.  In painting or other two-dimensional
 Good architecture allows outward arts, the form, usually an area on a
flat surface enclosed by a line, stands
forms to be governed by what foes on
inside them. A house is a place for a out because of the difference in color,
family to live in, therefore the inside value or texture. This is the reason
should be carefully designed to meet why it is sometimes difficult to
the needs of the family. If the exterior recognize circles, cubes or triangles
form of the house expresses clearly or other geometric forms in painting
the interior form, the house becomes because they are seen as parts of the
a good piece of art. objects or as the objects themselves.
To develop our ability to recognize
these shapes or forms is to see
 Form objects around us as of a particular
 A church must express on the color or tone.
outside, that inside is a place of
worship for it to become a good work  Volume
of art. Throughout the use of forms is
therefore the guiding principle “form  Volume refers to the amount of space
follows function.” This means that the occupied in three dimensions. It
inner content of purpose or function therefore refers to solidity or
governs the outer appearance. thickness. We perceive volume in two
ways: by contour lines or outlines or
shapes of objects, and by surface
 lights and shadows. This is the and ideas in order to carefully
primary concern of architects organize sentences that would
because a building always encloses manifest a high sense of value.
space. The building must have
everything neatly in place no matter  In other words, a writer should bear
at what angle the lights fall on it or these objectives in mind:
from what view we look at it. The
outlines or shadows change every
• To strive in raising the level of the
reader’s humanity and
time the viewer shifts his position.
The viewer therefore may obtain not
one but many different impressions
• Accomplish the purpose of
making one a better person,
from a single work. giving him a high sense of value
 The sculptor is concerned also with  Emotional appeal is attained when
volume because his figures actually the reader is emotionally moved or
occupy space and can be observed touched by any literary work like:
from any direction. The direction of How do I love thee? Let me
sunlight will determine the areas of count the ways.
light and shadow. The outlines and I love thee to the depth and
shadows change everytime the breadth and height
viewer changes his position. My soul can reach, when feeling
 Because painting is two-dimensional, out of sight
For the ends of Being and ideal
volume is an illusion because the
surface of the canvas is flat. The Grace.
painter can only suggest volume. To Elizabeth B. Browning
make his figures have the illusion of How Do I Love Thee?
thickness, the painter decides
arbitrarily from what direction he
wants the light to fall. He then paints
 Rizal’s two revolutionary novels, Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
the lightest portions bright and those are good illustrations of literature of
in shadow, dark. intellectual appeal. Both add
knowledge or information and remind
 Literature and the Combined Arts the reader of what he has forgotten.
Specifically, in one of his
 At present, not all written works can philosophical ideas “on consecration
be considered literature. To to a great idea”, he said.
understand a good literary work, we Don’t you realize that it is a useless life
should know first the important which is not consecrated to a great
elements of literature. It is undeniable idea? It is a stone wasted in the fields
that the medium of literature is without becoming part of any edifice.
language, and language is composed (Simoun to Basilio)
of words that are combined into
sentences to express ideas, emotions  Humanistic value can be attained
or desires. Writers, therefore, should when a literary work maked the
be careful in their choice of words reader an improved person with a
and expressions of their emotions better outlook in life and with a clear
 understanding of his/her inner self. To lively, terrifying, or humorous,
illustrate, here is a stanza from appropriate background music
Amado V. Hernandez’s poem entitled was used.
Foreigner, which was translated by
Cirilo F. Bautista into English
• Make-up, Coiffeur, and
Costumes. Make-up consists of
the sticky substances which are
 Philippine Motion Picture applied on the face of the actors
 The cinema or motion picture is one before facing the camera. The
of the most popular form of art and hair of the actress should suit the
entertainment in the Philippines. part she plays in the picture.
Every week, millions of people go to • Acting and the Stars. Acting is the
the movies. Many more watch art of portraying or impersonating
movies on television and now a days, a character. A performer should
in Netflix or similar apps which is the forget his own personality and
recent innovation in motion pictures. live the life of the character he is
Philippine motion picture is also a portraying.
source of information as well as of
entertainment. It can introduce us to  Elements of Philippine Motion Picture
new ideas and help us explore 4. Color in the Movies. The latest
serious social issues. Students learn innovation in cinematography is color.
from educational films in school. Color in local movies was attempted in
Industries use our movies to train 1941 by LVN Pictures in “Ibong Adarna”.
employees and to advertise their After the war, LVN again introduce color
products. Our government uses films in “Batallion XIII”, the first colored picture
to inform and influence the Filipinos shown to public at Avenue Theater,
and people from other countries. Manila, in December 1949.
5. Set and Art Decorations. Beautiful
setting gives beauty to the picture and
 Elements of Philippine Motion Picture pleases the eye. Art directors should
• Music and Musical Director. know the natural setting and build
artificial sets. They should get the
Music has been indispensable in
motion pictures since the very inspiration from liberal producers and
beginning. During the era of silent disappoint the stingy ones.
movies, every cinema house 6. Sound, Cameras, and Technicians.
employed musicians who played Now that moving pictures have found
music that suited the tempo and their voices, sound plays an important
varying moods of the scenes as part. Technicians exert efforts in making
they were projected on the the dialogue clear and music of fine
screen while others used quality. Recording is a process where an
phonograph records for economy. orchestra playing the music or song is
In first class theaters , the being recorded in the soundtrack by the
musician was required to see the recording apparatus. Playback is the
picture and make musical method employed when an actress or
arrangements that suited the actor borrows the voice of another. The
tempo and moods of the different use of the camera and the functions of
scenes. To make silent movies
the technicians are indispensable in Tone, as distinguished from common
cinematography. noise, is a sound produced by regular
vibrations of air. Sounds made by wind,
 Music traffic, clapping of hands, or creaking of
doors are merely noise because the
 To facilitate the learning of the variations are irregular.
elements and organization of music,
we should have a knowledge of some  The Components of Tone. This is the
of the rudiments of musical notation. basic sound material with which the
Notation is a system of signs by composer works. All musical tones
means of which music is written have four properties:
down. It serves mainly to indicate two • Pitch. Refers to the highness or
properties of tone which are pitch and lowness of a tonal sound. It is a
duration. physical principle that the faster
 Notation of Pitch. Musical the vibrations are, the higher the
Notation is written on five pitch will be, and the slower the
horizontal lines with four equal vibrations, the lower it is;
spaces called a “staff” • Duration. This tone is determined
 The “clef “ is a letter sign by the length of time the vibration
placed on the staff in order to is sustained. This becomes the
indicate the pitch of the notes. bases of rhythm;
 Music • Intensity of Volume. Tones may
 Music is an art whose basic material vary in their degree of loudness
is sound. Unlike the sounds in and softness. This is fundamental
literature, musical sounds have no to musical rhythm (as accent) and
meanings beyond themselves and it provides the basis for a
therefore may be said to deal with separate musical element;
“pure” sound. It, however, is not
meaningless because in music, one
• Timbre or Quality. This property
enables one to distinguish one
tone is made to lead to the next in an sound from another, one
orderly and logical way, with the result instrument from another – a violin
that the total effect seems to make from a flute, or a piano from an
“sense”, and to be “meaningful” to the organ. The quality of tone is
listeners. It is this quality of referred to a timbre, tone quality
organization which distinguishes or tone color.
music from other sounds. Thus, the
composition of music can be defined
as “the organization of sound.”
 Thus, music is the art of combining
tones and silences in such a manner
as to convey the emotions and ideas
conceived by the composer.

 Tone