Introduction to Anatomy & Anatomical terms
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INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY - Greek word "anatome"
II
through to dissect
-
Cadaver
- Dissection
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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
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1. Gross Anatomy: It is divided into two types:
②
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A. Regional Anatomy – a study of the human body in parts.
min
-
1. Head and neck
2.
- Brain/Neuroanatomy
3.
- Thorax
4. Abdomen and pelvis
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-5. Upper limb
6.
- Lower limb
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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
B. Systemic Anatomy – a study of human body forming a particular system.
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• Integumentary system -
• Skeletal system -
• Arthrology (study of joints) -
• Muscular system -
• Nervous system -
• Cardiovascular system -
• Lymphatic system -
• Endocrine system -
• Digestive system -
• Respiratory system -
• Reproductive system -
• Urinary system. - 4
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
D & Microanatomy 00
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2. Microscopic Anatomy (histology) –study of structure using microscope.
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3. Surface Anatomy –study of the relationship of the deeper structures of the body
--
= -
.For example, palpation of radial artery.
4.
rese
④
Living Anatomy –study by inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation––with
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the help of bronchoscope, gastroscope, cystoscope, and other imaging
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-
-
techniques.
DDDD
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5. Clinical Or Applied Anatomy –applying anatomical knowledge for diagnosing
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and treating various diseases and surgeries.
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6. -
Radiological Anatomy –study of bones and other structures using radiography,
ultrasound, computerized tomographic (CT) scan, and magnetic resonance
- -
imaging (MRI).
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SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
7. Experimental
- Anatomy –study of factors that determine the form, structure,
and function of the different parts of the body.
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Embryology Or Developmental Anatomy – study of developmental changes
8.
in an individual or embryo.
9. 7
Genetics –study
-
-
of heredity and variations based on genes, DNA, and
chromosomes.
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10. Comparative Anatomy – study of changes in the form, structure, and function
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of different animals and human body.
11. Physical Anthropology – study of external features and measurements of
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different races and groups of people
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HISTORY OF ANATOMY
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History Of Anatomy –Some of the contributors are as follows:
&
Y
• Hippocrates (460–377 BC) – Greek physician, ‘Father of medicine’.
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•Y
Herophilus (about 325 BC) – Teacher of anatomy(Egypt), first
&
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dissection of human body, ‘Father of Anatomy’.
u
• Leonardo Da Vinci (1452–1519) – Italian genius artist and anatomist,
‘Founder of modern anatomy’, artistic work Mona Lisa.
=> Do
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#
• Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564) – German anatomist, worked at
acce
University of Padua in Italy, ‘reformer of anatomy’ or ‘father of Goo
-
- - -
modern anatomy’, written a book, ‘De Humani Corporis Fabrica’,* =>
~ D
human body as God’s most beautiful creation.
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HISTORY OF ANATOMY
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∙ Willian Harvey (1578–1657) – English anatomist, functional
- blood circulation. gac
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orientation of anatomy and -
Goo
W
∙ Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) – discovered a microscope,
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helped in develop microanatomy.
∙ Marcello Malpigi (1628–1634) – Italian anatomist, ‘Father of
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histology’. Goo
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∙ William Hunter (1718–1783) – London anatomist, modern embalming
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techniques. oo Z
∙*
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John Hunter (1728–1793) – famous surgeon, Hunterian Museum,
Hunters/adductors canal. DDDD
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HISTORY OF ANATOMY
• Wilhelm Konrad Von* Roentgen (1845–1923) discovered&
X-rays.
•&GREGOR JOHANN& MENDEL (1822–1884): ‘Father of genetics’ad
DAD
>
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• 1901: Theodor Kocher –Thyroid surgery, Nobel awardee
- ~
=>
• 1909: CAMILLO GOLGI and SANTIAGO CAJAL – Nobel
- -
prize for work on>
nervous system.
• 1939: Ernst Rusks and Max Knoll – developed electron
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=>
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microscope
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•&1948: James Watson and Francis Crick – discovered 3-D structure
> ad
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- .
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of DNA D
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Anatomical Terminology
re m e m
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POSITIONS OF BODY Anatomical position
oo
2
ad
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POSITIONS OF BODY
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POSITIONS OF BODY
--
--
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POSITIONS OF BODY
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POSITIONS OF BODY
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POSITIONS OF BODY
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POSITIONS OF BODY
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ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY
*
E
otique
plane
* 18
ANATOMICAL TERMS
-
- -
-
-
-
- L
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
-
e ~
-
~
Central
Peripheral
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
External
Internal
Ipsilateral
Contralateral
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
-
Tilial
Fillar
flexor surface front of UL
Back of 11
~ -
W W Extensor Surface - Back of UL
- Front of LL
Plantar-sole of fort
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
Descriptions
Embryological
-
..
Preaxial -> outer Lorder of UL
inner Lorder of LL
T
Borden
-
DDDD
- Portaxial -
inner Lorder of UL
outer Lorder of LL
2
of Limbs
state >
- UL rotate medially
LL rotate laterally
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W 24
ANATOMICAL TERMS
Terms for muscles
• Origin: relatively fixed end of the muscle
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• Insertion: relatively moveable end of the muscle
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-
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• Note: origin and insertion are relative terms. If insertion end of
muscle is fixed, then origin end of muscle moves.
• Tendon: fibrous, non-contractile, cord or rope-like end of muscle
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=>
• Belly: Fleshy and contractile part of muscle
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• Aponeurosis: Flattened tendon
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• Raphe: Stretchable fibrous band made up of interdigitating
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-
muscle fibers
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• Ligament: fibrous inelastic band connecting bones
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
Terms for muscles
• Prime movers: Group muscles that initiate and maintain
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particular movement.
• Antagonist: Group of muscles that oppose the action of prime
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movers
• Synergist: Group of muscles that assist the action of prime
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movers
• Fixators: A group of muscles that contract simultaneously and
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isometrically to fix the bone and facilitate the action of prime
movers.
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
vements
* -
-
E 27
ANATOMICAL TERMS
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
Rotation
-
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
Gliding Movements
Opposition of thumb
Lateral flexion
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
3d digit
* Axis
digit
2nd 32
ANATOMICAL TERMS
- Q
--
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ANATOMICAL TERMS
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Anastomosis
Sinusoids
venae commitantes
Newe
Plexus
Ganglim 34
ANATOMICAL TERMS -
Bones
-
Line Epicondy les
Gest Facets
Ridge Groove/sulcus
Twercle Fossa
foramen
Tuberosity
Trochanter Canal/Meatus
fissures
spire
Sinus
Styloid proces
Head
condyle 34
ANATOMICAL TERMS
Clinica
Anatomy
>
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es
-
Suffixes a
Symptoms Quadriplegia
it is
Sign Anesthesia
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Diagnosi Analgesia
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ectomy Prognosis come
Lesions
-otomy Therapy
Pyrexia Inflammation
-ostomy Edema
Paralysis Ulex
-
oma
Hemiplegia Ischaemia
Paraplegia Necrosi
Monoplegia 34
ANATOMICAL TERMS
-Clinical
-
Anatiy
Infarction Metastasis
Gangrene Thrombosis
Atrophy Embolism
Hypertrophy Hemorrhage
Sinus
Hyperplasia
Syndrome
Tumor
Benign
Malignant
Cancer 34
YOU
THANK
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Skin and it's Appendages
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As per:
Competency based Undergraduate curriculum
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• AN4.1: Describe different types of skin and dermatomes in body.
• AN4.2: Describe structure and function of skin with its
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appendages. -
• AN4.3: Describe superficial fascia along with fat distribution in
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body. -
• AN4.4: Describe modifications of deep fascia with functions.
• AN4.5: Explain principles of skin incisions.
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INTRODUCTION
IntegumentarySystem-Skin & It Appendage
① Skin--Epidermis
-Dermis
-
*
Hypodermis
② Hair follicles
③ glands
Sweat
⑨ Selaceou glands
⑤ Nails
⑥ Mammary Glands
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SKIN
largest organ of the body
Functions D Protection
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② Regulation of Body temp.
③ sensation
④ Excretion
⑤ Immune Defense
⑤ Synthesi of Vit .
D
⑦ Abraption
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SKIN
W W
Thin skin /
Thick skin
Hairy Skin
Stratum lucidum
=
God
#
Present E Absent -
D
**
Thickness of epidermis 0.07–1.5 mm 0.01–0.15 mm
Epidermal ridges Present Absent -
Hair follicles Absent E Present
Arrector pili muscle Absent E Present
Sebaceous glands Absent - Present
Sweat glands Many E Few
Sensory More E Less
receptors/Merkel’s cells
Location Skin of palm and sole Skin except of palm and
- -
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sole
- -
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SKIN
Gannon
Epidermis-Sayer D
, Stratum corneum
Dermis
only Stratum Lucidum
④ a
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SKIN
atum Bacale
①
**
-
Stratum Germinative
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melanocytes& mechano receptor
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SKIN
atum Spinosum
②
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Malpighian Layer/Prickle
Cel Layer
=
decmosomes (Junctional Complexes
--
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SKIN
Granulosum
③tum
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1-3 cell layer of Keratinocytes
-
"Retatohyalin" protein
premor of "Filaggrin" protein
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SKIN
Lucidum
④ Katum (Lucid =
clear
-
Aut only in thick skin
-Peleidin"-clear intracellular protein
converted Resatin - str Corneum
to
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SKIN
⑤ Tatum Corneum
-non-nucleated flat Scale-like Squamon)
Leth (dead Cell) ; cout cell organelles
-very thick in soles 4 palms
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SKIN Clinical Integration
① Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
② Squamou cell Carcinana/Epidermoid
Carcinana
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SKIN
Dis
-
deep vaccular layer of skin
2 layefh
① Superficial Papillary Layer
② Deep Reticular larger
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SKIN
Laye
Papillary ②
Reticular larges
basal lamina-Lies deep to papillary
-
deep to
layer
of epidermis Thicker & Len Cellular
"Dermal Papillae"
-
"Epidermal Kidger/ "
Rete Ridger/Rete pegs
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SKIN
Carnosis
Manniculus
-
layer of stricted mis just deep to
Sk farcia/hypodermis
-well developed in lower animals
In human -m/s of facial expressions
inc platysme
,
.
Palmaris Brevis in hand
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Dartorm/s in scrotum
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SKIN
-
E
e
-
SEPIDERMIT-relatinocytes
Of
Melanocytes I Langer hanCells
Merkel's Cells 47
SKIN
Clinical
-
propialis-patch of thin cassisting
of silvery white scales
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SKIN
of
smdepends a
up
deal all
② tarotene pigment (yellow color) of Skin
③ vacularity of Skin (hemoglobin)
Clinical : ① Allinism -
occurr / inc of tyrosinase
enzyme
② Vitiligo-pathy depigmented of skin
③
Moles Malignant Melanoma 48
SKIN
of Skin
-Patterns ① Tension Lines
② flexor lines
③ Papillary/Friction Ridges
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SKIN
Lines'
Langer's Liner/Charage
·
teneim lines
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SKIN
Ridger/Friction Ridge
Papillary
definatoglyphic
Mic patter in digits
-v
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SKIN
inical
① Stretch Marke
② Wrinkle lines
③ of expression
line
④ Fingerprints
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SKIN
L
-
L -
-
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APPENDAGES OF SKIN
Growth of naits
Dail
-
Fingernails) toenails
↓
-
parts ((1mm
=>>
per week)
- whole nait
3-4 month
-
W
W W
#
-
Tuticle
~
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APPENDAGES OF SKIN
Unical
Onychia
Onycholysis
Onychocyptosis
Patonychia
Koilonychia/spoon shaped nails
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APPENDAGES OF SKIN
clinical
-
-
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Nail Clubbing
E 57
Hair -
Sports-shaft
-
② Root
③ Butt
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L
v squamou cell
- double layer of flattened cell
-
Y
layer of cubridal cells
- - single
-
nical
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Color of Hair
-
Greying of Hair
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Clinical
-
-
- - - -
- - - v
-
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Gland
Sebaceou
-
Linical :
-
seborrhoea/oily Skin
-
Ache Vulgaris
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[
Feature WEccrine sweat glands
-
~Apocrine sweat glands
-
Secretion Watery Viscid
Contents Mainly water, salts Mainly lipid and proteins
Site of discharge On the surface of skin through In the pilosebaceous canal around
sweat pores the hair shaft
Unical
Distribution Throughout the body Axilla, mons pubis and perianal
region
Cynecomastia
Activity Throughout the life Active at puberty
Nervous control Cholinergic postganglionic Adrenergic postganglionic
sympathetic neurons sympathetic neurons
Endocrine control Nil Present, affected by androgens and
estrogen
Function Thermoregulation Production of pheromones
of
a
SWEAT GLANDS
gland &
eyelids 66
BRS
Rule of 9
Degrees
-
① Net -
Epidermis
② 2nd-Epidermist part of depuis
Criter format)
⑤ 3rd-Epidermist Demis +
underlying tissues (M15 &
Lonel
(Hg .
Skin grafting)
69
Thankyou
- O
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