The Concept of Physical Self

The physical self refers to: ▪ the body

▪ the concrete dimension
▪ the tangible aspect of every person that is directly observed and examined
-It is a complex, marvelous container, and a finely tuned machine we use to connect with
fellow beings and the environment

-considered the body as the initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of
William James personality
-the body is a constituent part for cleansing the spirit that is considered to be of supreme importance.

Erik Erickson -the role of the bodily organ is especially important in the early developmental stages of a person’s life.
Later in life, the development of both physical and intellectual skills helps determine whether the
individual will achieve a sense of competence and ability to handle multiple and demanding roles in a
complex society

Indian tradition looks growth and enlightenment as the whole-body event, which is not possible until one has a pure
and strong body. There is an entire discipline devoted to physical self (i.e., Hath-yoga, or the Yoga of the
body

biological entity the body performs a distinct function

social entity it is the most visible way of showing and expressing one’s identity. It tells a lot of significant narratives
and messages about a person’s status in the society and subculture membership; and in turn, receives
messages from the outside.

Standards of Beauty arbitrary, meaning to say, not based on reason or evidence, and they vary hugely both from one culture
to another and over time.

Beauty and Self- expression across cultures Across cultures, beauty and self-expression are directed towards different kinds of body modifications.

▪ Lip Plate - also termed as lip disc or lip plug, is a body modification form practiced in some parts of the world, in
which increasingly large circular discs made of wood or clay are inserted into a pierced hole in either
the lower or upper lip or both, thus, stretching the lips.
 -Although labial plates were also traditionally worn by:
▪ Suya men of Brazil
▪ Sara women of Chad
▪ Makonde of Mozambique
▪ Botocudo of coastal Brazil
▪ Mursi and Suri tribes of Ethiopia- the only tribes that still follow this tradition: to them wearing
of plate is best seen as an
-expression of female maturity
-social adulthood
-reproductive potential and readiness
▪ The Neck Rings - practice of putting rings on the neck in order to lengthen it
- Southeast Asia, historians have dated the practice of using neck rings back to the 11th century
- the tradition is alive and well in Myanmar where the look is considered to be beautiful and elegant.

▪ Foot Binding - This practice first started among young girls in Tang Dynasty China to restrict their normal growth and
make their feet as small as possible
- its wide use is to distinguish girls of the upper class from everyone else, and later as a way for the
lower classes to improve their life chances or social prospects.
- the aimed result was to have feet no longer than 3-4 inches, when they were known as jinlian -
“Golden Lotus” or “Lotus” feet after the central life symbol of Buddhism

- the practice of engraving or incising the skin with the use of sharp objects such as a stone, glass, knife,
▪ Scarification or coconut shell, in order to control the shape and design of the scar tissue on various parts of the
body
- Cicatrisation is a special form of scarification where a gash is made in the skin with a sharp
instrument, and irritation of the skin caused by applying caustic plant juices forms permanent blisters
- was probably found in the Congo Basin and neighboring regions, and among the Akan people of West
Africa.
- In some African tribes, it was like wearing your identity card on your face. True, some may hate that,
but this was a mark of pride, not shame.

▪ Facial Tattoos) - are symbolic of their culture and unique to their society, which are carried out when the girl either
reaches menstruation or when her breasts become enlarged
- tattooing is seen as a “marker of cultural identity” which allows others to see what tribe the girls
belong
Maisin Women- from Uiaku Village in Papua New Guinea

(The Five Global Beauty Archetypes) Archetype- it is a very typical example of a certain person or thing; a model or a prototype.
The Powerful Peacocks, - 15% of the population
-love the dynamism in beauty, in part because they’re looking to get ahead in a dynamic world
-associate beauty with career success and power

The Seductive Foxes -27% of the population

- love to use beauty products to enhance their femininity
- associate beauty with romantic and sexual prowess, and like using cosmetics to feel sexy.

The Social Butterflies -16% of the population

-love the beauty conversation
-enjoy sharing tips with their friends, being inspired by beautiful women, and the feeling of
contentment and success that comes with looking beautiful.
-present in Latin America
-have grown up buying beauty products from their friends and neighbors who are direct sellers.

The Graceful Swans -23% of the population

-like the subtle enhancements that come from using good beauty products
- For them, beauty leads to confidence and contentment.
-appear most frequently in Europe and the US and like to focus on improving their existing beauty.

The Comfortable Cats -19% of the population

-are largely happy with their natural beauty
-they are the least likely to hope for or expect dramatic changes, while they do use some beauty
products
-More concentrated in Europe and the US than emerging markets
-view a few staple beauty products here and there as a means to feel even more comfortable in their
skin.

The Sexual Self and Family Planning

Sexual self or sexual self-concept -refers to the totality of oneself as a sexual being, including positive and negative concepts and feelings

Sexuality -is one of the fundamental drives behind everyone’s feelings, thoughts, and behaviors (Locas and Fox,
2019). Understanding one’s sexuality encompasses the ways a person expresses personality in the
areas of sexual attraction, intimacy, and physical sexual activity
3 important components of Sexuality:
▪ Sex
▪ Gender
▪ Sexual Orientation.
Sex -is defined as being male or female, determined biologically upon fertilization

Gender -is the psychological sense of being male or female under social, cultural, and/or personal norms. For
example, a person with male genitals acts and feels like a woman as dictated by society’s concepts of
femininity

Sexual orientation - refers to the preference of a person for a romantic and sexual relationship

Richard Von Krafft-Ebing studied variations and deviations of human sexual behavior. His views of sexuality were mostly negative
such as his belief about masturbation causing all sexual deviations and problems which in the end were
proven false

Henry Havelock Ellis, an English physician, was the first to extensively study the role of social and cultural factors of human
sexual behavior and homosexuality

Alfred C. Kinsey became a known figure in his researches about human sexual behaviors and activities. Other studies
followed thereafter Krafft-Ebing and Ellis

reproductive system -ensures survival and the preservation of human species. However, the reproductive system is different
from other body systems in that a person has the choice not to use it to its full capacity—to procreate
thus individuals can decide not to reproduce
-the reproductive system has four functions:
▪ to produce hormones
▪ to produce egg and sperm cells
▪ to nurture the developing offspring
▪ to transport and sustain these cells

Fertility refers to the capability to produce off -means the possibility of getting pregnant when a sperm fertilizes a mature ovum during sexual
springs. intercourse. The female fertility begins in puberty (age 9-12) during menarche and ends upon
menopause.

Puberty -a man is said to be fertile through “wet dreams”. This signifies his capacity to fertilize a woman’s
mature egg during sexual intercourse

sexual behavior -refers to a broad range of behaviors in which humans display their sexuality. These behavioral
expressions contain both biological elements and cultural influences and involve sexual arousal with its
physiological changes, both pronounced and subtle. There are basically two types of sexual behavior:
solitary and sociosexual behavior
Solitary behavior is a practice of self-stimulation until sexual arousal to sexual climax is met. It is a self-gratification act
that starts in puberty and is common among males and unmarried

Sociosexual activity involves two or more persons heterosexually or homosexually. In the expression of sexuality, it is
important to consider culture, gender, and genetic inheritance factors as determinants or influences

Erogenous zones - are parts of the human body that are sensitive to any kind of physical touch, not just sexually as these
zones have a rich array of nerve receptors
-known erogenous zones are:
▪ the mouth,
▪ anus
▪ genitals
▪ breasts
▪ neck
▪ ears

Masters and Johnsons came up with these phases of 1. Excitement phase. Both men and women experience initial symptoms of physiological
sexual response or what happens when people arousal such as an increase in temperature, erected nipples, increase in blood pressure,
become sexually excited. Although there are penis and vaginal erection, lubrication, and other ways of preparing the body for sexual
differences in terms of human sexual intercourse.
responsiveness, the following are the common and 2. Plateau phase. This is characterized by maximum arousal which is sustained briefly
basic patterns of sexual experience. towards orgasm
3. Orgasm. Under proper psychological conditions and sufficient stimulation, this is the
peak of sexual excitement when intense pleasure is experienced for a few seconds
4. Resolution phase. After orgasm, the body slowly returns to its normal state. Men may
experience a refractory period making them insensitive to further stimulation.

Sexually transmitted disease -engaging in unprotected sexual act that involves the exchange of body fluids puts a person at risk of
getting a sexually transmitted disease
- formerly called venereal diseases, refers to conditions caused by microorganisms such as bacteria,
viruses, or parasites spread through sexual contact and other means such as sharing needles and
breastfeeding. All STDs must be promptly attended as they may lead to other serious health conditions,
even death.

Syphilis -This is caused by a bacterium spirochete called Treponema pallidum and is characterized by one or
more ulcerative lesions (e.g., chancre) which occurs in stages. Primary and secondary syphilis can be
treated with antibiotics; however, if left untreated may progress to the tertiary stage with serious
complications involving major body organs.
Chancroid -This is a sexually transmitted disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi. Symptoms include painful
genital ulceration and inflammatory or enlargement of lymph nodes. Contagious but curable.

Chlamydia trachomatis Infection -Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis may show no symptoms until after a long time. Men often
experience a burning sensation during urination and pus coming out from the penis. Women may be
asymptomatic; however, they may have burning and itching of the vagina in some.

Genital Warts -This is an infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) characterized by the presence of visible,
small, hard growths or bumps on the internal or external genitalia or anal area. This infection may not
be dangerous but are associated with cervical cancer

Genital Herpes This is among the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases characterized by small, painful lesions
in the genital area caused by the herpes simplex virus

Gonorrhea -This is a bacterial infection commonly manifested by the discharge of pus from the penis, painful
urination, yellow-green vaginal discharge in its early stages.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS -According to the Department of Health, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is the appearance of
clinical manifestation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV infection). In this state, the person is
prone to infections of unlimited extents and possibilities. Infections may have different presentation
and severity. This can be transmitted through blood, semen, breast milk, and vaginal fluids.

✓ Unprotected sexual intercourse may have For the young people like you, physical and psychological risks accompany the developmental changes
contributed to the reported that 62 out of you experience being in this transition period. In the Philippines, issues such as unplanned pregnancies,
100 reported cases of STIs and 29 out of 100 abortion, and sexually transmitted infections including HIVs confront the Filipino Adolescents. In 2013
cases of HIV involved young people (DOH, National Demographic Health Survey, it was reported that in the Philippines, 27% of young women
2010). ages 15-24 have begun childbearing. Early pregnancy may pose several concerns such as health
✓ From January to March 2020, there were problems, reduced employment, and educational opportunities, and even the effects of lack of
2,818 newly confirmed HIV-positive emotional maturity in childbearing and rearing. In addition, an estimated 1,000 maternal deaths were
individuals reported to the HIV/ AIDS & ART attributed to abortion complications in 2008 (Husain and Finer, 2013). Thirty-three percent (33%) of
Registry of the Philippines (HARP) the estimated 400,000 cases of abortions in the Philippines per year are contributed by teens (DOH,
2010). Moreover, unprotected sexual intercourse may have contributed to the reported that 62 out of
✓ Ninety-four percent (2,658) of the newly 100 reported cases of STIs and 29 out of 100 cases of HIV involved young people (DOH, 2010). Hence,
diagnosed were male. The median age was responsible sexual behavior is essential among young people.
28 years old (age range: 1-78 years old). Slide 23
Almost half of the cases (48%, 1,359) were Although, all contraceptives are safe for the use of young people, it is still best to practice ABSTINENCE
25-34 years old and 30% (834) were 15-24 until they reach the proper age to start a family (DOH Handbook, 2010). Engaging in sexual intercourse
years old at the time of diagnosis. is essential to the survival of the human species, but always remember that it is not essential to the
survival of any specific person (Hockenbury, 2011). While it is a safe practice to use the different family
 planning methods, it is worthy to emphasize that sexual intercourse is ideally and psychologically
healthy for couples to do within the bounds of marriage. Across cultures, marriage represents the most
socially accepted, legitimate context for sexual intercourse

Generally,there are two types of contraception, Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraception

natural methods 1. First the FERTILITY AWARENESS-BASED METHODS. This involves the determination of the
fertile and infertile periods of a woman within the menstrual cycle. The effectiveness of all
FAB Methods is above 95% effective if properly used or executed. Among the methods are:
a. Cervical Mucus/Billings Ovulation Method
b. Basal Body Temperature (BBT.
c. Sympto-Thermal Method (STM)
d. Standard Days Method (SDM)
2. Then the LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD (LAM). During breastfeeding, when the
infant sucks the nipple, nerve impulses are sent to the mother’s hypothalamus, which
responds by changing the production of the pituitary hormones

Artificial Methods 1. HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS. (the use of pills). It prevents ovulation by
suppressing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Cervical
mucus thickened, making it difficult for sperm to pass through.
2. MALE CONDOM.A barrier method that mechanically or chemically prevent fertilization or
the union of the egg and sperm cell. It is the only method in the Philippines that also
protects the person form sexually-transmitted infections (STIs).
3. LONG-ACTING AND PERMANENT METHODS
a. Copper-bearing IUDs
b. Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL)

The Spiritual Self

Religion - There is no definite and single meaning of religion, as this is greatly affected by one’s culture and the
personal meaning human beings ascribed out of what they considered as sacred and profane (worldly)
objects and or practices that include rituals, ceremonies, magic, and witchcraft
-However, if we are to look for the literal meaning of the word, religion comes from the Latin word
“religio” meaning “conscientious” or “reverence”, referring to the awe or fear felt in the presence of a
spirit or deity, and may be related to the word “religare”, which means “to bind fast” (Manaloto, 2016).
As the definition suggests, religion, therefore, can be considered as one of the most important and
powerful dimensions of a human being, as this guides how one ought to live and seek meaning and
fulfillment.
Common religious worldviews 1. It is a code of ethical behavior or moral order. -
2. It has a large following, either currently or at some time in the past.
3. It is a set of myths or stories about this unseen world and rituals to commune with it or
appease it.
4. It is a system of organized rituals celebrated in holy places by consecrated persons and
embodied in sacred texts.
5. These are statements about life beyond death, either as survival in some shadowy
world of the dead, in some version of heaven and hell, or through reincarnation.
6. They have various ways of dealing with people’s relationship to the unseen and
transcendent realm of existence, usually inhabited by spirits, deities, demons, and
ancestors.

Spirituality - This is a phenomenon that significantly relates to religion as this embodies the complexity of human
experiences; thus, no single word can completely define its diverse expressions. Moreover, spirituality
is defined by Merriam-Webster as “the quality or state of being concerned with religion or religious
matters”. Thus, about John Macquarrie, a Scottish theologian, understanding of spirituality is a paradox
of being a human, the more you engage to spirituality and going out of oneself or goes beyond the
more human you become due to the created connections and the person’s attachment to oneself,
whilst clinging to one’s self will make you less of a human, for the reason that you become selfish since,
for Macquarrie, spirituality has to do with becoming a person in the fullest sense

Basic Components of Spirituality 1. Prayer or attending to interior life keeps an adherent centered on the essentials of the
religious tradition and facilitates the development of moral integrity.
2. It is striving to live out the ethical demands of the religious tradition on the social or
communal level.
3. It is active involvement in a community of believers provides the adherent some
support
4. Fellowship, accountability, and opportunities are for communal spiritual exercise.
5.
spirituality -is about a person’s beliefs, values, and behavior
-is personal and subjective
-focuses on individual worship
-spiritual person expresses their faith as individuals

religiousness -is about the person’s involvement with a religious tradition and institution
-is institutional and objective
-therefore, focuses on communal worship
-religious person expresses their faith in the context of a community or an organized group
substantive (or substance-oriented) function of focus on the substance that refers to beliefs (doctrines) and practices (such as rituals, ceremonies
religion
functional (function-oriented) function of religion focuses on the goals of an individual in his/her effort of uniting with the sacred/transcendent, living a
meaningful life, and having harmonious social relationships with others

institutional aspect of religion deals with the purpose that religion serves for the society and how this particular purpose affects and
is being affected by the Micro

subjective aspect focuses on the person’s expression of their faith

compatibility of spirituality and religiousness. This can be discussed in two perspectives. First, religiousness as a form of spirituality is a claim that our
religious traditions (i.e., traditions based on the particular religion) are a physical manifestation of one's
spirituality (e.i finding meaning in one’s religion). Secondly, that spirituality, as part of religiousness, is a
view of religiousness being a general concept that has various components that involve being spiritual.
Thus, one can still be spiritual and religious at the same time.

Religion often involves the concept of sacredness,

which refers to things that hold special meaning or
significance for religious groups. These sacred
elements guide people’s lives and actions and can
include spiritual beings or objects.
Sacredness can be categorized into two types: 1. Inherent Sacredness: Things that are sacred in their own right, considered divine on their own.
Ex. Holy Texts like the Bible or the Quran, Religious Figures such as God or Allah,
2. Derivative Sacredness: Things that become sacred because they are associated with something
inherently sacred.
Ex. Pilgrimage Sites- location like Mecca or Vatican

The sacredness of divine absolutes can be viewed in God-Centered Sacredness- this perspective includes:
two main ways: a. Reality: It considers whether God or gods truly exist, which gives meaning to one’s faith.
b. Quantity: This looks at how many deities a religion acknowledges—one God versus many—
which affects the number of sacred objects and figures.
c. Relation with Nature: It examines whether God or gods exist within or outside the natural
world, influencing how people connect with sacred items and beings.
Non-God-Centered Sacredness- this viewpoint focuses on sacredness found in things that don’t
involve a deity, such as:
a. The Soul: The belief in the sacredness of the human spirit.
b. Principles: Values or teachings that guide behavior.
c. Revered Figures: The teachings of respected leaders or prophets.
Theism -which asserts the reality of God or gods

Atheism -which renounces the existence of God

Agnosticism -which is a view that asserts the uncertainty of the existence of God or gods

non-theism -meaning they are not yet certain of what religious position that may be

Monotheism -a belief that there is only one God which is the source of everything in existence

Polytheism -which is a belief of the existence of many gods. Polytheism takes the form of henotheism in which
they serve and worship one god but believe in the existence of many gods

kathenotheism when they worship a single god at a time or when it worships different gods at different times.

In conclusion, there is no general rule as to how one is to be religious and/or spiritual but what matters
most is the recognition that human beings create meaning and find direction in day to day leaving that
includes how they perceive their environment and in building social relationships.

The Material and Economic Self

-a key to understanding possession is recognizing that your possessions are part of yourselves and that
they are significant contributors to your identities. At the same time, possessions are reflections of
your identities as well. The idea of considering your possessions as part of yourselves was already
presented before and is not new.
-Considering and treating your possessions as an extension of yourselves is not new to your
understanding
-the extended self is viewed not only limited to external objects and personal possessions. It also
includes persons, places, group possessions, and your body parts and vital organs.
-as you accumulate your possessions over your entire lifespan, it provides your sense of past that tells
you who you are, where you have come from, as well as your sense of future on perhaps where you
are going.

William James (1890 -had held that: “a man's Self is the sum total of all that he CAN call his, not only his body and his
psychic powers, but his clothes and his house, his wife and children, his ancestors and friends, his
reputation and works, his lands, and yacht and bank-account. All these things give him the same
emotions. If they wax and prosper, he feels triumphant; if they dwindle and die away, he feels cast
down.”
 -according to James, defining possessions as all things we call ours means that we are the sum of all
our possessions (Belk, 1988).

Klein and Baker stated that several studies looked into age and possessions, and their findings suggest that older
people relate to their special possessions differently than younger people.

Adolescents one element of their search for identity is acquiring and accumulating selected consumption objects
such as the brand of clothes they wear, their taste for food and beverage choices, their choice of
mobile phone brands, and others

middle adulthood the emphasis on defining one’s Self shifted from ‘what one does’ to defining the self through ‘what one
has

By the age of 40’s to 50’s social power and status are cited as their main reasons to own personal possessions.

There is also a difference in the meaning they put a. autonomy seeking for men
into their possessions -Men tend to value possessions for self-focused and instrumental reasons
b. affiliation seeking for women
-women, on the other hand, tend to emphasize expressive and other-oriented reasons for
feeling attachment to possessions

there are three primary ways to integrate and come 1. control - One way is through controlling an object for your personal use. He further explained that
to regard an object as a part of your self: the premise behind this is that objects are experienced as part of yourself when you can already
exercise power and control over them. Ex. if you have a new bike, you learn to ride it, and until such
time that you gain full control of riding and using it every day, you then own that bike and identify it as
part of your extended self.
2. creation - The second way of coming to own an object and incorporating it to your self is by
creating it. It is the idea of having a sense of ownership as the creator, which impels you to incorporate
and make it a part of your extended self. Whether the thing crafted or created is a material object or an
abstract thought, as the creator, you usually keep your identity in that object or thought (Belk, n.d.).
For example, to keep that sense of identity of the creator, you usually express and observe copyrights,
patents, and scientific citations. In this way, you could still preserve the association between the people
using the creation and the creators themselves
3. knowledge - The third way objects may be integrated as part of your self is by knowing them. Sartre
(as cited in Belk, n.d.) postulated that the relationship in knowing the object (whether it is a person,
place, or thing) is inspired by a bodily and sexual desire to have the object.

collecting -concrete example of passionately knowing an object

-The initiative of putting up a collection is now a purposeful and self-defining act.
materialism -refers to your preoccupation or obsession with material objects, comforts, and considerations, with a
disinterest in spiritual, intellectual, or cultural values.
-In other words, it is the importance you attach to worldly possessions (Belk, n.d.). Meanwhile, Watson
(2014) explained materialism conceptually as a lifestyle where happiness may be achieved by attaining
material objects, wealth, or status.

three elements typically constitute materialism: (1) the belief that acquisition is necessary for happiness
(2) the tendency to judge one's self and others successes by looking into their possessions, and
(3) the significance of acquisition and possessions in one's life

financial management -refers to handling your financial situation responsibly to achieve financial independence
- This means it is how you deal in terms of managing your money in all aspects of life. This, in particular,
also involves personal financial and organization management.

Personal financial management -is the way of controlling income and organizing expenses through a detailed financial plan, which
involves budgeting, saving, investing, and debt management (Bhatt, 2011; Munohsamy, 2015)
-This refers to your skill of tracking your money that comes in (income), and how you tailor-fit the
utilization of that income in a systematic way (expenses).

Why is it important to learn personal financial People need to learn and practice personal financial management since it leads an individual to live a
management? better life. Specifically, these are the following advantages and benefits of personal financial
management (Bhatt, 2011; Munohsamy, 2015):
1. reduces financial stress
2. reduces our debts and poverty
3. improves our standard of living
4. helps us to create a comfortable life
5. gives us an assured and secured future
6. increases our savings and investments
7. enables us to make better financial decisions
8. leads us to be more successful in our finances
9. gives us the freedom to spend money to keep us happy

The vital element to successful money management six steps to develop a successful personal financial plan:
is developing, following, and practicing a personal
financial plan: 1. Set your goals. A well-defined financial goal should be SMART.
2. Prepare your net worth statement. Here, you are going to look at and examine your present
situation. In your net worth statement, add up all your assets (the things you own) and subtract all your
liabilities (the debts you owe) from your assets.
 3. Gather your past income and expense records. Analyze how your money has been spent in the past.
To get a precise picture of your past spending, sort through your receipts, bills, and whatever other
financial records you may have. You may be astonished to see how much of your money was spent on
unnecessary or extra expenses (take-out foods, expensive coffees, etc.) that can add up over time. You
then decide whether these “extras” are worth giving up your money for current expenses and future
goals.
4. Complete your Spending and Saving Planner / Form. These forms will help you decide how you
want to divide and allocate your money in the next weeks or months to come. Consider these two
things in completing the forms: (1) the goals you have set for the future; and (2) how you have spent
your money in the past.
5. Keep all your records of spending and saving. Track your spending and saving.
6. Evaluate your plan. Periodically evaluate and revise your plan. Compare your planned spending and
saving to the amount you spent and saved. This will let you measure your progress toward your goals.

My Online Identity and others in Cyberspace

self-concept The essential social relationships most influence a person's life

The very idea of a digital self the collection of views we interpret that others have of us combined with how we manage and attempt
to influence, alter, or reinforce them may constitute an attempt to transfer identity and self to the
digital realm

There are three basic kinds of people you interact (1) individuals who are total strangers,
online: (2) persons you only encounter virtually and personally, and
(3) individuals you only met on social media

In online social media it is entirely adequate to contact and to be reached by unknown persons. For instance, an individual
need not be known by others to converse in a chat room or to peruse the remarks of other people
whom they do not personally know

digital self -is developed exclusively through online communication without the interference of nonverbal input
and the impact of customary aspects
- is inwardly oriented in a person's inward world, concentrating on thoughts, emotions, and characters
rather than on the person's external world, focusing on stature, weight, and looks
- It is narrative in nature because when an individual states who he is and what he does, the digital self
starts to come to fruition
- . It is retractable because the advanced self-developed online is withdrawn from the mortal body,
which, in Goffman's study (1959), fills in as the "peg" on which oneself is hung in actual connection.
 - it is multiplied because the self is a reflection of multiplicity in society. In traditional society,
homogeneous networks show a bound together aggregate disposition that cultivates an increasingly
unitary self in children.

Presentation of Self & Impression Management This sociological perspective highlights how interaction and presentation are contextual; time and
location are essential to behavior. Exploring the concepts of identity construction, projection, and
perception is essential to establish how people enact impression management on Facebook

Selective Self Presentation and Impression Self-presentation is conduct that endeavors to give some data about oneself or some characteristics of
Management oneself to others. It signifies a class of inspirations in human behavior. These inspirations are, to some
extent, stable attitudes of people; however, they rely upon situational variables to evoke them. In
particular, self-presentational enthusiasm is enacted by others' evaluative presence and by others'
(even potential) understanding of one's conduct.

Two types of self-presentational motivations can be ▪ pleasing the audience- is to match one's self-presentation to the audience's expectations and
distinguished: preferences.
▪ self-construction- is to match one's self-presentation to one's ideal self.

The concept of impression management management is a dramaturgical metaphor of individuals as actors on a stage performing for the
audience (Goffman, 1959). Individuals interact with others in such a manner that they could create a
positive image of themselves in the minds of others to fulfill their physiological and psychological
needs.

They offered five strategies of impression ▪ ingratiation

management as: ▪ self-promotion
▪ exemplification
▪ intimidation, and
▪ supplication.

three potential reasons why teenagers go online and ▪ In the first place, young people are at a phase of life when they start to investigate their
meet strangers: existence; thus, they are risk-takers.
▪ Second, young people view the online world as a more secure spot to cooperate with others.
Young people are socially daring and immature at the same time.
▪ Third, adolescents go online to search for a "perfect partner" or somebody they can identify
with. The online condition ends up being a perfect spot for "heart-to-heart" talks.

How are identities constructed in the age of the Is the distinction between "private identity and public identity relevant, especially for this generation?
internet? An important characteristic of the internet age is the phenomenon of "public identity
Private The common definition among social psychologist is that private refers to mental events in a person
that are inherently unobservable by other.

Public What social psychologist considers as "public "are behaviors that are open to the observations of other
people.

It is essential to raise some issues regarding women, men, and their public image as necessary in the public sphere in getting information. Media content and
significances portrayed by media contribute to the education of viewers, readers, and listerners in tracing some inequalities perpetuated by the media. Sex is
biologically determined, but gender is not biological, but it refers to a socially constructed set of behavior patterns. Therefore, masculinity and femininity are
culturally determined and matter of choice. These are patterns of behavior and qualities of behavior that we usually associate with being female or being
male. Sex is essentially a question of biology and genetics. Gender is the social and cultural codes and conventions related to sex. The distinction between
gender and sex has become increasingly important.

A person's sexual orientation is maybe the fundamental classification we use for arranging people. It is a vital issue to discuss representation. The concepts of
gender are composed of elements of your identity and the identities we assume other people. Media establish these "identities" to modify or even to define
them. Through his visibility, media makes us grow up with an awareness of what constitutes 'appropriate' characteristics for objects and humans. It is
straightforward to recognize that typically masculine means tough, hard, sweaty, and usually feminine suppose fragility, softness, fragrant.