Muscle

▪ Muscle – a Latin word for “little mouse”

▪ Muscle is the primary tissue in the
▪ Heart (cardiac MT)
▪ Walls of hollow organs (Smooth MT)
Muscle Tissue & ▪ Skeletal muscle
Muscles of the body ▪ Makes up nearly half the body’s mass

Overview of Muscle Tissue Functional Features of Muscles

▪ Functions of muscle tissue ▪ Functional features

▪ Movement ▪ Contractility
▪ Skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton ▪ Long cells shorten and generate pulling force
▪ Moves body by moving the bones ▪ Excitability
▪ Smooth muscle – squeezes fluids and other ▪ Electrical nerve impulse stimulates the muscle cell
substances through hollow organs
to contract
▪ Maintenance of posture – enables the body to ▪ Extensibility
remain sitting or standing
▪ Can be stretched back to its original length by
▪ Joint stabilization contraction of an opposing muscle
▪ Heat generation ▪ Elasticity
▪ Muscle contractions produce heat ▪ Can recoil after being stretched
▪ Helps maintain normal body temperature

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Types of Muscle Tissue Similarities of Muscle Tissue

▪ Three types of MT ▪ Cells of muscles

▪ Skeletal muscle tissue ▪ Are known as fibers
▪ Packaged into skeletal muscles ▪ Muscle contraction
▪ Makes up 40% of body weight ▪ Depends on two types of myofilaments (contractile
▪ Cells are striated proteins)
▪ Cardiac muscle tissue – occurs only in the walls ▪ One type contains actin
of the heart ▪ Another type contains myosin
▪ Smooth muscle tissue – occupies the walls of ▪ These two proteins generate contractile force
hollow organs
▪ Plasma membrane is called a sarcolemma
▪ Cells lack striations
▪ Cytoplasm is called sarcoplasm

Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle

▪ Connective tissue and fascicles ▪ Connective tissue sheaths are continuous with
▪ Connective tissue sheaths bind a skeletal muscle tendons
and its fibers together ▪ Each muscle is an organ
▪ Epimysium – dense regular connective tissue ▪ See Figure below
surrounding entire muscle
▪ Perimysium – surrounds each fascicle
(group of muscle fibers)
▪ Endomysium – a fine sheath of connective tissue
wrapping each muscle cell

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Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle
▪ Muscle attachments
▪ Nerves and blood vessels ▪ Most skeletal muscles run from one bone to
▪ Each skeletal muscle supplied by branches of another
▪ One nerve ▪ One bone will move – other bone remains fixed
▪ One artery ▪ Origin – less movable attachment
▪ One or more veins ▪ Insertion – more movable attachment
▪ Nerves and blood vessels
▪ Nerves and vessels branch repeatedly
▪ Smallest nerve branches serve
▪ Individual muscle fibers
▪ Neuromuscular junction – signals the muscle to
contract
▪ Draw a picture of neuromuscular junction

Basic Features of a Skeletal Muscle Microscopic and Functional Anatomy

of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
▪ Muscle attachments (continued) ▪ The skeletal muscle fiber
▪ Fibers are long and cylindrical
▪ Muscles attach to origins and insertions by CT
▪ Are huge cells – diameter is 10–100µm
▪ Fleshy attachments – CT fibers are short
▪ Length – several centimeters to dozens of
▪ Indirect attachments – CT forms a tendon or centimeters
aponeurosis
▪ Each cell formed by fusion of embryonic cells
▪ Bone markings present where tendons meet bones ▪ Cells are multinucleate
▪ Tubercles, trochanters, and crests
▪ Nuclei are peripherally
located

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Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

▪ Skeletal muscles – consist of fascicles ▪ Types of fascicle arrangement

▪ Fascicles – arranged in different patterns ▪ Convergent
▪ Fascicle arrangement – tells about action of a muscle ▪ Origin of the muscle is broad
▪ Fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion
▪ Types of fascicle arrangement
▪ Example – pectoralis major
▪ Parallel – fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the ▪ Pennate
muscle
▪ Unipennate – fascicles insert into one side of the
▪ Strap-like – sternocleidomastoid tendon
▪ Fusiform – biceps brachii ▪ Bipennate – fascicles insert into the tendon from
both sides
▪ Multipennate – fascicles insert into one large
tendon from all sides

Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

▪ Circular
▪ Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
▪ Surround external body openings
▪ Sphincter – general name for a circular muscle
▪ Examples
▪ Orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi

Figure 11.3

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Axial Muscles Axial Muscles

▪ Lie anterior and posterior to the body axis ▪ Develop from myotomes and some somitomeres
▪ Muscles of the ▪ Dorsal regions of myotomes – deep muscles of the back
▪ Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis ▪ Ventral regions of myotomes – muscles of the trunk
and neck
▪ Many muscles of the ▪ Respiratory muscles
▪ Neck and some of the head ▪ Anterior abdominal wall muscles
▪ Function to move the trunk and maintain posture ▪ Muscles of the pelvic floor

Axial Muscles Limb Muscles

▪ Limb (arm) muscles
arise from lateral parts
of nearby myotomes
▪ Extensors
▪ Muscle mass
dorsal to limb
bones
▪ Flexors
▪ Muscle mass
ventral to limb
bones

Figure 11.4d

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Muscles Classified into Several Functional Groups Muscle Compartments of Arm and Forearm

▪ A muscle cannot reverse the movement it produces ▪ Dense fibrous connective tissue divides limb muscles into
▪ Another muscle must undo the action compartments
▪ Muscles with opposite actions lie on opposite sides of a ▪ Muscles in opposing compartments are
joint ▪ Agonist and antagonist pairs
▪ Prime mover (agonist) ▪ Each compartment is innervated by a single nerve
▪ Has major responsibility for a certain movement ▪ The upper limb has anterior and posterior compartments
▪ Antagonist ▪ Anterior arm compartment muscles
▪ Opposes or reverses a movement ▪ Flex the shoulder or arm
▪ Synergist – helps the prime mover ▪ Innervation is the musculocutaneous nerve
▪ By adding extra force
▪ By reducing undesirable movements ▪ Anterior forearm compartment muscles
▪ Fixator ▪ Flex the wrist and digits
▪ A type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place ▪ Innervation is the median or ulnar nerve

Muscle Compartments of the Arm and Forearm Muscle Compartments of the Arm and Forearm

Figure 11.5a Figure 11.5b

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Muscle Compartments of the Thigh Compartments of the Leg

▪ Posterior compartment muscles ▪ Posterior compartment muscles

▪ Extend the hip and flex the knee ▪ Contains digital and plantar flexors
▪ Innervation is the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve ▪ Innervation is the tibial nerve
▪ Anterior compartment muscles ▪ Anterior compartment muscles
▪ Flex the hip and extend the knee ▪ Contains digital extensors and dorsiflexors
▪ Innervation is the femoral nerve ▪ Innervation is the deep fibular nerve
▪ Medial compartment ▪ Lateral compartment muscles
▪ Adduct the thigh ▪ Plantar flex and evert the foot
▪ Innervation is the obturator nerve ▪ Innervation is the superficial fibular nerve

Muscle Compartments of the Thigh and Leg Muscle Compartments of the Thigh and Leg

Figure 11.6a Figure 11.6b

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Naming the Skeletal Muscles Naming the Skeletal Muscles

▪ Location ▪ Location of attachments – name reveals point of origin

▪ Example – the brachialis is located on the arm and insertion
▪ Shape ▪ Example – brachioradialis
▪ Example – the deltoid is triangular ▪ Number of origins
▪ Relative size ▪ Two, three, or four origins
▪ Maximus, minimus, and longus indicate size ▪ Indicated by the words biceps, triceps, and quadriceps
▪ Example – gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus ▪ Action
▪ Direction of fascicles and muscle fibers ▪ The action is part of the muscle’s name
▪ Name tells direction in which fibers run ▪ Indicates type of muscle movement
▪ Example – rectus abdominis and transversus abdominis ▪ Flexor, extensor, adductor, or abductor

Superficial Muscles of the Body – Anterior View Superficial Muscles of the Body – Posterior View

Figure 11.7a Figure 11.7b

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Muscles of the Head – Facial Expression Muscles of the Head – Facial Expression

▪ Muscles of facial expression

▪ Lie in the face and scalp
▪ Thin and variable in shape
▪ Often insert in the skin – not on bones
▪ Innervated by cranial nerve VII – the facial nerve

Figure 11.8

Muscles Mastication and Tongue Movement Muscles of Mastication and Tongue Movement

▪ Four main pairs of muscles involved in

mastication
▪ Innervated by mandibular division of the trigeminal
nerve (cranial nerve V)
▪ Prime movers of jaw closure
▪ Masseter and temporalis
▪ Side-to-side movement
▪ Pterygoid muscles
▪ Compression of cheeks
▪ Buccinator muscles

Figure 11.9a, b

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Muscles Mastication and Tongue Movement Muscles of Mastication and Tongue Movement

▪ Extrinsic muscles of the tongue

▪ Move tongue
▪ Laterally
▪ Anteriorly
▪ Posteriorly
▪ All innervated by cranial nerve XII – the
hypoglossal nerve

Figure 11.9c

Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat – Swallowing Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat – Swallowing

▪ The neck is divided into anterior and posterior

triangles
▪ Anterior triangle
▪ Divided into suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
▪ Participate in swallowing
▪ Pharyngeal constrictors
▪ Squeeze food into the esophagus

Figure 11.10a

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Muscles of the Anterior Neck and Throat – Swallowing Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column

▪ Head movement
▪ Sternocleidomastoid
▪ Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis

Figure 11.10b Figure 11.11a

Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column Deep Muscles of the Thorax – Breathing
▪ Trunk extension
▪ Deep muscles of the back ▪ Deep muscles provide movements for breathing
▪ Maintain normal curvatures of the spine ▪ External intercostal muscles
▪ Form a column from sacrum to the skull ▪ Lift the ribcage
▪ Erector spinae group ▪ Internal intercostal muscles
▪ Largest of the deep back muscles ▪ Aid expiration during heavy breathing
▪ Diaphragm
▪ Most important muscle of respiration
▪ Flattens as it contracts
▪ Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

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Deep Muscles of the Thorax – Breathing Deep Muscles of the Thorax – Breathing

Figure 11.12a Figure 11.12b

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

▪ Lateral and anterior abdominal wall

▪ Formed from three flat muscle sheets
▪ External oblique
▪ Internal oblique
▪ Transversus abdominis
▪ Fourth muscle pair
▪ Rectus abdominis
▪ Inserts at the linea alba

Figure 11.13a

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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax
▪ Movements of the scapula is by
▪ Pectoralis major
▪ Pectoralis minor
▪ Serratus anterior
▪ Subclavius

Figure 11.13b

Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint
▪ Movements of the scapula is by
▪ Trapezius ▪ Movements of the arm
▪ Levator scapulae ▪ Deltoid
▪ Rhomboid major ▪ Pectoralis major
▪ Rhomboid minor

Figure 11.16a

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Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Joint Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint
▪ Posterior muscles – extensors of
▪ Movements of the arm the forearm
▪ Latissimus dorsi ▪ Triceps brachii
▪ Anconeus
▪ Supraspinatus ▪ Anterior muscles – flexors of the
▪ Infraspinatus forearm
▪ Teres minor ▪ Biceps brachii – also supinates
the forearm
▪ Teres major
▪ Brachialis
▪ Coracobrachialis ▪ Brachioradialis
▪ Subscapularis

Figure 11.16b Figure 11.16a

Muscles of the Forearm Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Forearm

▪ Movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers
▪ Tendons are anchored by ▪ Pronator teres
▪ Flexor and extensor retinacula
▪ Flexor carpi radialis
▪ Most forearm muscles arise from the distal humerus
▪ Movements at the wrist include ▪ Palmaris longus
▪ Flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction ▪ Flexor carpi ulnaris
▪ Wrist and fingers are “operated” by muscles in the ▪ Flexor digitorum
forearm superficialis
▪ Flexors
▪ Anterior flexor compartment
▪ Innervated by median and ulnar nerves
▪ Originate from a common tendon
▪ Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Figure 11.17a

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Deep Anterior Muscles of the Forearm Deep Anterior Muscles of the Forearm

▪ Flexor
▪ Flexor pollicis longus
▪ Flexor digitorum profundus
▪ Pronator quadratus
▪ Extensors
▪ Posterior compartment of the forearm
▪ Innervated by the radial nerve
▪ Originate at a common tendon
▪ Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Figure 11.17b, c

Superficial Posterior Muscles of the Forearm Deep Posterior Muscles of the Forearm

▪ Brachioradialis – flexes ▪ Supinator

forearm ▪ Abductor pollicis
▪ Extensor carpi radialis longus
longus ▪ Extensor pollicis brevis
▪ Extensor carpi radialis and longus
brevis ▪ Extensor indicus
▪ Extensor digitorum
▪ Extensor carpi ulnaris

Figure 11.18a Figure 11.18b

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Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints

▪ Thigh and leg movements ▪ Movements at the hip joint

▪ Anterior muscles ▪ Muscles that flex the thigh
▪ Flex the thigh and extend the leg at the knee ▪ Originate on vertebral column or pelvis
▪ Posterior muscles ▪ Muscles that extend the thigh
▪ Extend the thigh and flex the leg ▪ Arise posterior to the hip joint
▪ Adductor muscles – on medial aspect of thigh ▪ Adductors originate medial to the hip joint
▪ Adduct the thigh only ▪ Abductors originate lateral to the hip joint
▪ Deep fascia of the thigh
▪ Surrounds and encloses all three groups

Anterior and Medial Muscles Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh

▪ Origin on pelvis or vertebral ▪ Quadriceps femoris

column ▪ Has four separate heads
▪ Iliacus ▪ Has a common insertion at
▪ Psoas major the quadriceps tendon
▪ Sartorius ▪ Powerful knee extensors
▪ Muscles of the medial ▪ Rectus femoris
compartment ▪ Vastus lateralis
▪ Adductor longus ▪ Vastus medialis
▪ Adductor brevis ▪ Vastus intermedius
▪ Adductor magnus ▪ Tensor fasciae latae
▪ Pectineus
▪ Gracilis

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Posterior Muscles Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh

▪ Origin on pelvis or sacrum ▪ Hamstrings

▪ Gluteus maximus
▪ Gluteus medius
▪ Biceps femoris
▪ Gluteus minimus ▪ Semitendinosus
▪ Lateral rotators ▪ Semimembranosus
▪ Piriformis
▪ Obturator externus
▪ Obturator internus
▪ Superior and inferior
gemellus
▪ Quadratus femoris

Figure 11.21a

Muscles of the Leg Muscles of the Anterior Compartment

▪ Fascia lata of the leg surrounds muscles ▪ Tibialis anterior

▪ Tightly binds muscles ▪ Extensor digitorum longus
▪ Prevents swelling during exercise ▪ Fibularis (peroneus) tertius
▪ Aids venous return ▪ Extensor hallucis longus
▪ Divides leg into three compartments
▪ Tendons are held in place by
▪ Extensor, fibular, and flexor retinacula
▪ Muscle movement at ankle and intertarsal joints

Figure 11.22a

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 Muscles of the Lateral Compartment Muscles of the Lateral Compartment

▪ Fibularis (peroneus)
longus
▪ Fibularis (peroneus)
brevis
▪ Flexor hallucis
longus
▪ Extensor hallucis
longus
▪ Fibularis tertius

Figure 11.23a Figure 11.23b, c

Muscles of the Posterior Compartment Muscles of the Posterior Compartment

▪ Superficial muscles
▪ Triceps surae ▪ Deep muscles
▪ Gastrocnemius ▪ Popliteus
▪ Soleus ▪ Flexor digitorum longus
▪ Plantaris ▪ Flexor hallucis longus
▪ Tibialis posterior

Figure 11.24c

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