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6 views5 pages

DBMS_Notes...

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Uploaded by

Rajan Sharma
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Database Management System (DBMS) Notes

1. Introduction to DBMS

Definition: A Database Management System (DBMS) is software that interacts with users,

applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data.

Purpose: It enables efficient management and retrieval of data in a structured format.

Advantages:

- Reduces data redundancy

- Ensures data integrity and consistency

- Provides security

- Facilitates concurrent access

2. Database Architecture

Levels of Architecture:

- Physical Level: Describes how data is physically stored.

- Logical Level: Describes what data is stored and the relationships among data.

- View Level: Describes only a part of the database relevant to the user.

Data Models:

- Relational Model: Represents data in tables.

- Hierarchical Model: Data is organized in a tree-like structure.

- Network Model: Data is represented using graphs.

3. Entity-Relationship Model
ER Model:

- ER Diagram: A graphical representation of entities and their relationships.

Keys:

- Primary Key: Uniquely identifies a tuple in a table.

- Candidate Key: A minimal superkey.

- Foreign Key: An attribute linking two tables.

4. Relational Model

Schema and Instance:

- Schema: Structure of a database.

- Instance: A snapshot of data at a given time.

Integrity Constraints:

- Primary Key Constraint: Ensures uniqueness.

- Foreign Key Constraint: Maintains referential integrity.

5. SQL (Structured Query Language)

Components:

- DDL (Data Definition Language): CREATE, DROP, ALTER.

- DML (Data Manipulation Language): SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.

- DCL (Data Control Language): GRANT, REVOKE.

Examples:

- SELECT * FROM table_name;


- INSERT INTO table_name (col1, col2) VALUES (val1, val2);

6. Normalization

Process of organizing data to minimize redundancy.

Normal Forms:

- 1NF: Ensures atomic values.

- 2NF: Removes partial dependencies.

- 3NF: Removes transitive dependencies.

- BCNF: A stricter version of 3NF.

7. Transaction Management

ACID Properties:

- Atomicity: Ensures all operations of a transaction are completed.

- Consistency: Maintains database integrity.

- Isolation: Ensures transactions do not interfere with each other.

- Durability: Ensures changes are permanent.

Concurrency Control:

- Locking Mechanisms

- Timestamp Ordering

8. Indexing and Hashing

Indexing:
- Speeds up data retrieval.

- Types: Single-Level, Multi-Level, Clustered.

Hashing:

- Maps data to a fixed-size value using a hash function.

9. File Organization

Methods:

- Sequential Access: Data is stored sequentially.

- Clustered Access: Related data is stored together.

- Multi-Level Indexing: Reduces the number of I/O operations.

10. Distributed Databases

Characteristics:

- Data is distributed across multiple sites.

Advantages:

- Increased reliability and performance.

Challenges:

- Synchronization and consistency issues.

11. NoSQL Databases

Overview:

- Designed for unstructured and semi-structured data.

- Types: Document-based, Key-Value, Column-family, Graph-based.


Use Cases:

- Real-time analytics, IoT applications, Big Data.

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