INDEX

1) OOP’s Part – 1 ……………………………………………………….........… 1

2) OOP’s Part – 2 ……..……………………………………………….....…… 30

3) OOP’s Part – 3 ………………………………………………………………. 58

4) OOP’s Part – 4 …….………………………………………………….…….. 71

5) Exception Handling ….……………………………………….………….. 83

6) File Handling ………………………………….……………………………. 104

7) Multi Threading ………………………………………………………….. 123

8) Python Database Programming ………..…………….…………… 151

9) Regular Expressions & Web Scraping …….……………………. 166

10) Decorator Functions ……………………………………..………… 180

11) Generator Functions …………….……………………………..….. 185

12) Assertions ………………………………………………..……………… 190

13) Python Logging ………………………………………………………… 193

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DETAILED INDEX
֍ OOP’s Part – 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1
⚽ What is Class? …………………………………………………………………………………….………………. 2
⚽ How to define a Class? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
⚽ What is Object? ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
⚽ What is Reference Variable? …………………………………………………………………………….... 3
⚽ Self Variable ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
⚽ Constructor Concept …………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
⚽ Differences between Methods and Constructors ………………………………………………… 6

⚽ Types of Variables ……………………………………………………..……………………..……………….. 6

☕ Instance Variables (Object Level Variables)
☕ Static Variables (Class Level Variables)
☕ Local variables (Method Level Variables)

⚽ Where we can declare Instance Variables …………………………………………………..………. 6

☕ Inside Constructor by using self variable
☕ Inside Instance Method by using self variable
☕ Outside of the class by using object reference variable

⚽ How to Access Instance Variables ……………………………………………....……………………… 8

⚽ How to delete Instance Variable from the Object ………………………………….………….… 8

⚽ Static Variables …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10

⚽ Instance Variable vs Static Variable ……………………..…………………………………………... 10
⚽ Various Places to declare Static Variables …………………..…………………………………….. 10
⚽ How to access Static Variables ………………………………….…………………………………….… 11
⚽ Where we can modify the Value of Static Variable ……………….………………………….. 12
⚽ How to Delete Static Variables of a Class ………………………………….………………………. 15

⚽ Local Variables …………………………………………………..…………………………………………….. 18

⚽ Types of Methods ………………………………………………………………..…………………………… 19
☕ Instance Methods
☕ Class Methods
☕ Static Methods
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 ⚽ Setter and Getter Methods …………………………..…………………….……………………………. 20
⚽ Passing Members of One Class to Another Class ……………………...………………………..23
⚽ Inner Classes …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24
⚽ Garbage Collection ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
⚽ How to enable and disable Garbage Collector in our Program ……………………….…. 27
⚽ Destructors ……………………………..……………………………………………………………………….. 28
⚽ How to find the Number of References of an Object ……..…………………………………. 29

֍ OOP’s Part – 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 30

⚽ Inheritance …………………………….…………………………………………………..…………………… 31
☕ By Composition (Has-A Relationship)
☕ By Inheritance (IS-A Relationship

⚽ IS-A vs HAS-A Relationship …………………….………………………………………………………… 36

⚽ Composition vs Aggregation ………………………………………………………………………….… 38

⚽ Types of Inheritance ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 41

☕ Single Inheritance
☕ Multi Level Inheritance
☕ Hierarchical Inheritance
☕ Multiple Inheritance
☕ Hybrid Inheritance
☕ Cyclic Inheritance

⚽ Method Resolution Order (MRO) ……………………………..…………………………………….. 46

⚽ Head Element vs Tail Terminology …………………………………………………………………… 46
⚽ How to find Merge? ……………………………………………………………………………………..…. 46
⚽ Finding mro(P) by using C3 Algorithm ……………………………………………………………… 48
⚽ super() Method …………………………………………………………………………………………….… 51
⚽ How to Call Method of a Particular Super Class? ……………………………………………… 53
⚽ Various Important Points about super() ………………………………………………………..… 53

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֍ OOP’s Part – 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 58
⚽ Polymorphism ………………………………….……………………………………………………………….. 59
⚽ Duck Typing Philosophy of Python ………….…………………………………………………………. 59
⚽ Overloading ……………………………………………………………………..………………………………… 62
☕ Operator Overloading
☕ Method Overloading
☕ Constructor Overloading
⚽ Overriding ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 68
☕ Method Overriding
☕ Constructor Overriding

֍ OOP’s Part – 4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 71

⚽ Abstract Method ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 72
⚽ Abstract class …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 73
⚽ Interface ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 76
⚽ Concreate class vs Abstract Class vs Inteface ……………………………………………....... 78
⚽ Public,Private and Protected Members ………………………………………………………….. 78
⚽ __str__() Method …………………………………………………………………………………………… 80
⚽ Difference between str() and repr() functions ………………………………………………… 80
⚽ Small Banking Application …………………………………………………………………………...… 81

֍ Exception Handling ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 83

⚽ Syntax Errors ……………………………………………..……………………………………………….. 84
⚽ Runtime Errors ……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. 84
⚽ What is Exception …………………………………………………………………………..…………….85
⚽ Default Exception Handing in Python ……………………………………………………….…. 85
⚽ Python's Exception Hierarchy ……………….………………………………………………..…… 86
⚽ Customized Exception Handling by using try-except ………………………………….… 87
⚽ Control Flow in try-except …………………………………………………………………………... 87
⚽ How to Print Exception Information ……………………………..………………………….…. 88
⚽ try with Multiple except Blocks ……………………………………………………..……….…… 88
⚽ Single except Block that can handle Multiple Exceptions …………………………….. 90
⚽ Default except Block ………………………………………………………………………………..…. 90
⚽ finally Block ………………………………………………………………………………………..………. 91
⚽ Control Flow in try-except-finally …………………………………………………………..……. 93
⚽ Nested try-except-finally Blocks ………………………………………………………………….. 94
⚽ Control Flow in nested try-except-finally …………………………………………..………… 95
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 ⚽ else Block with try-except-finally ……………………………………………………………..…. 96
⚽ Various possible Combinations of try-except-else-finally ………………………..…… 97
⚽ Types of Exceptions ………………………………………….………………………………………. 101
☕ Predefined Exceptions
☕ User Definded Exceptions
⚽ How to Define and Raise Customized Exceptions …………………..………………..… 102

֍ File Handling ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 104

⚽ Types of Files ………………………………………….……………………………………………… 105
☕ Text Files
☕ Binary Files
⚽ Opening a File …………………………………….………………………………………………….. 105
⚽ Closing a File ……………………………………………………….…………………………………. 106
⚽ Various Properties of File Object ………………………………………….………………… 106
⚽ Writing Data to Text Files ……………………………………………………………………..… 107
☕ write(str)
☕ writelines(list of lines)
⚽ Reading Character Data from Text Files …………………………………..……………… 108
☕ read()  To Read Total Data from the File
☕ read(n)  To Read 'n' Characters from the File
☕ readline()  To Read only one Line
☕ readlines()  To Read all Lines into a List
⚽ The with Statement ………………………………………….……………………………………. 109
⚽ The seek() and tell() Methods …………………………………………….………………….. 110
⚽ How to check a particular File exists OR not ………………………………………...… 111
⚽ Handling Binary Data ………………………………………………..……………………………. 113
⚽ Handling CSV Files …………………………………………………………………….………….… 113
⚽ Writing Data to CSV File ……………………………………….………………………………… 114
⚽ Reading Data from CSV File ………………………………………………….………………… 114
⚽ Zipping and Unzipping Files ………………………………………………………………….… 115
⚽ To Create Zip File ………………………………………………………………….………………… 115
⚽ Working with Directories ………………………………………………….………………….… 116
⚽ Running Other Programs from Python Program …………………………………..…. 118
⚽ How to get Information about a File …………………….………………………………… 119
⚽ Pickling and Unpickling of Objects ………………………….………………………………. 120

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֍ Multi Threading ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 123
⚽ Multi Tasking ………………………………………………………………………………………….… 124
☕ Process based Multi Tasking
☕ Thread based Multi Tasking
⚽ The ways of Creating Thread in Python ……………………………………………………… 125
☕ Creating a Thread without using any class
☕ Creating a Thread by extending Thread class
☕ Creating a Thread without extending Thread class
⚽ Setting and Getting Name of a Thread ………………………………………………………. 127
⚽ Thread Identification Number (ident) ………………………………………………………… 128
⚽ enumerate() Function ……………………………………………………………………………….. 129
⚽ isAlive() Method ……………………………………………………………………………………..… 130
⚽ join() Method ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 130
⚽ Daemon Threads ………………………………………………………………………………………. 132
⚽ Default Nature ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 133
⚽ Synchronization ………………………………………………………………………………………... 134
☕ Lock
☕ RLock
☕ Semaphore
⚽ Synchronization By using Lock Concept ……………………………………………………… 135
⚽ Problem with Simple Lock …………………………………………………………………….…… 136
⚽ Demo Program for Synchronization by using RLock …………………………………… 137
⚽ Difference between Lock and RLock ……………………………………………………..…… 138
⚽ Synchronization by using Semaphore ………………………………………………………… 138
⚽ Bounded Semaphore ………………………………………………………………………………... 140
⚽ Difference between Lock and Semaphore ……………………………………………….… 140
⚽ Inter Thread Communication ……………………………………………………………..……… 141
⚽ Inter Thread Communication by using Event Objects ………………………………… 141
⚽ Methods of Event Class ……………………………………………………………………………… 141
☕ set()
☕ clear()
☕ isSet()
☕ wait()|wait(seconds)
⚽ Inter Thread Communication by using Condition Object ………………………….… 143

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 ⚽ Methods of Condition ……………………………………………………………………………….. 143
☕ acquire()
☕ release()
☕ wait()|wait(time)
☕ notify()
☕ notifyAll()
⚽ Case Study ………………………………………………………………………………………………... 144
⚽ Inter Tread Communication by using Queue ……………………………………………… 146
⚽ Important Methods of Queue …………………………………………………………………… 146
☕ put()
☕ get()
⚽ Types of Queues ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 147
☕ FIFO Queue
☕ LIFO Queue
☕ Priority Queue
⚽ Good Programming Practices with usage of Locks ……………………………………… 148

֍ Python Database Programming ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 151

⚽ Storage Areas ……………………………………………………………………………………… 152
☕ Temporary Storage Areas
☕ Permanent Storage Areas
⚽ File Systems ………………………………………………………………………………………… 152
⚽ Databases ………………………………………………………………………………………….… 152
⚽ Python Database Programming …………………………………………………………… 153
⚽ Working with Oracle Database ……………………………………………………………. 155
⚽ Installing cx_Oracle .…..………………………………………………………………………… 155
⚽ How to Test Installation …………………………………………………………………….… 155
⚽ Working with MySQL Database …………………………………………………………… 162
⚽ Commonly used Commands in MySQL …………………………………………….…… 162
⚽ Driver/Connector Information ………………………………………………..…………… 163
⚽ How to Check Installation ……………………………………………………………….…… 163

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֍ Regular Expressions & Web Scraping ~~~~~~~~~ 166
⚽ Character Classes …………………………………………………………………………………….… 168
⚽ Pre defined Character Classes ……………………………………………………………………. 169
⚽ Qunatifiers ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 169
⚽ Important Functions of Remodule …………………………………………………………..… 170
1) match()
2) fullmatch()
3) search()
4) findall()
5) finditer()
6) sub()
7) subn()
8) split()
9) compile()
⚽ Web Scraping by using Regular Expressions …………………………………………….… 177

֍ Decorator Functions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 180

Decorator Chaining …………………………………………………………………………………………… 183

֍ Generator Functions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 185

⚽ Advantages of Generator Functions ……………………………………………………….… 188
⚽ Generators vs Normal Collections wrt Performance …………………………………. 188
⚽ Generators vs Normal Collections wrt Memory Utilization ………………………. 189

֍ Assertions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 190

⚽ Debugging Python Program by using assert Keyword ………………………………. 191
⚽ Types of assert Statements ……………………………………………………………………… 191
☕ Simple Version
☕ Augmented Version
⚽ Exception Handling vs Assertions …………………………………………………………….. 192

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֍ Python Logging ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 193
⚽ Logging Levels …………………………………………………………………………………………. 194
⚽ How to implement Logging ……………………………………………………………………… 194
⚽ How to configure Log File in over writing Mode ………………………………………. 196
⚽ How to Format Log Messages ………………………………………………………………….. 196
⚽ How to add Timestamp in the Log Messages ……………………………………………. 197
⚽ How to Change Date and Time Format …………………………………………………….. 197
⚽ How to write Python Program Exceptions to the Log File …………………………. 198
⚽ Problems with Root Logger ……………………………………………………………………… 199
⚽ Need of Our Own Customized Logger ………………………………………………………. 200
⚽ Advanced logging Module Features: Logger …………………………………………….. 200
⚽ Logger with Configuration File …………………………………………………………………. 203
⚽ Creation of Custom Logger ………………………………………………………………………. 205
⚽ How to Create seperate Log File based on Caller ……………………………………… 206
⚽ Advantages of Customized Logger ……………………………………………………………. 208

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