Kisan Cold Storage, Sai Mandir, Musallahpur Hatt, Patna-6

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880

BIOLOGY TARGET BATCH

ZOOLOGY
 lthoksa dk vè;;u thofoKku dgykrk gSA tho foKku ds tud vjLrw gSaA tho foKku dks nks 'kk[kkvksa esa ck¡Vrs gSa%&
Zoology & Botany
Zoology:– blds vUrxZr tUrqvksa dk v/;;u djrs gSaA Zoology ds tud vjLrw gSaA
Botnay:– blds varxZr isM+ ikS/ksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Botnay dk tud fFk;ksiQsLVl dks dgk tkrk gSA

(CELL)
dksf'kdk dk vè;;u Cytology dgykrk gSA
 loZizFke dksf'kdk dh [kkst 1665 bZ- esa jkcVZ gqd us fd;kA fdarq bUgksaus e`r dksf'kdk dh [kkst dh FkhA bUgsa Father
of Cytology dgrs gSaA
 loZizFke thfor dksf'kdk dh [kkst 1674 bZ- esa ,UVksuh okWu Y;wosugkWd us fd;kA bUgsa Father of Bactriology dgrs gSaA
 jkcVZ czkmu us 1881 bZ- esa dksf'kdk ds vanj dsUæd dk [kkst fd;kA
 LykbMsu ,oa 'oku us dksf'kdk fl¼kar fn;k vkSj dgk fd 'kjhj dksf'kdkvksa ls cuk gS vr% dksf'kdk 'kjhj dh lcls
NksVh bdkbZ gSA
 e`r dksf'kdkvksa dks usizQksfll dgrs gSaA
 lcls NksVh dksf'kdk ekbØksIykTek dh gksrh gSA
 lcls cM+h dksf'kdk lqrqeqZxZ ds vaMk dh gksrh gSA
 lcls NksVh dksf'kdk raf=kdk ra=k (Brain) ;k Luk;q dksf'kdk dh gksrh gSA
Note:– (1) raf=kdk dksf'kdk esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk foHkktu ugha gksrk gS vr% ;g {kfrxzLr dksf'kdk dks Bhd
ugha dj ldrkA blh dkj.k lj esa pksV yxus ls 'kh?kz gh e`R;q gks tkrh gSA
(2) lcls rsth ls dksf'kdk foHkktu fyoj (ftxj)@;Ñr esa gksrk gSA ;g vius {kfrxzLr dksf'kdkvksa dks
Lor% gh Bhd dj ldrh gSA

(Protoplasm)
bldh [kkst iqjfdats us fd;kA ;g ,d rjy xk<+k inkFkZ gksrk gSA bls thou dk vk/kj dgrs gSaA gSDlys us bls thou
dk HkkSfrd vk/kj crk;k gSA lHkh tSfod fØ;k,¡ blh æo ds vanj gksrh gSA bldk 80% Hkkx ty dk cuk gksrk
gSA ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS&
1- dksf'kdk æo 2- dsfUædk æo
 dksf'kdk æo dksf'kdk dks lw[kus ls cpkrk gSA
(Cell wall)
;g lsyqykst dk cuk gksrk gS vkSj dsoy ikniksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g isM+&ikS/ksa dks lqj{kk nsrk gSA
 thok.kq ,d ikni gksrk gS ftldh dksf'kdk fHkÙkh ^^isfIVMks Xykbdsu** dh cuh gksrh gSA
 dod dh dksf'kdk fHkÙkh ^^dkbjhu** dh cuh gksrh gSA
Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [1] By : Khan Sir
 (Cell membrane)
 ;g tUrq rFkk ikni nksuksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 dksf'kdk ds vanj ds lHkh vo;o blh f>Yyh ds vanj jgrs gSaA
 ;g dksf'kdk ds vanj tkus okys inkFkks± dk fu;a=k.k djrk gSA
 ;g v¼ZikjkxE; gksrk gSA (dqN gh oLrq dks vanj tkus nsrk gSA)
(Mitrocondriya) @ lw=kdf.kdk
 bldh [kkst vYVeSu us fd;kA ;gk¡ vkWDlh 'olu gksrk gSA
 ;gk¡ ØsCl pØ pyrk gS ftlds iQyLo:i ATP rFkk Xywdkst curs gSa vkSj gesa ÅtkZ feyrh gSA blh dkj.k bls
dksf'kdk dk Power house ;k 'kfDr x`g dgrs gSaA
 ekbVªksdksfMª;k ds vkarfjd nhokjksa dks fØLVh dgrs gSaA
(Endoplasmic Reticulam) ER
;g dksf'kdk ds vanj ls vkarfjd lgk;rk nsrk gSA vr% bls dksf'kdk dk vkarfjd dadky dgrs gSaA ;g nks dkj
iz dk gksrk
gS &
Smooth ER
;g dkcksZgkbMsªV rFkk olk dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
Rough ER
blij Ribosome gksrk gSA ;g izksVhu dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
(Ribosome)
;g dksf'kdk ds vanj dk lcls NksVk vax gSA ;g izksVhu dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA vr% bls izksVhu dh iQSDVªh dgrs gSaA
;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS&
70 S Ribosome
;g gYdk gksrk gS rFkk izksdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
80 S Ribosome
;g Hkkjh gksrk gS rFkk ;wdSfj;ksfVd dksf'kdkvksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
S = Sedimentation Coefficient
Golgi body / Golgi Apparatus
bldh [kkst dSfeyks xkWYth us fd;kA ;g inkFkks± dk ifjogu djrk gSA vFkkZr~ ;krk;kr esa lgk;d gSA
(Centrosome)
;g dksf'kdk foHkktu djrk gSA ;g efLr"d esa ugha ik;k tkrk gSA ftl dkj.k raf=kdk
dksf'kdk esa foHkktu ugha gksrk gSA ;g dsoy tUrq dksf'kdk esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 ikni dksf'kdkvksa esa dksf'kdk foHkktu Cell Plate ds }kjk gksrk gSA
 Centrosome dh [kkst ckscsjh us fd;k FkkA
(Lysosome)
;g dksf'kdk ds ^vanj ikpu* dk dk;Z djrk gSA blds vanj ty vi?kVd enzyme ik;k tkrk gSA
 dksf'kdk ds vanj dk dksbZ vax ;fn dke ugha djrk gS rks ;g ml vax dks uLV dj nsrk gSA
 tc iwjh dksf'kdk dk;Z ugha djrh gS rks ;g dV tkrk gS ftlls iwjh dksf'kdk u"V gks tkrh gSA vr% bls vkRegR;k
dh FkSyh ;k Atom bomb dgrs gSaA
 blh [kkst ^Mh Mqcs* us fd;k FkkA
 RBC ds vanj ykblkslkse ugha ik;k tkrk gSA vr% RBC ejus ds ckn Spleen (Iyhgk@frYyh) esa ik;k tkrk gSA
ftl dkj.k ,LFkyhu dks RBC dk dcz dgrs gSaA
Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [2] By : Khan Sir
 (Nucleous)
 bldh [kkst jkcVZ czkmu us fd;kA
 ;g dksf'kdk dks fu;af=kr djrk gS vr% bls dksf'kdk dk fnekx dgrs gSaA
 blesa 80% izksVhu ik;k tkrk gSA
(Vacuales)
 ;g ty dks lafpr (Store) djds j[krk gSA
 ;g tUrqvksa esa NksVk gksrk gS fdarq ikniksa esa cgqr cM+k gksrk gSA
(Plastide)
 ;g ikniksa dk lcls cM+k dksf'kdkax gSA
 ;g dsoy ikniksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS&

(Cholaroplast)

 ;g Hkkstu dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA

 ;g iÙkh rFkk ruk esa ik;k tkrk gSA
(Leucoplast)
 ;g Hkkstu dk laxzg djrk gSA
 ;g tM+ rFkk iQy esa ik;k tkrk gSA
(Cromoplast)
 ;g jax iznku djrk gSA
Ex.– VekVj] fepZ ¾ ykbdksist

xktj ¾ dSjksVhu
pqdUnj ¾ chVkuksu
iQyksa dk ihyk jax ¾ tsUFkksfiQy

dksf'kdk nks izdkj dh gksrh gS&

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [3] By : Khan Sir

izksdSfj;ksfVd  blesa dksf'kdk ds lHkh vax ugha ik, tkrs gSaA bUgsa izkjafHkd dksf'kdk Hkh dgrs gSaA
 blesa dksf'kdk f>Yyh] jkbckslkse (70 S) ik;k tkrk gS rFkk 'ks"k vaxksa dk vHkko ns[kk tkrk gSA
FkwdSfj;ksfVd  ;s iwjh rjg fodflr gksrh gSA
 buesa dksf'kdk ds lHkh vax ik, tkrs gSaA
 buesa (80 S) jkbckslkse ik;k tkrk gSA
 ikni dksf'kdkvksa dk vkdkj pkSdksj gksrk gSA buds vanj dk lcls cM+k vax IykfLVM gksrk gSA
 budk Vacules (jl?kkuh) cM+k gksrk gSA
 buesa DyksjksfiQy ik;k tkrk gSA
 tUrq dksf'kdk,¡ xksy gksrh gS A buds vanj dk lcls cM+k vax dsUæd gksrk gSA
Q. fcuk dksf'kdk fHkÙkh okys dksf'kdk esa D;k ugha ik;k tkrk gS \
(A) ykblkslkse (B) ER (C) DyksjksfiQy (D) ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k

(CROMOSOME)
ekuo esa ;g 23 tksM+k @ 46 ik;k tkrk gSA

 Cromsome dsUæd ds vanj ik;s tkrs gSaA

 Cromsome ds vanj DNA gksrk gSA
 DNA ds vanj Gene ik;k tkrk gSA
 GENE ij ekrk&firk ds xq.k ik, tkrs gSaA vr% GENE gh vuqokaf'kdrk ds vk/kj gSaA

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [4] By : Khan Sir

 Male (46) Female (46)
44 + xy 44 + xy
dqN thoksa ds Cromsome—
thok.kq & 1 uhacw & 18, 36 (NksVk] cM+k)
eVj & 14 ekuo & 46
I;kt & 16 vkyw & 48
eDdk & 20 fpaiktha & 48
VekVj & 24 rackdw & 48
es<+d & 26 VsfjMksiQkbVl & 1600 (lokZf/d)
dsUæd vEy (Nuclic acid)  ;g nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa& DNA & RNA
DNA (Dioxy Ribo Nuclic acid)
;g dksf'kdk ds vanj dsUæd] ekbVksdkWf.Mª;k rFkk DyksjksIykLV esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 blds J`a[kyk dks ikWyh U;wfDy;ksVkbM (Poly Nucleotide) dgrs gSaA

 DNA dk igyk voyksdu ^dkYloxZ* us fd;kA

 DNA dh lajpuk Double Standered gksrh gS ftldh [kkst okVlu ,oa Øhd us fd;k FkkA
 Adenine rFkk thymine esa Double Hydrogon bond gksrk gSA
 Guanine rFkk Cytocine esa Triple Hydrogen bond gksrk gSA
Trik:– A = T
GC
RNA
Ribose Nuclic acid
 bldh lajpuk Single standered gksrh gSA
 blesa Ribose suger ik;k tkrk gSA
 blds Nitrogen base esa Adenine, Guanine, Cytocine gksrh gSA fdarq Thymine ds LFkku ij Urecil gksrk gSA
 ;g Protin la'ys"k.k (fuekZ.k) esa lgk;d gSA
 ;g rhu izdkj dk gksrk gS&

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [5] By : Khan Sir

 Massenger RNA (m-RNA)  Amino acid ;g vko';d dh igpku djrk gS rFkk mUgsa ,d Øe esa ltkrk gSA
Transfer RNA (t-RNA)  ;g Amino acid dk ifjogu dj Ribosome rd ykrk gSA
Ribosome RNA (r-RNA)  ;g izksVhu fuekZ.k djrk gSA

(CELL DIVISION)
,d dksf'kdk dk VwVdj nks ;k vf/d dksf'kdk dk fuekZ.k dj nsuk dksf'kdk foHkktu dgykrk gSA
 ftl dksf'kdk dk foHkktu gksrk gS mls Mother cell dgrs gSa rFkk foHkktu ds ckn cuus okyh ubZ dksf'kd dks
Daughter cell dgrs gSaA
 tUrqvksa eas dksf'kdk foHkktu Centrosome djrk gSA
 ikniksa eas dksf'kdk foHkktu Cell Plate }kjk gksrk gSA
 dksf'kdk foHkktu rhu izdkj ls gksrk gS&
1- vlw=kh foHkktu (Amitosis) – izks&dSfj;ksfVd esa
2- lelw=kh foHkktu (Mitosis)– 'kjhj ds vax (dkf;d dksf'kdk) ds iquZfuekZ.k esa (fNidyh rFkk pwgk dk iwN] xsaMk)
3- v¼Zlw=kh foHkktu (Miosis)– tuu dksf'kdk esaA
(Syndrom)
Cromsome esa gksusokys vfu;ferrk dks fl.Mªkse dgrs gSaA blds dkj.k 'kjhj esa vlkekU; y{k.k mHkj tkrs gSaA
1. blesa Cromsome dh la[;k 45 gks tkrh gSA ;g dsoy fL=k;ksa esa ik;h tkrh gSA blesa fL=k;ksa dk
'kjhj vfodflr gksrk gS rFkk muesa cka>iu ns[kk tkrk gSA
2. blesa (Cromosome) dh la[;k 47 gks tkrh gSA ;g dsoy iq:"kksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA blesa iq:"k
uiqald gks tkrs gSaA
blesa Cromosome dh la[;k 47 gks tkrh gSA ;g Male rFkk Female nksuksa dks gks ldrk gSA blesa
'kjhj csMksy gks tkrk gSA thHk rFkk gksB eksVk gks tkrk gSA euq"; eancqf¼ dk gks tkrk gSA ,sls O;fDr dks eaxksykbM
dgrs gSaA
4. blesa Cromsome dh la[;k 47 gks tkrs gSaA ;g Male & Female nksuksa esa gks ldrk gSA blesa O;fDr
eancqf¼ dk gksrk gS vkSj mlds mij dk gksB dVk gksrk gSA
Note:– Virus (fo"kk.kq) dksf'kdk fl¼kar dk ikyu ugha djrk gSA

(Tissue)
leku dksf'kdkvksa ds lewg dks mÙkd dgrs gSaA mÙkd dk vè;;u fgLVksykWth dgykrk gSA
 lcls igys mÙkd dk fodkl flfyVsªVk la?k ds tho (gkbMªk tSyh fiQ'k) esa gqvk FkkA mÙkd pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa%&

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [6] By : Khan Sir

1. (Connicting tissue):– ;g 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa dks vkil esa tksM+us dk dke djrh gSA
Ex:– vfLFk] jDr] yfldk .... etc.
Note:– vfLFk;k¡ rjy laogu mÙkd dh cuh gksrh gSA
Adipose olk laxzg] mQÙkdks ds chp ds LFkku dks Hkjrk gSA
 cq<+kis esa olk dh deh ds dkj.k psgjs esa >qfjZ;k¡ ij tkrh gSA
2. (Nervous Tissue)– bldk efLr"d cuk gksrk gSA ;g lwpukvksa dk vknku&iznku djrh gSA
3. (Muscle Tissue) bldh ekalisf'k;k¡ cuh gksrh gSA ;g 'kjhj dh j{kk djrk gSA
4. (Epithilium Tissue) blls Ropk cuk gksrk gSA 'kjhj rFkk vkarfjd vaxksa dh ckgjh ijrA
(Musculer System)
 ekalisf'k;k¡ 'kjhj esa Ropk ds vanj ik;h tkrh gSA ekalsif'k;ksa dh dqy la[;k 639 gksrh gSA lcls cM+h ekalisf'k;k¡
lkjVksfj;l (tk¡?k) esa gSA lcls NkVh ekalisf'k;k¡ LVsfiM~l (dku) gSA
 ekalisf'k;ksa esa ek;kslhu uked izksVhu ik;k tkrk gSA
 ekalisf'k;ksa esa ySfDVd ,flM ds teko ds dkj.k Fkdku eglwl gksrk gSA
 ekalisf'k;k¡ rhu izdkj gksrh gSA
(1) ,sfPNd
(2) vuSfPNd
(3) ân;d
 (Valuntry Musculer)
;s ekalisf'k;k¡ gekjh bPNkuqlkj dk;Z djrh gSA bUgha ds dkj.k ge xfr dj ikrs gSaA ;s ekalisf'k;k¡ dadky ls tqM+h
jgrh gS vr% bUgsa dadkyh; isf'k;k¡ Hkh dgrs gSaA blesa Light band rFkk dark band ik;k tkrk gSA
 (Unvoluntry Musculer)
;s isf'k;k¡ gekjh bPNkuqlkj dk;Z ugha djrh gS D;ksafd ;s dadky ls ugha tqM+h jgrh gSA bueas Light band rFkk Dark
Band ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
 (Cardiac)
;s vuSfPNd isf'k;ksa dk gh ,d izdkj gS tks ân; esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g Hkh gekjh bPNkuqlkj dk;Z ugha djrk gSA
Remark:– ,d ekalis'kh dks nwljs ekalis'kh ls tksM+us dk dke Seloxer uked is'kh ds dkj.k fldqM+ tkrh gS
tcfd Extenser uked is'kh ds dkj.k iQSy tkrh gSA
(Skelotion System)
 dadky 'kjhj dh vkarfjd vaxksa dh j{kk djrk gS rFkk tUrqvksa dks pyus fiQjus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA
(1) ckg~; dadky
(2) vkarfjd dadky
1. (Exo-Skeloton):–
;g 'kjhj ds ckgj gskrk gS vkSj 'kjhj ds lEiw.kZ vaxksa dks j{kk iznku djrk gSA
Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [7] By : Khan Sir
 dsdM+k] rsypêðk] edM+h] fpM~Mk] phaVhA ?kksa?kk] e/qeD[kh] fcUNw] lhih (clam) etc.
Remark:– ^^dNqvk esa vkarfjd rFkk ckg~; nksuksa dadky ik;k tkrk gSA blsd gkFk&ikWo rFkk flj esa vkarfjd
dadky rFkk 'ks"k 'kjhj ckg~; dadky gksrk gSA
2. (Endo-Skeloton):–
;g 'kajhj ds vanj ekalisf'k;ksa ds uhps gksrk gSA ;g 'kjhj ds vkarfjd vaxksa dks j{kk iznku djrk gSA
Exp.– dqÙkk] fcYyh] ekuo] lk¡iA
 dadky ra=k vfLFk rFkk mikfLFk ls feydj curk gSA
(Cartilege)– ;g eqyk;e gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa dsoy dSfY'k;e iQkWLiQsV [Ca3 (Po4)2] ik;k tkrk gSA blesa
dSfY'k;e dkcksZusV ugha ik;k tkrk gSA ;g ukd] dku rFkk lHkh cM+s gfM~M;ksa ds 'kh"kZ Hkkx ij ik;k tkrk gSA
(Bone)– ;g vR;f/d dBksj gksrk gS D;ksafd blesa Ca3 (Po4)2 ds lkFk&lkFk CaCO3 nksuksa ik;k tkrk gSA
vfLFk;ksa esa "54 ls 58%" Ca3 (Po4)2 ik;k tkrk gSA
 vfLFk;ksa esa jDr ufydk;sa vkSj raf=kdk ra=k ik;s tkrs gSaA
 vfLFk;ksa esa 50% ty vkSj 50% dkcZfud inkFkZ ik;s tkrs gSaA
 mikfLFk;ksa esa raf=kdk ra=k vkSj jDrufydk ugha gksrh ysfdu Hkkstu vkSj vkWDlhtu dh vkiwfrZ yfldk ds }kjk gksrh
gSA
 ekuo 'kjhj esa mikfLFk;ksa ds fiUuk] ukd dh gfM~M;ksa] 'okluyh ds chp esa ,oa gfM~M;ksa ds laf/LFky ij ik;s tkrs
gSaA
 vfLFk esa vkslhu izksVhu ik;k tkrk gS tcfd mikfLFkr esa dkW.Mªhu izksVhu ik;k tkrk gSA
 30 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa gfM~M;ksa dk ?kuRo vf/d gksrk gSA
 tUe ds le; gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k 270 & 310 ds chp gksrh gS vFkkZr~ tUe ds le; vkSlr gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k
300 gksrh gSA
 ckY;koLFkk esa gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k 208 gksrh gSA
 o;Ld ekuo ds 'kjhj esa gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k 206 gksrh gSA
 ekuo 'kjhj ds leLr vfLFk;ksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckVrs gSaA
(1) vuqca/h; mikaxh (Appendicular)
(2) v{kh; (Avial)
(1) (Appendicular) ;g 'kjhj dks lh/k j[kus rFkk xfr iznku djus esa lgk;d gSA mikaxh
dh dqy la[;k 126 gSA
(A) gkFk = 30  2 = 60 (B) iSj = 30  2 = 60
(i) g~;wejl = 1 (i) fiQ;k (Å: vfLFkr) = 1
(ii) jsfM;l = 1 (ii) iVsyk = 1
(iii) vyuk = 1 (iii) fVfc;k = 1
(iv) dkiZy (dykbZ) = 8 (iv) fiQcqyk = 1
(v) esVkdkiZy (gFksyh) = 5 (v) Vk'kZy (V[kuk) = 7
(iv) Ýysftat (vaxqyh) = 14 (iv) Ýysftat (vaxqyh) = 14
––––––––– –––––––––
30  2 = 60 30  2 = 60
––––––––– –––––––––
(C) iSfYod (Js.kh eatyk) = 2
(D) dSfYod (galyh) = 2
(E) LdSiqyk (va'k es[kuk) = 2
Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [8] By : Khan Sir
 (2) (Axial):– ;s 'kjhj ds chpks chp esa gksrh gSA ;g 'kjhj ds vUnj dksey vaxksa dh j{kk djrk gSA
v{kh; dh dqy la[;k 80 gksrh gSA
(A) d'ks:d n.M @ es#n.M = 26 (izkjaHk esa 33)
(B) Ribs (ilyh) = 24
(C) LVuZe = 1 (Ribs dks vkil esa tksM+rh gSA)
(D) flj (Head) = 29

 xnZu esa gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k 7 gksrh gSA

 dku esa gfM~M;ksa dh la[;k 3  2 = 6 gksrh gSA
 (MIS)
M = esfy;l
I = budl
S = LVsIl& .6 mm
 'kjhj dh lcls NksVh gM~Mh LVsIl gSA (eè; dku)  vfLFk $ vfLFk µ fyxkesaV
 lcls cM+h gM~Mh iQhej (Å:) vfLFk gSA (tk¡?k)  vfLFk $ ekal & Vs.Me
 lcls detksj gM~Mh dsfYod (dkWyj @ galyh) gksrh gSA  ekal $ ekal & Selexor
 lcls etcwr gM~Mh tcM+s dh gM~Mh (Dentry) gksrh gSA
 lcls pedhyh gM~Mh fVfc;k gksrh gSA
 iSj dh gM~Mh [kks[kyh gksrh gSA
 iVsyk flLekbM ckWu dk cuk gksrk gSA
 tc ge cSBrs gSa rks blh;e uked gM~Mh ij tksj iM+rk gS tks isfYod dk ,d Hkkx gSA
 tgk¡ ekalisf'k;k¡ rFkk vfLFk;k¡ feyrh gS mls Vs.Mu dgrs gSaA MBT / TMB
 tgk¡ vfLFk nwljs vfLFk ls feyrh gS mls fyaxkesaV dgrs gSaA LBB / BBL
 vfLFk;ksa dh tksM+ ds ikl lkbuksfc;y uked æo ik;k tkrk gSA tks gfM~M;ksa dks eqM+us esa enn djrk gSA blh æo
dh deh ls xfB;k¡ uked jksx gks tkrk gSA
 [kksiM+h esa ihNs dh vksj ,d [kkyh [kks[kyk txg gksrk gSA ftls iQksjfeu esxue (Forumen Magnem) dgrs gSaA
 (Bone marrow):– vfLFk;ksa ds chp ds tkyhuqe k vkÑfr dks vfLFkeTtk dgrs gSaA vfLFkeTtk esa RBC
dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
 (Joints)– dadky dk og LFkku tgk¡ vfLFk;k¡ feydj fgy&Mqy ldrh gS laf/ dgykrk gSA laf/ okys LFkku
ij ,d xqgk ([kkyh txg) ik;k tkrk gSA ftls lkbuksfc;y xqgk dgrs gSaA

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [9] By : Khan Sir

 (A) Immovable Joints bl laf/ dks Fixed / Fiberous / js'ksnkj laf/ Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g FkksM+k
Hkh xfr ugha djrkA ;g [kksiM+h rFkk nk¡r esa ik;k tkrk gSA
(B) Slightly Movable ;g laf/ tgk¡ ik;h tkrh gS ogk¡ FkksM+k&eksM+k xfr ns[kus dks feyrk
gSA tSls& ilyh (Ribs), d'ks:d n.M (Back bone)
(C) Freely Movable ;g laf/ vfLFk;ksa dks fofHkUu fn'kk esa xfr iznku djrk gSA ;g ik¡p
izdkj dh gksrh gSA
1. Ball and Socket bl izdkj ds laf/ esa ,d xqgk ([kkyh LFkku) gksrk gS rFkk
tks gM~Mh blls tqM+rh gS mldk mQijh Hkkx xksy gksrk gSA ;g lHkh fn'kkvksa esa ?kqe ldrh gSA
tSls& isfYod $ fiQej
Ldsiqyk $ g~;wejl
2. Hinge Joints ;g laf/ dsoy ,d gh vksj xfr djus dh vuqefr nsrh gSA tSls&
dsgquh] ?kqVuk
3. Pirot Joints bldk vkdkj [kq¡Vh ds leku gksrk gSA ;g ,d&nwljs ds mQij j[kh
gqbZ jgrh gSA tSls& d'ks:d n.M dk mQijh Hkkx (,Vyl) rFkk fupyk Hkkx gksrk gSA
4. Gliding Joinnts ;g ,d&nwljs ij fiQlyrh gS vkSj FkksM+k xfr iznku djrh gS tSls& dkiZy] VklZyA
5. Saddle Joints– ;g ball and socket joints ds gh leku gksrk gS fdUrq ;g ,d fuf'pr lhek ds
vUnj gh lHkh fn'kk esa xfr djrk gSA tSls%& vaxwBk
(Digestive System)
 oSls vax tks Hkkstu ipkus esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA mUgsa lkeqfgd :i ls ikpu ra=k dgrs gSaA ftlesa tfVy Hkkstu ljy
inkFkks± esa VwV tkrk gSA
 ikpu ra=k nks Hkkxksa esa c¡Vk gksrk gSA
1. vkgkjuky
2. lEc¼ (tqM+h) ikpd xzafFk
(Elementary Canal)
;g eq[k xqgk ls izkjaHk gksdj xqnk rd jgrk gSA ikpu ds le; Hkkstu vkgkjuky esa gh jgrk gSA vkgkjuky dh yEckbZ
yxHkx 32 iQhV gksrh gSA vkgkjuky ds varxZr eq[k xqgk] xzkluyh] vek'k;] NksVh vkar] cM+h vkar] eyk'k; rFkk xqnk
vkrs gSaA
(Digestive Gland)
;s xzafFk;k¡ Hkkstu dks ipkus okyh batkbe dk fuekZ.k djrh gSA bls varxZr ykj xzafFk] ;Ñr] firk'k; rFkk vXuk'k;
vkrs gSaA
 ikpu dh fØ;k eq[k xqgk ls izkjaHk gksrh gSA ikpu dh fØ;k NksVh vkar eas iw.kZ gks tkrh gSA cM+h vkar esa ty dk
vo'kks"k.k gksrk gSA

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [10] By : Khan Sir

 (Baccul Carity)
ikpu eq[k xqgk ls izkjaHk gksrk gSA eq[k xqgk ,d [kkyh txg gksrk gS ftlesa ,d thHk] rhu tksM+k ykj xzafFk rFkk 32
nkar ik;s ik;s tkrs gSaA
(Salivary Gland)
ykj xzafFk ls izfrfnu ,d ls Ms< yhVj (1½) ykj dk L=kko fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
 ykj xzafFk ls ykblkstkbe] Vk;yhu] MkbLVst rFkk E;wyhu uked batkbe fudyrs gSaA blesa lokZf/d ek=kk esa Vk;yhu
fudyrk gSA
 ykblkstkbe batkbe dhVk.kqvksa dks ekj nsrk gSA Vk;yhu rFkk MkbLVst batkbe LVkpZ (e.M) dks 'kdZjk (dkcksZgkbMsªV)
esa cny nsrs gSaA
 E;wyhu batkbe Hkkstu dks fpifpik (ylyl) cuk nsrk gSA ftlls mls fuxyus esa vklkuh gksrh gSA
 ykj xzafFk rhu tksM+h gksrh gS ftlesa lcls cM+h ykj xzafFk iSjksfVM gksrh gS [iSjksfVM > Sub Mandibular > Sub Lingual)
 tc iSjksfVM xzafFk ykj xzafFk fo"kk.kq }kjk laØfer gks tkrh gS rks mleas lwtu vk tkrk gS ftls Xylqvk (Mums) dgrs
gSaA
Remark– lk¡i esa iSjksfVM xzafFk Ioktu XyS.M (tgj dh FkSyh) dk dk;Z djrh gSA
(Teeth)
nk¡rksa dk vè;;u Odontology dgykrk gSA nk¡r esa dSfY'k;e lokZf/d ek=kk esa ik;k tkrk gSA
 nk¡rksa ds fuekZ.k esa 85% ;ksxnku dSfY'k;e iQkWLiQsV dk gksrk gSA 10% ;ksxnku CaCO3 gksrk gS 'ks"k Hkkx dSfY'k;e
DyksjkbM gksrk gS nk¡rksa dk {kj.k (VwV&iQwV) Ýyksjhu ds dkj.k gksrk gSA
 ekuo nk¡r ds nks ijr (Layer) gksrk gSA ckgjh ijr bukesy dgykrk gS tcfd vkarfjd Hkkx MsUVkbu dgykrk gSA
 ekuo 'kjhj dk lcls dBksj Hkkx nk¡r dk bukesy gksrk gS tks dSfY'k;e iQkWLiQsV dk cuk gksrk gSA bukesy nk¡rksa dh
j{kk djrk gSA

1. Incisor (I) 2. Canine (C) 3. Pre Molar (Pm) 4. Molar (n)

1. Incisor
bls Nose teeth Hkh dgrs gSa ;g Hkkstu dks dkVus ds dke esa vkrk gSA ekuo esa bldh la[;k 4 + 4 = 8 gSA 'kkdgkjh
tkuojksa esa Incisor pkSM+k gksrk gSA
2. Canine
bls Eye teeth Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g Hkkstu dks phjus&iQkjus dk dk;Z djrk gSA ekuo esa bldh la[;k 2 + 2 = 4 gSA
ekalkgkjh tkuojksa esa Canine vf/d uqdhyk gksrk gSA
3. Pre-Molar
bls cheek teeth Hkh dgrs gSaA ;g Hkkstu dks pckus dk dk;Z djrk gSA cPpksa esa ;g fcYdqy Hkh ugha ik;k tkrk
gSA o;Ld esa bldh la[;k 4 + 4 = 8 gksrh gSA
4. Molar
bls Wisdom teeth Hkh dgrs gSaA bldk Hkh dk;Z Hkkstu dks pckuk gSA cPpksa esa vafre Molar (III Molar) ugha ik;k
tkrk gSA o;Ld esa bldh la[;k 6 + 6 = 12 gksrh gS vFkkZr~ pkjksa izdkj esa lokZf/d la[;k esa Molar ik;k tkrk gSA
Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [11] By : Khan Sir
 Remark:– cPpksa esa Pre Molar dk iw.kZr% vHko gksrk gS rFkk vafre Molar ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
 cPpksa esa dqy 20 nk¡r VwVus ds ckn nksckjk fudyrs gSaA bl 20 nk¡rksa dks nw/ ds nk¡r dgrs gSaA nw/ ds nk¡r 12 o"kZ
dh voLFkk rd iw.kZr% VwV pqds gksrs gSa vkSj nksckjk u;s nk¡r fudyuk izkjaHk gks tkrs gSa bl izdkj ekuo thou esa
nk¡rksa dh dqy la[;k 20 + 32 = 52 gksrh gSA
 if{k;ksa ds pksp nk¡r dk gh :ikarfjr :i gksrk gSA
 gkFkh dk ckgj fudyk nk¡r mlds mQijh tcM+s dk dk 2nd Incisor gksrk gSA

Dental formula

 nar lw=k }kjk nk¡rksa dk ¼ Hkkx gh fn[kk;k tkrk gSA tkuojksa esa mQijh tcM+k esa nk¡r ugha gksrs gSaA
 Lru/kjh esa lokZf/d nk¡r lqvj rFkk ?kksM+k dk gksrk gS& 44
 ePNj esa 47 nk¡r gksrs gSaA tcfd xk;] HksM+ esa 32 gksrs gSaA
 (Oesophagus):– ;g eq[kxqgk dks vek'k; ls tksM+us dk dk;Z djrk gSA ;g uyh ds leku gksrk gSA blesa
dksbZ Hkh ikpu dh fØ;k ugha gksrh gSA
 (Stomach)– ;g FkSyhuqek vkÑfr gksrh gS tks Hkkstu dks laxzfgr djus rFkk ipkus nksuksa dk dk;Z
djrh gSA ;g Hkkstu dks yxHkx 4 ?kaVs jksddj j[krh gSA
vek'k; dk rhu Hkkx gksrk gS& dkfMZ,d iQaf.Md rFkk ikbyksfjd

 dkfMZ,d ls HCl fudyrk gS tks Vk;fyu ds izHkko dks lekIr djrk gS vkSj dhVk.kqvksa dks ekj nsrk gSa ;g Hkkstu
dks vEyh; cuk nsrk gS vkSj batkbe dh fØ;k'kfDr dks c<+k nsrk gSA
 iQf.Md chp dk Hkkx gksrk gS ftlesa dkVsuqek jpuk ik;h tkrh gS ftls #th dgrs gSaA ;g Hkkstu dks jksddj j[kus dk
dk;Z djrk gS tc ge Hkkstu ugha fd;s jgs gS rks #th vius LFkku ij [kM+k gks tkrk gS vkSj pqHku gksus yxrh gSA
 ikbyksfjd esa tBj xzafFk ik;h tkrh gS ftlls tBj jl (Gastric Juice) fudyrk gSA tc tBj xzafFk dke ugha djrh
gS rks ml jksx dks Gastric dgrs gSaA tBj jl esa jsfuu rFkk isIlhu ik;k tkrk gSA
 jsfuu nw/ dks ngh esa cny nsrk gS vFkkZr~ nw/ dks ipkrk gS ;g nw/ esa mifLFkr dslhu izksVhu dks dSfY'k;e ikjk
dSlhusV esa cny nsrk gSA
 isIlhu izksVhu dks ipkrk gSA ;g izksVhu ds isIVksu esa cny nsrk gS Hkkstu vek'k; ds ckn NksVh vkar esa tkrk gSA Hkkstu
vc dkbZe dk :i ys pqdk gksrk gSA
(Small Intenstine)
Hkkstu dk iw.kZ ikpu NksVh vkar esa gksrh gSA NksVh vkar ds rhu Hkkx gksrh gSA
1. iDok'k; (Duodenm)

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [12] By : Khan Sir

 2. tstque (Jejunum)
3. bfy;e (Ileum)
(Liver)
;g lcls cMh xzafFk gSA bldk Hkkj yxHkx 1.5 kg gksrh gSA ;g vius {kfrxzLr fgLlksa iquZfuekZ.k Lo;a dj ysrh gSA
;Ñr esa ihÙk (bile) dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
(Gallbladder)
blesa ;Ñr }kjk cuk;k x;k fiÙk vkdj tek jgrk gSA blesa fiÙk dk fuekZ.k ugha gksrk gSA fiÙkk'k; ;Ñr ds Bhd
uhps jgrk gSA fiÙkk'k; esa tc Stone dk fuekZ.k gks tkrk gS rks Bhd ugha gks ldrk gSA blfy, iwjs fiÙkk'k; dks
dkVdj fudky fn;k tkrk gSA
fiÙk batkbe u gksrs gq, Hkh ikpu esa lgk;d gSA fiÙk Hkkstu dks {kkjh; cuk nsrk gS D;ksafd fiÙk {kkjh; gksrk gSA fiÙk
dk pH eku 7.8 – 8.5 rd gksrk gSA ;g fiÙk Hkkstu (dkbZe) esa mifLFkr olk (Fat) dks rksM+ nsrk gSA ftl fØ;k
dks ik;'khdj.k (Emalsification) dgrs gSaA

(Duodenum)
;g NksVh vkar dk igyk Hkkx gksrk gSA ve'k; ds ckn Hkkstu (dkbZe) xzg.kh esa vkrk gS tgk¡ mlesa fiÙk feyrh
gS og {kkjh; cu tkrk gSA xzg.kh esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk batkbe ugha gksrk gSA cfYd blesa nks izdkj ds gkeksZu ik;s
tkrs gSaA
1- dksysflLVks dkbZuhu 2- fldsVhu

;g fiÙkk'k; ds fiÙk fudkyus ;k L=kkfor djus ds fy, mÙksftr djrk gS rkfd Hkkstu {kkjh; gks ldsA

;g vXuk'k; dks vXuk'k;h jl (Pancreatic Juice) dks L=kkfor djus ds fy, mÙksftr djrk gS rkfd Hkkstu ljyrk
ls ip ldsA
Remark:– vXuk'k; ls rhu izdkj ds batkbe fudyrs gSaA bu rhu dks lkewfgd :i ls iw.kZ ikpd jl dgrs
gSa D;ksafd ;g Hkkstu ds lHkh vo;o dks ipk ldrs gSaA
1. ;g izksVhu (isIVksu) dks ipkdj isIVkbM esa cny nsrk gSA
2. ;g LVkpZ (e.M) dks 'kdZjk esa rksM+ nsrk gSA
3. ;g fiÙk }kjk ik;lhÑr (Emalsified) olk dks rksM+dj fXyljksy rFkk olh; vEy (Fatric acid)
esa cny nsrk gSA
Trick– vXuk'k; esa batkbe (iw.kZ ikpu jl)
LAT
L = ykbost A = ,ekbyst T = fVªIlhu
tstque esa ikpu dh dksbZ fØ;k ugha gksrh gS xzguh vkSj ckn Hkkstu tstque esa tkrk gS vkSj tstque ds ckn bfy;e
esa tkrk gSA

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [13] By : Khan Sir

 ;g NksVh vkar dk vafre Hkkx gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ls Hkkstu dk ikpu rFkk vo'kks"k.k nksuksa gksrk gSA ;gk¡ ls dbZ izdkj ds
vkar jl (Instestinal Juice) fudyrk gSA bu lHkh vk¡r jl dks lDdl bUVªhdl (Saccus Intericus) dgrs gSaA
 fuEufyf[kr batke ik;s tkrs gSa&
1. ;g izksVhu ds ipkrk gSA ;g izksVhu (isIVkbM) dks Amino vEy esa cny nsrk gS vkSj ;gk¡ izksVhu
dk ikpu iw.kZ gks tkrk gSA
Protein  isIVksu  isIVkbM  Amino Acid
(Hkkstu) (vek'k;) (Deudenum) (Ilium)
2. ;g olk dk ikpu djrk gS vkS j olk dks fXyljkWy rFkk olh; vEy (Fatry Acid) esa cny nsrk gSA
ykbist  olk  fXyljkWy + olh; vEy
3. ;g ekYVkst dks ipkrk gSA
4. ;g 'kqØkst (phuh) dks ipkrk gSA
5. ;g ySDVkst dks ipkrk gSA
NOTE:– NksVh vk¡r dk vafre Hkkx bfy;e esa vaxqyh tSlh jpuk ik;h tkrh gS ftls foykbZ (Villi) dgrs gSaA foykbZ
vo'kks"k.k (pw"k.ks) djus dk dk;Z djrk gSA
 Hkkstu ds rqjUr ckn vf/d ty ugha ihuk pkfg, D;ksafd ;g batkbe dks iryk dj nsrk ftlls ikpu ugha gks ikrk
gSA
 Hkkstu djus ds dqN le; ckn gesa uhan vkus yxrh gS D;ksafd Hkkstu ipkus ds fy, 'kjhj dk vf/dka'k jDr vek'k;
ds ekalisf'k;ksa esa pyk tkrk gS vkSj efLr"d esa jDr dh deh gks tkrh gSA ftl dkj.k uhan vkus yxrk gSA
 NksVh vkar (bfy;e) ls Hkkstu fudyrk gS rks og dkby dk :i ys ysrk gS vkSj cM+h vkar esa izos'k dj tkrk gSA
(Large Intestine)
cM+h vkar esa Hkkstu dk ikpu ugha gksrk gS blesa dsoy ty vo'kks"k.k gksrk gS Hkkstu dk ughaA blesa foVkfeu B dk
Hkh fuekZ.k gksrk gSA
1. lhde
2. dksyksu
3. jsDVe ;k eyk'k;
NksVh vkar ds ckn Hkkstu lhde esa izos'k djrk gSA lhde isV esa nkfgus vksj gksrk gS ftlds uhps ,isfUMDl ik;k
tkrk gSA Apendics gekjs 'kjhj esa ,d vo'ks"kh vax gSa ;g lsY;qyht dks ipkrk gSA ;g tkuojksa dk ,d eq[; vax
gSA
Remark:– oSls vax dks vo'ks"kh vax (Vestiage) dgrs gSa tks 'kjhj esa rks gksrk gS fdUrq dke ugha djrk gSA
tSls& Apendics, Third Molar, Premolar, Pinna, d.kZ iYyA Ropk ds cky etc.
tc dHkh Hkkstu Apendics esa iQal tkrk gS rks mls vkWisj'ku djds Apendics iwjk dkV fn;k tkrk gSA lhde ds
ckn dksyksu izkjaHk gksrk gSA ftlesa ty dk vo'kks"k.k gksrk gSA dkyksus esa gh E;wdl dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA tks ips Hkkstu
dks fpifpik cuk nsrk gSA E;wdl dk fuekZ.k eyk'k; (Rectum) esa vof'k"V inkFkZ tek jgrk gS vkSj xqnk ds }kjk
ckgj fudy tkrk gSA
 ikpu dh fØ;k ,d ty vi?kVu dh fØ;k gSA ikpu dh lEiw.kZ fØ;k ik¡p voLFkkvksa esa gksrh gSA
1. (Injuection):– Hkkstu dks fuxyus dh fØ;k dks var% xzg.k dgrs gSaA
2. (Digestion):– HkksT; inkFkks± dk NksVs&NksVs ljy inkFkks± esa VwVuk ikpu dgykrk gSA
3. (Absortion):– ips Hkkstu inkFkks± dks dksf'kdk,¡ tc lks[k ysrh gS rks mls vo'kks"k.k dgrs gSaA
4. (Assimilation):– ips HkksT; inkFkZ ls ÅtkZ izkIr djus dh fØ;k dks Lokaxhdj.k dgrs gSaA
5. ikpu ds ckn cps gq, vof'k"V inkFkks± dks ckgj fudkyus dh fØ;k
ey&ifjR;kx dgykrh gSA

Mob. : 8877918018, 8757354880 [14] By : Khan Sir