Investigatory Project

Session: 2023 - 2024

Class : 12 - Science
Roll Number: 10
Subject: Physics

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Manthan Aanjna Mrs.Madhu Mantri
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Table of Contents
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Aim of the project
4. Introduction
5. Theory
6. Apparatus required
7. Procedure
8. Conclusion
9. Precautions
10. Sources of Error
11. Bibliography
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Certificate
This is to certify that Manthan Aanjna, student of
class XIIth - Science has successfully prepared the
report on the Project entitled -
“To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i)
output and input voltage (ii) number of turns in the
secondary coil and the primary coil of a
self-designed transformer”
as prescribed by the CBSE course during the
academic year 2024-2025.

Teacher’s Signature Principal’s Signature

_____________________ ____________________

External’s Signature
_____________________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my teacher, Mrs. Madhu
Mantri, for her immense guidance and support throughout the course of this
project. Her unwavering dedication, constructive advice and motivation have
played a pivotal role in the completion of this project. Her expertise and
willingness to go the extra mile have enhanced the quality of my work
significantly. I am grateful for her invaluable contributions.

I am also sincerely thankful to our principal sir, whose unwavering support

and coordination have been instrumental in making this project possible. His
commitment to providing every possible resource and his encouragement
have been a source of great help.

I would also like to thank my friends and classmates for their timely help,
cooperation, and support, which have been essential at various stages of this
project.

I would like to thank my parents who always helped me throughout the

making of this project. Their unwavering support always motivated me to
keep going.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank all those who helped directly or
indirectly towards the completion of this project.
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AIM

To investigate the relation between the ratio of-

1) Output and input voltage

2) Number of turns in the secondary coil and the

primary coil

of a self-designed transformer.
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Introduction
A transformer is a device used for converting low alternating voltage
to high alternating voltage or vice versa. It operates on the principle
of mutual induction. According to this principle, a changing magnetic
flux linked with a coil induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a
neighboring coil. Transformers are electrical devices used to change
voltage levels and are widely utilized in both low and high current
circuits.

Transformers come in various sizes and strengths. In electronic

measurement and control circuits, a transformer might weigh only a
few tens of grams, while in high voltage power circuits, it could weigh
hundreds of tonnes. The electrical energy transfer between circuits in
a transformer occurs without any moving parts.

There are two main types of transformers:

● Step-up transformers: These transformers increase the voltage

from the input (primary) to the output (secondary).
● Step-down transformers: These transformers decrease the
voltage from the input to the output.

Therefore, transformers are essential components in both high and

low current circuits.
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Theory
When an alternating electromotive force (EMF) is supplied to the primary coil P1P2, an
alternating current begins to flow through it. This alternating current in the primary coil
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces an alternating voltage in both the
primary and secondary coils. In a 100% efficient transformer, the entire magnetic flux
linked with the primary coil is also linked with the secondary coil. Consequently, the
EMF induced in each turn of the secondary coil is equal to the EMF induced in each turn
of the primary coil. Thus, if Ep and Es are the instantaneous values of the EMFs induced
in the primary and secondary coils, and Np and Ns are the number of turns in the
primary and secondary coils of the transformer, respectively, and dΦ/dt is the rate of
change of flux in each, we have:

Ep = -Np dф/dt — (1)

Es = -Ns dф/dt —(2)

by dividing 2 by 1 , we get,

Es/ Ep = Ns / Np — (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of the back EMF induced in the primary coil P1P2, the
instantaneous current in the primary coil is due to the difference (E−Ep )between the
instantaneous values of the applied EMF and the back EMF. Furthermore, if Rp is the
resistance of the P1P2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by:

Ip = (E−Ep )/Rp

E−Ep = Ip x Rp

E−Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Therefore, the equation can be written as-

Es /Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f= Ns / Np = K

where K is constant, and is called turn or transformation ratio.

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Step-Down Transformer

Es < Ep so K < 1 , hence Ns< Np If Ip = Current in primary coil. , Is =

Current in the secondary coil, Then from the Transformer equation (Es
/ Ep =Ns/ Np=K) Is>Ip current in secondary coil is higher than primary
coil-

Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step-down transformer the voltage (EMF) gets reduced. The

number of turns of the secondary coil is higher than the primary coil.
Therefore there is a decrease in voltage and increase in current.
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Step-Up Transformer

K>1 and Ns >Np so from the transformer formula (Es / Ep = Ns / Np=K)

Ip > Is

i.e., a step-up transformer the Voltage (EMF) gets increased up and the current
gets decreased

Step-up and step-down transformers have wide practical application in power

stations i.e., to step up the voltage from the power plant through transmission
cables and step it down in the residential area. Voltages are stepped up from
power plants to reduce power loss.

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to input power.

i.e., η = output power / input power = Es * Is = Ep * Ip.

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Thus, in an ideal transformer there is no loss of power and η = 1. However, in

actual practice there are many power losses, therefore the efficiency of a
transformer is less than one.

Energy Losses

Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the

copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating
of conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in the iron core. It is minimized by taking
laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best
insulations. Therefore, the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation : i.e. humming noise of a transformer.
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Experiment
AIM:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of-
(i) output and input voltage
(ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and the primary coil of a
self-designed transformer

Apparatus Required:
An iron rod, copper wires of different gauge, two A.C. voltmeters, two
A.C. ammeters.

Working:
The working of a transformer is based on mutual induction
phenomenon. Let an ideal transformer in which the primary and
secondary coil both have negligible resistance and all the flux in the
core links both primary and secondary windings.
The induced EMF in the primary coil,
Ep = - Np dф/dt
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where ф is the magnetic flux linked with each turn of primary and
secondary coil at a time t .
Then, Es /Ep = Ns /Np = K (Transformation ratio)
For an ideal transformation, there is no loss of energy. Then,
Input Power = Output Power
Ip * Ep = Is * Es
Ip / Is =Es / Ep = K

Circuit Diagram:

PROCEDURE:
1. Take a thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin copper wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes the primary coil of the transformers.
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2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound a relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it, this constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.
3. Connect P1P2 to A.C. mains (say 220v) and measure the input voltage and
current, using A.C. voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly measure the output voltage and current through S1S2 .
5. Now connect the S1S2 to an A.C. mains and again measure voltage and
current through the primary and secondary coil of the step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing the number
of primary turns in secondary coils.

Conclusion:
1. The output voltage of the transformers across the secondary coil depends
upon the turn ratio (Ns /Np) with respect to input voltage.
2. The output current of the transformer across the secondary coil depends
upon the turn ratio (Ns /Np) with respect to input voltage.
3. There is loss of power between input and output coil transformers.

Precautions:
1. Keep yourself safe from the high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage, the A.C. main supply
should remain constant.

Sources Of Error:
1. Values of currents can be changed due to the heating effect of current.
2. The eddy current can change the readings.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. ncert.nic.in
2. britannica.com
3. wikipedia.org
4. youtube.com
5. brainly.in
6. studocu.com