COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY
1ST Semester, 2024-2025
COGNITIVE
PSYCHOLOGY
Learning Outcomes
▪ Demonstrate understanding of
the key issues and topics within
Cognitive Psychology
▪ Demonstrate understanding of
the psychological methods
behind Cognitive Psychology
What is
Cognitive Psychology?
COGNITION?
Cognition: The collection of mental processes and activities used in
perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, understanding, and the act
of using those processes.
Cognition: The activity of knowing: acquisition, organization and use of
knowledge. Processes involved in that activity, including perception,
memory, thinking, and language.
Cognition: (People Think)
• cognito = "to know"
• co = "together"
• gnoscere = "know“
Ulric Neisser
Cognitive psychology - it is the scientific study of mental processes. It is
the study of how people perceive, learn, remember, and think about
information.
Assumptions & Foundations of Cognitive Psychology
1. Mental Processes Exist
• History of Behaviorism (struggle in the mid-50s in proving that
thought and mental processes could be subject to scientific
empirical research)
2. Firm Commitment to Objective Observational Methods
• History of Introspection
3. Information Processing Approach
• This metatheory (overall approach) captures the philosophy of
Cognitive Psychology
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.1. Philosophical Antecedents of
Psychology
PLATO (ca. 428-348 B.C)
–Rationalism
○ Rationalism: Knowledge is
acquired through logical analysis.
Plato posits a tripartite division within the self:
• the rational soul (mind or intellect),
• the spirited soul (will or volition),
• the appetitive soul (emotion or desire)
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.1. Philosophical Antecedents of
Psychology
PLATO (ca. 428-348 B.C)
–Rationalism
○ How to investigate reality
○ Nature of reality ■ Observation is misleading
■ Reality resides not in the concrete ■ The route to knowledge is
objects we perceive but in the abstract through logical analysis
forms that these objects represent
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.1. Philosophical Antecedents of
Psychology
ARISTOTLE (ca. 384-322 B.C) -
Empiricism
o How to investigate reality
▪ The route to knowledge is through
○ Nature of reality empirical evidence, obtained
through experience and observation
■ Reality lies only in the concrete world of
▪ Observations of the external world
objects that our bodies sense
are the only means to arrive at truth
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.1. Philosophical Antecedents of
Psychology
RENE DESCARTES(1596-1650)-
Rationalism
o How to investigate reality
○ “Cogito ergo sum” ▪ He had taken the principles from his
○ Mental representations writings on meteors, optics,
○ Innate ideas mathematics, and mechanics and
considered their applicability to
■ Descartes raised, directly or indirectly, human phenomena
virtually all the significant issues related to
the foundations of the science of the mind
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.1. Philosophical Antecedents of
Psychology
JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) –
Empiricism
o Learning
o Humans are born without
○ “tabula rasa” (“blank slate”) knowledge
▪ No innate ideas
■ both sighted and blind people ought to be able
to learn the meanings of words like statue and
feel but the blind ought to be unable to acquire
words like picture and see…
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.2. Psychological Antecedents of
Cognitive Psychology
STRUCTURALISM
o Goal of psychology
❑ To understand the structure of the mind and its
perceptions by analyzing those perceptions into their
constituent components
o Method
❑ Introspection – looking inward at pieces of
information passing through consciousness
o Proponents
❑ Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.2. Psychological Antecedents of
FUNCTIONALISM Cognitive Psychology
o Goal of psychology
❑ To study the processes of mind rather than its contents
o Method
❑ Various methods – introspection, observation,
experiment
o Proponents
❑ William James
Principles of Psychology (1890)
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.2. Psychological Antecedents of
BEHAVIORISM Cognitive Psychology
o Goal of psychology
❑ To study observable behavior
❑ Any hypotheses about internal thoughts and ways of
thinking are nothing more than speculation
❑ We can not say anything meaningful about cognition
o Method
❑ Animal experiments, conditioning experiments
o Proponents
o John Watson, B.F. Skinner
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.2. Psychological Antecedents of
BEHAVIORISM Cognitive Psychology
o Goal of psychology
❑ To study observable behavior
❑ Any hypotheses about internal thoughts and ways of
thinking are nothing more than speculation
❑ We can not say anything meaningful about cognition
IVAN PAVLOV EDWARD TOLMAN ALBERT BANDURA
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY 2.2. Psychological Antecedents of
Cognitive Psychology
o Goal of psychology
❑ To understand psychological phenomena as
organized, structured wholes
❑ The whole differs from the sum of its parts
o Method
❑ Various methods – experiment, observation
o Proponents
❑ Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.2. Emergence of Cognitive Psychology
KARL LASHLEY (1890-1958)
○ Psychobiological arguments against behaviorism
○ Playing piano
▪ Such associative chains can not
■ On a behaviorist, stimulus-response account, an explain the behavior; input is
activity such as rapidly playing a correct never put into a a static system,
sequence of notes from memory on an but always into a system which is
instrument would involve an associative chain of actively organized
stimuli and responses
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.2. Emergence of Cognitive Psychology
NOAM CHOMSKY (1928 - )
○ Linguistic arguments against behaviorism
○ Arguments from language acquisition
▪ Infinite number of sentences we
can produce can not be learned
by reinforcement – there must be
■ Behaviorists can not explain how children can
a cognitive algorithmic structure in
produce novel sentences they never heard our mind underlying language
From Plato to Cognitive Psychology
2.2. Emergence of Cognitive Psychology
ALAN TURING (1912 – 1954)
○ Development of first computers
o Analogy between computers and
■ His “Colossus” computer helped break the human minds
German “Enigma” codes during the World War II ▪ Hardware (brain), Software (mind)
▪ Thinking can be described in terms of
■ It has been estimated that this work shortened algorithmic manipulation of some
the war in Europe by two years information
▪ These ideas gave rise to the
information processing paradigm in
psychology – cognitive psychology
3. Practical Uses/Application of Cognitive Psychology
2. Eyewitness testimony – it is
1. Moral development. This
the study of how a witness’s
comprises how moral problems
evidence is affected by stress,
change your moral reasoning in the
concentrating on a weapon or
stages of moral development.
leading questions.
3. Practical Uses/Application of Cognitive Psychology
3. Selective attention – usually 4. Perception – this normally
humans have a bounded covers the processing of sensual
capacity for paying attention so inputs and the how the brain turns
these studies the selection of them into sensual perceptions.
what deserves our attention out
of so many stimuli
3. Practical Uses/Application of Cognitive Psychology
5. Child development – this 6. Cognitive behavioral therapy
contracts with the process of – this uses the fact that thought
cognitive processes as humans patterns can affect behavior and
grow. attempts to help people with their
mental health problems.
3. Practical Uses/Application of Cognitive Psychology
7. Education – cognitive 8. Face recognition – this is the
psychology is very helpful and fact that we still recognize our
more effective in learning friend’s face even if one
techniques. characteristic of it changes, like
a haircut.
4. Intelligence Defined
Intelligence involves:
1. the capacity to learn from experience, and
2. the ability to adapt to the surrounding
environment.
4. Three Models of Intelligence
Carroll: Gardner: Sternberg:
Three-Stratum Theory of The Triarchic
Model of Multiple Theory of
Intelligence Intelligences Intelligence
4. Three Models of Intelligence
Carroll: Three-Stratum Model of Intelligence
Stratum I - Stratum II Stratum III is
includes many includes just a single
narrow, specific various broad general
abilities abilities intelligence
(e.g., fluid intelligence,
(e.g., spelling ability, speed of crystallized intelligence, short- (sometimes called g).
reasoning). term memory, long-term
storage and retrieval,
information processing speed).
Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Table 1.1 Gardner’s Eight Intelligences
On which of Howard Gardner’s eight intelligences do you show the greatest ability? In what contexts can you use your intelligences most
effectively? (After Gardner, 1999.)
Type of Intelligence Tasks Reflecting This Type of Intelligence
Linguistic intelligence Used in reading a book; writing a paper, a novel, or a poem; and understanding spoken words
Logical-mathematical intelligence Used in solving math problems, in balancing a checkbook, in solving a mathematical proof, and in
logical reasoning
Spatial intelligence Used in getting from one place to another, in reading a map, and in packing suitcases in the trunk of a
car so
that they all fit into a compact space
Musical intelligence Used in singing a song, composing a sonata, playing a trumpet, or even appreciating the structure of
a piece
of music
Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence Used in dancing, playing basketball, running a mile, or throwing a javelin
Interpersonal intelligence Used in relating to other people, such as when we try to understand another person’s behavior, motives,
or
emotions
4. Three Models of Intelligence
Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Practical abilities are used to
Creative abilities are used Analytical abilities ascertain implement the ideas and persuade
to generate novel ideas. whether your ideas (and others of their value
those of others) are good
ones.
Computer?
What can humans do that
computers can not?
What can computers do that
humans can not?
If you wanted to
understand how
people think which
method would you
use? What would
you focus on?
5. Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology
How does scientific investigation work?
o Theory development
o Hypotheses formulation
o Hypotheses testing
o Data gathering
o Data analysis
Ecological validity
▪ The degree to which particular findings in one context may
be considered relevant outside of that context
5. Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology
1. Controlled laboratory experiments
o Characterization
▪ An experimenter conducts research in a laboratory setting
in which he controls as many aspects of the experimental
situation as possible
o Advantages
▪ Enables isolation of causal factors
▪ Excellent means of testing hypotheses
o Disadvantages
▪ Often lack of ecological validity
5. Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology
2. Psychobiological/Neuroscientific research
o Characterization
▪ Studies the relationship between cognitive performance and
cerebral events and structures
▪ Examples: postmortem studies, animal studies, studies in
vivo (PET, fMRI, EEG)
o Advantages
▪ “hard” evidence of cognitive functions by relating them to
physiological activity
o Disadvantages
▪ Often very expensive; risk of making inferences about
normal functions based on abnormal brain functioning
5. Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology
3. Self Reports
o Characterization
▪ Participant’s reports of own cognition in progress or as
recollected
o Advantages
▪ Introspective insights from participant’s point of view,
which may be unavailable via other means
o Disadvantages
▪ Inability to report on processes occurring outside
conscious awareness
▪ Data gathering may influence cognitive process being
reported
5. Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology
4. Case Studies
o Characterization
▪ Intensive study of a single individual
o Advantages
▪ Richly detailed information about individuals, including
information about historical and current contexts
▪ Very good for theory development
o Disadvantages
▪ Small sample; questionable generalization to other cases
5. Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology
5. Naturalistic Observation
o Characterization
▪ Observing real-life situations, as in classrooms, work
settings, or homes
o Advantages
▪ High ecological validity
o Disadvantages
▪ Lack of experimental control
5. Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology
6. Computer Simulations and Artificial
Intelligence
o Characterization
▪ Simulation: Attempt to make computers simulate human
cognitive performance
▪ AI: Attempt to make computers demonstrate intelligent
cognitive performance (regardless of its resemblance to
human cognitive processing)
o Advantages
▪ Clear testing of theoretical models and predictions
o Disadvantages
▪ Limits of hardware and software
6. Key Themes in Cognitive Psychology
1. Data without a theory is meaningless, theory
without data is empty.
o Example: observation that people’s ability to
recognize faces is better than their ability to recall
faces
▪ This is an interesting generalization, but it does not
explain why there is such a difference
o A theory provides
▪ An explanation of data
▪ Basis for prediction of other data
6. Key Themes in Cognitive Psychology
2. Cognitive processes interact with each other and
with noncognitive processes
o Even though cognitive psychologists often
try to study specific cognitive processes in
isolation, they know that cognitive
processes work together
o Examples
▪ Memory processes depend on perceptual processes
▪ Thinking depends on memory
▪ Motivation interacts with learning
6. Key Themes in Cognitive Psychology
3. Cognition needs to be studied through a variety
of scientific methods
o There is no one right way to study cognition
o Cognitive psychologists need to learn a variety of
different kinds of techniques to study cognition
6. Key Themes in Cognitive Psychology
4. Basic research in cognitive psychology may lead
to application, applied research may lead to basic
understanding
o Basic research often leads to immediate
application
▪ Example: finding that learning is superior when it is spaced
out over time rather than crammed into a short time interval
o Applied research often leads to basic findings
▪ Example: eyewitness testimony research has enhanced
our basic understanding of memory systems and of the
extent to which humans construct their own memories
REFERENCES
McBride, Dawn and Cutting, J. Cooper (2019). Cognitive Psychology. Theory, Process and Methodology. 2 nd ed. USA: SAGE. LTD.
Sherlock School of Forensic Science (2022). In https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/practical-application-cognitive-psychology-forensicscienceinstitute/.
Sternberg, Robert J., Sternberg, Karin, and Mio, Jeff. (2012). Cognitive Psychology. 6 th ed. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Image taken from:. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Max_Werheimer_%281880-1943%29.jpg Accessed: July 18, 2024
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png. Accessed:
REFERENCES
McBride, Dawn and Cutting, J. Cooper (2019). Cognitive Psychology. Theory, Process and Methodology. 2 nd ed. USA: SAGE. LTD.
Sternberg, Robert J., Sternberg, Karin, and Mio, Jeff. (2012). Cognitive Psychology. 6 th ed. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Image taken from:. https://mercercognitivepsychology.pbworks.com/f/1384747222/eyewitness_.jpg Accessed: July 18, 2024
Image taken from:. https://www.verywellmind.com/thmb/j1qOR7SV5ifJbrFhShotn9hhsyU=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/what-is-selective-
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png. Accessed:
REFERENCES
McBride, Dawn and Cutting, J. Cooper (2019). Cognitive Psychology. Theory, Process and Methodology. 2 nd ed. USA: SAGE. LTD.
Sternberg, Robert J., Sternberg, Karin, and Mio, Jeff. (2012). Cognitive Psychology. 6 th ed. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
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Brain Teaser 2: Word Pyramid Brain teaser #3: Word wheel
Answers: Answers : per, pie, pro, rip, pier, poor, prof, ripe, rope,
(1) be prier, prior, proof, repro, roper, proffer, reproof, fireproof.
(2) bed
(3) debt
(4) debut Brain Teaser #4: Block Anagram
(5) busted
Answer: Anticyclone
(6) dumbest
(7) stumbled
Brain Teaser #5: Safe Code
Brain teaser #1: One letter less or more
Answer: 33
Answer: Notepad
Brain Teaser #6: Surveillance
Table of contents.
01 | Dogs 02 | Cats
We will talk about this We will talk about this
rst. second.
03 | Elephants 04 | Kangaroos
Then, we will talk about After that we will talk
this. about this.
Question:
● Try reporting aloud the various steps involved in
grasping a pen?
● Now, grasp your pen, reporting aloud the steps
you take. Do you notice any di erences between
the rst task and this task?
● Can you report exactly how you pulled the
information into conscious awareness?
Bullet Point List
We will talk about this rst.
We will talk about this second.
After that we will talk about this.
And we will talk about this last.
We will talk about this
first.
Add a brief introduction of your section here: Let’s dive in and
get to know some interesting facts about animals!
Did you know?
Did you know that elephants can sense storms?
Elephants may be able to detect a thunderstorm from
hundreds of miles away, and will head towards it,
looking for water.
You can add a little bit more information. But try to
not overload your slides with text.
Presenting a website or
an app?
If you are presenting a website, an internet
product or an app, you can place a screenshot
of it here.
Presenting a website or
an app?
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product or an app, you can place a screenshot
of it here.
Presenting a website or
an app?
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product or an app, you can place a screenshot
of it here.
Koalas are
even more
lazy than
cats.
Koalas don’t have much energy and, when not feasting on leaves, they spend their time dozing in
the branches. Believe it or not, they can sleep for up to 18 hours a day!
Hello! I’m...
Here is where you introduce yourself.
You can add your name, title and a little
background. Right click the image and
replace it with your own.
Cats love to sleep.
A fteen-year-old cat has probably spent ten years
of its life sleeping.
Also, cats use their whiskers as feelers to determine
if a space is too small to squeeze through.
Add your title here
100 %
80 %
60 %
40 %
20 %
0%
Title One Title Two Title Three Title Four Title Five
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Recap
Something One Something Two
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Something Three Something Four
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Three columns.
Something Something Something
about this about that about this
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amet, consectetuer amet, consectetuer amet, consectetuer
adipiscing elit. Aenean adipiscing elit. Aenean adipiscing elit. Aenean
commodo ligula eget commodo ligula eget commodo ligula eget
dolor. dolor. dolor.
Did you know?
Did you know that dogs can smell your Did you know that a cat uses its whiskers
feelings? as feelers to determine if a space is too
small to squeeze through?
Dogs can pick up on subtle changes in
your scent, which can help him gure out Also, cats love to sleep. A fteen-year-
how you are feeling, such as by smelling old cat has probably spent ten years of
your perspiration when you become its life sleeping.
nervous or fearful.
Very interesting
facts!
This is where you section ends. Duplicate this set of slides as many times you need to go over all your sections.
This is our team.
Erika V. John S. Marie M.
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amet, consectetuer amet, consectetuer amet, consectetuer
adipiscing elit. adipiscing elit. adipiscing elit.
This is a timeline.
1999 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
2005 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
2015 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
2019 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
2022 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
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an app?
If you are presenting a website, an internet
product or an app, you can place a screenshot
of it here.
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an app?
If you are presenting a website, an internet
product or an app, you can place a screenshot
of it here.
Thank you!
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