Basic Implantology

best method of replacing missing teeth. In considered the Nowadays implantology is

,the future it will face many advances including stem cell research

was introduced to the dental osteointegration Implantology began when the concept of
. field

HISTORY OF IMPLANTOLGY

They say that Implantology was known since 600 years BC , particularly by the
Honduras. They found that there was some implanted teeth in the monuments of
Indian people in the place of the central and lateral incisors , they also found some
wires and plates implanted in the mandible to replace missing structures.

Osseointegration is the only concept that made us understand and use implants in the
first place , so what is osseointegration ?
It’s the need of a strong relation between the implant and the surrounding structures
( bone ) , so titanium has been found the most suitable metal to achieve the best result
of osseointegration.

Why Titanium is the most suitable ?

⦁ Its mechanical strength is excellent to withstand occlusal forces
⦁ Its very biocompatible
⦁ High corrosion resentence
⦁ Doesn’t cause hypersensitivity or any immunological reaction , although there
are some researches that say the implant failure can be as a result of rejection
to some parts of the implant.

The implant is basically a root like structure that is inserted in the dentoalveolus.

Surface topography and chemical composition of titanium:

Implants are now famous worldwide and every factory has its own way for
making implants.

Types of implants according to its surface structure :

⦁ Machined smoothed surfaces
⦁ Titanium sprayed surfaces ( TPS)
⦁ Sand blasted surface , to create a very rough surface and increase the
surface are and by that we are creating more bond between the bond and
the implant (more osseointegration )
⦁ Inched surface and Coted surface

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 Nowadays every factory chooses its own way of manufacturing that’s why
we have German implant or English implant or French …… etc
Ur choice of implants is affected by your medical knowledge and
experience.
At the end all we want is to have the titanium dioxide film which is an inert.

.recently they are applying the concept of active surfaces

titanium surfaces that are being activated by increasing the : are Active surfaces
hydrophilicity of the surface . hydrophilicity Is achieved by certain proses and machines
.before inserting the implant

: by Surface irregularities are now achieved

.roughenning of the surface by ceramic or metalic particles : blasting 1 – grit

acid itching : to increase the biomechanical interlocking between the bone and the -2
implant

up to this momnt we prefer the rough surface implant over the smooth surface
. implant

all we need to achive at the end is a good 3D texture of -

.the surface
The success rate of implants has overcome 95%, so one of the messages that u want to

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tell ur patients that sometimes its better to do an implant as its one of the best
modalities for teeth replacementI

: implants because of In the 19’s people were afraid of having

cancer phobia, although cancer has nothing to do with - 1

implants , besides you cant guarantee that the patient wont get cancer through out his
./ her life

the cost, in the past implants used to be very expensive ,but now thrie prices are-2
.very reasoable

and succes of implants depends on how you handle it.all these failiure The ⦁
Contamenation .high tech. mechanisms need delicate and presice handeling
.rates control leads to higher failuire and poor infection

Osseointegration: direct structural and functional connection between the living bone
and the surface of implant.

Endosteal dental implant : the most common type used , its a device inserted into the
dental jaw bone to support the prosthesis. (tooth root analog), so what are the
components of a dental implant ?

⦁ fexutre : it’s the root like structure that is insered into the endossous.

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 ⦁ Abutmant : the device

that supports the prosthitic tooth and connect it to the fexture .

Types of abutments:

⦁ Transmucosal abutment :the one that passes through te mucosa overlying

the implant.

⦁ temporary healing abutment :used for the anterior regeone

But in this type we have to take care about the amount of loading as it
affects the prosses of asseointegration in the first stage.

⦁ Screw : that attaches the abutment to the fexture.

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As for the procedure :

⦁ first we insert the root like structure into the bone

⦁ then we close over it (suturing ), and we leave it for about 3 to 4 or sometimes 5

months first stage

⦁ then we reopen it and screw the abutment into the fixture

⦁ And finally we connect the prosthetic tooth over it second stage

Implant surgery proses is divided into :

⦁ One stage implant surgery (single stage ):surgical placement of dental implant which is
left exposed to the oral cavity “ transmucosal part “ , this protocol is used in the non
submerged implant system.

⦁ Two stage implant surgery (most commonly used ) : its illustrated in the steps
mentioned above.

*Note: non of the procedure is better than the other , each procedure is selected according to
the case and the clinical experience of the DR.

*note: non submerged implant is considered immediate implant, that is inserted after
extraction immediately.

As we said before , the most commonly used type of implant is Endosteal implant, and we also
know that it has a root like structure, it might seem easy to do an implant procedure but
actually its not, many dentists make the mistake of inserting the fixture without planning the
amount of bone left , that’s why a lot of them end up inserting it into the ID canal, and causing
more problems to the patient.

⦁ Brånemark is the scientist who first observed and discovered the proses of

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 osseointegration

NOW.- Histological wise , osseointegration is a connection between bone and the metallic
implant

⦁ Clinical wise : its the fixation of the fixture with alloplastic material to the bone
during the functional loads.You also have to know that for every implant we Have to
do preparation for the bone, and this preparation is planned too , because it
depends on the anatomic structures in the area and the amount of bone and of
course which jaw we are working on. There is also something called primary
stability: to make sure that the implant is rigid and stable.
*note :The first successful implant was in 1965. At that time we had different shapes AND
DESIGNS of implants like a- SUBPERIOSTEAL frames b- root like structure c- blade d-vents
e- trans mandibular devices , but now non of which is clinically documented anymore because
the most commonly used is the Endosteal type (root like) .
- as for the application of osseointegration in other fields than dentistry , the first patient with
missing ear was treated in 1977.
What are the success criteria of an implant ?

⦁ Primary Stability and rigidity

⦁ Adequate radiographic bone level

⦁ Lack of symptoms no infection , no persistent

pain and no mobility .

⦁ Normal probing depth around the implant.

⦁ Patient motivation and oral hygiene maintenance.

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In this pic, u can notice that there is good bone and calcification around the apical 2/3 of the
implant, but in the coronal part (arrows) u can notice the bone loss. Mostly this happens
because the patient didn’t maintain good oral hygiene.

As we said before, the success rate of implants is almost 95% , so why do we have failure cases
all the time ?
That depends on many factors like:

⦁ Patient factor

⦁ Clinical skills of the dentist

⦁ Disinfection techniques

⦁ Surgical procedure

⦁ Oral hygiene
*Note: smokers have 2 times higher failure rates than non-smokers
*Note: although implants are initially designed to live for life, but still u have to inform
the patient not to expect that every implant is going to live for life, u have to know
that we have natural proses of bone loss around the implant. And that’s normal as long
as its in certain average limits.

⦁ There is a difference between immediate placement and immediate loading:

⦁ Immediate placement : means that the implant is inserted immediately after

tooth extraction (in the same socket)

⦁ Immediate loading : means attaching the prosthesis in the same time of implant
insertion.(its considered provisional prostheses and u cant put heavy loads on it )
*Note: immediate placement is divided into:
1- immediate placement : at the same time
2- delayed immediate placement : after 6 to 10 days from the time of extraction.
3-delayed placement : after months or years from the time of extraction.

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*Note: immediately placed implants have much much higher success rates than delayed
implants. but the problem is they are much harder to deal with and needs more clinical
experience. Because in delayed placement all u have to do is to drill in the bone for a certain
depth and diameter, but in a case of immediate placement u have to deal with the socket actual
depth and diameter and sometimes you’ll end up doing bone grafts to fix the implant in a very
wide socket.

In case of a maxillary implant , you have to be very careful not to hit the maxillary sinus, as
u know the maxilla is cancellous bone so if u hit it, negative pressure will be produced
inside the sinus and this pressure can suck the implant into the sinus.

How do implant bond to bone ?

1- bioactive implants : its future is targeting the concept of bone regeneration for bonding
more than just bone integration and chemical bonding .
2- Chemical bonding :the good thing about it is that its rapid bonding
3-biomechanicla bonding: gradual bone regeneration against mechanical surface, (the one
that we are using nowadays )

At the end if u have to be a good dentist and do successful implants u have to obtain all the
success criteria for implants.