FREQUENCYDI

STRI
BUTI
ON

Frequencydi
str
ibut
ioni
sat oolfororgani
singdata,weusei
ttogr
oupdat
aint
ocat
egor
ies
andshowt henumberofobserv
ationsineachcategory
.

Inconstructi
ngf r
equencydistr
ibuti
ont abl
e,manyway shav ebeengiven,t
hemost
effecti
veandobj ect
ivemethodofconst ruct
ingf r
equencydist
ribut
ionf
rom agivendat
ais
the“ SturgesFor mula”,t
heapplicati
onofSt urgefor
mul agivesaccur
ateclasssizeofa
distr
ibuti
onr at
hert hanusingthepopul armet hod,al
though“Yule’
sFormul
a”i sal
sobeen
used.

Frequency di
str
ibut
ion i
s simpl
y an ar
rangementoft he cl
asses v
ari
ates wi
th
f
requenciesofeachcl assindi
cated.Conv
enti
onall
yaf r
equencydist
ri
buti
onisst at
edin
t
abularform.

Def
ini
ti
on:

Asetofclassestogetherwi
ththef
requenciesofoccur
renceofv al
ues;i
neachcl
ass,
agi
vensetofdat
a, pr
esentedinatabul
arf
ormisr efer
redt
oasaf requencydist
ri
buti
on.

Fr
equencydi
str
ibut
ionar
ebr
oadl
ycl
assi
fi
edi
nto2cat
egor
ies

1.Empi
ri
cal
/obser
vedf
requency

2.Theor
eti
cal
/expect
edf
requency

Empiri
cal/
observ edfr
equencydistr
ibutionsarebasedonobser vati
onandexperi
mentati
on.
Asdisti
nguishfr
om thist
y peofdist
ri
butionwhi chbasedonact ualobser
vat
ion,i
tispossi
ble
todeducemat hemat i
cal
lywhatthef requencydistri
buti
onofcer tai
npopul
ationshouldbe.
Suchtheoreti
calconsi
derati
onsareknownast heoreti
caldi
str
ibution.

Knowl
edgeoft heexpect
edbehavi
ourofaphenomenonort heexpectedfr
equency
di
stri
buti
onisofgreathelpi
nal ar
genumberofproblems.I
npr act
icall
i
fe,t
heyserv
edas
benchmarkatwhicht ocompar eobser
veddist
ri
buti
onandactassubst it
utef
oractual
di
stri
buti
onwhenthelatt
erarecost
lyt
oobtai
norcannotbeobtai
nedatall
.

Def
ini
ti
on:

AbsoluteFrequency:Theabsol
utefrequencyisthenumberoft i
methatacer t
ainval
ue
appearinastati
sti
caldut
y,i
tisdenotedbyfi.Thesum oft
heabsol
utef
requenci
esisequal
tothetotal
numberofdatawhichisdenotedbyN.

f
1 +f
2 +f
3 +… +f
n =N

Thi
ssum i
scommonl
ydenot
edbyt
heGr
eekl
ett si
er∑( gma)whi
chr
epr
esentsum
n

∑f=N
i=1
i

Def
ini
ti
on:

Relat
iveFrequency
:Therel
ati
vefr
equencyi
sthequot
ientbet
weentheabsolut
efrequency
ofacer t
ainval
ueandthetot
alnumberofdat
a.I
tcanbeexpressedasapercent
ageandi s
denotedbyni.

ni =f
i
N
1

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Thesum oft
her
elat
ivef
requencyi
sequal
to1.

Def
ini
ti
on:

Cumulat
iveFrequency:Thecumul
ati
vef
requencyisthesum oft
heabsol
utef
requenci
esof
al
lval
ueslessthanorequalt
otheval
ueconsi
dered.I
tisdenot
edbyFi

Def
ini
ti
on:

Relati
veCumul at
iveFrequency
:Therel
ati
vecumulat
ivefr
equencyi
sthequot
ientbetween
thecumul at
ivefrequencyofaparti
cul
arv al
ueandt hetot
alnumberofdata.Itcanbe
expressedasaper cent
age.

Example:Acit
yhasr ecordedthefol
lowi
ngdai
l
ymaxi
mum t
emper
atur
esdur
ingamont
h.
Const
ructf
requencydist
ri
buti
ontabl
e

32 31 28 29 33 32 31 30
31 31 27 28 29 30 32 30
31 31 30 29 29 30 30 34
31 30 31 33 33 29 29

Xi Count f
i Fi ni Ni

27 I 1 1 0.
032 0.
032

28 I
I 2 3 0.
065 0.
097

29 I
II
I 6 9 0.
194 0.
290

⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮

PROBABI
LITYDI
STRI
BUTI
ON

To understand pr
obabi
l
ity di
str
ibut
ion,i
tisi
mpor
tantt
o under
stand v
ari
abl
es,
r
andom v
ari
ables,andsomenotati
on.

Def
ini
ti
on:

Av
ari
abl
eisasy
mbol
(A,
E,x,
yet
c)t
hatcant
akeonanyofaspeci
fi
edsetofv
alues.

Def
ini
ti
on:

Whent hev alueofav ari

ableist heout comeofast atisticalexperiment
;thatvariabl
e
i
sar andom v ariable.
Generall
y,Stat i
sti
ciansuseacapi t
allettertorepr esentar andom vari
ableandal ower
caselettertorepresentoneofi t
sv al
ues.Forexampl e
Xrepresentst her andom v ari
abl eX
P(X)represent sthepr obabili
tyofX
P(X=x)r efer
st ot hepr obabi l
it
yt hatt her andom v ariableXi sequalt oapar ti
cul
arv alue,
denotedbyx.Asanexampl e,P(X=1)r eferstot hepr obabi l
it
yt hatt herandom vari
ableXi s
equalto1.
Probabil
itydi str
ibuti
oni sdef inedf orr andom v ari
able.A v ari
ableX whicht akes
val
uesx1,x2, ….,xn withassoci atedpr obabi l
it
iesP1,P2, ….,Pn respectivel
yiscall
edar andom
vari
able.Thequal i
ficati
on‘ random’i smadebecauset hev alueswhi chxt akesdependon
chanceandt hosear enotknownbef or ehand.I fthev ariableisdi scr
ete,iti
scall
eddi scret
e
2

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 r
andom v
ari
abl
e;i
fthev
ari
abl
eiscont
inuous,
iti
scal
l
edcont
inuousr
andom v
ari
abl
e.

Def
ini
ti
on:

A probabil
it
ydistr
ibut
ioni sat abl
eoranequat ionthatlinkseachoutcomeof
stat
isti
calexperi
mentwi t
hitsprobabi
li
tyofoccurr
ence.
Anexampl ewil
lmakecleartherelat
ionshi
pbetweenrandom v ar
iabl
eandprobabi
l
ity
dist
ributi
on.Supposeacoi nisf l
iptwotimes.Thissimplestat
ist
icalexperi
mentcanhave
fourpossibl
eout comes:

S ={
HH,HT,TH,TT}

Now,letthev
ariabl
eXr epresentthenumberofheadst hatresul
tfr
om thi
sexperi
ment .The
var
iableXcantakeont hevalues0,1,or2.I
nthisexampl e,
Xi sarandom var
iabl
e,because
i
tsvaluei
sdeterminedbytheout comeofastat
isti
calexperi
ment.

Numberofheads Pr
obabi
l
ity

1 ¼

2 ½

3 ¼

Theabov etablerepr
esent
st heprobabi
li
tydistr
ibuti
onofar andom vari
ableX.
Thef uncti
onp(x)i
scalledprobabil
itymassf uncti
onandf (x)i
scalledtheprobabil
it
y
densit
yfunct i
on.Thesummar yoft hedi
stinctvaluesxiofarandom variablextoget
herwith
thei
rprobabili
ti
esp(x)orf
(x)isknownast heprobabi l
it
ydistr
ibut
ionofther andom var
iabl
e.

Q1.Deter
minetheconst
antcsothatt
hefol
l
owingpr
obabi
l
itymassf
unct
ionoft
her
andom
1y
var
iabl
eyisavali
dPMF;f y
()=c
4 ()y=1,2,
3…

Sol
uti
on: ∑f
(y)=1
1y
∑f(
y)=∑∞
y=1c
4 ()
1y
∞
()
∑y=1c
4
=1
1
1 1 1 1 a
[ ]
1 16 1
c + 2 + 3 + 4 +… =1 ButS = wher
e a= & r= =
4 4 4 4 1-r 4 1 4
4
1

c
4

1-
1
1
4
[]
=1

1y
c
3
4

4 []
=1 ∴ c=3

(
∴fy)=3
4 ()
x3
Q2.Letxbeaconti
nuousrandom var
iabl
ewher
epdfi (
sfx)= f orani
nter
val0<x<c
4
Whatist
hev
alueoft
heconstantct
hatmakefx)av
( al
i
dpdf
?
3

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Solut
ion
x3 C C x
3
1C 3
fx)= ; ∫
( fx
()dx=∫ dx = ∫
0xd x
4 0 0
4 4
1x4C 1C4 C4
=
[] [ ]
=
440 4 4
-0=
16
C4
Si
nce∫
b
x)
( dx=1; =1
af 16
C4 =16
C =2

POPULATI
ONANDSAMPLESPACE

Themaj oruseofi nferenti

alstati
sticsistousei nformationfrom samplet oinfersomethi
ng
aboutapopul ati
on.
Instat
isti
cs,wear ei nt
erestedinobt ai
ninginformat i
onaboutat ot
alcollecti
onofelements
whichwewi l
lrefertoast hepopul ati
on.Thepopul ationisoftentoolargef orustoexamine
eachofi t
smember s.Insuchcase,wet r
yt olear naboutthepopul ati
onbychoosi ngand
thenexami ni
ngasubgr ouporpor t
ionofitselement s.Thisgroupiscall
edasampl e.
Ifthesampl ei stobei nformativeaboutt hetotalorent i
repopulation,i
tmustbe,in
somesense, representati
veoft hatpopulati
on.
Anumer i
calmeasur ementt hatdescribesachar act
erist
icofapopul ati
oniscall
ed
parameter,whileanumer icalmeasur ementt hatdescr i
besachar acteri
sticofasampl eis
call
edstatist
ics.

SAMPLI
NGMETHOD

Therearev ar
iousway sofactual
l
yselect
ingasample.Theyareusuall
ycl
assi
fi
edint
o
random (orprobabi
l
itysampl
ing)andNon- r
andom (
ornonprobabi
l
ity
)sampli
ng.Some
typesofr
andom samplingmet
hodar e

1.Simpler andom sampl i

ng:Thi si st hebestmet hodf r
om at heoreticalview-pointof
selecti
ngat rulyr andom sampl e.I nt hi
smet hod,ev erymemberoft hepopulation
hav eequal chanceofbei ngsel ect edorchoseni nt hesampl e.
2.Strati
fiedr andom sampl ing:Thi smet hodent ail
st heuseoft henat uraldivi
sionsofa
sampl ingf ramesuchassex,age,i ncomegr oup,occupat ion.Thesear et hest r
ata
and theycan beused t o ensur eal lsecti
onsoft hepopul ation areadequat el
y
represent edinanysampl e.
I
nst rati
fi
edsampl i
ng,thet argetpopul ationisseti ntohomogeneousgr oups
calledst rata;andf r
om eachst rat um ar andom sel ecti
oni smade.Whenusi ng
strati
fi
edmet hodofsampl ing,itisessent ialt
oknowi nadv ancet hepr oporti
onoft he
populat i
oni neachnat uralstratum andt ot akeaccountoft hi
swhensel ecti
ngt he
sampl e.
3.Clusterr andom sampl ing:I nt hismet hodt hepopul ati
onuni t
sgr oupbel ongst o
somenat uralgr oupcal ledclust ers.Asi mpler andom sampl eofcl ust
ersmaybe
selectedf rom all avai
lableclusters, andtheuni tsi ntheselectedcl ustersarestudied.

Non-random (
ornon probabi
li
ty)sampling occurwhen sel
ecti
on ofthe sampl
ei s
dependentonhumanjudgment(whichissur
jecti
ve)andnotontheri
gor
ousappli
cat
ions
ofprobabil
i
tyt
heor
y.Someexampl esofnon-
random sampli
ngare

1.Syst
emat i
csampli
ng:inthi
smet hod,t
hepopulati
onunitsareselectedusi ngafi
xed
i
nter
valfrom t
heframe.Forexample,i
fwedesi r
et oobtai
nasy st
emat icsampleof
20studentsfr
om 1000student
s,weobt ai
nthi
sbysel ecti
ngev ery50th nameinthe
l
ist
.
2.Quotasampl i
ng:Inthi
smet hod,thesampl eisselectedf r
om eachpar tofthe
4

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 populat
ionarea.Itistypi
cali
nsoci
alandpol
i
ticalar
rangement
swher
epol
i
tical
repr
esentat
ioniszonal
.

REASONSFORSAMPLI
NG

1.Ti
meav ai
lablemaynotbeenoughtotakealookatal
lmember soft
hepopul
ati
on
2.All
member softhepopulat
ionmaynotbeavail
abl
eatthatt
ime
3.Resour
cesl i
kemoneymaynotbeav ail
abletoworkonal lthemembersoft he
popul
ati
on
4.Thepopulat
ionmaybet oolar
geastoconsi
dereachmember .

METHODSOFDATACOLLECTI
ON

Onceasampl ehasbeensel ect

edt
hedat
amustbecol
l
ect
edf
rom t
hatsampl
e.Met
hodof
col
lect
ingdat
ai ncl
udes:
 Theper sonali
ntervi
ew
 Thepost alquesti
onnaire
 observation

CHARACTERI
ZATI
ONOFGRAPHI
CALREPRESENTATI
ON

Somef eatureswhi chchar acteri

zeaf requencydistributi
onar e;modality,sy mmetry,central
tendencyandv ari
abili
ty.
The av erages and measur es of v ar
iabil
i
ty can hel pi n descr i
bing frequency
distr
ibution.Howev ertheyar enotsuf f
icienttodescribet henatureofdistributi
on.Ifwel ook
ataf requencypol ygon,itisnoti mpossi bletogainanyi mpr essi
onofei thert helocati
onor
thedi spersi
onoft hedi st
ributionunlesst hegraphi ncludesnumber s(values)ont hel -
axis.
Likewise,thef r
equencycur veisenought oindi
catet heshapeoft hefrequencydi stri
buti
on.
Frequencycur vesgi v
eusani deaoft hewayi nwhi cht hev ar
iabl
eisdistri
but ed.
Thegr aphicfeaturesofadi stri
but i
onaremostcommonl ydescr i
bedi ntermsoft wo
proper t
iescall
edskewnessandkur tosis.

SKEWNESS

Skewnessmeansl ackofsymmetry.Adist
ri
but
ionissaidt
obesy mmetr
icalwhenthe
valuesareunif
ormlydistr
ibutedar
oundthemeanorwhent heporti
onofaf r
equencypolygon
totherightofthemeani st hemir
rori
mageoft heport
iontothelef
t,thenthedist
ri
buti
onis
saidtobesy mmetrical.I
nasy mmetri
caldist
ri
buti
on,
themean, medianandmodecoi ncide,
thatis,
mean=medi an=mode

Ifmoreobserv
ati
onsli
eononesi
deoft hemeanthanontheothersi
de,thedi
str
ibut
ionis
saidtobeskewed.Ifmoreobser
vati
onsl i
etothelef
tofthemean,t hedistr
ibut
ionis
typi
cal
l
ybalance(att
hemean)byalongt ai
ltot
heri
ghtandthedist
ri
butioni
ssaidt obe
5

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 posi
ti
vel
yskewedorskewedt
other
ight
.

I
fmor eobser
vat
ionsli
etotherightofthemean,thel
ongertai
lext
endst
othel
eftandt
he
di
str
ibut
ioni
ssai
dt obenegat
ivelyskewedorskewedt
otheleft
.

Sever
almeasuresar
eusedtoexpr
esst hedir
ecti
onandextentofskewnessofadi
spersi
on.
Theimportantmeasuresaret
hatgivenbyPear son.Thefi
rstoneist hecoef
fi
cientof
skewnesswhichi
sgivenby
3(
Mean- Median)
Sk =
Std.dev
iati
on
Forasy mmetri
caldist
ri
buti
on,thatis,whenthemeanandmedi anar eequalPearson’
s
skewnesscoeff
ici
entmustequalzeroi.e.t
hedi
str
ibut
ioni
snegat
ive,andi
fitisnegati
vel
y
skewedthenSkisposi
ti
ve.Ther
angeofSki s-3to +3

KURTOSI
S

AKurtosisi
st hedegreeofpeaknessofadi st
ributi
onusual
l
yt akenrelat
ivetoanor mal
di
stri
buti
on.Ameasur eofthepeakednessorconvexit
yofacurveisknownaskur t
osis.
A.Lept okur
tic dist
ribut
ion ist he one i
n whi ch mostof t he observ
ations are
concentr
atedneart hemodeandi nthetai
ls,iti
scall
edLept okur
ti
cbecauseoft he
l
eapingcurv e.

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 B.Mesokurt
icdist
ri
buti
oni
stheonewhi
chi sl
esspeakedandhav
emoreobser
vati
ons
i
nthe“shoulder
”thanal
eptokur
ti
cdi
str
ibut
ion.I
tiscal
l
edorknownasmesokurt
ic,
t
hatis,
normalcurve.

C.Pl
atykur
ti
cist heonethathas f
lat
,li
ket
abl
eorpl
ateauandi
tisdescr
ibedas
pl
aty
kurti
c(f
latcur
ve)

μ
Kur
tosi
sismeasur
edbyPear
son’
scoef
fi
cientB2.I
tisgi
venbyB2 = 4μ2
2
4

Thesampleestimat
eofthi
ncoef
fi
cienti
M4
s b2 = 2wher
(
e M4 =
∑
x-x
̅
)
M2 n-
1
Thedist
ri
buti
oniscal
l
ednormalifb2 =3,whenb2i
smorethan3,t
hedi
str
ibut
ioni
ssai
d
tobeplat
ykurt
ic.

MEASURESOFPROBABI
LITY

Theconceptsofprobabil
i
tyorchanceareint
roducedint
ot hestudyoftheoutcomesof
exper
iment
s.Theseoutcomesar
euncert
ain,
hence,theyar
erandom ornon-
det
ermini
sti
c.

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Def
ini
ti
on

Random exper
iment:Arandom experi
mentisonethati
nasingl
etr
ialt
heexperi
ment
mayresul
tinanyoneoft hepossibl
eout comes,eachdeter
minebychance.Forexampl
e,
t
aki
ngexaminat
ionsresul
ti
ngineit
hersuccessorfail
ure.

Def
ini
ti
on:

Sampl
espace:Thi
sisasetofallpossi
bleout
comesofanexperiment
,usual
l
y
denot
edbyS.Forexample,i
fwetossacointhr
eetimes,t
hepossi
bleout
comesofthi
s
exper
imentar
e
S ={
HHH,HHT,HTH,
HTT,THH,THT, TTT}
TTH,
whereS =Sampl
espace
H =Head
T =Tail

Def
ini
ti
on:

Event:Aneventi
ssimpl
ysetofpossi
bleout
come;thatiseventisasubsetofa
sampl
espace.
Exampl
e:LetAbetheeventt
hatt
woormoreneedsappearconsecut
ivel
yandBthatal
lthe
l
ossesar
ethesame.
A ={HHH,HHT,THH}
B ={HHH,TTT}

Def
ini
ti
on:

Sampl
epoi
nt:
Thi
sisapar
ti
cul
arout
comeofanexper
imente.
g.HHH

PROBABI
LITYFUNCTI
ONSOFRANDOM VARI
ABLE

LetEbeanexper
imentandSbeasamplespaceassoci
atedwit
htheexperi
ment.A
f
unct
ionX,assi
gni
ngt
oever ements ∈S,
yel areal
numberx(s)i
scall
edarandom v
ariabl
e.

DI
SCRETERANDOM VARI
ABLE

LetX bear andom v ari

able.Ifthenumberofpossi blev al
uesofX i sfini
teor
countabl
yi nfi
nite, wecallXadi screterandom variable,thati s,
thepossi blevaluesofXmay
beli
stedasx1,x2, …xn.
Forthedi screterandom v ari
ableX,wi theachpossi bleout comexi,weassoci atea
x x=
numberp(i)=p( i)calx l
edthepr obabil
i
tyofxisatisfyi
ngt hef oll
owing:
(i
) p(xi)≥0Vi
(i
i
) ∑ Px =1
(i)
i=1
(i
i
i) P( ∑ x
x ∈E)= P( i)
i=E
ThefunctionP( xi)defi
nedabov eiscal l
edt heprobabi l
i
tyf unctionoft her andom vari
ablex.
Thecol l
ectionofpai rs(xi, x
P(i)
),i =1,2… isc al
ledth ep roba bi
litydist
ributi
ono rprobabi
li
ty
massf unction

CONTI
NUOUSRANDOM VARI
ABLE

Cont i
nuousr andom var
iabl
eisonet hatcanbeassumei nfi
nitel
ylargenumberofv alues
correspondi
ngt othepoi nt
sonal ineint
erv
al.Itmeansprecedingwi t
houtint
err
upt
ion.A
random v ar
iablexcanthusbesai dtobecontinuousift
hereexistaf unct
ionfcommonl y
call
edt heprobabil
it
ydensit
yfunct
ion(PDF)ofxsati
sfy
ingthefoll
owing
8

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 (
i) f
(x)≥0Vi
(
ii
) ∫
f
(x)
dx=1
b
(
ii
i) Foranya,
bsucht
hata≤x≤b,p(
a≤x≤b)>∫
af(
x)dx
∞
(
iv) x)=
x≤a}=F(
P{ ∫f(x)dx
-
∞

EXPECTEDVALUEOFARANDOM VARI
ABLE

Thef eatureofaf r
equencydi str
ibutionisexpressedi nter
msoft hesummar ymeasur eslike
mean,st andarddev i
ati
on,et c.Si milar
ly,t
hef eaturesofapr obabili
tydi
stribut
ioncanbe
expressed bymean,st andar d dev i
ati
on etc.Fort hispur
pose,weuset heconceptof
expectation.
Expect ati
onisnothingbutt hemeanofar andom vari
able.I
fweconsi deradiscrete
random v ariablexwithdistinctv uesx1,x2,
al …x n,wi hP1,P2,
t … Pn ast
heircorresponding
probabili
ties.Theexpectedv aluesofxi sgivenby

x)=x1P1 +x2P2 +… +xnPn

E(
=∑xiPi i=1, …n

Thev
ari
anceofar
andom v
ari
abl
excanbegi
veni
nter
msofexpect
ati
on

Var(x)=E[(x- x)
E( 2
)]
=E(x2)(
-E(x)2
)
=∑xi2-(
∑E(xi)
)2

Theexpect
ati
onvalueE(x)ofarandom v
ari
abl
exdi
str
ibut
edaccor
dingt
othepr
obabi
l
ity
densi
tyf
uncti
onf
(x)isdefi
nedas
∞
x)=
E( ∫xf(x)dx=μ
-
∞
Thev
ari
ancei
sgi
venby
Var x)=E[
( (
x- x)
E( 2
)]
∞
=∫-∞ x
( -
μ)2
dx

Varx) =v
( 2
i
scall
edt hepopulat
ionv ar
iance(orsi
mplythevari
anceofx) .The
var
ianceisameasureofhowwi del
yxisspreadaboutit
smeanval
ue.Thesquarer
ootofthe
var
ianceσ iscal
l
edt hestandarddev
iati
onofx,whi chisof
tenusef
ulbecauseithasthe
sameunitasx.

Exampl
e:Fi
ndt
heexpect
ati
on,
var
ianceandst
andar
ddev
iat
ionoft
hedi
str
ibut
ion
x 1 4 7

f
(x) ½ 1 ¼
3

(
i) E( x)=1×1 +4×1 +7×1
x)=∑xiP(
2 3 4

=1 +4 +7 =43
2 3 4 12
(
ii
) (
Varx)=E(
x2)(
-E(x)
)2

ButE( x
x2)=∑x2P()
i

1 1 1
x2)=12 × +42 × +72 ×
E(
2 3 4

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 1 16 49 217
= + + = Var
(x) =E(
x2)( x)
-E( 2
)
2 3 4 12
217 432 217 1849 755
= -()
12 12
= - =
12 144 144
(
ii
i) St
andar
ddev
iat
ion = var(x)
= 755 =2.29
144
1
Exampl
e:I
fthep.d.fofar
andom v
ari
abl
eXisgi
v (
enbyfx)= ,0≤x≤1
2x
Fi
nd ()E(
i x)
(i
i)v
ar (
x)
Sol
uti
on
∞
(
i) x)=
E( ∫f(x)dx
-
∞
1
=∫x. dx
1
0
2x
3 1
1x
[]
2
11 1
=∫
0x2dx=
2 23
20
1

[]
1 12 1
=3 =
2 2 23 3
= ()
∞
(
ii
) Var
(x)=∫
-∞(x-μ)
2
f(
x)dx
∞ 2
=∫
-∞ xf
(x)
dx- μ2 Var
(x) =E(
x2)(
-E(x)
)2

1
∫
1
x2)= x2. dx
E(
0 2x
5 1
1x
[ ] [ ] ()
1 1 12
2
11 3
=∫ 0x2dx= =5 =
2 25 2 2 25
20
1
E(
x2)=
5
1 12 1 1
(
Varx)= - = -
5 3 59 ()
4
=
45
Exampl
e:Fi
ndt x)and v
heE( arx)
( :
x 0 1 2 3

f
(x) 1 3 3 1
3 8 8 8

x
1.E( ∑
)= xp( x)
1 3 3 1
() () () ()
=0 +1 +2 +3
3 8 8 8
3 6 3 12 3
= + + = =
8 8 8 8 2
2
) ∑
2.Ex = x2p(
( x)
1 3 3 1
() () () ()
=02
3
+12
8
+22
8
+32
8
01

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 3 12 9 24
= + + = =3
8 8 8 8
v
arx)=E(
( x2)( x)
-E( 2
)
32 9 12- 9 3
2()
=3- =3- =
4 4
=
4

{
2x-2 1<x<2
Exampl e:LetXbeacont inuousr andom v ari
ablewi t
hPDF fx
()= .Fi
ndt
he
0 ot
her
wise
E(x)andv arx)
(
∞
E(x)=∫ ∞x
- fx)
( dx
21
=∫2
1x2x dx=2∫
-
2 2 -
1x d
1
x=2∫ 1 d
xx
2
=2[ l
og ( x)]1 =2l
og( 2)-2l
og ( 1)
E(x)=2l og(2)
22 2 2
E(x2)=∫1x2x-2dx =∫12d x=2∫ 1dx
x
=2[]2
1 =2(2-1)=2
∴ v ar( x)=E(x2)(
-E(x))2

2
=2-[2l
og( 2)]
EXERCI
SE

1.Supposethatar andom var

iabl
eXhasadi scr
etedist
ri
buti
onwit
hp.
d.f
(i
) (
fx)=cx wher ex=1, 2,3….10
x
(i
i
) f (x)= ex=1,
wher 2,3,4
c
Deter
minethev alueoftheconstantc. Ans:(
i)1 ( i
i
)10
55
1
2.Letthep.d.fofar andom vari
ableXbegi venbyfx)= , -
( 1≤x≤1
4
Find(i
)E(x)( i
i
)v ar(
x)
1
3.IfXisadiscr et
er andom vari
ablewit
hp. d.
ff(x)= ,x=2, 4,
8,10,12
4
1
Find(i
)E(x)( ii
)E()
x
(
ii
i)v
ar(x)
4.Considerar andom v ar
iabl
eXwi thp.d.f

{
1-x 0<x≤1
fx)=
(
x+1 - 1≤x≤0
Find(i)E(x)( ii
)v ar
(x)
8
5.Supposet hatXhast hepdff(x)= 3,x>2.Fi ndorev
aluat
eE(x)andvar
(x)
x
METHODOFCOUNTI
NG

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Insomeexper iment s,thenumberofsampl epoi nt

si nthesampl espacei stoomanysuch
thatcompleteli
stingoft hem istoot edi
ousandcumber some.Thi snecessi
tatestheneed
forsomecount i
ngt echniques,whichserveasessent i
alt oolsi
nPr obabil
it
yTheor y.I
tis
i
mpor t
antt o developaconv enientandeasyway st o determi
ningt hetotalnumberof
elementsinthesampl espaceandi nthev ar
iousel ement sassociatedwitht hesample
space wit
houthav ing t o make a compr ehensiv
el istoft hem.The si mple,easyand
conveni
entway sdet erminingt henumberofsampl espacewi thoutcompletel i
sti
ngthe
numberofpossi bl
eout comeofapar t
icul
arexperi
mentar ecal l
edmet hodofcount i
ng.

Consi
derar
andom exper
imentwhi
chcanbeper
for
medi
npar
tsorst
ages.Supposet
hatt
he
11

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 fi
rstexper
imentcanoccurinn1 waysandthen,asecondexper imentcanoccuri
n n2 way
s
andforeachofthefi
rst
,thethi
rdcanoccuri
n n3wayset c.
Thenthesequenceofnkexperimenthasatotalofn1 ×n2 ×… ×nk out
comes.

Example:Thereare5r oadsbetweent wotownsAandBand4r oadsbetweentownsBandC.

I
nhowmanyway scanonedr iv
ef r
om t ownAtoCpassi ngthr
ought ownB.
Soluti
on:
Thejourneyisconsist
ingoftwostages.Thefir
ststagewhichconsistofdri
vingfr
om townA
toBcanbemadei nn1 =5way sandsecondst agewhichconsistsofdri
vi
ngf r
om townBto
Ccanbemadei n n2 =4ways
Thus,t
hej our
neycanbemadei n n1 ×n2 =5×4 =20way s

PERMUTATI
ON

Permutat
ionisanar
rangementofallorapartofndi
sti
nctobj
ectsi
nadef
ini
teor
der
.
Thearrangementofndi st
inctobj
ect
st akenallatat i
meiscalledtheper
mutat
ionofn
di
sti
nctobject
stakenall
atatimeandisgivenbyn!anddefi
nedas

n!=n(
n-1)
( 2)
n- ….
.2×1

Anarr
angementofanyr≤noftheseobject
sinagi
venor
dercall
edanr -
per
mutat
ionora
per
mutat
ionofanobj
ectt
aki
ngatatime.Theper
mut
ati
onofndisti
nctobj
ect
staki
ngrata
n
t
imei
sdenot
edby Pror(
n,r
)anddef
inedas
n n!
Pr =
n-
( r
)!
Thesuperscr
ipt
ednr epr
esent
sthenumberofobj
ect
syouarewil
l
ingtoarr
ange,whi
l
ethe
subscr
ipt
ed r r epr
esentst
henumberofposi
ti
onsyouhav
efortheobj
ecttofi
l
l.

ORDEREDSAMPLES

Selecti
ngani t
em fr
om acont ai
neri sanexampleofor deredsampli
ng.Thesampl ingcould
bewi threplacementorwithoutreplacement.Forsamplingwithrepl
acement ,
thenumberof
diff
erentorderedsampleswi t
hreplacementhav i
ngsizerisgivenbynr.Forsampli
ngwithout
replacement ,ther
e arer epeti
ti
ons i nthe ordered sampling.Itbecomes si mplyt he
n
permut at
ionofnobj ect
stakenratat i
me,t
hatis Pr .

Example:I
nhowmanyway scanfourpeopl
ebeseatedintwodi f
ferentseats?
Sol
ution
Therearefourpersonswhocanoccupyt hefir
stseatandwhent hef i
rstseati
sfi
ll
ed,t
hree
personswhocant akethesecondseat.
Theref
ore,
thereare4×3 =12per mutat
ionsoffourt
hingst akentwoatat i
me.
4 4!
P2 =
( 2)
4- !
4! 4×3×2×1
= = =12
2! 2×1
Example:I
nhow manyway
scanasuper
mar
ketmanagerdi
spl
ay5br
andsofcer
eal
sin3
spacesonashel
f?

Sol
uti
on:Thi
sisaski
ngf
ort
henumberofper
mut
ati
ons,
sincewedon’
twantr
epet
it
ions.The
numberofwaysi
s
21

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 5 5! 5!
P3 = = =60
(
5- ! 2!
3)
Example:Inhowmanyway scanonechoosef
ourcar
dsi
nsuccessi
onf
rom apackpl
ayi
ng
ofcar
ds?
(i
) wit
hreplacement
(i
i) wi t
houtreplacement
Soluti
on
(i
)wit
hr epl
acementisnr wheren =52
r=4
∴ nr =524
(i
i
)withoutrepl
acement
n 52
Pr = P4
52! 52!
= = =6,
497,
400
(
52- ! 48!
4)

PERMUTATI
ONSOFDI
FFERENTKI
NDSOFOBJECTS

Thenumberofdi
ffer
entper
mutati
onsofnobj ectsofwhich n1 ar
eofoneki
nd,n2 ar
eofa
secondki
nd,
..
.nkareofak-thki
ndis
n!
n1!×n2!×n3!×… ×nk!

Example:I
nhowmanyway scanthelet
teroftheword‘
LEADER’
bear
ranged?
Solut
ion
Thewor d‘
LEADER’cont
ains6let
ter
snamel y
1L,
2E,1A,1Dand1R
6! 6×5×4×3×2!
Requi
redno.ofways = =360
1!2!
1!1!
1! 2!
Example:
Inhowmanywayscanthesixl
ett
ersofthewor
d“mammal”bearrangedi
nar
ow?
Soluti
on:
6!
Si
ncethereare3“m”
s,1“
l”
,and2“a”
si nt
hewor d“mammal
”,wehave =60
3!
2!1!

Example:Howmany4l et
terwordswithorwithoutmeaningcanbefor
medoutoft
hel
ett
ers
oftheword‘LOGARITHMS’ i
frepeti
ti
onoflet
terisnotal
lowed?
Sol
uti
on
LOGARITHMScont ai
ns10di f
ferentl
ett
ers
Requir
edno.ofword =No.ofar r
angementof10l et
ter
s,taki
ng4atati
me
10
= P4
10! 10!
= = =5040
(
10-4)! 6!

Example:I
nhow manydi ff
erentwayscant helett
ersofthewor
dLEADINGbearrangedin
suchawayt hatthev owelsalwayscomet oget
her?
Solut
ion
Thewor dhas7di f
ferentl
ett
ers.Whent hevowel
sEAIareal
waystoget
her
,theycan
besupposetof orm onelett
er

Thenwehav et
oar r
angethelet
terLDNG(EAI
)
Now,4 +1 =5let
terscanbearr n5! =120way
angei s
Thevowel(EAI
)canbear r
angeamongt hemsel
vesi
n3!=6way
s
Requi
rednumberofway s =120×6 =720way s
31

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Example:Inhowmanyway scanthelet
tersofthewor dABACUSber ear
rangedsucht hatthe
vowelsalwaysappeartogether?
Soluti
on
ABACUSi sa6l etterwordwi t
h3oft helett
ersbeingv owels.Becausethe3v owelshav eto
appeartogether
,letusgrouptheAAUasoneuni t.Therear ethr
eeconsonantsinadditionto
oneunitofvowels.
These4el ementscanber earr
angeamongt hemsel v
esi n 3!waysas“ a”appearstwice
2!
Hencet het otalnumberofr earr
angementi nwhi chthev owelsappeart ogetheris
4!3! 4!×3×2!
= =4×3×2×1×3 =72
2! 2!
Exampl e:Whati sthepr obabili
tythattheposi t
ioninwhi cht heconsonant
sappearr emai
n
unchangedwhent hel etter
soft hewor dMATHar er
e-arranged?
Solut
ion
Thet ot
alnumberofway sinwhi cht hewordMATH canber e-
arr
angedi s4!=24
ways
Now:I fthepositi
onsi nwhi cht heconsonant sappeardonotchange.Thef i
rst,
thir
dandthe
fourt
hposi ti
onsar er eservedf orconsonant sandt hev owelA r emai
nedatt hesecond
posit
ion.
TheconstantM, TandHcanber e-ar
rangedint hefi
rst,t
hir
dandfourt
hpositi
onsin3!
= 6way swi t
houtt heposi t
ionsinwhi cht heconsonantappearchangi ng.Therefor
e,t
he
3! 1
requi
redpr obabi
li
ty= =
4! 4
ARRANGI
NGOBJECTSI
NACI
RCLE

Ther e(
ear 1)
n- !way
stoar
rangendi
sti
nctobj
ecti
naci
rcl
e

Exampl
e:I
nhowmanywayscan5peopl
ebear
rangedi
naci
rcl
e?
Sol
uti
on:(
5- !=4!=24way
1) s

Example:I
nhowmanyway scan6girlsand2boy
sbear
rangedi
nar
ow
a)wi t
houtrestr
ict
ion?
b)Sucht hatthe2boysaretogether?
c) Suchthatthe2boysarenottogether
?

Soluti
on:
a)Thi sisjust8peopl ebeingarrangedinar ow
∴ 8!=40320
b)Regar dthe2boy sasone“ unit”andsot hereare7uni t
st oarr
ange.Thiscanbedone
7!=5040way s
Theboy scanbear rangedin 2!=2way s,sotherequir
edansweri s7!2!=10080
c) Ther eareonlytwopossi bi
li
ti
es; t
heboy saretogetherortheyarenot.Sothenumber
ofwaysofarrangi ngsot hattheboy sarenottogetheris:
40320-10080 =30340
Exampl e:Tencoinsaret ossedsi multaneousl
y, i
nhowmanyoft heoutcomeswillthethi
rd
cointurnupahead?
Exampl e:Thereare12“ Yes”or“ No”quest i
ons.Howmanyway scantherebeanswer s?
Exampl e:Howmanyway scan4pr i
zesbegi venawayt o3boy sifeachboyiseligibl
eforal
l
theprize?
Exampl e:Inhow manyway s4boy sand3gi rl
scanbeseat edinar ow sothatt heyare
alt
ernate?
Exampl e:I
nhowmanydi fferentwayscan5gi rl
sand5boy sfor m aci
rcl
esucht hattheboys
andthegi rl
salter
nate?
41

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Example:Fi
ndoutt
henumberofwaysinwhich6ri
ngsofdiff
erentt
ypescanbeworni
n3
types?
Example:I
nhowmanyway scan5mandr awwaterfr
om 5tapsifnotapcanbeusedmor
e
thanonce?
Example:How manywordswithorwithoutdi
cti
onarymeaningcanbef ormedusi
ngthe
l
et t
ersoft
hewordEQUATI
ONsot hatt
hev owel
andconsonantaresi
debyside?

COMBI
NATI
ON

Acombi
nat
ioni
sasel
ect
ionofrdi
sti
nctobj
ect
sfr
om nobj
ect
swi
thoutr
egar
dtoor
der
.If
n
r≤n oft
heseobj
ect
sar
esel
ect
ed,wecal
litanr-
combi
nat
ion.I
tisdenot
edby Cror
n n!
=
r r!n-
( r
)
()
!

Exampl
e:Cal
cul
atet
henumberofcombi
nat
ionof8obj
ect
schosen6atat
ime.
8 8! 8×7
∴ C6 = = =28
6!2! 2!
Example:Findthenumberofway
sinwhi
ch3component
scanbesel
ect
edf
rom abr
anchof
20dif
ferentcomponents.
Solut
ion:
20 20! 20!
C3 = = =1140
(
3! 3)
20- ! 3!17!
Example:
Inhowmanyway scanagroupof4boy sbeselect
edfrom 10if
a)theeldestboyisincludedi
neachgroup?
b)theeldestboyisexcluded?
c) Whatproport
ionsofal l
possi
blegr
oupscontai
ntheeldestboy?
Sol
uti
on
a)Choose3f rom 9,sincetheel
destboyi
sfixed
9 9! 9!
C3 = = =84
(
3! 3)
9- ! 3!×6!
b)I
ftheel
destboyi
sexcl
uded,
wewi
l
lact
ual
l
ychoose4boy
sfr
om 9

9 9! 9!
C4 = = =126
(
4! 4)
9- ! 4!5!

c) Thenumberofal
lpossi
blegr
oupsi
s

10 10! 10!
C4 = = =210
(
4! 4)
10- ! 4!
6!

Sot
hepr
opor
ti
onofal
lpossi
blegr
oupsi
scont
aini
ngt
heel
destboyi
s
84 2
= =40%
210 5

Exampl
e:Aclassconsistsof15boy sofwhom 5arepref
ect
s.Howmanycommi
tt
eesof8
canbef
ormedi feachconsist
sof
a)Exact
ly2pr ef
ects?
b)Atl
east2pr ef
ect
s?
Soluti
on
a)Thenumberofway sofchoosi
ng2pref
ectf
rom 5is

51

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 5 5!
C2 = =10
2!3!
Thenumberofway
sofchoosi
ng6non-
pref
ect
sfr
om 10i
s
10 10!
C6 = =210
6!
4!
Numberofpossi
blecommi
tt
eeswi
thexact
ly2pr
efect
s;
5
C2 ×10C6 =10×210 =2100
b)Numberofcommi
tt
eeswi
th3pr
efect
s
5 5! 10!
C3 ×10C5 = × =2520
3!2! 5!
5!
Numberofcommi
tt
eewi
th4pr
efect
s
5 5! 10!
C4 ×10C4 = × =1050
4!1! 4!
6!
Numberofcommi
tt
eeswi
th5pr
efect
5 5! 10!
C5 ×10C3 = × =120
5!0! 3!
7!
So t
he number of commi t
tees wi t
h at l east 2 pr
efect i
s
2100 +2520 +1050 +120 =5790

Exampl
e:Acommi tt
eeof6istobechosenf r
om among4empl oyersand20empl
oyees.I
n
howmanyway scant hi
sbedonei f
a)Thecommi t
teei
stoi
nclude3ofbot hempl oyersandempl oyees
b)Thecommi t
teei
stoi
ncludeatleast2empl oyers
Soluti
on
a)Therequir
edway sar
et oincl
ude(3empl oyer
s)(3employees)
4 20
= C3 × C3
4! 20!
= × =4×1140 =4560
3!1! 3!17!
b)Wemayhav e(2employersand4empl oyees)or(3employ ersand3empl
oyees)or(
4
employer
sand2empl oyees)

4 20 4 20 4 20
Requi
r s = C2 × C4 + C3 × C3 + C4 × C2
edno.ofway
4! 20! 4! 20! 4! 20!
= × + × + ×
2!2! 4!
16! 3! 1! 3!
17! 4!
0! 2!
18!
=6×4845 +4×1140 +1×190
=29070 +4560 +190
=33820

Example:Outof10consonant
sand6v owel
s,how manywordsof5consonant
sand4
vowel
scanbef or
med?
Sol
uti
on
No.ofwaysofsel
ectng =(
i 5consonant
sout10)
.(
4wordsoutof6)
10 6
= C5 × C4
10! 6!
= × =252×15 =3780
5!
5! 4!
2!
No.ofgroups,eachhavi
ng5consonant
sand4v owel
sis362880.Eachgr
oupcont
ains9
l
ett
ers.No.ofwaysarr
angi
ng9l
etter
sis9!=362880

Exampl
e:I
nhowmanywaysacommi
tt
ee,
consi
sti
ngof5menand6womencanbef
ormed
fr
om 8menand10women?
61

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Sol
uti
on
8 10
Requi
redno.ofways = C5 × C6
8 10
= C3 × C4
8! 10!
= × =56×210 =11760
3!5! 4!
6!
Exampl
e:Howmanyway
scanagr
oupof5menand2womenbemadeoutofat
otalof7
menand3women?
Sol
uti
on
7 3
Requi
r s = C5 × C2
edno.ofway
7! 3!
= ×
(
5! 5)
7- (
! 2! 2)
3- !
7! 3! 7×6×5! 3×2!
= × = ×
5!2! 2!1! 5!×2! 2!×1!
=21×3 =63

Example:Aboxcontains2whi tebal l
s,3blackballsand4redball
s.Inhowmanywayscan3
bal
lsbedrawnfrom thebox ,
ifatleastonebl ackballi
stobeincl
udedinthedraw?
Solut
ion
Wemayhav e(1blackand2nonbl ack)or(2blackand1nonbl ack)or(3bl
ack)
3 6 3 6 3
Requi
redno.ofways = C1 × C2 + C2 × C1 + C3
3! 6! 3! 6! 3!
= × + × +
1! 2! 2!4! 2! 1! 1!5! 3! 0!
=3×15 +3×6 +1 =45 +18 +1
=64

Example:I
nagroupof6boysand4gir
ls,f
our(4)chil
drenar
etobeselect
ed.I
nhowmany
wayscantheybesel
ect
edsucht
hatatl
eastone(1)boyshoul
dbether
e?

Sol
uti
on

6boy
sand4gi
rl
s;f
ourchildr
en
1stopt
ion =1boyand3gi
rl
s
2ndopt
ion =2boysand2gi
rl
s
rd
3 opt on =3boy
i sand1gi
rl
4thopton =4boy
i sand0gi
rl
s
6 4 6 4 6 4 6
Tot
alway
sofsel
ect
ingf
ourchi
l
dren = C1 × C3 + C2 × C2 + C3 × C1 + C4 ×
4
C0
=6×4 +15×6 +20×4 +15×1
=24 +90 +80 +15
=209

Example:Adivisi
onofacompanyconsi st
sofsevenmenandf i
vewomen.Iftwoofthese
twelveemployeesar er andomlyselectedasrepresent
ati
vesofthedi
vi
sion,whati
st he
probabi
li
tyt
hatbothr epresent
ati
veswi l
lbefemal
e?
Sol
ution:
Approach1:
7menand5women=12peopl e
5 7 12
2C ×0C = 10 and 2C =66
71

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 10 5
Probabil
it
y= =
66 33
Appr
oach2:
LetArepresent
sno.ofwomen
LetBr epr
esentsno.ofmen
5 4 5 4 20 5
P(A)= ; P( B|A)= ; ∴ P(B ∩A)=P( PB|
A)( A)= × = =
12 11 12 11 132 33
Example:
Abagcont
aini
ng2whiteball
s,3bl
ackball
sand4redball
s.I
nhowmanyway
scan
3ball
sbedrawnf
rom t
hebag,
ifatl
eastonebl
ackistobei
ncludedi
nthedr
aw?

1bl
ack +2non- bl
ack
2bl
ack +1non- bl
ack
3bl
ack +0non- bl
ack
Requi
redno.ofways =3
1C ×
6
2C +
3
2C ×
6
1C +
3
3C ×
6
0C =64

Exer
cise

1)Ifi
nanexaminati
on,astudentistoanswer4outof5quest i
ons
(i
) Howmanychoi ceareav ail
abletohim?
(i
i) I fquesti
ononei scompul sory
, howmanychoiceshashe?
2)Inhowmanydi ff
erentwayscant helettersoft hewor
d‘CORPORATION’bear
ranged
sothatthev
owelscomet ogether?
3)Howmany3di gitnumberscanbef ormedf rom thedi
git
s2,3,5,
6,7and9whichare
div
isi
bleby5andnoneoft hedigit
sisrepeated.

PROBABI
LITY

Probabi
lit
yist he st
udyofr andom experi
mentornon-determini
sti
c experi
ment
s.The
probabi
li
tyofaneventrepresent
stheproport
ionofti
mesunderident
icalcondi
ti
onst
hatthe
outcomecanbeexpect edtooccur.
Forinst
ance,i
facoi nistossed,i
tiscert
ainthatt
hecoi
nwillfal
ldownbuti ti
snotcert
ain
whichsidewil
lfai
l
.

PROBABI
LITYFUNCTI
ON

Thi
si susedasameasur eoft
heprobabi
l
ityofanev
entandwri
tt
enasp(x)
.Itcouldbe
def
inedasasetoff unct
ionwi
thadomainandcount
erdomai
n[0,1]whi
chsati
sfi
esthe
axi
omsofprobabi
l
ity
.

Random Experiment:Anexper
imentissaidtoberandom iftheout
comecannotbe
predi
cted wi t
h cer
tai
ntypriortothe per
formance ofthe experi
ment;the out
come i
s
deter
mi nedbychancealone.
Example: Tossacoinandobserv
edwhethertheheadort
ailf
aceup.

Samplespace:Sampl espacei sthecol lect

ionofallpossibl
eoutcomesoft he
experi
ment.Asamplespacemaybef init
eorinfini
te.I
tisfi
nit
eifthenumberofelement
sin
thespacecanbecounted,otherwisei
tisinf
ini
te.Itmayalsobediscret
eorconti
nuous.
Asampl epoi
ntisapar
t i
cularoutcomeinasampl espace.

BASI
CDEFI
NITI
ONSOFPROBABI
LITY

Classi
caldefi
nit
ionofprobabi
l
ity
:Supposeanevent‘A’canhappeni
nn(A)waysoutofN
equall
yli
kelyway s;t
hentheprobabi
l
ityofoccur
renceoftheevent(
cal
l
editssuccess)i
s
81

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 denot
edbyt
hef
ract
ion
n(
A)
P(
A)=
N
Thepr
obabi
l
ityofnon-
occur
rencei
s
N-
n(A)
P(notA)=
N
n(A)
=1- =1-P(
A)
N
Exampl
e:Fi
ndt
hepr
obabil
it
yofdr
awi
ngaspadei
nthepackof52car
ds?
Sol
uti
on

Thepr
obabi
l
ityofdrawi
ngaspacef
rom adeckofcar
dsi
s
13 1
P( spade)= =
52 4
Rel
ati
veFr
equencyDef
ini
ti
on

I
fanexperimenti
sperf
ormednt i
mesandapar t
icul
arat
tri
bute‘
A’occur
s‘r
’ti
mes,then
r r
P(A)=nl
i
m
→ () =
n n
Example:Afai
rcoi
nistossed100ti
mesand56headswer eobser
ved.Obt
aintheprobabi
l
ity
ofahead.
Soluton:n=100,r=56
i
56
P(H)= =0.
56
100
AXI
OMATI
CDEFI
NITI
ON

Let‘S’beasampl espaceandPapr obabil

it
yfuncti
onwit
hP( A)call
edt
hepr
obabi
l
ityof
eventA.Thenthefoll
owi
ngaxi
omshol d
(i
) P(S)=1
(i
i) P( A)≥0 VA ∈S
(i
ii
) P( A ∪B)=P(A)+P(B),i
fA ∩B =∅
Ingeneral
,i
fA1,A2,
..
.Ani
sasequenceofmut uall
yexcl
usi
veeventsthen
A
P(1 ∪A2 ∪… ∪An)= A A
P(1)+P(2)+… +P( An)
=∑n
i=1PA
(i)

SomeConsequencesoft
heAxi
oms

1.0≤P(
A)≤1
2.P(
S)=1
3.I
fAandBaremutual
lyexcl
usi
veev
ents,t
hen P(
A ∪B)=P(
A)+P(
B)
4.I
f∅ i
sanemptyset,
then P(∅)=0
fAci
5.I sthecompl
imentofanevent
,t Ac)=1-
hen P( P(A)
91

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 6.I
fAandBar
etwoev
ent
s,t ABc)=P(
hen P( A)-
P(AB)

SI
MPLECONDI
TIONALPROBABI
LITY

Whenyouar ef
acedwiththesituat
ionoff
indi
ngt
hepr obabi
l
ityofanev entgiv
ensomepri
or
i
nfor
mationabouttheevent,t
henweemploytheconceptofcondit
ionalprobabil
i
tyi
nfi
ndi
ng
t
heprobabil
i
tyoftheevent.

Def i
nit
ion:
LetAandBbeanyt woeventsdefi
nedonasamplespaceS.Theprobabi
li
tythat
eventAoccur sgiv enthatBhasalreadyoccur
redi
scal
ledt
hecondit
ionalpr
obabi
l
ityofA
gi
v enB.Itisdenotedanddefinedas
P(AB)
P(
A|B)= ,P(
B)>0
P(B)
P(BA)
Si
mi lar
ly P(B|A)= ,P(A)>0
P(
A)
NOTE:P( AB)=P( A)P(B)
P(A|B)=P(B)
P(B|A)=P(A)

Exampl e:Considertheexperi
mentofthr
owingadieonce.Supposethatiti
sknownt
hatt
he
tossresultedinanev ennumber,obt
aint
heprobabi
l
ityofaneventofget
ti
ng4
Solut
ion
Lettheev entofgetti
nganev ennumberbeBandgettinga4beA
ThenS ={ 1,2,3,4,
5,6} B ={2,
4,6} A ={4}
AB ={4}
P(AB) 1 1
HenceP( A|B)= = ×2 =
P(B) 6 3

DEPENDENTANDI
NDEPENDENT

DependentEvent
s:TwoeventsAandBar esai
dtobedependenti
ftheoccurr
enceofonei
n
anytr
ialaf
fect
sthepr
obabi
li
tyofoccur
renceofot
herev
entsi
nsubsequenttr
ial
s.

Example:Ifinal otcontai
ning100i t
ems,15ar ebad.Supposetwoit
emsaresel
ect
edat
random wit
houtreplacement,whatist
hepr obabi
li
tythatbot
hit
emsarebad?
Sol
uti
on:
LetArepresentthefi
rstdraw–y ieldsabadi t
em and
Brepresenttheeventthatt
heseconddr awyieldsabadit
em
P(BA)
P( B|A)=
P(A)
P(BA)=P( A).P(
B|A)
15 14
P(A)= , P( B|A)=
100 99
15 14 7
P(BA)= × =
100 99 330
IndependentEvent
s:An ev
entB i
ssaidt o beindependentofanot
hereventA i
fthe
probabil
it
ythatBoccur
sordoesnotoccuri
snoti nf
luencedbywhet
herAhasorhasnot
occurred.
P(
AB)=P( A)
P(B)

Exampl
e:Thepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatamanwi
l
lli
ve10mor
eyear
sis 1 ,andt
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat
4
02

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 hi
swifewi
l
lli
ve10mor eyear s1 .Fi
si ndt heprobabi
l
ityt
hat
3
i
) Bothwi l
lbeali
vein10y ear
stime
i
i
) Atleastonewillbeali
vein10y earsti
me
i
i
i) Neitherwil
lbealivei
n10y ear
st ime
i
v) Onlythewifewillbeali
vein10y earsti
mes

Sol
uti
on

A)=14;P(
P( B)=13

i
) P(
AB)=P( A)×P(B)
1 1 1
= × =
4 3 12
i
i
) P(
A ∪B)=P( A)+P(B)-
P(A)×P(
B)
1 11 1
= + - =
4 3 12 2
c
i
i
i) Ac Bc)=P(
P( A ∪B)
=1-P(A ∪B)
1
=1-
2
i
v) Ac B)=P(
P( B)-P(AB)
11 1
=- =
3 12 4

BASI
CCONCEPTSOFPROBABI
LITY

The mat hemat i

calt heor yofpr obabi l
itygiv es us t he basi ct ool s ofconst ructing and
anal y
singmat hemat i
cal model sf orr andom phenomena.I nstudy i
ngar andom phenomenon,
we ar e deal i
ng wi th exper imentofwhi ch the out come i snotpr edi
ctablei n adv ance.
Exper i
ment soft histypei mmedi atelyar et hosear isingi ngamesofchance.
In science and engi neer ing,r andom phenomenon descr i
bes a wi de anxi etyof
sit
uat i
ons.Byandl arge,t heycanbegr oupedi ntot wobr oadcl asses.Thef ir
stcl assdeal s
withphy sicalornat uralphenomenai nvolvinguncer tainties.Uncer taintyentersintopr oblem
format i
ont hroughcompl exity,thr oughl ackofunder st andingofal lcausesandef fects,and
throughl ackofi nf ormat i
on.
Thesecondcl assofpr obl emswi delyst udiedbymeansofpr obabil
isticmodel s
concer nst heseexhi bit
ingv ariabili
ty .Forexampl e,consi derapr obl em int r
affi
cf l
owwher e
anengi neerwi shest oknowt henumberofv ehi cl
escr ossingacer tainpointi
nar oadwi t
hin
aspeci fi
edi nterv aloft i
me.Thi sv ariesunpr edi ctablyf rom onei ntervaltoanot her,andt his
variabil
it
yr efl
ectv ar
iabledr iverbehav iourandi sinher enti nthepr obl em.
Thispr obabi li
tyf orcesust oadoptapr obabi li
st i
cpoi ntofv i
ewandpr obabilit
yt heory
prov i
desapower f
ul t
ool foranal ysingpr oblemsoft hist ype.
Itissaf et osayt hatuncer tai ntyandv ariabili
tyar epr esenti nourmodel l
ingofal lr
eal
phenomena,andi sonl ynat uralt oseet hatpr obabi listi
cmodel l
ingandanal ysisoccupya
cent r
alplacei nt hest udyofav ar i
et yoft opicsi nSci enceandEngi neering

PROBABI
LITYDI
STRI
BUTI
ONS

Thebehav
iourofarandom vari
abl
eischar
acter
izedbyit
sprobabi
l
itydist
ri
buti
on,
thatis,
by
thewayprobabi
li
ti
esaredistr
ibut
edoverthevaluesi
tassumes.Apr obabil
it
ydi
stri
buti
on
12

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 functi
onandapr obabili
tymassf unct
ionar etwoway stocharacteri
zet hedist
ri
but
ionfora
discr
eterandom vari
able.Theyar eequivalentinthesenset hattheknowl edgeofei
therone
completel
yspecifi
est her andom v ar
iable.Thecor respondingfunctionsf oraconti
nuous
random vari
ablearethepr obabil
i
tydistri
butionfunction,defi
nedint hesamewayasi nthe
caseofadi scr
eterandom v ar
iabl
eandt hepr obabil
i
tydensityfuncti
on.

Pr
obabi
li
tyDi
str
ibut
ionFunct
ion

Gi
venarandom experi
mentwit
hitsassociatedrandom v
ari
abl
eXandgivenarealno.x,l
et
usconsi
dertheprobabil
i
tyoftheevent{S:X(S)≤x}orsimpl ( )
ePX ≤x.Thisprobabi
li
tyis
clear
lydependentont heassignedval
ueofx.Thef uncti
onisdef i
nedasthe
FX(x)=P( X ≤x)
probabi
li
tydistri
buti
onfuncti
onorsimplyt hedist
ri
but i
onfunction.Thesubscr
iptXidenti
fi
es
therandom v ar
iabl
e.
FX(x)issimpleP(A)theprobabi
li
tyofanev entAoccur ring,t
heeventbeingX ≤x.The
namecumul ati
vedistr
ibut
ionfuncti
onisal sousedforthisfuncti
on.

Pr
oper
ti
es

(
1)I
texi
stfordi
scret
eandcont i
nuousr
andom vari
abl
eandhasval
uesbetween0and1
(
2)I
tisanon-negati
ve,cont
inuoustothelef
t,andnondecr
easi
ngfunctionoft
hereal
numberX
(
3)I
faandbar etworealnumberssuchthata<bthenP(a≤x≤b)=fx(a)f
-x(
b)

Thi
srel
ati
oni
sadi
rectr
esul
toft
hei
dent
it
y

P( x≤a)+P(
x≤b)=P( a<x≤b)

Example:Letadiscr
eterandom var
iabl
eXassumesval
ues -
112
,,,and3wi
thpr
obabi
l
ity
1,1, 1 and 1 r
especti
vely.Wethenhave
4 88 2

{
0, forx<-1
1
,f or-
1≤x<1
4
3
f
x(x)= , f or1≤x<2
8
1
,for2≤x<3
2
1, f
orx≥3

Acontinuousrandom vari
ableassumesanon- numerabl
enumberofval
uesoverther
eall
i
ne.
Hence,theprobabi
lit
yofacont i
nuousrandom vari
ableassumi
nganypart
icul
arv
aluei
szero
andtherefor
enodi scr
etegroupsarepossibl
eforit
sPDF.

Exampl
e:P(-
1<x≤1)=f
x(1)f
-x(-
1)
=0.
8- 0.
4 =0.
4

PROBABI
LITYMASSFUNCTI
ONFORDI
SCRETERANDOM VARI
ABLE

LetXbeadiscret
erandom variabl
ethatassumesatmostacount abl
yinfi
nit
enumberof
val
uesX1,
X2.
..
.wit
hnonzeropr obabi
li
ty.I eP(
fwedenot xi)i
X =xi)=P( ; =1,2,…then,
clear
ly
0<P(xi)≤1 foralli
xi)=1
∑P(

Def
ini
ti
on:Thef
unct
i x)=P(
onPx( )i
X =x sdef
inedast
hepr
obabi
l
itymassf
unct
ion(
P.M.
F)
22

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 ofX.Agai
nthesubscr
iptXi
susedt
oident
if
ytheassoci
atedr
andom v
ari
abl
e.

PROBABI
LITYDENSI
TYFUNCTI
ONFORCONTI
NUOUSRANDOM VARI
ABLE

Foraconti
nuousrandom v ar
iabl
eX,it
sPDF, f
x(x)isacontinuousfunct
ionofi
tandthe
dfx x
()
fx(x)=
dx
deri
vati
veexi
stforallx,thefunct
ionf(
x x)i scall
edt hepr
obabil
it
ydensityf
unct
ion(PDF)or
si
mpl yt
hedensi
tyfunctionofX.

Si
ncefx)i
x( smonot
oni
cnon-decr
easi
ng,
wecl
ear
lyhav
e
f
x(x)≥0 Vx

Addi
ti
onal
pr opertiesoff x)canbeder
x( ivedeasi
l
y
x
f
x(x)=∫-∞f
x(x)
dx
∞
∫
-∞fx(x)dx=1

∫
b
P(
a<x≤b)=Fx(
b)F a)= f
-x( x(x)
dx
a
Example:Thegrowthpatt
ernofapart
icul
arspeci esofguav
api
gsi
sconsi
der
edar
andom
vari
abl
ewhosep. d.
fisgi
venby

{
ke-3x, x>0
(
fx)=
0, ot herwi
se
Find(i
)K
()P(
i
i 1≤x≤2)
(i
i
i)P(x >3)

Example:Thewaiti
ngt i
meX( inmi
nut
es)ofacust
omerwai
ti
ngt
obeser
vedatat
icket
count
erhasthedensit
yf unct
ion
fx)=2e-2x x≥0
(
Obtai
ntheprobabi
l
itythat2≤x≤3

BI
NOMI
ALDI
STRI
BUTI
ON

One oft he mostsi mple,usefuland i nterest

ing discret
er andom v ari
ableis
associatedwiththecointossingexperimenttodeterminecer t
ainattr
ibutes.Binomialmeans
twocat egori
es.Forexampl eanout comeofanex peri
mentcanbecat egori
zedassuccess
orfail
ure,acoin1and2ei therheadort ai
l,al
ightbulbiseitherdefect
iveornotdef ect
ive.
I
n general,t
he successiver epeti
ti
on ofan obser vati
on (t
rial)mayr esul
tin an
outcomewhi chpossessesorwhi chdoesn’ tpossessaspeci fiedchar act
er.Ourpr i
mary
i
nterestwill
beei t
herofthesepossibil
iti
es.Conventional
lytheoutcomeofpr i
mar yint
eresti
s
ter
medassuccess; thealter
nativ
eout comeistermedasf ail
ure.

Pr
oper
ti
esofBi
nomi
alExper
iment

(
i) Theexperi
mentconsi stsofnrepeated(i
denti
cal
)tri
als
(
ii
) Eachtri
alresulti
noneoft wooutcomecalledsuccessorfai
l
ure
(
ii
i) Theprobabili
tyofsuccessonasi nglet
ri
alisPandr emai
nsconst
antf
rom t
ri
alt
o
tr
ial
.Thepr obabi
li
tyoffai
lur
eisq =( 1-
p)
(
iv) Thetri
alsareindependent

Ar
andom v
ari
abl
egener
atedundert
heabov
econdi
ti
onsi
scal
l
edBi
nomi
alv
ari
abl
e.

Defini
ti
on:
Ar andom v
ari
abl
exi
sdef
inedt
ofol
l
owabi
nomi
aldi
str
ibut
ioni
fit
spr
obabi
l
itymass
functi
onisgivenby
32

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 n x n-
x
x)= C
P( xP q or
wemaybei nt
erest
edinx,thenumberofsuccessesi
nntri
als,
thepr
obabi
l
ityofobt
aini
ngx
successesinsuchtri
alsi
sgivenby
n
P( ()
X =x)=xPxqn-x , x=0, 1…n
where 0<P <1,P +q =1
i
scalledBinomialdi
stri
but
ion.

Themeanisgi
v x)=npwhi
enbyE( l
ethev
ari
ancei
sgi
v x)=σ2 =npq,
enbyV( thest
andar
d
devi
ati
oni
sσ =npq

Theorem:
LetXbear andom v
ari
abl
ewi
tht
hebi
nomi
aldi
str
ibut
ion b(
x,n,p)t
hen
(
i) x)=np
E(
(
i) Var
i (x)=npq

n x n-
x
Pr
oof x,n,p)= C
:b( xP q ;x=0,
1…n

(
i)
x)=∑n
E( x=0xp(
x) Bydef
ini
ti
on
n 0 n-
0 n 1 n-
1 n 2 n-
2 n n n-
n
=0.C 0P q +1.C 1P q +2 .C2P q +… +n.C nP q
n! 0 n-0 n! 1 n-1 2n! 2 n-2 n! n n-n
=0 Pq + Pq + Pq +… +n. pq
(
0! 0)
n- ! (
1! 1)
n- ! (
2! 2)
n- ! n!n-
( n)!
n( 1)
n- ! (
2.n-1)
(n-2)
!2 n.n! n 0
=0 + Pqn-1 + Pqn-2 +… + pq
(
n-1)
! (
2!n-2)
! (
n!n-n)
!
=npqn-1 +(n- P2qn-2 +… +npn
1)
=np[qn-1 +(n- p n-2 +… +pn-1]
1)q
=np[q +p] n-
1

x)=np
E(

(
ii
)var
(x)=E( -2
x2)μ
Note:weknowt
hat x2 =x(
x-1)+x
∴ E(
x)=E[
2 x(
x- x
1)+x]=E[(
x- 1)]+E(x)
n 0 n-
0 n 1 n-
1 n 2 n-
2
x(
∴ E[ 1)
x- ]=0(
0-1) C0P q +1.
( 1) C
1- 1P q +2(
2- .C
1) 2P q
n n n-
n
+… +n.
( 1) C
n- nP q
n! 2 n-2 6. n( n-1) (n-2)(n- 3) !3 n-3
=2 Pq + Pq +… +n( n-
1)Pnq0
2!(
n-2)! 3!(n- 3)
!
=n(n- P2qn-2 +n(
1) n- 1)(n- 2)P3qn-3 +… +n( n- Pn
1)
2 n-
=n(n- P[
1) q +(
2
n- p
2)q n-3
+… +p ]
n-2

=n(n-1)2
P( q + pn-
) 2

E(x2)=n( n- 1)P2
var(x)=E( x)μ
2
- 2

(
=nn- 1)P2 +np- n2p2
=np -
2 2
np +np-
2
n2p2
=np- np 2

=np( 1- p)
=npq

Usi
ngmomentgener
ati
ngf
unct
ionwehav
e

42

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 n x n-
2
x=x)=P(
P( x)= C xP q
n
t
Mx()=∑x=0( p(
etx) x)
n! x n-x
=∑n
x=0(etx) Pq
(n- x
)!x!
n! 0 n t n! n! 2 n-2 n! n n-n
=et(0). Pq +e. Pqn-1 +e2t. Pq +… +etn. pq
0!(
n-0)! (
1!n- 1)! 2!(
n-2)! n!n-
( n)
!
n(n-1)n-2 t2 n
=qn +nqn-1pet + q ( pe) +… +( pet)
2!
∴ Themomentgener ati
ngf unctionisgivenby
n
Mx(t
)=[ q +(pet)
]
Example:Acompanyt est
edasampl eof12TVt
ubes,3ar
edef
ect
ivei
fat
ubei
sdr
awnat
random,whati
sthepr obabil
it
ythat
(i
) Exactl
y3i sdefecti
ve
(i
i) Nonei sdefecti
ve
(i
ii
) Atl east3isdef ect
ive
(i
v) Atmost3i sdef ect
ive

Solut
ion:
3 1 3
n=12, x=3, P = = q=
12 4 4
n x n-
x
x)= C
p( xP q ;x=0,
1…n

12
i
) P(
X =3)= C3(1)3(3)12-3
4 4
12! 13 39
=
(
3!12-3)()()
!4 4
12!1 39
3
= ()()
9!4 4
3!
=220(
0.015625)
( 075084686)=0.
0. 2581

i
i
) P(nonedefecti
ve)=P( X =0)
12
X =0)= C 01 3
0 12
P(
()()
4 4
312
= ()
4
=0.0317
i
i
i) P( east3)=P(
atl X =3)+P( X =4)+…P( X =12) which i
st he same as 1-
p
(at
most2)
P(atl
east3) =1- P(
[ X =0)+P( X =1)+P(X =2)]
12 10 312 12 11 311 12
=1-[ C ()() + C()() + C 21 3 ]
2 10
0
4 4
1
4 4 ()()
4 4
=1-[0.
0317 + 0.
1 267 +0.
2323]
=1-(0.
3907)
=0.
6093

i
v) P(
atmost3)=P(
X =0)+P(X =1)+P(X =2)+P(X =3)
=0.
0317 +0.
1267 +0.
2323 +0.
2581
52

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 =0.
6488

Example:Injecti
onofacer t
aindoseofdigi
tal
speruni
tofbodywei ghti
ntoalar
genumberof
fr
ogscausest hedeat hof35%oft hem.Whatistheexpectednumberofdeat hswhent
his
doseisinj
ect edintoeachofagr oupoft
enf r
ogs?Whatistheprobabil
i
tythatt
henumberof
deat
hswi l
l be
(
i) exactl
y3
(
ii) at most5
(
iii
) atl east6
(
iv) comput et
hev ar
iance

Solut
ion
10 7 13
X =3)= C 3 7 1 37 Not
3
(
i) P(
( )( )
20 20
e:P = ;q = ;n =10
20 20
10!7 3 137
=
3!( )( )
7!20 20
=0.
2524
(
ii
) Atmost5
P(X ≤5)=P( X =0)+P(
X =1)+P(X =2)+P(
X =3)+P(
X =4)+P(
X =5)

1310 7 139 7 2 138 7 3 137 7 4 136 7 5 135

=()
20
+10( )( ) ( )( )
20 20
+45
20 20 ( )( )
+120
20 20 ( )( )
+210
20 20 ( )( )
+252
20 20
=0.9050
(
ii
i) Atleastsix
P(
X ≥6)=1- P(
X ≤5)
=1- 0.
9050
=0.095
(
iv) Variance =npq
7 13
( )( )
=10
20 20
=10(0.35)
( 65)
0.
=2.275

Exercise:Aninv
estigatori
ntendstoest
imate,byrandom sampl
ingf
rom alargefi
leofhouse
records,theper
cent ageofhousesinatownt hathavebeensoldinthelastyear
.Het hi
nks
thatPi sabout10%andwoul dli
kethestandarddevi
ati
onofhisest
imatedpercentagetobe
about1%.Howl ar
geshouldnbe?

BERBOULLIDI
STRI
BUTI
ON

Arandom experi
mentwhoseout comehasbeing cl
assi
fi
ed i
ntotwo categor
ies
mai
nly“
successandfai
l
ure”oranexperi
mentconsi
sti
ngofaseri
esoftr
ial
sresul
ti
nginonly
t
wooutcomearecall
edBernoul
li
tri
als.

Defini
ti
on:
Ar andom var
iabl
eXisdef
inedtohav eaBernoul
l
idi
str
ibut
ionifit
sprobabi
li
tymass
functi
onisgivenby
Themeanandv ari
anceofBer
noul
lidi
str
ibut
ionisgi
venbyμ =Pandv ar
iance =pq

Showt
hatt
hemeanandv
ari
anceofBer
noul
l
iar
epandpq.

Pr
oof
:Meanμ =E(x) x=0,1
E(x)=∑xp(
x)
=∑xpxq1-x
62

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 =0.p0q1-0 +1.
p1q1-1
=0 +pq 0

=0 +p
x
E()=p
v
ar( x-
x)=E( μ)
2

=E(x)μ
2
-2
E(
x2)=∑x2pxq1-x
=02p0q1-0 +12p1q1-1
=0 +p
=p
v (
ar x-
x)=E( μ)2

=p-p2
=p(1-p)
=pq
Wecanalsousemomentgener ati
ngfunctiont
oobt
ainBer
noul
l
idi
str
ibut
ion.
t
Mx()=E(etx)
=∑(etx)p(x)
=∑etxpxq1-x
x
=∑(p
et )q1-x
=(p
et ) q 0 =(p
0 1-
q1
1 1-
et )
=q +( pe) q
t 0
t
t
Mx()=q +pe

POI
SSONDI
STRI
BUTI
ON

Thebi nomialdi
stri
butionisusefulinsit
uationswhereweconsi deraf i
xednumberof
tr
ial
sandcountt henumberofsuccesses.Somet i
meweencount ercaseswher ewedonot
havedefini
tenumberoft ri
alsandt hebinomialdistri
buti
oncannotbeused.Forexampl e,if
west udyi
ngt henumberofpl aneslandi
ngatanai rporti
nat i
mei nt
erval
,wecancountt he
numberofpl anesthatlandatt heairport
,butwehav enowayofknowi nghowmanypl anes
di
dnotl andatt heair
port.I
nsuchcases, prov
idedt heonlyvari
ati
onofar andom nature,the
Poissondist
ributi
onenableust ofindtheprobabil
ityofspecifi
ednumberofev entsoccur ri
ng
whenweknowonl ythemean( Average)numberoft i
met heeventsoccurinagiveni nterval
oftime.

ThePoissondist
ri
but
ionispopul
arf
ormodel
li
ngt
henumberoft
imesanev
entoccur
sin
anint
ervaloft
imeorspace.

Poi
ssonexperi
ment sareev entwhoseout comedonotdependont
henumberof
t
ri
alsbutoccuratr
andom pointsoftimeint
erval
.Exampl
e:
(i) Numberofphonecal lsperminuteatsomeswit
chboar
d
(ii
) Numberofdeat hsperyear
(ii
i
) Numberofmi spri
ntsperpageoft ext

(
iv) Thenumberofgoal
sscor
edi
naWor
ldcupf
oot
bal
lmat
ch

(
v) Thenumberofpat
ient
sar
ri
vi
ngi
nanemer
gencyr
oom bet
ween11and12pm

PROPERTI
ESOFPOI
SSONEXPERI
MENT

(
i) Theoccur r
enceofoneev entdoesnotaffecttheprobabil
i
tythatasecondevent
will
occur.Thati
s,event
soccurindependentl
y.
(
ii
) Thei nter
val
sused can bedi vi
ded into manysubi nt
erval
;so smallthatthe
probabil
it
yoftheeventoccur
ri
nginanyonesub- i
nterval
isalmostzer
o.
(
ii
i) Ther at
eatwhicheventsoccuri
sconstant
72

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 (
iv) Twoev
ent
scannotoccuratexact
lyt
hesamei
ntent

Def
ini
ti
on:

LetXbeadi scret
erandom var
iabl
ethatcant
akeont
heval
ues0,
1, 2..
.suchthatt
he
pr
obabi
li
tyfunct
ionxisgivenby
x
e-λλ
fx)=P(
( X =x)= x=0, 1,
2...
x!
eλi
wher scalledthemeanr at
eoftheoccurr
enceandist
heonl
ypar
ameterinv
olved.

Theor
em:IfXhasaPoissondi
str
ibut
ionwit
hparamet
er,λ,t
henE(
x) =v
arx)=λ.I
( tist
he
onl
ydist
ri
but
iont
hathasmeanandvari
anceequal
.

Pr
oof
:
x)=∑∞
Meanμ =E( x=0xf
(x)
λ x
=∑ x λe -

x=0 x!

0.e-λλ0 1.e-λλ1 2.e-λλ2 3.e-λλ3

x)=
∴ E( + + + +…
0! 1! 2! 3!
e-λλ3
=e-λλ +e-λλ2 + +…
2
λ2
[
=λe-λ1 +λ + +…
2 ]
=λe-λ(
eλ)
E(x)=λ

v
ar( x-
x)=E( μ)
2

=E( -2
x2)μ
x(
=E[ 1)
x- ]+E(x)μ
-2
λ x
= ∑ x( e λ
-

x-1)
x=0 x!
0(
0- e-λλ0 1(
1) 1- e-λλ1 2(
1) 2- e-λλ2 3(
1) 3- e-λλ3
1)
= + + + +…
0! 1! 2! 3!
λ2 6e-λλ3 12e-λλ4
2e-λ.
= + + +…
2! 3! 4!
λ 2 λ 3
λ4
e-λ.
=e .
-
λ +e .λ +-
+…
2
λ2
[
=e-λλ21 +λ + +…
λ 2
2! ]
=e λ(
-
e) λ

=λ2

v
ar( x(
x)=E[ 1)
x- x)μ
]+E( -2
2 2
=λ +λ-λ
=λ

MOMENTGENERATI
NGFUNCTI
ONOFPOI
SSONDI
STRI
BUTI
ON

t
Mx()=E(
etx)
=∑∞ t
x
x=0e f(
x)

82

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 e-λλx
=∑∞
x=0e
t
x

x!
t x
∞ -
λ
(
λe)
=∑x=0 e
x!
0 1 2 3
e-λ(
λet) e-λ(
λet) e-λ(
λet) e-λ(
λet)
= + + + +…
0! 1! 2! 3!
2 3
e-λ(
λet) e-λ(
λet)
=e +e (
-
λ
λe)+ -
λ
+ t
+…
2! 3!
2 3

[ ]
(
λet) (
λet)
=e-λ1 +λet + + +…
2! 3!
=e-λ(eλe)
t

=e 1)
λ(e-
t

t
Mx()=eλ(e-1)
t

Example:I
ftherandom v ar
iableXfol
lowsaPoissondi
str
ibuti
onwi
thmean3.
4.Fi
ndP(
x=6)
Sol
uti
on
Thiscanbewrittenmorequi ckl
yasifx P0(
3.4),
whati
sP( x=6)
x
e-λλ
NowP( x=6) =
x!
6
e-3.4( 4)
3.
= λ =3.
4
6!
=0.
071604409
=0.
072

Example:.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.inj
uriesperworki
ngweekinapar t
icul
arf
actor
yisknowntofol
l
owa
Poissondi
str
ibuti
onwi t
hmean½.Fi ndthepr
obabi
li
tythatinapar
ti
cularweekt
her
ewil
lbe
i) Lesst han2acci dents
ii
) Mor ethan2acci dents
ii
i) Ina3weekper iodt her
ewil
lbenoacci
dents

Sol
uti
on
1
LetKbet
henumberofacci
dent
si sok Po
noneweek, (2)
i
) P(
k<2)=P(
k≤1)
=P(
k=0)+P(
k=1)
1 1
- -
e2 λ0 e2 λ1
= +
0! 1!
- 1
1

()
1

1 e
2
-
2 1
=e2 + 1! λ=
2
=0. 6065(
6065 +0. 0.5)
=0.
9098

i
i
)P(
k>2)=1-
P(k≤2)
[ k=0)+P(
=1-P( k=1)+P(
k=2)
]

92

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 12

[ ()
]
1
-
=1- -1 11 e 2 2

() -
e +e 2 + 2!
2 2

1 1
[( )]
1
=1-e-2 1 + +
2 8
13 -1
=1-8 e2
=1- 625e-0.5
1.
=0.
0744

i
ii
)P(0i n3weeks) =( e-0.5)3

=0.223
Exer
cise:Thenumberofmi spr
intsonapageoft heDail
yTrusthasaPoi
ssondi
str
ibut
ion
wit
hmean1. 2.Fi
ndt hepr obabili
tythatt
henumberofer r
ors
(
i) Onpagef ouri s2; 0.
23(P=3)
(
ii
) Onpaget hreei slessthan3;(P ≤2)
(
ii
i) Ont hefir
stt enpaget otal5;(
P=5)
(
iv) Onal lf
our t
ypagesaddsupt oatleast3( (
1-P ≤2)
)
1 3
Exampl
e:LetXbethepointchosen,
f(x)= ,0≤x≤ ,Fi
nd.
..
.
2 2
3
3 2
(
∴P1≤x≤ =∫
2 )
1f(
x)dx

3
1 2
=∫ dx
1
2
3
1
x]
=[ 2
1
[2]
13 1
= ()
-(
22 2
1)

31 1
=-=
42 4
Exer
cise:Supposet
hatXi
suni
for
mlydi
str
ibut
edov
er[
–α,α] wher
e α>0.Det
ermi
neα
(
wherepossi
ble)sot
hatthef
oll
owi
ngar
esat
isf
ied.
1
(i
) p(
x>1)=
3
1
(i
i ( )
) px< =0.
2
7
1
(i
i
i ( )
) px< =0.
2
3

Exer
cise:
LetXbeuni
for
mlydi
str
ibut n-
edi 2≤x≤2.Fi
ndP(
x<1)

NORMALDI
STRI
BUTI
ON

Themosti mpor tant,usefulandwi delyusedprobabil

i
tydistr
ibuti
onisnormaldistributi
on.I
t
i
sal soknownasGaussi andi str
ibut
ion.Mostoft hedistr
ibuti
onoccurri
ngi npr acti
ce,f
or
i
nstance,binomi al
,Poissonet ccanbeappr oxi
mat edbynormal di
stri
but
ion.Furt
her ,manyof
thesampl i
ngdi str
ibuti
onl ikestudentt-
dist
ri
buti
on,c-di
str
ibutonandX2 di
i str
ibuti
ont endto
normalit
yforlar gesampl e.Therefor
e,thenormaldi st
ri
butionfindsanimpor tantplacein
stat
ist
icali
nference.
03

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Normaldist
ri
butionmeanscommonl yoccur ri
ngdistr
ibut
ion.Earli
er,itwasbel i
eved
thatever
yrealli
fedatamustconf or
mt obel lshapedcur ve.Ift
hecur vedi dnothav ethat
shapethedatawassuspect edforthequali
ty.I
tisint hi
scontexttheterm‘nor mal’wasused.
The normaldistri
buti
on is used tor epresentthe probabili
ty distr
ibuti
on ofa
conti
nuousrandom var
iabl
e.Itsprobabi
li
tydensi t
yfuncti
onisexpr essedbyther elat
ion
1
( )
1 x-
μ2
(
fx)= e
-
2 σ
-
∞ <x<∞
σ 2π
eμand σ ar
wher ethemeanandst
andar
ddev
iat
ionr
espect
ivel
y.

Fora nor maldi str

ibution,t he fr
equency curve willbe sy mmetri
cal-bel
lshaped.
Howev er,notallsy mmet r
icalcur ves are normal.The shape oft he normalcur veis
compl etelydet
erminedbyt wopar amet ersμand σ.Foranygi enσ,
v t
her
ecanbeanumber
ofnor malcur v
eseachwi t
hadi f
ferent σ.Inor dertomakeal lsuchdistr
ibuti
onsr eadi
l
y
compar abl
ewitheachot her,t hei
ri ndi
vi
duali
tyasexpr essedbyt hei
rmeanandst andar
d
deviat
ionhast obesuppr essed.Thi sisbonebyt r
ansformingt henormalv ari
ableintoa
standar dnormalvariable.Thest andardnormalv ari
abl
ei sdenot edbyZandi sgivenby
x-μ
Z=
σ
Thedist
ri
but
ionoft
hest
andar
dnor
malv
ari
abl
eisknownasst
andar
dnor
maldi
str
ibut
ion.I
t
i
sgivenby
1 z2
(z)= -
f e 2
i
nther
ange -
∞ <z<∞
2π
Forast
andar
dnor
mal
dist
ri
but
ion μ =0 and σ =1

PROPERTI
ESOFNORMALDI
STRI
BUTI
ON

(
i) I
tissymmet ri
calaboutx=μ
(
ii
) Themodeoccur satx=μ
(
ii
i) Thenormal cur
veappr oacheshori
zont
alaxi
sasymptoti
cal
lyasx→ ±∞
(
iv) Theareaunderthecur veisequalt
o1
(
v) Sinceitissymmet r
ical,al
lthemeasuresofcentr
altendency(
mean,modeand
median)areequal.
(
vi) I
ti softencall
edt hebal lcurvebecausethegraphofi tsprobabi
l
itydensi
ty
resemblesabell

REASONSFORTHEUSEOFTHENORMALDI
STRI
BUTI
ON

Youmaybewonder
ingwhysuchamodel 1 -(x-μ)2

ispr esent edsi ncei t

y= e 2π 2

σ2π
obvi
ousl
ycannotdescr i
beanyr ealpopul ation.I tisastonishingt hatthisnor maldistribution
hasdominatedst ati
stical pract i
ceaswel l ast heor y.Br
ief
ly,themai nreasonsar easf ol l
ows:
(
i) Conv eni
encecer tainl
ypl aysapar t.Thenor maldi str
ibutionhasbeenext ensively
and accur atelyt abul ated,i ncluding manyauxi l
laryr esultst hatf l
ow f rom i t
.
Consequent l
yi fitseemst oappl ywel ltoapr oblem,t hei nv esti
gatorhasmany
time- savi
ngt ablesr eadyathand.
(
ii
) Thedi st
ributionsofsomev ari
abl esar eapproximat elynor mal ,suchashei ghtsof
men,l engthsofear sofcor n,and,mor egener al
ly,manyl ineardi mensi ons,f or
instancet hoseofnumer ousmanuf act uredart
icles.
(
ii
i) Wi t
hmeasur ement swhosedi st ri
but i
onsar enotnor mal ,asimpl etransformat ion
ofthescal eofmeasur ementmayi nduceappr oxi matenor mal i
ty.Thesquar eroot,
xandt hel ogar i
t hm,l ogX,ar eof tenusedast ransformat ionsi nt hi
sway .The
scor esmadebyst udentsi nnat ional exami nati
onsar ef requent lyresealedsot hat
13

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 theyappeart ofoll
owanor mal curv
e.
(
iv) Wi t
hmeasur ementdat a,manyi nvestigati
onshavetheirpurposetheestimation
ofav er
ages–t heaveragel i
feofabul b,theaver
ageincomeofcar pent
ers,andso
on.Ev eni fthedi str
ibuti
oni nt heor i
ginalpopul
ati
oni sfarf r
om nor mal,the
distr
ibuti
onofsampl eav eragest endst obecomenor mal
,underav ariet
yof
conditi
ons,ast hesizeofsampl eincreases.Thi
si sperhapst hesinglemost
i
mpor t
antreasonf ortheuseoft henor mal

x-μ
z=
σ
Thequant i
ty z goesbyv ari
ousnames– ast andardnormalvari
ate,astandard
normaldev i
ate,anormalvari
ateinstandar
dmeasur e,or,i
neducati
onandpsy chology,a
standar
d scor e(al
though t
histerm sometimes has a sli
ght
ly di
ff
erentmeaning).To
tr
ansform backfr
om theZscaletotheXscale,t
heformulais
x=μ +σz

FORMULAS FOR FI
NDI
NG PROBABI
LITI
ES RELATED TO THE NORMAL
DI
STRI
BUTION

Pr
obabi
l
ityofav
alue For
mul
a

1.l
yi
ngbet
ween0andz T

2.l
yi
ngbet
ween -zand z 2T

3.l
yi
ngout
sidet
hei
nter
val(-
z,z
) 1-2T

4.l han zz
esst ( +v
e) 0.
5 +T

5.l han zz
esst ( -
ve) 0.
5–T

6.gr
eat han zz
ert ( +v
e) 0.
5–T

7.gr
eat
ert
han zz
( -
ve) 0.
5 +T

Example:Acer taintypeofelect
ricbul
bshasameanlif
espanof810hoursandv
arianceof
1600hour s.Assumet hatt
hebul blif
espansar
enormall
ydist
ri
buted.Fi
ndt
heprobabil
i
ty
that
(i
) Abulbbur nsbet
ween788and844hour s
(i
i) Lesst han834hour s
(i
ii
) Mor ethan788hour s
Sol ut
ion
Lettheli
fespanoft hebulbsber epr
esent
edbyX.ThenX N(810,1600)

(
i) P(
788≤x≤844)=P
788-
(
810 x-μ 844-
40
≤
σ
≤
810
40 )
=P(-0.
55≤z≤0.85)
=0.
2088 +0.
3023
=0.
511

23

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 ( )
x-μ 834- 810
(
ii
) P(
x<834)=P <
σ 40
=P(
z<0.6)
=0.
2257
=0.
5 +0.
225 =0.725

788-810
(
ii
i) x>788)=Pz>
P( ( 40 )
=P(
z>- 0.55)
=0.
5 +0.2088
=0.
7088

Exer
cise:
IfXhasanormal
dist
ri
but
ionwi
thmean6andv
ari
ance25,
i.
e.X N(
6,25)Fi
nd
(
i) P(
| 6|<5)
x-
(
i) P(-
i 2<x≤0)
(
ii
i) P( | 6|<15)
x-

Exampl
e:Whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatanor
mal
dev
iat
eli ween -
esbet 1.62and +0.
28?

Wehavetospl
i
ttheint
erv
ali
ntot
wopartsfrom -1.62and 0,andf om 0t
r o 0.28
fr
om tabl
e.Thear
easf
orthetwopar
tsar
e,r
espect
ivel
y,0.4474 and 0.
1103,gi
vng 0.
i 5577
astheanswer.

Example:Theheight
sofal ar
gesampl eofmenwer efoundtobeapproxi
matel
ynormal
ly
di
stri
buted wi
th mean =67.56 i nches and standard devi
aton =2.
i 57 inches.What
propor
ti
onsofthemenhav ehei
ghtlessthan5f eet2inches?
Sol
uti
on
Wemustf ir
stf
indz,where zi
sgivenas
x- μ 62- 67.56
z= = =-2.
163
σ 2.
57

33

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Thepr obabil
i
tywant edistheprobabi
li
tyofaval
uelessthan z,wher
ezisnegat
ive.
Weusef or
mul a5f r
om t e;z=2.
abl 163,wegetT =0.4847.Int
erpol
ati
ngmental
l
ybetween
z=2.16and z=2. 17,theansweri s 0.
5-T,whi
chis0.
0153.Thatisabout1½%ofthemen
hav
eheightlessthan 5ft2inches

Q1.Xisanormal
lydistr
ibut edv ari
ablewithmeanμ =30andst andarddevi
atonσ =4.Fi
i nd
a)P(
( x<40)
(
b)P(x>21)
(
c)P(30<x<35)
Sol
uti
on
40- 30
a)Forx=40 ∴ z=
( =2.5
4
HenceP(x<40)=P( z<2. 5)=ar eatotheleftof2.5 =0.
9938
21-30
b)Forx=21, z=
( =-2.25
4
HenceP(x>21)=P( z>- 2. 5)=[
2. t
otalarea][
-areatotheleftof-2.
25]
=1-0.0122 =0. 9878
30- 30
c)Forx=30, z=
( =0
4
35-30
Forx=35, z= =1.25
4
HenceP(30<x<35)=P( 0<z<1. 25)
=[ar eat otheleftofz=1. -ar
25][ eatotheleftof0]
=0. 8944- 0.5 =0.3944

Q2.Ar adaruniti
susedt omeasurespeedsofcar sonamotor way.Thespeedsarenor
mal l
y
di
stri
butedwi thameanof90km/ hrandast andarddev
iationof10km/ hr
.Whatist he
probabil
it
ythatacarpi ckedatrandom i
st r
avel
li
ngatmorethan100km/ hr
?
Solut
ion
μ =90; σ =10
Fi
ndt heprobabil
it
ythatx>100 orP( x>100)
100-90
Forx=100,z= =1
10
P(x>90)=P( z>1)=[ t
otalar
ea][
-ar
eatothel ef
tofz=1]
=1- 0.
8413 =0.1587
Thepr obabi
li
tythatcarselect
edatar andom hasaspeedgr eaterthan100km/hri
sequalto
0.
1587

Q3.Foracer t
aintypeofcomput
ers,t
hel
engt
hofti
mebet weenchargesoft
hebatter
yis
nor
mallydist
ri
butedwithameanof50hoursandastandarddevi
ati
onof15hours.John
ownsoneoft hesecomputer
sandwantst
oknowthepr
obabil
it
ythatthel
engt
hoft
imewi l
l
bebetween50and70hour s.

Sol
uton: μ =50; σ =15
i
Fi
ndi
ngP(50<x<70)
50-50
Forx=50,z= =0
15
43

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 70- 50
Forx=70,z= =1.33 (
to2d. p.
)
15
P(50<x<70)=P( 0<z<1. 33)
=[
areatotheleftofz=1. -ar
33][ eatot
helef
tofz=0]
=0.
9082-0.5 =0.4082
Theprobabi
l
itythatJohn’scomput erhasal engt
hoftimebet
ween50and70hour
sisequal
to0.
4082

53

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 ADDI
TIONALNOTE
QUANTI
LES

Quar
ti
les,deci
l
esandpercent i
l
esar ecoll
ecti
velycal
ledquanti
lesandar et
heext
ent
ionof
medi
anf or
mula.
Fir
stQuar
ti
le,Q1 =P25 Fi
rstDecil
eD1 =P10
SecondQuarti
le,Q2 =P50 SecondDeci
leD2 =P20
Thir
dQuart
il Q3 =P75
e, Fi
fthDeci
l
eD5 =P50 andsoon

SecondQuar
ti
le =Fi
ft e =50t
hDeci
l hPercent
ie =Medi
l an
Q2 =D5 =P50 =Median

Pr
oblem:Inaworkstudyinv
esti
gati
on,
thet
imestakenby20meni
nafi
rmtodoapart
icul
ar
j
obweretabul
atedasfoll
ows:
Timetaken 8-10 11-13 14-16 17-19 20-22 23-25
(
min)

Fr
equenci
e 2 4 6 4 3 1
s

Pr
ov hatQ2 =D5 =P50 =Medi
et an

Sol
uti
on:
x f C.
f Cl
assboundar
ies

8-
10 2 2 7.
5-10.
5

11-
13 4 6 10.
5-13.
5

14-
16 6 12 13.
5-16.
5

17-
19 4 16 16.
5-19.
5

20-
22 3 19 20.
5-22.
5

25
23- 1 20 5-
22. 25.
5

20

hiN
 Quarti
lefor
mulai sQi =l+
f4 ( )
C;i=1,
- 2,3
where l=lowerboundar yofQuar ti
l
egr oup
h=wi dthofquar ti
l
egr oup
f=f r
equencyofquar ti
legroup
N =Tot alnumberofobser vati
oni .
e.sum off
requenci
es
C =Cummul at
ivefrequencypr ecedi
ngquarti
l
egr oup
(
iN)
Qi = t hval
ue
4
2(20)
Q2 = t
hvalue =10thv al
ue
4
Si
ncet he10thv alueisi
nt heinterval(13.5-16.5)
.Theref
oreGroupofQ2 i
s(13.
5-
16.5)

63

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 hi N
Qi =l+ ( )
f4
-C

( )
32( 20)
Q2 =13. 5+ -6 =13. 5 +2 =15. 5
6 4
hi N
 Deci lef ormul ai s Di =l+( )
f10
-C;i=1, 2,3, …9
wher e:l=l owerboundar yofdeci l
esgr oup
h=wi dthofdeci l
esgr oup
f=f r equencyofdeci legr oup
N =Tot alnumberofobser vationi .
e.sum off requenci
es
C =Cumul ativef r
equencypr ecedi ngdeci lesgroup
i(N)
Di = t hv alue
10
5( 20)
D5 = t
hv alue =10t hv alue
10
Sincet he10t hv aluei sint hei nter val( 13.5- 16.5).ThereforeGroupofD5 i
s(13.
5-
16.5)
hi N
Di =l+( )
f10
-C

( 35(
)
20)
D5 =13. 5+ 6 =13.
- 5 +2 =15. 5
6 10
hi N
 Per cent il
ef ormul aisPi =l+( f 0
1 0 )-C;i=1, 2, 3,…99
wher e:l=l owerboundar yofper cent i
legr oup
h=wi dthofper cent i
legr oup
f=f requencyofper cent i
legrop
N =Tot alnumberofobser vationi .
e.sum off requenci
es
C =Cumul ati
vef requencypr ecedi ngper centi
l
egr oup
i(N)
Pi = t hv alue
100
50( 20)
P50 = thv alue =10t hv alue
100

( 350(
)
20)
∴ P50 =13. 5+ -6 =15. 5
6 100
hN
 Medi an =l+ - ( )
f2
C
wher e:l=l owerboundar yoft hemedi ancl ass
h=si zeoft hemedi ancl assi nterval
f=f requencycor r
espondi ngt ot hemedi anclass
N =Tot alnumberofobser vationi .e.sum off r
equencies
C =Cumul ativefrequencypr ecedi ngmedi anclass
N 20
Median = t hv alue = =10t hv alue
2 2
10thv aluel iesint hei nterval13. 5- 16. 5
∴ 13. 5- 16. 5i scalledt hemedi ancl ass
hN
Medi an =l+ - ( )
f2
C
320
=13. 5+( )62
-6 =15. 5

TYPESOFEVENTS

73

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Mutual
lyexcl
usi
ve–ev ent
sthatcannothappent ogetherP(A ∩B)=0
1.Tossingacoin,eventsare‘head’and‘ t
ail’
2.Testingaswitch‘oper
ate’and‘fail
’
3.Strengthofapieceofwire‘hold’and‘snap’
P(A ∪B)=P(AorB)=P( A)+P( B)-mut uall
yexclusiveeventP(
A ∩B)=0
P(A ∪B)=P(A)+P( B)-
P(A ∩B)-notmut uall
yex clusi
ve

I
ndependentevent
s
Iftheoccur
renceofev entAdoesnotaf
fecttheoccur
renceofanot
herev
entBt
hen
wesaythatAandBar eindependentev
ents.
P(
A ∩B)=P( PB)=P(
A)( BothAorB)

P(
So, nei
therAorB)=1-
P(A ∪B)

Dependentevent
s
Here,
theoutcomeoff
ir
stev
entaf
fect
stheout
comeofsecondev
ent

Condit
ionalProbabil
it
y
Theconditi
onalprobabil
i
tyofaneventBoccur
ri
nggiventhatev
entAhasoccur
redi
swr
it
ten
asP(B|A)
P(
A ∩B)
P(B|A)= orequi
val
ent
ly P(A ∩B)=P(B|
A)P(
A)
P(A)

Q1.Abagcont ai
ns20mar bl
es,3arecolour
edr ed,
6ar
ecolour
edgr een,
4arecol
our
edbl
ue,
2arecolouredwhit
eand5ar ecolour
edy ell
ow.Onebal
lisselect
edat er
andom.Fi
ndt
he
pr
obabi
li
tiesofthefol
l
owi ngevents.
(a)theballi
seitherredorgreen
(b)theballi
snotbl ue
(c)theballi
seitherredorwhiteorblue

Sol
uti
on:Total
marble =20
R =3;G =6;B =4;W =2; andY =5
3 6 9
(a) P(RorG)=P(R)+P( G)= + =
20 20 20
4 1 1 4
(b) P(B)= = ∴ P(notB)=1- =
20 5 5 5
3 2 4 9
(c) P(RorW orB)=P(R)+P( W)+P(B)= + + =
20 20 20 20
Q2.Inasi
ngl
ethr
ow oft
wodi
ce,whati
sthepr
obabi
l
ityt
hatnei
theradoubl
enora9wi
l
l
appear
?

83

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Tot
alout
come =36
4 1
P( 9)= =
36 9
6 1
P(
doubl e)= =
36 6
1 1 5
P(
9ordouble)= + =
9 6 18
5 13
P(
nei
t e)=1-
her9nordoubl P( e)=1- =
9ordoubl
18 18
FLI
PPI
NGADI
CE

1dice =6outcomes
2
2dice =6 =36out comes
3dice =63 =216outcomes
∴Ifwerol
lndi
cet
hent
her e6nout
ear comes

Pr
obabil
ityofobtai
ningasum ( f
ora3di
cef
li
p):
1
P(sum of3) = =0.
5%
216
3
P(sum of4) = =1.
4%
216
6
P(sum of5) = =2.
8%
216
10
P(sum of6) = =4.
6%
216
15
P(sum of7) = =7.
0%
216
21
P(sum of8) = =9.
7%
216
25
P(sum of9) = =11.
6%
216
27
P(sum of10) = =12.
5%
216
27
P(sum of11) = =12.
5%
216
25
P(sum of12) = =11.
6%
216
93

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 21
P(
sum of13) = =9.
7%
216
15
P(
sum of14) = =7.
0%
216
10
P(
sum of15) = =4.
6%
216
6
P(
sum of16) = =2.
8%
216
3
P(
sum of17) = =1.
4%
216
1
P(
sum of18) = =0.
5%
216
Quest
ion:
Supposeadi eistossed5t i
mes.Whati
sthepr
obabil
ityofget
ti
ngexactl
y2four
s?
Sol
uti
on
1
No.oftr
ials,n=5; No.ofsuccesses,x=2;Probabi
l
ityofsuccessp = =0.167
6
5 2 3
∴ C2 ×( 0.167)( 833)
0. =0.
161

TOSSI
NGACOIN
Questi
on:Acoini
stossed6ti
mes.Whatist
hepr
obabi
l
ityt
hat6headswi
lloccur
?
Ans: 1
64
Probabi
li
tyt
hat3headswil
l 5
occur (Ans: )
16

04

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Univer
sit
yofMai dugur
i
Facult
yofScience
Depar
tmentofMat hemati
csandStati
sti
cs
Fir
stSemesterExaminati
ons2008/2009Sessi
on
St
at:206 Basi
cStati
sti
cs Uni
ts:
3
Note: At
temptany4questi
ons 3hour
s

1a)
.Br
iefl
yexplai
nthef
oll
owing
i)Stat
isti
cs i
i)Di
scret
eandCont
inuousv
ari
abl
e i
i
i)Fr
equencyDi
str
ibut
ion

1b).Consi
dert
hemarksof50student
sinst
ati
sti
cswhi
char
ear
rangedbel
owaccor
dingt
o
thei
rIDnumbers,
themaxi
mum marksbei
ng100

197075150 235927899122212250895673568975
6585223 12418782725022875089288950403640
302887819022153035

i
) Constructaf r
equencytableforthedata,usi
ngt heclasses0-15,16-
31,32-
47..
.
etc
i
i
) Calcul
atethemean, medianandt hemodeoft hedist
ri
but i
on
i
i
i) Representthedat
adi agr
ammat ical
lyusinghi
stogram andfrequencypol
ygonand
thencommentont heshapeoft hedi st
ri
buti
on.

2a)
.St
ateandpr
ovet
hepr
oper
ti
esofar
it
hmet
icmean

2b).Thef oll
owi
ngt
abl
eshowst hedi
str
ibut
ionoffamil
iesaccor di
ngt
ot hei
rexpendi
tureper
week.Numberoff ami
li
escorrespondi
ngt otheexpendit
uregr oups(
10-20)and(30-40)are
missing.Themedianandt hemodef orthedistr
ibut
ionar e £25 and£24 r especti
vel
y.
Calculat
et hemi
ssi
ngf
requenciesandthentheari
thmeticaverageofthedata.

Expendi
tur £
e() 0-
10 10-
20 20-
30 30-
40 40-
50

Nooff
ami
l
ies 14 ? 27 ? 15

2c)Whatar
etheessent
ial
sst
epsf
orpr
epar
ati
onoff
requencydi
str
ibut
ion.

3a)Writ
eashor
tnot
eont hefol
l
owing:
i
)sampl
espaceii
)random v
ari
ableii
i
)random ev
ent
siv
)random exper
iment
s

3b)St
atet
hel
awsofpr
obabi
l
ity

3c)Iftheprobabi
l
ityofonest udentsolvi
ngamat hemat
icspr
obl s 2 andofanot
em i her
3
studentsol
vi
ngi s4,
ti whati stheprobabi
li
tyt
hat
5
i) Atl
eastonewil
l solv
ei t
ii
) Onewil
lsolv
eitandonewi l
lnotsol
vei
t
ii
i) Bothwi
llsol
vethepr obl
em?

14

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Uni
ver
sit
yofMai
dugur
i

Facul
tyofEngi
neer
ing

Depar
tmentofMat
hemat
ics&St
ati
sti
cs

SecondSemest
erEnd-
of-
Cour
seExami
nat
ion2011/
2012Sessi
on

STT206 Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs Uni
ts:3 Ti
me:3Hour
s

I
NSTRUCTIONS:Youarer
equiredt
oattemptallquest
ionsi
nsecti
on,1and2.Uset
he
f
rontandt
hebackoft
hemulti
-choi
cesheetf
orsecti
ons1and2respect
ivel
y.

SECTI
ON1

1._________
_____displaysal ltheobser vedv aluesofav ari
ableunderst udyandshows
howmanyt imeseachv alueoccurs.
(a)Pr obabil
it
y ( b)Fr equencytable ( c)Frequency ( d)Funct
ion
Uset hedatabel owt oanswerquest i
ons2, 3,and4
2,4,2,6,3,4,1, 8,2,1,4,3,7,8,10, 0,2,4,5,6
2.Theabov edat asetcanbecal l
eda_ __________
(a)Pr obabil
it
ydi stri
but i
on ( b)Gr oupeddat a ( c)Ungr oupeddat a ( d)Relati
ve
frequency
3.Thesampl evarianceS2 oft heabov edat aseti s_ ___
_ __(a)20.22 (b)2.61 (c)7.01
(d)7.25
4.Theabov edatasetcanbesai dtobe_ _ _
_ ____
_( a)Bimodal ( b)Uni modal ( c)
Mul t
imodal ( d)Unifor m
5._________
_f ormulai susedasagui det ot heconst ructi
onofagr oupedf requency
distr
ibuti
on
(a)Random v ari
able( b)St urge’
s( b)St eri
le ( d)Variance
6.Themodeofagr oupedf requencydistri
but i
oni sgivenby_ ______
___
∆1
( ) ( )
̂ ∆ 1 +∆ 2 ̂ ̂ ∆1 ̂
(a)x =Lm + ∆ (b) x =Lm +C ( c) x =Lm +∆2 ( d)x =Lm +∆ +∆ C
1 1 2
7._ ___
___ ___isaffect edbydi st
or t
ingef fectsofpossi bl
eext r
emev alues.
(a)Mean ( b)Mode ( c)Medi an ( d)Var iance
8.Thesum oft hedev iationsoft heuni tsf rom t hemeani s_ _
____(a)one ( b)zer o( c)
absolutev al
ue ( d)uni ty
9._ ___
___ _isNOTameasur eofdi sper sion ( a)Var i
ance ( b)Standar ddeviati
on ( c)
Mode ( d)Coef ficientofv ariati
on
10.____
___ __isNOToneoft heconcept ualappr oachesi nmeasur i
ngpr obabili
ty. ( a)
Surj
ect i
vepr obabi li
ty( b)Cl assicalpr obabi li
ty( c)Relativef r
equencyofoccur rence
(d)Objectiveprobabi lit
y
11.Thepr obabi l
it
yt hatev entsAorBorbot hoccuri sgi venas_ _______whent heyar e
mutual l
yexclusiv e.
(a) p( A)+p( B) (b) p( A)+p( B)-p( A ∩B) (c) p(A)+p( B)+p( A ∩B) ( d)
p( A)×p( B)
12.Accordingt o_ ___ ____ _pr obabili
tyconcept ,thepr obabili
tyofanev entisthedegr ee
ofbelieforconf idencepl acedont heoccur renceofanev entbyapar t
icul
arindividual
.
13.Inanexper imenti nv olvi
ngt het ossingof10coi nsasnumberofsampl e...int he
sampl espaceSoft heexper imenti s_ __ _
_ ____( a)1000 ( b)8 ( c)1024 ( d)100
14.Thesampl espaceSofanexper imenti nv olvingequal l
ylikelyout comesi sgi venas
S ={E1,E2,. .,E6} .Thepr obabi l
it
yt hatev entE6wi lloccuri s______ _
__
( 2
a) ( b) 1 (c)1. 5 ( d) 1
3 4 6
Usethet ablebel owf orquest ions15, 16and17
24

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 A B

C 0.
08 0.
36

D 0.
48 0.
08

15.Whati st hemar ginal probabi lit

yofev entC?( a)0. 44( b)0. 61( c)0. 08 ( d)0. 36
16.Whati st hej ointpr obabi lityofev ent sAandD?( a)0. 56( b)0. 48( c)0. 36( d)0.44
17.Thecondi tionalpr obabi l
ityt hatev ent sA wi l
loccurgi vent hatC hasoccur redi s
______ _____( a)0. 86 ( b)1 ( c)0. 18 ( d)0. 5
18.I
nhowmanyway scant hemember sofacommi tteeof5ment akehandshakes?
(a)5 (b)20 ( c)4 ( d)10
19.______ ____i sanex per i
mentt hathasonl yt womut uallyexcl usiveandi ndependent
possi bleout comesi nasi nglet rial
(a)Ber noul lipr ocess ( b)Abi nomi alexper iment ( c)Nor malexper i
ment ( d)The
throwofadi e
20.Thet otalar eaundert henor maldi stributioncur veis_ ____ ___
_ __( a)2 ( b)1 ( c)0. 5
(d)inf i
nity
21.Thepr obabi litymassf unct ionofaBer noul lidistributioni s_ ________ ____
(a)pxqx ( b)pxqx-1 ( c)pq ( d)pxq1-x
22.Thepr obabi lityt hatabi nomi alr andom v ariabl eXassumest hev al ue3i s__ _
__ _
_,if
n=5,p =0. 2 a)0. 5 ( b)0. 512 ( c)0. 0512 ( d)0. 67
23.Thepr obabi l
ityt hat acont inuousr andom v ar i
ableassumesav al ue2i sequalt o
______ _____.
(a)zer o ( b)1 ( c) 0. 5 ( d)0. 25
24.Thepr obabi litydensi t
yf unct ionofanor mal random v ariableisgi venas_ ________
1 -1(x-μ) 2
1 -1(x-μ) 2
1 -1(x-μ)
2
1 1x-
- 2μ
( )
(a) e2 δ ( b) e2 δ (c) 2 e2 δ (d) e2 δ
2π δ2 δ2π
25.A _ ______ ____ _isaf unct ionorr ulet hatassi gnsnumer i
calv aluest ot hesampl e
pointsoft hesampl espaceSofanexper iment( a)v ariabl e(b)f unct ion ( c)random
variable( d)exper i
ment
26.I
nanexper i
menti nv olvi
ngt het ossof3coi ns, thepr obabi li
tyofobt ainingaheadHor
twoheadsi sequal to_ ____ _____( a) (2 b) 3 (c) 3 (d) 2
8 4 8 5
27.I
fanor mal di stri
but ionhasμ =2 and δ =3,t hen p( X ≤5)=_ ____ ______ _
(a)0. 8314 ( b)0. 8413 ( c)0. 3413 ( d)0. 30
28.Theexpect edv alueofabi nomi al random v ariablei sgi venas_ __
_ ___ _____ _
_
(a)np ( b)npq ( c) pq ( d)nq
29.Findp( 5≤X ≤20)f oranor mal distr i
but ionwi th μ =10 and δ =5
(a)0. 8413 ( b)0. 8185 ( c)0. 05 ( d)0. 812
30.Thepr obabi l
ityf unct ionofadi scr eter andom v ariableXi sgi venbyp( x)=CX;f or
1
0≤X ≤2.Fi ndt hev al ueoft heconst antC.( a)1 ( b)1 ( c) (d)2
4 6 3
31.I
fp( x)=CX;f or0≤X ≤2i st hatofacont inuousr andom v ari
able, thent hev alueofC
i
s_ _ ________ _.( a) 1 (b) 2 (
c) 9 ( d) 1
9 9 2 2
2
32.Theexpect at i
onof6Xi sequalt o_ __ ______ __, givent hatt heE( X) = ( a)4 ( b)2
3 3
(c)12 (d)3
2
2
33.Thev arianceof3Xi sequalt o_ ___ __ ____,gi vent hatt hev arx)=
( (a)6 ( b)12
3
34

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 (c)2 ( d)1
34.____ ____ _
_ _isdef i
nedast hoseel ement si nt hepopul ationwi t
hint her eachoft he
resear cher .
(a)Tar getpopul at i
on ( b)Accessi blepopul ation ( c)Fi nitepopul ation ( d)
Hy pot hetical popul ati
on
35.____ ____ _
_ __ist hepr ocesst hr oughwhi chapor tionofapopul at i
oni ssel ectedf or
study .
(a)Sampl e ( b)Sampl ingf r
ame ( c)Sampl ing ( d)Sampl i
nguni t
s
36.A bi nomi aldi stribut i
onwi thpar amet ers n =10 and p =7% hast hev ari
ance
____ ____ _
_ .( a)0. 62 ( b)0. 07 ( c)0. 71 ( d)0. 651
37.Ifther ear e4r out esav ai l
abl ebet weenAandB, 3bet weenBandCand4bet weenC
andD.Whati st het otalnumberofav ailabler out esbet weenAandD ( a)48 ( b)72
(c)36 ( d)104
38.Theuni tsoft hepopul ationf rom whi char andom sampl ei stobesel ect edi scalled
____ ____ _
_ ____.
(a)Sampl euni ts (b)Sampl inguni t s ( c)Sampl ingf rame ( d)Sampl e
39.Whi choft hef oll
owi ngi sacont inuousr andom v ariable?
(a)Thenumberofpr intinger rorobser vedi nanar ti
clei naweekl ynewsmagazi ne
(b)Thenumberofemer gencycasesar ri
v i
ngaci tyhospi t
al
(c)Thet imet oassembl eapr oduct( d)Thenumberoff emal esar ri
v i
ngagi v enstor e
40.Whi choft hef ollowi ngi saBer noul l
itrial?( a)Thenumberofper sonsar ri
v ingast or e
(b)Theout comeofabi nomi alexper iment ( c)Thet hrowofdi e ( d)Thet ossofa
faircoi n
41.____ ____ _
_ _isasampl i
ngmet hodt hati nv olvesdi v i
dingahet erogeneouspopul ati
on
i
ntohomogeneouspopul at i
ongr oups,t henusi ngsi mpl er andom sampl i
ngt osel ect
unitsf rom eachgr oup. ( a)Sy st emat icr andom sampl ing ( b)Cl ustersampl i
ng ( c)
Stratifiedr andom sampl ing ( d)Quot asampl ing
42.Whi choft hef ollowi ngi sNOTapr obabi l
itysampl ingmet hod?( a)St r
at i
ifedr andom
sampl ing ( b)Judgementsampl i
ng ( c)Sy st emat i
cr andom sampl i
ng ( d)Si mpl e
random sampl ing
43.____ ____ _
_i st hedi fferenceobt ai nedf rom sampl est udyandt her esultwhi chwoul d
hav ebeenobt ainedf rom t hecompl eteenumer at i
on.
(a)Sampl ingf rame ( b)Sampl ingf r
act i
on ( c)Sampl i
nger ror( d)Sampl euni ts
44.Asetofdat aofsi zen=50i st obesummar isedonagr oupedf requencydi stri
buti
on
table,usi ngt heSt urge’sf ormul a,whati st henumberofcl assi ntervalt hatcanbe
obt ained? ( a)7 ( b)5 (c)8 (d)10
45.Thedat asetofsi z e n=50,hast hehi ghestandl owestobser vati
onsas39and4
respect iv
el y
.Whati sthesi zeoft hecl assi nt er val obtained?
(a)4 (b)5 (c)7 ( d)6

Theagedi
str
ibut
ionof60womenatt
hebir
thoft
hei
rfi
rstchi
l
disasfol
l
ows:
Age 15-19 20-
24 25-29 30- 34 35-
39 40-
44

Fr
equency 15 20 10 7 5 3

Uset
heabov
einf
ormat
iont
oanswerquest
ions46,
47and48.

46.Whatisthesi
zeoftheclassinterval
s? ( a)4 ( b)5 ( c)6 (d)10
47.Whatisthemeanageatwhi cht heobser vedwomengi v
ebirt
ht otheirf
ir
stchil
d?
(
a)20y ear
s (b)35years ( c)25y ears ( d)15y ears
48.Whatisthemodalageatwhi cht heobserv edwomengi vebir
thtot hei
rfi
rstchi
ld?
(
a)20y ear
s (b)35years ( c)24y ears ( d)21y ears
49.__
___
___ _i
samethodofhandl i
ngnon- responsei nsamplesurvey.
(
a)Repeatedcal
ls ( b)Discarding ( c)Merging (
d)Neglect
44

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 50.Whichoneoft hefoll
owi ngisNOTadi sadvantageinpersonali
nter
view methodof
datacoll
ecti
on? ( a)Lackssecr ecy ( b)Nonr esponseishi
gh (c)I
ntr
oduces
enumeratorbi
as ( d)Itiscostl
y
51.Basedont hesour
cef r
om whi chadataiscoll
ected,datacanbegroupedinto
(a)Int
ernaland ext
ernaldat a ( b)Sampl eand populati
on (
c)Pr i
mar yand
secondarydata (d)Opt i
mal andsubopti
mal data

Supposet hemeanandst andar

ddeviat
ionsofanor
malpopul
ati
onar
e30and4
respect
ivel
y.(
Forquest
ions52and53)

52.Whati stheprobabi
li
tyt
hattherandom vari
abl
eXf al
lsi
ntheint
erval(
22,34)?
(a)0.3413 ( b)0.4772 ( c)0.
812 (d)0.
8185
53.Approximatel
ywhatpercentageofthevaluesofthenormalr
andom vari
ableXfal
l
sin
theinter
val(μ,μ +2δ) (
a)44.72% (
b) 40.
00% (c)34.
13% (
d) 50.
00%
54.____
_ _
___isanumbert hatdescri
bespopulati
oncharacteri
sti
cs.(a)Aparameter(
b)A
stat
isti
cs (c)Stat
isti
cs ( d)Asampl e
55.____
_ _
___isthecompl etecollect
ionofi
temsunderstudy .
(a)Apar ameter (b)Asampl e ( c)Apopulat
ion ( d)Aquest i
onnai
re
56.____
_ _
___i sanumbert hatdescr i
bessampl echaracter
ist
ics. (a)Stat
ist
ics (b)
Sampl eunit
s( c)Apar amet er ( d)Astat
ist
ic

Uset
hei
nfor
mat
ionbel
owf
orquest
ions57,
58and59.

Theprobabi
l
iti
esofoccur
renceoft
woi
ndependentev
ent
sA andBar
egi
venas
1 1
p(A)= andp(B)=
2 3

57.Whatistheprobabi
l
itythateit
herevent
sAorBorbot hwil
loccur
?(a)5 (b)2 (
c)1
6 3 6
(d)1
7
58.Calcul
atethepr
obabil
it
yt hateventBwil
loccurgi
vent
hatAhasoccurr
ed.(a)1 (b)
2
2 ( c) 1 (d)1
3 3
59.Calcul
atethepr
obabil
it
yt hateventAwil
loccurgi
vent
hatBhasoccurr
ed.(a)1 (b)
4
5 ( c)1 ( d)1
6 3 2

Adi
scr
eter
andom v
ari
abl
eXhast
hef
oll
owingpr
obabi
l
itydist
ri
but
ion;
X 10 15 20 25

P(
X) 0.
2 0.
3 Z 0.
1

Uset
heabov
etabl
etoanswerquest
ions60,
61and62

60.Fi
ndt
heval
ueofZintheabov
etabl
e.(
a)0.2(b)0.
4(c)1 (d)0.
6
61.Fi
ndt
heexpect
edv
alue μofX (
a)10 (b)15 (
c)17 (d)25
54

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 62.Calculatet hev ariance δ2ofX.( a)10 ( b)20 ( c)18 ( d)21
63.Thev arianceofast andar dnor mal distri
butioni s_____
_ __
(a)0 ( b)1 ( c)2 ( d)- 1
64.Ar andom v ari
abl eXt hatar i
seswhenonecount st henumberofsuccessesi nn
i
ndependentr epeat ed Ber noullitrialsi sknown as_ ____ _
___( a)Nor malr andom
vari
able ( b)Ber noullirandom v ariabl e( c)Bi nomialr andom v ariable(d)Poi sson
random v ariable
65.__________ser vesast her awmat erial inanyst atist
icalinvestigation.
(a)Sampl euni ts ( b)Mean ( c)Sampl ingmet hod ( d)Dat a
66.Stati
sticsasasci encei sdiv i
dedi nt ot womaj orbranches;
(a)Descr iptiveandI nferentialStatistics ( b)St ati
sti
csandPar amet ri
cStati
sti
cs (c)
Deduct iveandI nduct i
veSt atisti
cs ( d)Popul ationandSampl eSt atist
ics
67._________i sanumer i
calv aluet hatmeasur est heuncer taintyt hatsomeev entwi l
l
occur.( a)Themean ( b)Thev ariance ( c)Pr obabil
i
ty ( d)Thesampl e
68._________i susedasagr aphi calrepresent ationofadi scr etedat a.( a)Histogr
am ( b)
Linechar ts ( c)Ogi ve ( d)Barchar ts
69._________i sasetofal lpossi bleout comesofar andom exper i
ment .
(a)Simpl eev ent ( b)Sampl espace ( c)Ev ent ( d)Popul ation
70.Ifar andom exper i
menthas5equal l
ypossi bleoutcomes,t hent heprobabil
ityof
occurrenceofeachout comei s_ _____ __
_ _( 2
a) ( 2
b) ( c) 1 (d)1
3 5 5
SECTI
ON2

1.(a)Stat
etheaddit
ivelawofpr
obabil
i
tyforacaseoftwoevent
sAandBonl y.
(b)Thet ablebelow showsthedistr
ibuti
onof200-l
evelMechanicalEngi
neer
ing
StudentsofUniversi
tyofMaidugur
ibyt hei
racademi
cper f
ormanceandmodeof
entry
;
Academic ModeofEnt
ry
Per
formance

JAMB Di
rectEnt
ry Remedi
al Tr
ansf
er

Bel
owAv
erage 50 20 75 25

Av
erage 75 15 75 20

Abov
eAv
erage 50 35 90 45

(i
)Calcul
atethepr obabi
li
tythatar andomlyselectedstudentiseit
heranabov e
aver
agestudentorwasadmi t
tedthr
ought heremedialpr
ogram orbot
h.
(i
i
)Calcul
atethepr obabi
l
ityt
hatarandoml ysel
ectedstudentisanaveragest
udent
gi
venthatthestudentwasadmitt
edthroughJAMB.

2.(
a)Di
ff
erent
iat
ebetweenStrati
fi
edsampl
i
ngandClust
ersampl
ing
(
b)Whatist
hedif
ferencebetweenSampl
euni
tsandSampli
nguni
ts?

64

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Universi
tyofMaiduguri
Facult
yofScience
Depar
tmentofMat hemati
cs&St at
ist
ics
EndofSecondSemesterCour seExaminat
ion2012/2013Sessi
on
Cour
se:
STT206 Inst
ruct
ion:Answerallquesti
ons Ti me:2:
30hrs Uni
ts:
3

1.Asetofcl assest oget herwi ththef requenci esofoccur renceofv aluesi neachcl ass
i
nagi vensetofdat aiscal led A)Pr obabi li
tydi stri
but i
on B)Fr equencydi str
ibution
C)Cumul at i
v edi st r
ibut i
on D)Rel ativef requency
2.Thequot ientbet weent hecumul at ivef requencyofapar ti
cularv alueandt het ot al
numberofdat ai sknownas
A)Rel ativecumul ati
v ef requency B)Cumul at i
v ef r
equency C)Absol utefrequency
D)Rel ati
v ef requency
3.Whi choft hef ollowi ngi snott het y peofpr obabi litysampl i
ng?
A)Simpl er andom sampl ing B)Cl ustersampl ing C)Sy stemat icsampl ing D)
Str
atifiedsampl ing
4.Kur tosisi smeasur edbyPear son’ scoef fi
ci entb2,t hedi st
ributioni ssai dt obe
l
eptokur ticif
A)b2 =3 B)b2 >3 C)b2 <3 D)b2 ≠3
1
5.I fthepr obabi l
i
tydensi tyf unct i
onofar andom v ar i
abl eisgi venby f (x)= ,
2x
0≤x≤1.Fi ndt hev ariance. A)1/ 3 B)4/ 9 C)1/ 5 D)4/ 45
6.Howmany3di gi tnumbercanbef ormedf r
om t hedi gits2,3,4,5,6,7and9whi ch
arediv i
sibleby5andnoneoft hedi gi t
si sr epeat ed.
A)50 B)10 C)15 D)20
7.I fadi str
ibut i
oni sabnor mal lytallandpeaked, theni tcanbesai dthatt hedi str
ibution
i
sA)Mesokur t
ic B)Pl at ykurti
c C)Lept okur tic D)Skew
8.Agr oupi sconsi stof7menand6women,f iveper sonsar et obesel ectedt oforma
commi tt
eesot hatatl east3menar ether eont hecommi tt
ee.Inhowmanyway scan
i
tbedone?
A)564 B)645 C)735 D)756
9.Outof7consonant sand4v owel s,how manywor dsof3consonantand2v owel s
canbef ormed? A)210 B)1050 C)25200 D)21400
10.Inhowmanydi ff erentway scant hel ettersoft hewor d‘ DETAI L’bear r
angedi nsuch
awayt hatt hev owel soccupyonl yt heoddposi tions?
A)32 B)48 C)120 D)60
11.Howmany4l etter swor dswi thorwi thoutmeani ngcanbef ormedoutoft heletters
ofthewor d‘ LOGARI THMS’ ifrepetitionofl etter si snotal lowed?
A)4050 B)400 C)5040 D)2820
12.Inagr oupof6boy sand4gi rl
s,f ourchi ldrenar et obesel ect ed.I nhow many
dif
ferentway scant heybesel ectedsot hatatl eastoneboyshoul dbet here?
A)159 B)194 C)205 D)209
13.Whati st hepr obabi li
tyt hatt heposi ti
oni nwhi cht heconsonant sappearr emai n
unchangedwhent hel et tersoft hewor d‘ MATHS’ arer e-arranged?
A)1/ 4 B)1/ 6 C)1/ 3 D)1/ 24
14.Thirt
yboy sandxgi r
lssatf orat est .Themeanoft heboy ’sscor esandt hatoft he
gir
lswer e6and8r espect ively.Findxi fthet ot al scor ewas468.
A)28 B)24 C)36 D)41
15.Ift
wof aircoi nsar et ossed.Whati st hepr obabi l
ityofget ti
ngatl eastonehead?
A)1/ 4 B)1/ 2 C)2/ 3 D)3/ 4
16.Whati sthepr obabi l
ityt hatanumberchosenatr andom f rom thei ntegersbet ween1
and10i nclusi vei sei therapr i
meoramul tipleof3?
A)7/ 10 B)3/ 5 C)4/ 5 D)1/ 2
17.A bagcont ai ns4whi t
ebal l
sand6r edbal ls.Twobal lsar etakenf r
om t hebag
74

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 wi thoutr epl acement .Whati st hepr obabi l
ityt hatt heyar ebot hred?
A)1/ 3 B)2/ 9 C)2/ 15 D)1/ 5
18.IfMusascor ed75i nbi ologyi nst eadof57,hi sav er agemar ki nfoursubj ectswoul d
hav ebeen60.Whatwashi st ot al mar k? A)282 B)240 C)228 D)210
19.Amankept6bl ack, 5br ownand7pur pl eshi rtsi nadr awer .Whati st hepr obabi l
it
yof
hispi ckingapur pl eshi rtwi thhi sey escl osed?
A)1/ 7 B)11/ 18 C)7/ 18 D)7/ 11
20.Inhowmanyway scant hel etter soft hewor dELATI ONbear ranged?
A)5! B)8! C)7! D)6!
21.Inhowmanyway scanf ivepeopl esi tr oundaci rculart abl e?
A)12 B)120 C)60 D)24
22.Themeanoft enposi ti
v enumber si s16.Whenanot hernumberi sadded,t hemean
becomes18.Fi ndt heel ev ent hnumber .A)21 B)16 C)18 D)30
23.Theav eragemar ksscor edbysi xt eengi rl
sandf our teenboy sinacl asswer e24and
32r espect iv ely .Whatwast heav eragemar kscor edbyt hewhol ecl ass,cor r
ectt o
onedeci mal pl ace? A)31. 2 B)30. 5 C)28. 0 D)27. 7
24.Twof ai rdicear et ossedt oget her .Findt hepr obabi litythatt het otalscor ei satmost
4 A)1/ 12 B)1/ 9 C)5/ 36 D)1/ 6
25.Ift hemeanof3, 5, 8, k, 14and17i s11.Whati st hev alueofk?
A)58 B)66 C)38 D)19
26.Asampl espaceconsi stsof80separ ateev ent st hatar eequal lylikel y.Whati sthe
pr obabi l
ityofeach? A)1 B)0 C)1/ 80 D)80
27.Onamul tiplechoi cet est ,eachquest ionhas4possi bleanswer s.I fy oumakea
random guessont hef irstquest i
on, whati st hepr obabi l
ityt haty ouar ecor rect?
A)4 B)1 C) 1 D)0
4
28.Adi e, when12si desi sr ol l
ed.Whati st hepr obabi lit
yofr ol l
inganumberl esst han11?
A)1/ 12 B)10 C)5/ 6 D)11/ 12
29.Abagcont ains6r edmar bles,3bl uemar bl es,and7gr eenmar bl es.I famar bl
ei s
randoml ysel ect edf rom t hebag, whati st hepr obabi lit
yt hati tisblue?
A)1/ 3 B)3/ 16 C)1/ 13 D)1/ 7
30.Flipacoi nt wi ce. A)HTTH B)HHHTTHTT C)HHHTTT D)HHTTHTHT
31.Thev ar i
anceofBer noul lidistribut ioni s...A)np B)p C)npq D)pq
32.IfP( A)=12/ 19,f indP( AC) . A)7/ 19 B)12/ 31 C)0 D)19/ 12
33.Basedonmet eor ol ogi calr ecor ds, thepr obabi lityt hati twi llsnowi nacer taint ownon
Januar y1sti s0. 315.Fi ndt hepr obabi l
it
yt hati nagi v eny eari twi llnotsnow on
Januar y1sti nt hatt own.
A)0. 685 B)3. 175 C)0. 460 D)1. 315
34.Aspi nnerhasequalr egi onsnumber ed1t hr ough15.Whati sthepr obabi litythatthe
spi nnerwi ll stoponanev ennumberoramul tipleof3?
A)2/ 3 B)1/ 3 C)12 D)7/ 9
35.A6- sideddi ei sr ol l
ed.Whati st hepr obabi lit
yofr ol l
inga3ora6?
A)2 B)1/ 36 C)1/ 6 D)1/ 3
36.Inonet own, 30%ofal lv oter sar eDemocr at s.I ft wov oter sar erandoml ysel ectedf or
asur v ey ,f
indt hepr obabi l
ityt hatt heyar ebot hDemocr ats.
A)0. 300 B)0. 087 C)0. 090 D)0. 600
37.Findt hepr obabi lityofcor rect l
yanswer ingt hef irst3quest i
onsonamul tiplechoice
testi fr andom guessesar emadeandeachquest i
onhas6possi bleanswer s.
A)2 B)1/ 2 C)1/ 216 D)1/ 729
38.Amanuf act ur ingpr ocesshasa70% y i
eld,meani ngt hat70% oft hepr oduct sar e
accept ableand30% ar edef ect ive.I ft hreeoft hepr oduct sarer andoml ysel ected,
findt hepr obabi lityt hatal loft hem ar eaccept abl e.
A)0. 343 B)0. 027 C)0. 429 D)2. 1
39.Asampl eof4di ffer entcal cul at orsi sr andoml ysel ect edf rom agr oupcont aini
ng36
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Basi
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ati
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 thatar edef ecti
veand21t hathav enodef ects.Whati st hepr obabil
it
yt hatal lfourof
thecal cul
at orsselect edar edef ect ive?
A)9. 8421 B)0. 1158 C)0. 1491 D)0. 1591
40.Whi choft hemeasur esgi venher ear ebasedonev er
yitem oft heser i
es?
A)Range B)St andar ddev i
ation C)Quar t
iledev i
ation D)Al l
oft hem
41.Ar esearchersel ectapr obabi li
tysampl eof100outoft het otalpopulati
on, iti
s
A)Acl ustersampl e B)Ar andom sampl e C)Asy stemat i
csampl e D)Ast r
atif
ied
sampl e
42.A st ati
sti
calmeasur ebasedupont heent i
repopul ati
oni scal l
edpar amet erwhi l
e
measur ebaseduponasampl ei sknownas A)Sampl epar amet er B)I nference C)
Statisti
cs D)Noneoft hese
43.Inaf requencydi stributiont hel astcumul ati
vefrequencyi s300, medianshal ll
ieinA)
t
h t
h th th
140 i tem B)150 i tem C)160 i tem D)130 i t
em
44.Inaweek, t
hepr icesofabagofr icewer e350, 280, 340, 290, 320,310and300.The
rangei s A)60 B)70 C)60 D)100
45.Adi ewi th12si desi srolled.Whati st hepr obabil
ityofr oll
inganumberl esst han11?
A)1/ 12 B)10 C)5/ 6 D)11/ 12
46.Findt hepr obabili
tyofcor r
ect l
yanswer ingt hef i
rst3quest i
onsonamul ti
plechoi ce
testifrandom guessesar emadeandeachquest ionhas6possi bleanswer s.
A)2 B)½ C)1/ 216 D)1/ 729

I
sEv
entBdependentori
ndependentofEv
entA?I
nQuest
ions47-
49

47.A:Amosqui tolandsony ourar m B:Yougetamosqui t

obite
A)I ndependent B)Dependent
48.A:Agr eenbal li
sdr awnf r om aboxwi thfivebal l
sandpl acednextt othebox
B:Ar edbal l i
sdr awnnextandpl acednextt ot hegreenone
A)Dependent B)I ndependent
49.A:AChi cagoanv isitsNewYor konv acat i
on.B:Hev i
sit
sCent ralPark
A)I ndependent B)Dependent
15
50.Supposewehav ear andom v ari
able x wher e p( ()
X =k)= (
k
0. k
29)(71)
. 15-
k
for
k=0, 1,…,15.Whati sthemeanofx?
A)0. 29 B)0. 71 C)4. 35 D)10. 65
51.Det ermi net hestandar ddev iat
ionoftheabov equest ion.A)3. 09 B)4. 24 C)1. 76D)
0.71
52.Amagazi nepr i
ntedasur v eyinitsmont hl
yi ssueandaskedr eader stofil
litoutand
sendi tin.Ov er1000r eader sdidso.Thi stypeofsampl eiscalled
A)Acl ustersampl e B)Asel fsel
ectedsampl e C)Ast rati
fi
edsampl e D)Asi mple
random sampl e
53.Ifthest andarddev iati
onofapopul ati
oni s9, thepopul ationvar ianceis
A)3 B)9 C)21. 35 D)81
54.Whi choft hef ol
lowi ngismeasur eofcent r
al tendency ?
A)Ther ange B)TheSt andar ddeviation C)Quar t
ile D)Mode
55.Thesum ofdev iationsaboutt hemeanar ealway s
A)Ther ange B)TheSt andar ddeviation C)Zer o D)Negat i
ve
56.Acar di sdr awnr andoml yf r
om adeckofor dinaryplayingcar ds.Youwi nN100i ft
he
cardi saspadeoranace.Whati sthepr obabi li
tythatyouwi llwi nthegame?
A)8/ 13 B)13/ 52 C)1/ 52 D)5/ 13

94

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Univer
sit
yofMai dugur
i
(Facult
yofScience)
DepartmentofMat hematics&Stati
sti
cs
EndofSecondSemesterCourseExami nat
ion2013/2014Academi
cSessi
on
Cour
se:
STT206 Uni
ts:3 Time:
2.5hr
s

1.Thepr obabi l
itythatapar t
icularmachi nebr eaksdownonanydayi s0. 2andi s
i
ndependentoft hebr eakdownsonanyot herday .Themachi necanbr eakdownonl y
onceperday .Calculat ethepr obabi li
tyt hatt hemachi nebr eaksdownt woormor e
ti
mesi nt enday s. ( A)0. 0175 ( B)0. 0400 ( C)0. 2684 ( D)0. 6242 ( D)0. 9596
2.Agr oupconsi stsof7menand6women, fiveper sonsar et obesel ectedt of orma
commi tteesot hatatl east3menar ether eont hecommi t
tee.I nhowmanyway scan
i
tbedone? ( A)564 ( B)645 ( C)735 ( D)756 ( E)Noneoft hese
3.Outof7consonant sand4v owels, howmanywor dsof3consonantand2v owel s
canbef ormed? ( A)210 ( B)1050 ( C)25200 ( D)21400 ( E)Noneoft hese
4.Howmany4l etter
swor dswi thorwi t
houtmeani ngcanbef ormedoutoft hel ett
ers
ofthewor d‘LOGARI THMS’ ifrepet i
ti
onofl et t
ersi snotal l
owed?
A)40 B)400 C)5040 D)2820 E)4050
5.I nagr oupof6boy sand4gi rl
s,f ourchi ldrenar et obesel ect ed.I nhow many
diff
er entway scant heybesel ectedsucht hatatl eastoneboyshoul dbet here?
A)159 B)194 C)205 D)209 E)Noneoft hese
6.Theav eragenumberofhomessol dbyt heXYZCompanyi s2homesperday .Whati s
thepr obabi li
tythatexact ly3homeswi ll besol dt omor row?
A)1. 0871 B)0. 871 C)0. 1358 D)0. 14 E)0. 18
7.Whi choft hef oll
owi ngi snott hemet hodoff itti
ngar egr essi onl i
ne?
A)Themet hodofsemi -average B)Thef reehandmet hod C)Thel eastsquar e
met hod D)Thegr andmeanmet hod E)Thepr oductmomentcoef ficientmet hod
8.I n an of f
ice 2 cust omerar riv
ed t oday ,cal culatet he pr obabiliti
esf orexact l
y2
customert obear r
iv edont omor row? A)0. 20 B)0. 082 C)0. 91 D)0. 18 E)
0.81
9.Whati st hepr obabi litythatt heposi t i
oni nwhi cht heconsonant sappearr emain
unchangedwhent hel et t
ersoft hewor d‘ MATH’ arer e-ar ranged?
A)1 B)1 C)1 D) 1 E)1
4 6 3 24 12
10.Acar di sdr awnr andoml yf rom adeckofor dinarypl ay ingcar ds.Youwi nN100i fthe
cardi saspadeoranace.Whati st hepr obabi lit
yt haty ouwi l
lwi nthegame?
A) 8 B)13 C) 1 D) 5 E) 4
13 52 52 13 13
11.Thirtyboy sandxgi rl
ssatf orat est.Themeanoft heboy ’
sscor esandt hatoft he
girl
swer e6and8r espect ively.Find xi fthet otal scor ewas468.
A)28 B)24 C)36 D)22 E)41
12.
Cl assi nterval 3-5 6- 8 9-11

Fr
equency 2 2 2

Fi
ndthest
andar
ddevi
ati
onoft
heabov
edist
ri
but
ion
A) 7 B) 2 C) 3 D) 5 E) 6
15
27.Suppose we hav
ear
andom v
ari
abl
ex wher
e p(
X =k)= (
k
0. k
29)()
( 15-
71)
. k

k=0,1,
…,15.Whati hemeanofx?
st
A)0.
29 B)0.71 C)4.35 D)10.65
28.Det
ermi
nethestandar
ddeviat
ionoftheabov
equest
ion.
A)3.
09 B)4.24 C)1.76 D)0.71
05

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 29.Underwhi choft hef ollowi ngcondi tionsi si tpr ef erabl et ousest ratifiedr andom
sampl ingr at hert hansi mpl er andom sampl ing?
(A)Thepopul ati
oncanbedi v idedi ntoal argenumberofst ratasot hateachst rat
um
cont ainsonl yaf ew indi vidual s ( B)Thepopul at ioncanbedi videdi nt oasmal l
numberofst ratasot hateachst rat um cont ai nsal argenumberofi ndividual s( C)
Thepopul ationcanbedi videdi nt ost ratasot hatt hei ndi vi
dual sineachst ratum are
asmuchal ikeaspossi ble. ( D)Thepopul at i
oncanbedi v i
dedi ntost ratasot hatthe
i
ndi vidual si neachst ratum ar easdi fferentaspossi ble. ( E)Thepopul at i
oncanbe
divi
dedi ntost rataofequalsi z essot hateachi ndi vi
duali nt hepopul ationst il
lhast he
samechanceofbei ngsel ect ed
30.Tossacoi nf or12t i
mes.Whati st hepr obabi l
ityofget ti
ngexact ly7heads?
A)0. 19 B)0. 002 C)0. 23 D)0. 5 E)0. 29
31.Asummerr esor tr entsr owboat st ocust omer sbutdoesnotal l
ow mor et hanf our
peopl et oaboat .Eachboati sdesi gnedt ohol dnomor et han800pounds.Suppose
thedi stribut ionofadul tmal eswhor entboat s,incl udi ngt heircl othesandgear ,is
normalwi thameanof190poundsandst andar ddev iationof10pounds.I fthe
weight sofi ndi vidual passenger sar ei ndependent ,whati st hepr obabi l
itythatagr oup
offouradul tmal epassenger swi l
l exceedt heaccept abl ewei ghtli
mi tof800pounds?
A)0. 023 B)0. 046 C)0. 159 D)0. 317 E)0. 977
32.Int het extilei ndust ry,amanuf act ureri si nter estedi nt henumberofbl emi shesor
l
awsoccur ringi neach100f eetofmat erial.Thepr obabi lit
ydi stri
but iont hathast he
great estchanceofappl y i
ngt ot hissi tuationi st he ( A)Nor maldi stri
but i
on ( B)
Binomi al dist ribution ( C)Poi ssondi st ri
but i
on ( D)Uni for m di stri
but i
on
33.Whi choft hef ollowi ngisnotapr oper tyofabi nomi al exper iment ?
A)t heexper imentconsi stofasequenceofni dent i
calt rials B)eachout comecan
ber ef erredt oasasuccessoraf ailure ( C)t hepr obabi l
iti
esoft het woout comes
canchangef rom onet r
ial tot henext ( D)t het ri
alsar ei ndependent
34.Foracont inuousr andom v ar iablex,t hepr obabi l
itydensi tyf unction f (x)r epresents
(A)t hepr obabi l
ityatagi venv alueofx ( B)t hear eaundert hecur v eatx ( C)the
areaundert hecur v etot her i
ghtofx ( D)t hehei ghtoft hef unct ionatx
35.Ar andom sampl eof121bot tlesofcol ogneshowedanav er agecont entof4ounces.
Iti
sknownt hatt hest andar ddev iationoft hecont ent s( i.e.,oft hepopul at ion)i s0.22
ounces.I nt hispr oblem t he0. 22i s ( A)apar amet er ( B)ast atistic ( C)the
standar der roroft hemean ( D)t heav eragecont entofcol ognesi nt hel ongr un

15

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 STT206ASSI
GNMENT

2ndSEMESTER,
2015

1.I
fpairofdicei
stossed.Lett herandom v ari
abl
eXbet hemaximum outcomeinthe
twodice
(i) Obt ai
nt hedistr
ibutionofX
(ii
) Fi ndt hemeanandv ari
ance
2.Find t
heexpectati
on,v ari
anceand st andard dev
iat
ion ofeach ofthefoll
owing
dist
ri
buti
on
(i
)
x 1 4 7

f
(x) 1 1 1
2 3 4

(
ii
)
x 0 1 2 3

f
(x) 0.
4 0.
1 0.
2 0.
3

3.Abagcont ains2bl uemar blesand8whi t

emar bles.Asampl eoffourmar bl
esi sto
bedr awnatr andom f r
om t hebagwi t
houtr eplacement .Findthepr obabili
tyof
obt aining( i)Exact ly2bl uemar bles( i
i
)Exact l
yonebl uemar bl
e( i
ii
)Whati sthe
expect ednumberofbl uemar blest hatcoul dbedr awn.
4.Consi derar andom v ar i
ableXwi thPDF

{
1- x 0<x≤1
f(x)=
x+1 - 1≤x≤0
Find( i)E(x)( ii)v(x)
1
5.IfthePDFofar andom v ariableXi sgi venby f (x)= ,0≤x≤1
2x
Find( i)E(x)and( i
i)v ar(x)
6.Acar di sdrawnandr eplacedt hreet imesf rom anor dinarypackof52car ds.Findthe
probabi li
tythat
(i)t wospadesar edr awn ( ii
)t hreespadesar edr awn
(ii
i)atl eastonespadei sdr awn
7.Thepr obabili
tyofapl ayerscor ingapenal t
yi s 1.I fhepl ay
s5t imes,(i)whati sthe
3
probabi li
tyofscor ingatl eastt wice?( ii
)how manyt i
mesmusthepl aysot hatthe
probabi li
tyofscor i
ngatl eastoncei smor et han90%?
8.Giv ent hatspot sonacer tainbr andofal umi ni
um r oof i
ngshalloccuront heav er
age
ofoneper1200f eet
(i) Whati sthedi st r
ibut i
onofX, thenumberofspot sina48f ootroof?
(ii
) Whati sthepr obabi l
ityofget ti
ngnospot ?
9.Thepr obabili
tyt hatt herear enoer rorsi napagef orabookt hatisaboutt obe
publ ishedi s0. 05- P
(i) Whati sthemeannumberofer rorsperpaget othenearestwholenumber ?
(ii
) I ft
hebooki s1000pages, estimat ethenumberofpagesonwhi chy ouwoul d
expecttof i
ndf ewert hanf ourer r
ors.
n 2n
10.Find nif2× P2 +50 = P2
11.Ifinanexaminati
on,ast
udentistoanswer4outof6questi
ons(
i)How many
choicesar
eavai
labl
etohi
m( i
i
)Ifquest
ion1i
scompul
sor
y,howmanychoi
ceshas
25

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 he?
12.25bluesar erunningbet weent woplacesAandB.I nhowmanyway scanaper son
gofrom At oBandr et urnbyadi ffer
entbus?
13.Howmany6di gitst elephonenumber scanbef ormedi feachnumberstartswith35
andnodi gi
tappear smor et hanone?
14.Inhowmanyway scan7mandr awwat erfrom 7tapifnotapcanbeusedmor ethan
one?
15.LetXbear andom v ar i
ablewi thPDF f(x)=Kx2,0≤x≤2
(i
) Obtainthev al ueofKt hatmakesf (x)aPDF
(i
i) Fi ndtheexpect ationofX
16.Whenf ourdicear er olledsimul t
aneousl y,
inhowmanyout comeswillatleastoneof
thediceshow3?
17.Inhowmanydi f
ferentway scant helettersofthewor dCORPORATEbear r
angedin
suchawayt hatthev owelsalway scomet ogether
?
18.Therear eeightper iodsi neachwor kingdayofaschool .Inhowmanyway scanone
organise5subj ectst hateachsubj ectisallowedatleastoneperi
od.

35

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Uni
ver
sit
yofMai
dugur
i

Facul
tyofSci
ence

Depar
tmentofMat
hemat
icsandSt
ati
sti
cs

Cour
se:
STT206TEST 6thMay
DATE: ,
2015

I
DNO.
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1.Inacer tainf requencyt ableofgr oupeddat a,thecl assmar ksforthef irstthree

classesar e7. 5,8.2,8.9respect i
vel
y,assumi ngallclasseshav ethesamewi dthand
givent hatthel owerlimitf orthefi
rstclassis7.2.Whati sthelowerboundar yforthe
thir
dcl ass?
(Hint:lowerboundar yi
snott hesameasl owerlimit
).A)8. 45 B)8. 5 C)8. 55 D)
8.65
2.A numbert hatdescr i
besachar acter
isti
csofacompl etesetofobj ects,ev ents,
peopl e,oranimal sthatshar eacommonchar acteri
sti
csi scall
edA)ASt ati
st i
csB)A
variable C)APar amet er D)Anest imate
3.Random sampl i
ng A)i susedt ocreatepopul at
ionsf rom samples B)Sel ects
i
ndi vi
dualsf rom asampl esot hateachper sonhasequalchanceofbei ngsel ected
C)sel ectsindiv i
dualsfrom apopul ati
onsot hateachper sonhasanequalchanceof
beingsel ected D)sel ectsi ndi
vi
dualsfrom apopul ati
onsot hattheselect
ionofone
personaf fectst heprobabi li
tyofsel
ecti
ngsomeoneel se.
4.Mui sanexampl eofa A)Populat
ionpar ameter B)sampl estati
stics C)
Popul ati
onv ariance D)Mode

Usetheinf
ormati
ontoanswerquesti
ons5,6,and7.Thef
oll
owi
ngdat
ashow t
he
numberofhour
sworkedby200st
atist
icsst
udent
s
Noofhours 0-9 10-19 20-
29 30-
39

Fr
equency 40 50 70 40

5.Thenumberofst udent swor king19hour sorlessi s A)40 B)50 C)90 D)160

6.Ther elat
ivefrequencyofst udent swor ki
ng9hour sorl essis A)0. 2 B)0. 45 C) 40
D)0. 25
7.Thecumul ati
ver el ativ
ef requencyf orthecl assof10- 19i s A)90 B)0.25 C)
0.45 D)50
8.Whi chofthef ollowi ngi snott hemet hodofpr obabi l
it
ysampl i
ng? A)Si mpler andom
sampl i
ng B)st ratifi
edr andom sampl i
ng C)cl ust ersampl i
ng D)Sy stemat i
c
sampl i
ng
9.Aboxcont ains4r ed, 3whi teand2bl uebal l
s.Thr eebal lsaredr awnatrandom.Fi nd
outt henumberofway sofsel ecti
ngthebal lsofdi ffer
entcol ors? A)62 B)48 C)
12 D)24
10.Givenabi nomi aldi st
ributi
oni nwhi cht hepr obabi l
i
t yofsuccessi s0. 88andt he
numberoft r i
alsi s20,whati st heappr oximat epr obabilit
yofget ti
ngatl east19
successes? A)0. 37 B)0. 33 C)0. 29 D)0. 21
11.Anexper imentconsi stsofapai rofcointhreet imes, lettherandom variableXbet he
sum ofheadsobt ained.Findt heexpect edv alueofX? A)3/ 8 B)3/ 2 C)4/ 9
D)12/ 8
12.Inhowmanydi ffer entway scant helet t
ersoft hewor d‘ CORPORATI ON’bear ranged
45

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 sot hatthevowel sal wayscomet oget her? A)47200 B)48000 C)42000
(D)504000
13.Adoct orknows15% ofal lherpat i
ent sarelat
ef orthei
rappoi nt
ment s.Givenfi
ve
randoml yselectedpat i
ents.Whati st heappr oxi
mat eprobabili
tythatexactlythr
ee
arelatefortheirappoi ntment? A)0. 004 B)0. 024 C)0. 064 D)0. 114
14.LetXbear andom v ari
ablewit
hPDF f (x)=kx2,0≤x≤2, findtheexpect at
ionofX?
15.Whenf ourdicear er ol
ledsimultaneousl yinhowmanyout comeswi l
latleastoneof
thediceshows3? A)155 B)620 C)671 D)625
16.LetXbear andom v ari
ablewithPDF f ( x)=4x2,0≤x≤1 f indthevarianceofX? A)
4/6 B)4/ 5 C)2/ 75 D)2/ 9
17.25busesar er unningbet weent wopl acePandQ.I nhowmanyway scanaper songo
from Pt oQandr eturnbyadi f
ferentbus? A)725 B)600 C)576 D)625
n
18.Fi
ndni f P2 =72 A)18 B)6 C)12 D)9
19.Thereare6peri
odsineachworkingdayofaschool
.Inhow manyway scanone
organi
ze5subj
ectssucht
hateachsubj
ecti
sal
lowedatleastoneper
iod? A)3200
B)Noneofthem C)2400 D)3600

20.Usi
ngthePoissondist
ri
buti
onandassumi
ngabankaver
agessevenbadchecksona
gi
venday.Whatistheprobabil
i
tyt
hatt
hebankr
ecei
ves5badchecksonagivenday
?
A)0.
18 B)0. 162 C)0. 144 D)0.
127

55

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Univer
sit
yofMai duguri
(Facult
yofScience)
Depar
tmentofMat hemati
cs&St at
ist
ics
EndofSecondSemesterCourseExami nat
ion2014/2015Sessi
on

Cour
se:St
at206 Uni
t:3 Ti
me:2:
00hr
s

1.Lett herandom v ari

ableXr epresenttheprofi
tmadeonr andomlyselecteddaybya
certainstore.AssumeXi snormalwi t
hmeanofN360andst andar
ddev iati
onofN40.
Thev al
ueofP( X >N400)i s A)0.1587 B)0. 2881 C)0.7119 D)0.
8413
2.Consi dertheresultofaf i
cti
onalSTT206f i
nalexam t
akenby120student s,asgi
ven
i
nt hef ol
lowingrelati
vefrequencydist
ribut
ion:
Grade Lessthan50 50-59 60-69 70-79 80- 89 90-100

Cumul
ati
vef
requency 15% 10% 30% 25% 15% 5%

Howmanyst
udent
srecei
vedatl
easta70ont
hisexam? A)54 B)45 C)25 D)
30 E)66

Answerquest
ion3t
o6basedont hef
oll
owi
nggroupedfrequencyt
abl
eoft
he
i
ncome,xof30empl
oyeesatal
ocal
smal
lbusi
ness(
inN1000)
I
ncome N26<x≤N28 N28<x≤N30 N30<x≤N32 N32<x≤N34 N34<x≤N36

Fr
equency 2 11 8 5 4

3.Ther elati
vecumul ati
v efrequencyoft heN28<x≤N30cl assis A)11 B)0,43 C)
0.06 D)13 E)0. 7
4.Thecl asst hatcontainsthe80thper cent
ileis:A)N26<x≤N28 B)N28<x≤N30 C)
N30<x≤N32 D)N32<x≤N34 E)N34<x≤N36
5.Usingt hecl ass-midpointsasr epr
esentati
vevalues,wecanest i
matethemeanf or
thisdat aas:
A)N30, 870 B)N29, 790 C)N31, 000 D)N30, 500 E)N31, 340
st
6.I
ft heboss’i ncome( the“ 31 empl oyee”)isN250000,t hemeani ncomeforal
l31
wor kersisappr oxi
mat elyequalt o A)N8, 000 B)N30,000 C)N38,000 D)
N140, 000 E)N220, 000

Questi
on7to9arebasedonthefol
lowi
nginfor
mati
on:thecholest
erolcontentof
l
argeeggsisnormall
ydist
ri
buted wi
th mean of200 mil
li
gramsand st andard
devi
ati
on15mi
ll
igr
ams.

7.Whatpr oport
ionsoft heseeggshav echolesterolcontentabov e204mi l
l
igrams?
A)0.2004 B)0. 6293 C)0. 7250 D)0. 3300 E)0. 3707
8.Whati stheprobabi l
it
yt hatthemeanchol esterolcontentofar andom sampl eof25
oftheseeggsi slesst han205mi ll
i
grams?
A)0.6293 B)0. 9525 C)0. 5793 D)1. 67 E)0.0475
9.Insi xt
y-sevenper centoft heeggs, t
hecholesterolcontentislessthanacer t
ainv al
ue
“C”
.Findt hevalueof“ C”.A)0. 33 B)206. 6 C)210 D)0. 44 E)193.4
10.Themeanandv arianceofabi nomialdi
stributi
onar e8and4r espect
ivel
y.Whati s
P(X =1)equal to? A)2-12 B)2-8 C)2-6 D)2-4
11.Supposet hatthepr obabili
tythatanindi
vidualsuf f
ersabadr eacti
onfrom injecti
on
ofagi venser um i s0. 001andsupposet hat2000i ndiv i
dual
sar ebeinggivent he
65

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 i
nject i
on.
Consi dert hef ollowi ngst atement s:
1.Theexpect ednumberofi ndi vidual swhosuf ferabadr eact i
oni s20
2.Thepr obabi li
tyt hatnotmor et han2i ndividual swi llsuf ferabadr eact i
oni s4e-2
Whichoft heabov est at ement si s/ arecor r ect? A)1onl y B)2onl y C)Bot h1
and2 D)Nei ther1nor2
12.Supposet her espect iv epr obabi l
itiesar e0. 7,0. 2,and0. 1t hataper sonappl yingf or
anadmi ssi oni nUNI MAI Dwi llrequi r e1, 2,or3at tempt si nor dert oobt ainadmi ssion.
LetXbear andom v ar i
abl e, thenumberofat tempt sinor dert oobt ainanadmi ssion.
Findmean( expect edv alue)ofX.A)0. 63 B)2 C)1 D)1. 4
13.How manyway scant hel ettersf rom t hewor dTREESbeor der edsucht hateach
“word”st ar tswi thaconsonantandendwi thv owel ? A)9 B)18 C)24 D)27
n! n-1
14.Theequat ion = Pn-3 hast hesol ut on: A)n =5 B)n =6
i C)n =7 D)
10
n=8
15.Twel vepeopl eatapar t
yshakehandsoncewi thev ery oneel sei nt her oom.How
manyhandshakest ookpl ace? A)66 B)132 C)12!÷2 D)12!
16.An el ect ricalpanelhas f ive swi tches.How many way s can t he swi tches be
positionedupordowni fthr eeswi tchesmustbeupandt womustbedown?
A)100 B)24 C)48 D)120
17.Abookshel fhasnf ict i
onandsi xnon- ficti
onbooks.I ft her ear e150way stochoose
twobooksofeacht ype, howmanyf i
ct i
onbooksar eont hebookshel f?
A)5 B)6 C)7 D)8
18.Thedi ffer encebet weenar andom v ar iableandapr obabi li
tydi stribut i
oni s:A)A
random v ar iabledoesnoti ncludet hepr obabi li
tyofanev ent. B)Ar andom v ariable
canonl yassumewhol enumber s. C)Apr obabi l
i
tydi stributioncanonl yassume
whol enumber s. D)Noneoft heabov e
19.Whichoft hef ollowi ngi snotar equi r ementofabi nomi aldi stri
but ion? A)A
const antpr obabi l
ityofsuccess B)Onl yt wopossi bleout comes C)Af ixednumber
oftrials D)equal lylikel yout comes
20.Themeanandv ariancear eequali n: A)al lpr obabi l
itydi stribut i
on B)t heBi nomi al
dist
ribut ion C)t hePoi ssondi stribut ion D)TheNor mal distribution
21.Inwhi choft hef ol l
owi ngdi stribut ioni st hepr obabi li
tyofsuccessusual l
ysmal l
?
A)Bi nomi al B)Poi sson C)Nor mal D)Al l di
st ri
but i
on
22.Whichoft hef ollowi ngi snotar equi r
ementofapr obabi l
itydi stri
but ion?
A)Equal lyl ikel ypr obabi li
t yofsuccess B)Sum oft hepossi bleout comesi s1. 00
C)Theout comear emut uallyexcl usi ve D)Thepr obabi lityofeachout comei s
between0and1.
23.Inacont i
nuouspr obabi litydi stribut ion: A)Onl ycer tainout comesar epossi bl e B)
Allthev alueswi t
hi nacer tai
nr angear epossi ble C)Thesum oft heout comesi s
greatert han1 D)Noneoft heabov e
24.Whenf ourdi cear er ol l
edsi mul taneousl y ,
inhowmanyout comeswi llatleastoneof
thedi ceshow3? A)155 B)620 C)671 D)625
25.Whichoft hef ollowi ngbestdescr ibest heexpect edv alueofadi screter andom
vari
abl e? A)I tist hesi mpl eav er ageofal lpossi bleout comes B)Noneoft he
abov e C)I ti st hegeomet r
icav er ageofal lpossi bleout comes. D)I tiswei ght ed
averageov eral l possi bleout comes
26.Ifn=10andp =0. 8, thenst andar ddev i
at i
onoft hebi nomi aldi stri
but i
oni s(roundt o
nearesthundr edt h) A)0. 80 B)1. 26 C)8. 00 D)1. 60
27.The sum oft he cr oss pr oduct s bet ween v al ues of“ X”and t heirr espect ive
probabi lit
ies,P( X) ,i sequalt ot he:A)Noneoft hebel ow B)Expect edv alue C)
Variance D)Mean
28.Amul tiplechoi cet esthas15quest ionswi theachhav ing4possi bleanswer swi th
onecor rect .Assumeast udentanswer sev er yquest ion.Whati st hepr obabi li
tyof
75

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 getti
ngexactly5corr
ectanswer
s? A)0.
175 B)0.
165 C)0.654 D)0.
175
n
f Cr r
29.I epr
esentst
henumberofcombinati
onsofnit
emstaken ratat
ime,
whati
s
thevalueof∑3 .4Cr? A)24 B)14 C)6 D)4
r=1
30.Val
ueofki
nthef
oll ng pdfi
owi s
x 0 1 2

f
(x) k k 2k

A)1 B)1 C)1 D)Noneoft heabov e

3 2 4
31.Ifthepdfofacont i
nuousr andom v ari
abl eisgiv
enas f (x)=2x i f 0≤x≤1,0or
1
otherwi
se.Whati st hev al ( )
ueofpx= ? A)0.
2
5 B)1C)0 D)Noneoft hese
32.Aboxcont ains2whi t
eballs,3bl ackbal l
sand4r edballs.Inhowmanyway scan3
ballsbedrawnf rom t hebox ,ifatl eastonebl ackballi
st obei ncl
udedinthedraw?
A)32 B)48 C)64 D)96
33.LetXbear andom v ar
iabl
ewi thPDF f (x)=kx2,0≤x≤2, fi
ndtheexpectati
onofX?
A) 4 B) 4 C) 2 D) 2
5 6 75 35
34.Inhow manyway scan5pr izesbedi str
ibut
edamongf ourstudent
swhenev ery
studentcantakeoneormor epr izes? A)1024 B)625 C)120 D)600
35.Inhowmanyway scan mn l ettersbepost edinn lett
er-boxes? A)( mn) n B)
(n)mn C)(m) mn D)Noneoft heabov e

85

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Univer
sit
yofMai duguri
(Facult
yofScience)
Depar
tmentofMat hemati
cs&St at
ist
ics
EndofSecondSemesterCourseExami nat
ion2015/2016Sessi
on
Cour
se:St
at206 Unit
:3 Ti
me:2:00hr
s

Answerquestion1to3basedont hefoll
owinggr
oupedfrequencytabl
eofthei
ncome,(x)
of30employeesatalocalsmal
lbusiness(i
nN1000)
I
ncome N26<x≤N28 N28<x≤N30 N30<x≤N32 N32<x≤N34 N34<x≤N36

Fr
equency 2 11 8 5 4

1.Ther elat i
vecumul at i
v ef requencyoft heN28<x≤N30i s
A)11 B)0. 43 C)0. 06 D)13 E)0.7
2.Thecl asst hatcont ainst he80thper centileis: A)N26<x≤N28 B)N28<x≤N30 C)
N30<x≤N32 D)N32<x≤N34 E)N34<x≤N36
3.Usi ngcl ass-mi d-poi nt sasr epresent ativev alues, wecanest imat ethemeanf ort hisdat a
as: A)N30, 870 B)N29, 790 C)N31, 000 D)N30, 500 E)N3, 340
4.I ftheboss’i ncome( the“ 31st empl oy ee”)i sN250, 000,t hemeani ncomef oral l31
wor kersi sappr oximat el yequalt o A)N8, 000 B)N30, 000 C)N38, 000 D)
N140, 000 E)N220, 000
C
5.Lett her andom v ariabl eXhav et heP. M. F P( X =x )= x ,x=0, 1,2….Whati st hev alue
2
of“C”? A)3 B)4 C)1 D)1
4 7 2 4
6.Supposet her espect i
v epr obabi l
iti
esar e0. 7,0.2,and0. 1thataper sonappl y i
ngf oran
admi ssioni nUNI MAI Dwi llr equire1, 2,or3at t
empt sinor dert oobt ainadmi ssi on.LetX
bear andom v ariabl e,t henumberofat t
empt si nor dert oobt ainanadmi ssi on.Fi nd
mean( expect edv al ue)ofX. A)0. 63 B)2 C)1 D)1. 4
n! n-1
7.Theequat i
on = Pn-3 hast hesol ution:A)n =5 B)n =6 C)n =7 D)n =8
10
8.Twel vepeopl eatapar t yshakehandsoncewi t
hev eryoneel sei nther oom.Howmany
handshakest ookpl ace? A)66 B)132 C)12!÷2 D)12!
9.Anel ect ri
calpanelhasf i
veswi tches.Howmanyway scant heswi tchesbeposi tionedup
ordowni fthreeswi tchesmustbeupandt womustbedown?
A)10 B)24 C)48 D)120
10.Thedi ff
erencebet weenar andom v ari
abl eandapr obabi l
itydi stri
butioni s:A)Ar andom
variabledoesnoti ncl udet hepr obabili
tyofanev ent . B)Ar andom v ar i
ablecanonl y
assumewhol enumber s. C)Apr obabi li
tydi str
ibutioncanonl yassumewhol enumber s.
D)Noneoft heabov e
11.Whi choft hef ol l
owi ngbestdescr i
best heexpect edv alueofadi screterandom v ariable?
A)I tist hesi mpl eav er ageofal lpossi bleout comes B)Noneoft heabov e C)I tist he
geomet ricav er ageofal lpossi bleout comes. D)I tiswei ght edav erageov eral lpossi ble
outcomes
n
12.If Cr r epresent st henumberofcombi nationsofni t
emst aken ratat ime, whati st he
valueof∑3 .4Cr? A)24 B)14 C)6 D)4
r=1
13.Ifthepdfofacont inuousr andom v ariablei sgi venas f (x)=2x i f 0≤x≤1,0or
1
other wise.Whati st hev al ( )
ueofpx= ? A)0.
2
5 B)1 C)0 D)Noneoft hese
14.LetXbear andom v ariabl ewi t
hPDFf (x)=kx2,0≤x≤2, findt heexpect ationofX? A)
4 B)4 C)2 D)2
5 6 75 35
15.Random sampl i
ng A)i susedt ocr eatepopul ationsf rom sampl es B)Sel ects
i
ndi vi
dual sf rom asampl esot hateachper sonhasequalchanceofbei ngsel ected.C)
95

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 selectsi ndi vidual sf rom apopul ationsot hateachper sonhasanequalchanceofbei ng
selected. D)sel ect sindi vi
dual sf rom apopul ationsot hatt hesel ectionofoneper son
affectsthepr obabi l
ityofsel ectingsomeoneel se.
16.Whi choft hef ollowi ngi snott hemet hodofpr obabi li
tysampl ing? A)Si mpl er andom
sampl ing B)St ratifi
edr andom sampl ing C)Cl ust ersampl ing D)Sy stemat icsampl i
ng
17.Aboxcont ains4r ed, 3whi teand2bl uebal l
s.Thr eebal lsar edr awnatr andom.Fi ndout
thenumberofway sofsel ect i
ngt hebal l
sofdi fferentcol ors? A)62 B)48 C)12
D)24
18.Givenabi nomi aldi st r
ibut i
oni nwhi cht hepr obabi li
t yofsuccessi s0. 88andt henumber
oft ri
alsis20, whati st heappr opr iat epr obabi li
tyofget tingatl east19successes? A)
0.37 B)0. 33 C)0. 29 D)0. 21
19.Anexper imentconsi stsoft ossi ngapai rofcoi nt hr eet imes, lett her andom v ariableXbe
thesum ofheadsobt ained.Fi ndt heexpect edv alueofX? A)3/ 8 B)3/ 2 C)4/ 9
D)12/ 8
20.Inhowmanyway scant hel ett
er soft hewor d‘CORPORATI ON’bear r
angedsot hatt he
vowel sal way scomet oget her ? A)47200 B)48000 C)42000 D)50400
21.LetXbear andom v ariablewi t
hPDF f (x)=4x2 0≤x≤1 f indt hev arianceofX?
A)4 B)4 C)2 D)2
6 5 75 9
22.25busesar er unni ngbet weent wopl acePandQ.I nhow manyway scanaper songo
from Pt oQandr eturnbyadi f
fer entbus? A)725 B)600 C)576 D)625
n
23.Find n if P2 =72 A)18 B)6 C)12 D)9
24.Asetofcl assest oget herwi tht hef requenci esofoccur renceofv aluesi neachcl assi na
givensetofdat ai scal led A)Pr obabi lit
ydi stri
but ion B)Fr equencydi stri
but ion C)
Cumul ati
vedi st ri
but ion D)Rel ativef requency
25.Thequot i
entbet weent hecumul at i
v ef requencyofapar ti
cul arv alueand t het otal
numberofdat ai sknownas A)Rel at i
v ecumul at ivef requency B)Cumul ati
v e
frequency C)Absol utef requency D)Rel ativef r
equency
26.Whi choft hef ollowi ngi snott het ypeofpr obabi l
itysampl i
ng?
A)Si mpl er andom sampl i
ng B)Cl ust ersampl i
ng C)Sy stemat ic D)St ratifi
ed
sampl ing
27.Agr oupconsi stsof7menand6women,f i
veper sonsar et obesel ectedt of orma
commi tteesot hatatl east3menar et her eont hecommi t
tee.I nhowmanyway scani t
bedone? A)564 B)645 C)735 D)756
28.Outof7consonant sand4v owel s, howmanywor dsof3consonantand2v owel scanbe
formed? A)210 B)1050 C)25200 D)21400
29.Inagr oupof6boy sand4gi rl
s,f ourchi l
dr enar et obesel ect ed.I nhowmanydi ff
erent
way scant heybesel ect edsucht hatatl eastoneboyshoul dbet here?
A)159 B)194 C)205 D)209
30.Abagcont ains4whi tebal lsand6r edbal ls.Twobal l
sar et akenf rom t hebagwi thout
replacement .Whati st hepr obabi li
tyt hatt heyar ebot hr ed?
A)1/ 3 B)2/ 9 C)2/ 15 D)1/ 5
31.Twof airdi cear et ossedt oget her .Fi ndt hepr obabi l
ityt hatt het otalscor eisatmost4.
A)1/ 12 B)1/ 9 C)5/ 36 D)1/ 6
32.Basedonmet eor ologi calr ecor ds,t hepr obabi l
ityt hati twi llsnow i nacer taint ownon
Januar y1sti s0. 315.Fi ndt hepr obabi lityt hati nagi v eny eari twi l
lnotsnowonJanuar y
1sti nthatt own. A)0. 685 B)3. 175 C)0. 460 D)1. 315
15
33.Supposewehav ear andom v ariable x wher e p( ()
X =k)= (
k
0.29)k
(71)
. 15-k
for
k=0, 1,…15.Whati st hemeanofx? A)0. 2 B)0. 71 C)4. 35 D)10. 65
34.Det erminet hest andar ddev iationoft heabov equest ion.
A)3. 09 B)4. 24 C)1. 76 D)0. 71
35.Theav eragenumberofhomesol dbyt heXYZCompanyi s2homesperday .Whati st he
probabi l
ityt hatexact ly3homeswi llbesol dt omor r
ow?
06

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 A)1.
0871 B)0.
871 C)0.
1358 D)0.
14 E)0.
18

16

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 1.

2.
iN
P80 = e i=80 & N =30
wher
100
80×30
∴ P80 = =24thcumul
ati
vefr
equency
100
∴ (D)N32<x≤N34
3..
I
ncome Mid-poi
nts f

26-
28 26 +28 2
=27
2

28 +30
28-
30 =29 11
2

30 +32
=31
2
30-
32 8
32 +34
32-
34 =33 5
2

34 +36
=35
2
34-
36 4

̅ 27(
2)+29(
11)+31(8)+33(
5)+35(
4) 926
x = 30 =30 =30.
867

So, 30.
867×N1000 =N30,
867

̅
Basedonest
i e, x =N30,
mat 870 (
tot
henear
estt
en) (
A)

̅ N30,
867 +N250,
000
4. x = 2 =N140,
434;
26

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 ̅
Est
i e x =N140,
mat 000 t
othenear
estt
housand (
D)

C
5.P.
M. x)= x,x=0,
F; P( 1,2… C =?
2
∑P(x)=1
C
∑ x =1
2
1 1 1
[
C 0 + 1 + 2 +… =1
2 2 2 ]
1 1
[
C1 + + +… =1 Fi
2 4 ] rstt
erm a=1
1
2 1
Commonr ati
or= =
1 2
a 1 1
S= = = =2
1-r 1-1 1
2 2
1
∴ C(
2)=1 C= (
C)
2
6..
x 1 2 3

P(
x) 0.
7 0.
2 0.
1

Meanorexpect
edv ue =∑xP(
al x)
=1(0.7)+2(0.2)+3(0.
1)
=0.7 +0.4 +0.3
=1.4 (
D)
n! n-1
7. = Pn-3
10
n! (n-1)! (n-1)
!
= =
10 [(n- -n-
1)( 3)
]! 2!

n(
n-1)
!( 1)
n- !
=
10 2
10
n= =5 (
A)
2

8.Lett
he12peopl
ebeABCDEFGHIJKL

 Awi
llshakehandwi
thBt
oL(i.
e.11people)
 Bwi
l
lshakehandwithCt
oLexceptA(i
.e.10people)
 Cwi
llshakehandwi
thDt
oLexceptA&B( i
.e.9peopl
e)

I
nsummar
y:
Per
sons No.ofHandshake Per
sonst
oshake

A 11 B,
C,D,
E,
F,
G,H,
I
,J,
K,L

36

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 B 10 C,
D,E,
F,
G,H,
I
,J,
K,L

C 9 D,
E,
F,
G,H,
I
,J,
K,L

D 8 E,
F,
G,H,
I
,J,
K,L

E 7 F,
G,H,
I
,J,
K,L

F 6 G,
H,I
,
J,K,
L

G 5 H,
I
,J,
K,L

H 4 I
,
J,K,
L

I 3 J,
K,L

J 2 K,
L

K 1 L

L 0(Hehadalr
eady -
shakehandwit
h
ever
ybody)

Tot
alno.ofhandshakes =11 +10 +9 +8 +7 +6 +5 +4 +3 +2 +1 =66 (
A)

5!
9. =10 (
A)
3!2!
10.(
B)
11.(
A)
4 4 4
12. ∑3 4
r=1. Cr= C1 × C2 + C3 =4 +6 +4 =14 (
B)

1
13. fx)=2x i
( f 0≤x≤1 & Px= =?
2 ( )
1
Sol
uti
on: I
fx=
1
2
∴ fx)=2x=2 =1
(
2 ()
So,P( 1
∫ x1
0≤x≤1)=01dx=[]
0 =1-
0 =1 (
B)

(
14.PDF fx)=kx2 where0≤x≤2; E(x)=?
x32
0≤x≤2)=∫
P( 2
0f(
x) 2 2
dx=∫
0kxdx=k
30 []
23
[ ] []
8
=k =k
3 3

x)=1
But∑P(
8
[]
k =1
3
∴ k=38

32 3
x
E( 2
)=∫
0xf
(x) 2
dx=∫
0xkx2dx= ∫
0xd x
8
46

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 3x42 324 3 16 3
=
[] [ ]
= = × =
840 84 8 4 2
15.(
C)
16.(
D)
9 9 9
17. C4 + C3 + C2 =246 (
D)

18. p =0.
88 ∴q =1-
p =1-
0.88 =0.
12; n =20 & x=19
n
x
p()= Cxpxqn-x
19 20-
19
x=19)= 20C19(
p( 0.88) ( 12)
0.
=20×0. 8819 ×0.12 =0.21 (
D)

19.Tossi
ngacoi
nthr
eet
imes:

x 0 1 2 3

p(
x) 1 3 3 1
8 8 8 8

x
E()=∑xp(
x)
=0 8 +138 +238 +318
1
() () () ()
3 +6 +3 12
=3 +6 +3 = = (
D)
8 8 8 8 8

20.CORPORATION
Ar
rangi
ngv
owels:OOAI
O--
--5!
3!

56

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 7!
=
2!
5! 7!
∴ × =50400 (
D)
3! 2!

21.Gi
venPDF f x)=4x2; 0≤x≤1 v
( ar
(x)=?
41
x 1
x)=∫
E( 1
0x
13
4x2dx=4∫
0xd x=4
40[ ] ()
51
=4 =1
4
x 1 4
E( 1
x2)=∫
0x4 xdx=4∫
2 2 1
0xd
4
x=4
50[ ] ()
=4 =
5 5

v x)=E(
ar=( x2)(
-E(x)
)2

4 2 4 1
=- 1) = -
( 1 =- 5
5 5

22. 25P2 =600 (

B)

23. nP2 =72

n!
=72
(n-2)!
n(n-1)(n-2)!
=72; n(n- 1)=72
(
n- 2)!
n2-
n-72 =0
Solvi
ngquadrati
cally..
.
2
-(-
1) ± (-1) -4(1)
(-72) 1±17
n= =
2(1) 2
1 +17 1-17
Ei
ther n= =9 or n= =-8(theanswercannotbenegat
ive)
2 2
∴ n=9 ( D)

24.(
B)
25.(
A)
26.(
C)

27. 7men +6women=13peopl e

7 6 7 6 7 6
3C ×2C +4C ×1C +5C ×0C =525 +210 +21 =756 (
D)

28.7
3C ×
4
2C =210 (
A)

29.6boy sand 4gi r

ls =10children
6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4
1C ×3C +2C ×2C +3C ×1C +4C ×0C =24 +90 +80 +15 =209 (
D)

30.4whi
te+6r
ed =10bal
l
s

66

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 6
ck:P(
1stpi R)=
10
5
2ndpi
ck:wit
houtrepl :P(
acement R)=
9
6 5 2 1 1
∴ P( hR)= × = × =
bot (
A)
10 9 2 3 3

31.Tossi
ng2di
ce:

1 1 1 1
∴ P(
atmost4)= + + = (
D)
36 18 12 6

32. P(
itwi
l
lsnow)=0.
315 ∴ P(
nosnow)=1-
0.315 =0.
685 (
A)

33.Seesol
uti
ont
oQ27.(
2013/
2014Sessi
on)
34.Seesol
uti
ont
oQ28.(
2013/
2014Sessi
on)

35.Usi
ngPoissondi stri
buti
on
e-λλx
x)=
P( where λ=2 & x=3
x!
e-2 23
P(x=3)= =0.18 (
E)
3!

76

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 Q1.P(
breakdowninanyday)=0.2
P(
breakdowntwice)=2×0.2 =0.
4
0.
4
P(br
eakdownt wi
cein10days)= =0. 04 (
B)
10
Q2. 7men +6women =13peopl
e
7 6
C3 × C2 =525
7 6
C4 × C1 =210 ∴ 525 +210 +21 =756 (
D)
7 6
C5 × C0 =21
7 4
Q3. C3 × C2 =210 (
A)

Q4. LOGARITHMS =10letter

s
10 10!
P4 = =5040 (
C)
(
10-4)
!

Q5.6boy s+4gir
ls=10peopl
e
6 4 6 4 6 4 6 4
C1 × C3 + C2 × C2 + C3 × C1 + C4 × C0
=24 +90 +80 +15 =209 (
D)

Q6.ApplyPoi
ssondi
stribution;wher eλ =2 and x=3
3
e-2 (2)
P(
x=3)= =0.18 (
E)
3!
Q7.(D)
Q8.Agai
napplyPoi
ssondi stributi
on
λ=2; x=3
3
e-2 (
2)
P(x=3)= =0.18 (
D)
3!
Q9.MATH
 Ar
rangi
ngMATHwehav e4!
 Ar
rangi
ngconsonant
sMTHwehave 3!
3! 3! 1
Pr
obabi
li
ty= = = (
A)
4! 4×3! 4
Q10.

̅
s =30
Q11.No.ofboy xB =6
̅
No.ofgi
rl
s =x=? xG =8 t
otal e =468
scor

̅ P
xB =6 =30
P =6×30 =180
86

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs
 ̅ 468-
180
xG =8 = x

468-180 288
x= = =36 (
C)
8 8
Q12.
2
Cl
assi
nter
val Cl
assmar
k f ̅
x
x- (x-̅x)
3-
5 3 +5 2 4-
7 =-
3 9
=4
2

6 +8
6-
8 =7 2 7-
7 =0 0
2

9 +11
=10
2
9-
11 2 10-
7 =3 9

̅2
N =6
( )
∑
x
x-
=18

̅ 4(2)+7(2)+10(
2) 8 +14 +20
x = 6 = 6 =7
2

St
d=
∑( )
x-
̅
x = 18 = 3 (C)
N 6
15
Q27.Given:P(X =k)= (
k ()
29)
0. k
( 71)
0. 15-
k

meanorE( x)=?
n
Comparewi hP(
t X =x)= Cxpxqn-x
Where x=k,n=15,p =0. 29 & q =0.
71
meanorE( x)=np =15×0.29 =4.35 (
C)

Q28.St
ddev
iat
ion = v
ar= npq = 15×0.
29×0.
71 =1.
76 (
C)

Q29.(
E)

Q30. n=12; p =0.

5; x=7; q =0.
5
12 7 12-
7
∴ C(
70.5)( 5)
0. =0.
19 (
A)

Q31.(
C)
Q32.(
C)
Q33.(
C)
Q34.(
B)
Q35.(
A)

96

Basi
cSt
ati
sti
cs