I

S.B.O.A GLOBAL SCHOOL, CHENNAI - 101

STD X• FORMULAS i

CHAPTER1-REALNUMBERS '!

1. A number is prime if it has only two factors, 1 and itself

2. Every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime factors

3. HC F of two numbers = Product of the smaller power of each common factor in the numbers.

4. HCF (a,b) X LCM (a,b) = a Xb

5. HCF (a,b,c) X LCM (a,b,c) *a X b X c

CHAPTER 2 - POLYNOMIALS

1. The exponent of the highest degree term is called the degree of the polynomial

3. Constant Polynomial f(x) = ap is a constant

Linear Polynomial f(x) = ax + bp*O
Quadratic Polynomial: f(x) = a x2 +bx+c, a*O
. Cubic Polynomial f(x) = a X3 + b x2 + cx+d, a * O

4 A real number 'a' is a zero of the polynomial f(x) if f(a) = 0

5 A polynomial of degree 'n' can have at most 'n' real zeros

6. Geometrically, the zeros of the polynomial f(x) are the x coordinates of the points
where the graph
y = f (x) intersects the x axis.

7. If a and f3 are the zeros of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = a x2 +bx+c, then

Sum of the zeros = -b/a Product of the zeros =c/a

8. Given the sum of the zeros and product of the zeros, the quadratic polynomial is
x2- (sum of the zeros)x + product of the zeros :
9. If a + b and-a b are given / known, then J

a2+ b2 = (a+ b)2- 2 ab r,

I

II
Fi t
 a i+ b' = (a + b) 3_ 3ab(a+b)
a4+ b4= (a'+ b.?)2- 2 (ab) 2
2 2
(a+ bt = a + 2ab + b2
2
(a - b) = a - 2ab + b2
(a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2
(x +a)~+ b) = x2 +(a+ b)x + ab
3
(a+ b) = a + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
3 3
(a - b~ = a - b3 - 3ab(a • b)
a 3 - b = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b~)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
2
(x + + y
+ 2+ 2+
z ) 2 =
+
x

+ y z 2 x y
2 y z
2 x z

3 3 3
x + y + z - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - xz)

CHAPTER 3 - PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIA BLES

1. Each solution (x, y) of a linear equation ax+by+c=O which represents

a line.

corresponds to a point on the line.

2. A pair of linear equations in two variables x, y is a x + b,y + C1 =:: O;

1 a2X + b2Y + C2 = 0

r,ill.C',11 Equ:ttinm,

.' ., ...
t,
t
)J11c1ih:fu. ,. f;un~irn~~ I lrlcorushrem
' ':~ ..-- r ___~
- ', :-:;.+.:.: -. ; ~ i .i. ·-· -
l~ltd fjue~
.'. ~..~~~-~~t!li.ig (t_1focidcm a, bi ···:,i'
... .,? Lrr:ic~.· . Un<.!~ -=---r .---
\t. ,.-;,a,~...11• ... b ··•. •
,~;t;:. - ....
., I • a, b, c, (1~ h.! CJ
-=- =-
• !Ji, 1 hz. {/,- h,- '°' 'No S\1!1;1jr,n
, ~r.fef~~~~)fll~Q~
~

rntini1c St•l1.11i,ms

3. Certain basic facts to know

(i) x 0 is the equation of axis and

=
y
y = 0 is the equation of x axis

(ii) x = a (some constant·represents a line parallel toy axis

f2
(iii) y == b (some ~onstant)represents a line parallel to x axis.

(iv) Distance travelled = speed x time

'
(V) 1n sums consiSting of sum or difference of the digits and reversing the digits.

if the unit digit is x a nd tenth digit is Y the number should be taken as 1O y + x

6_consider the two linear equations 49 x + 51 y = 499 and 51 x + 49 y = 501.

Th& coefflci~nts ~f x and Y are interchanged in the two equations. In such cases add the two
equations, simphfy; s~btract the two equations, simplify. Very easy method to solve
7. If two speeds are given then it is linear equation.
e. In Age related problems the final answer will not be a fraction or negative number.

CHAPTER 4-QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

standard form of a Quadratic Equation is a x2 + bx + c = 0,a*0

. Examples of Quadratic Equations x2-6x+4=0, 2x2-7x=0

. Examples of Equations which are not Quadratic. x +4/x = x2 , x2+2✓x-3=0 3
. A real number a is called a root of the quadratic Equation a x2 + bx + c = O if a satisfies the
uadratic equation ie if a a2 +ba+c=0x=a is a solution of the quadratic equation .

. Zeros of the quadratic polynomial a x2 + bx+ c are the same as the roots of the quadratic
quation

. Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation Method

The roots of the quadratic equation can be found by equating each linear factor to 'O'

x'+bx+c=O

. Solving a Quadratic Equation by Formula

-b t Jb2 - 4ac
x=
2a •
• the coefficient~ front of or the number besidd x2
I,• the coefficient§ front of or the number besi'x
c = the constant

8. Nature of the roots of the Quadratic Equation depends on D = b2-4 ac, which is the n

F-3

J
 Discriminant
If D is zero or positive proceed to find the roots, if it is
negative not possible to find the roots.

9. The Quadratic Equation a x2 + bx + c = o has

(i) two distinct real roots, if b2-4ac>0

(ii) two real and equal roots (coincident roots), if b2-4ac=

0

(iii)no real roots, if b2-4ac<0

10. Only one speed is given it is quadratic.

/cHA PTE R 5-ARITHMETIC PROGRI;SSION

1. A sequence a1, a2, a3, a is an Arithmetic Progression

(AP) if the difference between any two
consecutive terms is the same and that is the common
difference 'd' which can be positive or
negative.

2. General AP is a, a+ d, a+ 2d, a+ 3d difference where

a is the first term and dis the
common

3. The nth term of an AP with a as the first term and d

as the common difference is given by,
an= a+ (n-1)d
4.

(i) Sumo f nnutu l

ra number = (n)(n +l)
2
(ii) Sum ofn even number= (n) (n + l)
(iii) Sum of n odd number= n 2

6. Sum ofn terms of an AP is denoted as Sn,

Sn=!! x [2a +(n-1 )d]
2

7. Sum of n terms of an AP when the last term (t) is given

Sn= !!. x [ a +t J
2
or
Sn=!! X [a +an]
2

Sr S1=-a2 general an = Sn - Sn. 1

r

CHAPTER 6-TRIANGLES

1. Two figures having the same shape and

same size are congruent figures.
2. Two figures having the same shape but
not the same size are similar figures.

3. All congruent figures are similar but all

similar figures need not be congruent.
4. Two polygons having the same number
of sides will be similar if the corresponding
the two polygons are equal and the correspon angles of
ding sides are proportional.
5. Basic Proportionality Theo rem: If a line is drawn parallel to one side
the other two sides in two distinct points, of a triangle to inter se~
then the other two sides are divided in the
PQI SC same ratio.

6. Converse of Basi c Proportionality Theo

rem: If a line divides any two sides of a trian
same ratio, then the line is parallel to the gle in the
third side.
7. SIMILAR TRIANGLES
(A) A AA SIMILARITY If the corresponding
angles of two triangles are equal, then their
corresponding sides are proportional. The
two triangles are similar
(8) A A SIMILARITY If two angles of one
triangle are equal to the corresponding two
another triangle, the two triangles are simil angles of
ar (C) SSS SIMILARITY If the correspon
two triangles are proportional (the ding sides of

corresponding angles are-.equal) then the

two triangles are similar

(0) SAS SIMILARITY If one angle of a

triangle is equal to one angle of anot her
sides including these angles are in the sam triangle and the
e ratio, then the two triangles are simi lar

(E) RHS SIM ILAR ITY In two right triangles

, if the hypotenuse and one side are prop
the two triangles are similar ortional then

8 PYT HAG ORU S THE ORE M In a right

triangle. the square on the hypo tenu se is
sum of the squares on the othe r twb sides equa l to the
.
3. PYT HAG ORU S THE ORE M : In a right trian
gle, the square on the hypo tenu se is equa
sum of the squares on the othe r two side l to the
s.

9. CON VER SE OF PYT HAG ORU S THE

OREM: If in a triangle, squa re of one side
the sum of the squa res of the othe r two is equa l to
sides, then the angl e oppo site to the first
angle. side is a right

10. The line joini ng the mid poin ts of two

side s of a triangle is parallel to the third
the third side and half

F5"

J
11. The diagonals of a trapezium divide each other proportionally.

CHAPTER 7-COORDINATE GEOMETRY

1. The distance of a point from y axis is called the x coordinate or abscissa.

2. The distance of a point from x axis is called the y coordinate or ordinate.

3. Any point on the x-axis will be of the form (x,0)

4. Any point on the y-axis will be of the form (0,y)

5. A is (X1,Y1) and B is (X2, Y2)

. -f<x2-x1>2 + (y2 -y1)2
Distance AB = •

6. Distance of a point A (x.,y) from the origin O = OA = ✓x 2 + y 2

7. Distance of a point P{x,y) from the x-axis is y units

8. Distance of a point P(x, y) from the y-axis is x units

9. Three points A, B, C are collinear if the sum of the
distances between two pairs of points the distance between y
the third pair •

PQ +QR= PR. P,Q,R are collinear points.

•
'I.

XY + YZ '# XZ. X,Y,Z non collinear points

11. SECTION FORMULA

Section Formula; The co-ordipates of the
point which divides the line segment
joining the points P (x1, Y1) and Q (x2, y2) in
the ratio m1 : m2 are
m1x2 + m2Xt, m1Y2 +·m2]h)
( m1 + m2 m1 + m2

Fb
 12. MID-POINT FORMULA

Mid-point Formula : The co-ordinates of

the mi?•point of the line scgcment joining
the pomls p (x1, ,1/1) and Q(x2, Y2) are
x, + X2 !/1 +Y2)
( 2 ' 2
13. CENTROID FORMULA
Centroid Formula : The co-ordinates of the
centroid of a triangle whose vertices are A
(x1, Y1 ), B(x2, ·y2) and C (x3, y3) are

(
X{ + X2 + -1:~ Yr}.-..Y..2 +
3 ' 3
'il)
2
14- Points of Trisection. The points which divide the line joining A and B in the ratio 2: 1 and 1:
are called the points of Trisection
!
15. To prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram, (given the vertices) prove that the midpoints
ofboth the diagonals are the same. Use the same concept to find the fourth vertex of the •
parallelogram if three vertices in order are given.

16. To prove that the quadrilateral is a rectangle, (given the vertices) prove that the opposite
sides arevertices in order are given.

17. To prove that the quadrilateral is a rectangle, (given the vertices) prove that the opposite
sides are equal and the two diagonals are equal.

18. To prove that the quadrilateral is a rhombus, (given the vertices) prove that all the four sides
are equal. [Diagonals are not equal. The diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right
angles.]

16. To prove that the quadrilateral is a square, (given the vertices) prove that the four sides are
equal and the two diagonals are equal. •

cA.lsJ TRIGONOMETRY ~iif~~k~;: ;;;~~~'iii;i_;~-~; •i

UJ-J~ •,:i?'~! ..·•.: ,' ~·:, !,,... . !.~ Ir::, .,_,, ::, '°'t "i'~=• • 1;~..:f•:"'\• !~•.'";I !

I ✓~ .~ ' l
'
:! 2
► sin A=Opp. Side I Hypotenuse
► cos A=Adj . side / Hypotenuse .-J,:11 ui:J
' ..
I ••
► tan A = Opp. Side I Adj. Side , ll~l

► cos2 A +sin 2A= 1 ,.

":?
► 1+ tan 2 A=sec2 A ,,, . 2
2
► 1 +cot79 =cosec 9 '- n<>l defined

".0

F7
 CH-10 CIRCLES
1 Tangent is a line which intersects a circle at only one point

2 Secant is a line which intersects a circle in two points

3. From a point inside the circle, no tangent can be drawn to that circle

4. From a point on the circle, only one tangent can be drawn to the circle

5. From a point outside the circle two tangents can be drawn tq the circle

6. The tangent at any point on the circle is perpendicular to the radius at the point-of contact.
7. The lengths of the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal

8. The two tangents drawn to a circle from an external point subtend equal angles at the centre.

9. The two tangents drawn to a circle from an external point are equally inclined to the line
joining that point to the centre of the circle.

AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLES •

TABLE FOR AREA AND PERIMETER
l~) \~i~\J ;~~ :::! Figures.· • ,•, .: ~
•-. ·\ Area~: •. ....,·-•'•;' :r."· :·,·. Perimeter !,.-; .,

. ·.':_;5;:: •... ,_ ~:r-:-+;~~-f.--~-~~-~.;-~/-_.

••• • : I , .;,••,;..,._, • •· • •\

.- ...
:.:,:1.-,
-
Circle m-2 or -4
1td2
2m- or ,rd r: radius

G d: dia11wter
,r=
22
7 or3.14

Semidrclc·
0 T
nr 2
T trr + 2r

Quadrant

Ring
D 7tr2
T
tr(R + r) (R - r)
~ +2r
2

2JtR (Outer circu-

@
R: Radius of
mference) bigger circle
21"" (Inner circ,,m- r: Radius of
. ference) s11U1llcr circle
8

6
Sector 8
(iJ X ,rr2 x 2nr + 1r r: R11dius of circle
360 360
~,~ • (ii) -lr
1
2 I : length of arc

Segment
@ •3: 0 m-2 - ½r2 sin 6 1tr8 .
180 + 2'sin 2
e. 8 : angle sr1btencled
by arc at centre
 Length of the Arc = J:on x 21tr
Ar~a of the major sector = TT r2 - Area of minor sector
Area of Major segment = 1T r2 - Area of minor segment
Area of a triangle = ½ x base x height sq. units
Area of equilateral triangle= v; a sq. units
2

ft1.1t-, 2 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUMl!:

CUBE

Curved surface area of a cube = 4a2

Total surface area of a cube= 6a2

Volume of a cube= a3

CUBOID

Curved surface area of a cuboid= 2(lh + bh) = 2(1 + b)h

Total surface area of a cuboid= 2(lb + bh + lh)

Volume of a cuboid= Ix bx h

CYLINDER

Curved surface area of a cylinder = 21trh

Total surface area of a cylinder = 21tr(r + h)

Volume of a cylinder = nr2 h

CONE

Curved surface area of a c.one = 1trl

Total surface area of a cone= 1trl + 1tr2 = 1tr(r + 1)

1 2
Volume ofa cone= ~r h
 SPHERE

Lateral Surface Area of Sphere (LSA) = 4n: r2

Tota) Surface Area of Sphere (TSA) = 4n:r2
Volume of Sphere= 4/3 x,t r3

HEMISPHERE
Lateral Surface Area of Hemisphere (LSA) =2n:r2
Total Surface Area of Hemisphere (TSA) = 3n:r2
Volume of Hemisphere=½ x (1tr3)

J21\- ll STATISTICS
MEAN OF GROUPED DATA
Direct method
- 1.J:s
Mean, x = ...- ' 1
Lh
As~umc mean method or Short..cut method
Mean, i=A + ¥d;
r where d. =x.-A l I

·' i

; Step De,•iation method

- I1,u. X -A
lvfean, x = A + . "' ' x h I
WlCl'C U=,......' -
L-f: /J

Class Mark = UpperC/assl-imit+L.owerC/assl-imit2

Note: Frequency of a class is centred at its mid-point called class mark.

MEDIAN: Median is a measure of central tendency that gives the value of the
middle-
most observation in the data.
 ✓ C. \.¼ -\:!, PROBABILITY

Number of outcomt~ favu

• P(E) • Number of all possible outcomts urabfr to E (E) m
of tlte experiment· Thus, p :io 11
• If P(E) = 1, then it is called a 'Cer
tain Event'.
• If P(E) = 0, !~en it is called an 'Imp
ossible Event'.
• The probab1hty of an event E is a
number P(E) such that: 0 s P(E) s 1
• An event having only one outcome I
is called an elementary event. The sum th
probabilities of all the elementary eve of e
nts of an experiment is 1. -.
• For any event E, P(E) + P(E) = 1,
where E stands for 'not E'. E and Eis
complementary events. called
• Favourable outcomes are those
outcomes in the sample space that
to the occurrence of an event. are favourab 1e

Tos sing a Coin

No. of Coins
outcome Total No. of Outcomes
1 Hea
2 • 2 21
HH T,H 42
3
HHH, I TH, THH, TTH, 8 (2)
THT, HTT, TTT.

ROLLING A DIE

J 2
-1- ( 1, l) ( 1, 2)
3 I 4 s (i I
(1, 3} i ( t, ,1) (], 51
2 (i, 1) (?, ~) (J, 3)
(1, 6) I
I P, 11) P, S} (J, f>)
3 (J., 1) (J.. li
I.
(3, J) ' (J, 4) 13. !°>,
4 (11' 1) (4, 2) (4, 3)
(J. C,) I'
,. (4, ,1) ( 4, ,:;; (•1, 6,) I,
::,
--
(~. I) ('.>, 2) (~,, 3j I
(5, ll) IS, ~l (~>. (,:1

--
l.l ((\ l) (6, 2) - ~(-3 )--1 • ((~ )-- -- -~·-'• --·
. IG, SI -.(€,.-6) -];
_,...... ~ --· .., ·-·- - -·- - ·- ,
"- -
n(s) = 62 ••

PLAYING CARDS Each suit bns J face cnrcts.

52 cards "" 1 deck

►There are four suits in the

I
13 spades
I
13 hearts
I I
deck of cards 13 clubs 13 dimmmd~
► From 2 to 10, there are 9
♦
cards per suit, thus there is a total of
36 such cards.
 (i) Ungroupcd data: If II is odd-> Mediau
ti,
a (";

(
l r
,,,
obseroatio11

rt •
l1J " is .
e-ven ~ Mcdum =
!!.)
2
observation + ~~ + 1 observation
2
2
Rcmu.•mbcr! For imgroupcd dnM, first ammge tire observations in asc.endi11g order or descending order,

(i1) Median (Groupe,! Data): ~ +(i-/.f·) x h

Median I

I= Lower limit of median class;

n = Number of observations· I

f = Frequency of median class;

c.f. = Cumulative frequency of preceding class:

h = Class size

Mode:
(i) Ungrouped Data: The value of the observation having maximum frequency is the
mode.
(ii) Grouped Data:
Mode = l + ( /i - /o ) >< h
¼-/o-h.
I = Lower limit of modal class;

f, = Frequency of modal class;

fo = Frequency of the class preceding the modal class;

f2 = Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class;

h = Size of class interval.

c.f. = Cumulative frequency of preceding class;

Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean

 ► Face cards- contain a figure or face of the figure on the card. There ar~
three cards of each suit i.e., Jack, Queen, King. Thus there are a total of
12 face cards.
52 Cards
--✓-------
26 Black -------26 Red

13Sp~ ~lubs ./~ s 13H eart s

d
.. 13D,amon
1 Ace 1 Ace - lAce
1 King 1 Ace
1 King •
1 l<ing
1 Queen 1 Queen , 1 King
1 1
1 Queen
1 Jack 1 Jack Queen
2-10 Number 2-10
--- - ---
Number,
1J I
ac <I
2-10 Number
1 Jack
2-10· Number !

:1<ing
Queen=;:::::::,.-Fare Caf~:I~
Jack

t>~ \ O~Vvv
- vvvO --.J e. ~vv-
\ Ovv---o • ~