UNIT-5

PARTA

Future Tenses
Punctuation

Negation (Statements & Questions)

Simple, Compound & Complex Sentences.
Cause & Effect Expressions
Content vs Functionwords.

PART B

Essay Writing (Descriptive or narrative)

Paragraph writing (ShortReport on an event ,field trip ete.)

PART A

Future Tense
The Future Tense agenda includes any action that is scheduled to occur in the Future. Future
Tense, like any other Tense, can be identified by the verb form and auxiliaries utilized.

Simple Future Tense Rules

Simple Future Tense is
When describing an action that will take place in the Future, the
an example of how to use this
Cmployed. It expresses assurance and facts. The following is
Tense: Subject +will/shall + VI +Object

Example:
"We'll relocate to another city.
"He'llarrive in New York tomorrow.
Future Continuous Tense Rules
Continuous Tense portrays an action that will most likely Occur in the future and last
Ine Future
predetermined amount of time. It's made up of the words willHbe+past participle Tbe
iOr a
1ollowing Tense is used:
cubiect + will be/shall be + ing + VI
+Object
Example:
lbesleeping till around 6 a.m.
tomorrow.
They'll beplaying at this time the next day.
Future Perfect Tense Rules
The Future Pertfect Tense is used to
indicate an action that wilIl take place at a Future date and
time. The Tense is generated by combining the
words "wilI" and "have" with the verb's past
participle. It's used for:
Subiect + will have/shall have + V3 + Object
Example:
I plan to finish the homework by Monday.
Before her father arrives, she will have cleaned the house.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense Rules

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense describes an action that will last until a Future date. It's
made up of the participle will+have+beentpresent. It's used for:
Subject + will have been + VI+ ing + Object
Example:
He'll have run for an hour on the treadmillthe next day.
We'llhave spent the entire winter soaking in the afternoon sun.

Future Tense Rles

haven't happened yet but may
The Future Tense is used to represent uture occurrences that
verb that doesn't exist right now.
happen in the Future. It's a Future-Tense version of the
Example:
music.
She'll be performing her dance to classical
York first thing tomorrow morning.
We'llbe moving to the house in upstate New
Inten minutes, the train will depart.
Exercise
12:30.
1. The bus ------ --(toarrive) at
mountain top café.
2. We ----to have) lunch at
Wednesday evening.
3. Rohit- (to fly) to New Delhion
 (to finish) by 4pm we can go Out for
4. Are you still reading that book? If you-
ice cream.

5. |----to see) my mother in May.

minutes.
6. Look at the weather. It (torain) in a few
7. Wait! |---- (to drive) you to the airport.
(to finish) your work
8. T'm sorry but you need to stay in the office until you
land in Boston
9. Idon't think you (to have) any problems when you

Answers-(Arrives/are going to have/is flying/finish/am going to see/is going to rain/ will

drive/have finished/will have)

Punctuation

Punctuation is the tool that allows us to organize our thoughts and make it easier to review and
share our ideas. The standard English punctuation is as follows: period, comma, apostrophe,
quotation, question, exclamation, brackets, braces, parenthesis, dash, hyphen, ellipsis,
colon, semicolon.

Punctuate the following sentences using comma, semicolon and the colon:

1. The Gita says life is action.

2. Man is mortal God is eternal.
3. To err is human to forgive divine.
4. Bacon says reading maketh a full man.
5. Pope says little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
6. A thing of beauty is ajoy for ever Its loveliness increases.
7. Shakespeare's four great tragedies are
King Lear Hamlet Othello and Macheth
8 The two great books of Nehru are
lhe Discovery of India and My
9. He wants money to spend on books to read horses to Autobiooranhy
ride and a palatial
roads were deep in mud house
10. The rain fell in torrents the sky was dark the to live in.
the weary travellers plodded on in silence. the way was long
Answer

1. The Gita says: Life is action.

2. Man is mortal; God is eternal.
3. To err is human: To forgive is
divine.
4. Bacon says: Reading maketh a full man.
5. Pope says: Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
6. A thing of beauty is a joy forever; its loveliness
increases.
7. Shakespeare's four great tragedies are: King Lear, Hamlet, Othello and Macbeth.
8. The two great books ofNehru are: The Discovery of India and My
Autobiography.
9. He wants money to spend;on books to read, horses to ride, and apalatial house to live in.
10. The rain fell in torrents; the sky was dark, the roads were deep in mud, the way was long,
the weary travellers plodded on insilence.

Mary roce ner kike to t a e

Full Stop E r a lag
TTe neadinc DooKS Stnine
omna to musiC, and stucying Englisn
AS tne cay came to an end
the fire figntGrs put out tne
Last Spark.
estCrn Vhere are yGu frOm
Mak
WOw! Today has oeen
Exçlamatiorn awesomne!
Mark
MY cdaughter is a teacher my
Seri-CGolon
Yo haVe tvwo Ch¡ice
finisn thework oday or lose
Colon tEIECOntraCt
wvork n italySata
Quotaticn innmy
Marks Seans perfornnance at school
***
Apotrophe They re
tonight

MY ight yearold aoy loves

reading
Hyphern The twO Oncthers C R i C y
ndSean) were lanning ho
to olay qçitar
BraCkets
O be COntinues

Elipsis
ESLBDZ
Negation (Statements & Questions)
negative is by using "not." Generally, "not" follows an
The most common way to make a phrase will, etc.) even ifithe
(shall, must, might, verb adds
auxiliary verb ("to be", "to do") or a modal "to do
When nomodal is present or appropriate, We use the verb
no meaning to the sentence.

Examples:

They are working hard.

They will be working hard.
They had worked hard.
They have been working hard.
They might have been working hard.

We makenegatives byputting not after the first part of theverb:

They are not working hard.

They will not be working hard.
They had not worked hard.
They have not been working hard.
They might not have been working hard.

In spoken English, weoften reduce not ton't:

Theyaren't working hard.

They won't be working hard.
They hadn't been working hard.
They haven't been working hard.
They mightn't have been working hard.

Negative Questions

What about using "not" in questions? Negative questions possible,

are but show
used. Tell your students that they might hear or use negative questions to aren 't commonly
they surprise or to gel

confirmation.
 Are you not feeling well today?
(e.g., ask this if your friend is quieter
than usual)
Doyou not like pizza?
(e.g., ask this if your friend isn'teating
pizza when everyone else is)
Have you not seen this movie?
(e.g., ask this if your friend isn't joining in a
discussion about a popular film)
Negative: Aren't yougoing to English class tomorrow?
Positive: Are you going to English class tomorrow?
Negative: Doesn't she know that the report is due today?
Positive: Does she know that the report is due today?
Negative: Do you mind ifIdrink the lastcan of Coke?
Positive: May Idrink the lastcan of Coke?
Negative: Didn't you wash the dishes yesterday?
Positive: Didyouwash the dishes yesterday?
Simple, Compound & Complex Sentences )

Adependent elause contains a subject and a verb, but no complete thought.

A SIMPLE SENTENCE has one independent clause.
ACOMPOUND SENTENCE has two independent clauses joined by. ...

A COMPLEX -SENTENCE has one dependent clause (headed by a subordinating

conjunction or a relative pronoun ) joined to an independent clause.

Simple Sentences
A simple sentence has the most basicelements that make ita sentence: a subject, a verb, and a
completed
thought.
Aamples of simple sentences include the following:
I. Joe waited for the train.

"Joe" =subject, "waited" = verb

2. The train was late.
 "The train" = subject, "was" = verb
3. Mary and Samantha took the bus.
yerb
"Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "took" =
4. Ilooked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.
"|" =subject, "looked" = verb
but waited until noon for the bus.
J. Mary and Samantha arrived at the busstation early
Compound verb
"Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "arrived" and "waited" =
clause. It is referred to as
A Simple sentence can also be referred to as an independent
"independent" because, while it might be part of acompound or complex sentence, it can also
stand by itself as acomplete sentence.

Compound Sentences
A compound sentence refers to a sentencemade up of two independent clauses (or complete
sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions
are easy to remember if youthink of the words "FAN BOYS":
For* And Nor % But Or Yet So
Examples of compound sentences include the following:
1. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.
2. Ilooked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station, but they arrived at the
station before noon
and left on the bus before Iarrived.
3. Mary andSamantha arrived at the bus station before noon, and
they left on the bus before I
arrived.
4 Marv and Samantha left on the bus before I
arrived, so Idid not see them at the bus station.

Complex Sentences
A complex sentence is made up of an
independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
connected it. A dependent clause is SImilar to an independent
to
clause, or complete sentence.
but it lacks one of the elements that would
make it acomplete sentence
Examples of dependent clauses include the following:
because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon
4 while he waited at the train station
&after they left on the bus
Dependent clauses such as those above cannot
oan stand alone as a sentence, but
independent clause to form a complex they can be added
Dependent clauses begin with subordinating sentence.
common subordinating conjunctions: conjunctions. Below are some of the most
after
o though
a although
& unless

f until
f because
o when
before
whenever
even though whereas
& if
wherever
since h while
Acomplex sentence joins an independent clause with one or more dependent clauses.
The dependent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the independent clause, as in
the following:
Tip: When the dependent clausecomes first, a comma should be used to separate the two
clauses.
1. Because Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, I did not see them at the
station.
2. While he waited at the train station, Joe realized that the train was late.

3. After they left on the bus, Mary and Samantha realized that Joe was waiting at the train
station.
Conversely, the independent clauses can go first in the sentence, followed by the
dependent clause, as in the following:

complex or compound.
Read the following sentences and state whether they are simple,
ASimple sentence consists of just one
clause.
complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent (subordinate)
A
compound sentence consists of two Or more coordinate (independent) clauses
Clauses. A
Exercise
1. We were playing in the garden when the
2. She put on her
guests arrived.
coat and went out.
3. Ican't figure out
what he wants.
4. You don't
look happy to see me.
5. The cat saw the
puppies playing in the garden.
6. She leaned out of
the window.
7. You
shouldn't have done this to me.
8. They tried very hard but
they couldn't win the match.
9. Who let the cat in?
10. Although it was raining. we
went for a walk.
Answers
1. Wewere playing in the
garden when the guests arrived. (Complex sentence)
2. She put on her coat and
went out. (Compound sentence)
3. I can'tfigure out what he
wants. (Complex sentence)
4. You don't look happy to
see me. (Simple sentence)
5. The cat saw the puppies
playing in the garden. (Simple sentence)
6. She leaned out of the
window. (Simple sentence)
7. You shouldn't have done this to
me. (Simple sentence)
8. They tried very hard but
they couldn't win the match.
9. Who let the cat in? (Simple (Compound sentence)
sentence)
10. Although it was raining, we
went for a walk. (Complex
sentence)
Cause & Effect Expressions

When we talk about a situation that

makes another situation happen. we
effect. talk about cause ano
We often use some words and expressions such as
therefore, so to talk about cause and effect. because, since, due to, as, thanks to,

Example:
L Ihelp you because I like you.
 2. I study hard because Iwant to pass the exam.

3. We have to go home since we have no idea where to go next.

4. You need to hurry up since it'svery late now.

5. Ican't go out as it's raining.

6. I can'trun fast as I'm too fat.

7. Ilove you, so I willdo everything to make you happy.

8. I didn't eat anything, so l'm very hungry now.

9. We had to cancel the picnic because of bad weather.

10. Idid it because of you.

|1.The flight was canceled due to the storm.

12. Icame home late due to the traffic jam.

13. He didn't work hard as a result, he was fired.

14. Iwas busy this evening therefore, Icouldn't come to your party.

Content vs Function words

determiners, conjunctions,
Content Words Vs. Function Words. Function words include
pronouns, auxiliary verbs, modals, qualifiers, and question words. Content
prepositions,
with specific meanings, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and main verbs
words are words
(those without helping verbs.)

Content Words Vs. Function Words

Content= information, meaning

Function necessary words for grammar

Featured Video
ldentical Words in Spanish and English
 while
mostimportant
information function words are
In other words, content words give us the
used to stitch those words together.
nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Anoun
usually
Content Word Types :Content words are
action happening, or the state. Adjectives give us
tells us which object, verb tells us about the
adverbs tell us how, when or where something is done
details about objects and people and understanding
important information required for
Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs give us

Noun =person, place or thing

Verb = action, state
Adjective = describes an object, person, place or thing
Adverb =tells us how, where or when something happens

Other Content Words -These include negatives like no, not and never; demonstrative pronouns
including this, that, these and those; and question words like what, where, when, how and why.

Function Word Types

Function words help us connect important information. Function words are important for
understanding, but they add little meaning beyond defining the relationship between two words.
Function words include auxiliary verbs, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and pronouns.
Auxiliary verbs are used to establish the tense, prepositions show relationships in time and space,
articles show us something that is specific or one of many, and pronouns refer to other nouns.

Auxiliary verbs = do, be, have (help with conjugation of tense) do,does.did, has,will
Prepositions = show relationships in time and space (in, at, though, over,
between, under)
Articles =used to indicate specific or non-specific nouns
Conjunctions = words that connect (and, but, as, so, since)
Pronouns = refer to other nouns (,you,him,us,ours,she..)

Knowing the difference between content and functions words is important because content words
are stressed in conversation in English. Knowing the
difference between content and function
words can help you in understanding, and, most importantly, in
pronunciation skills.
Exercise
Decide which words are function andcontent words in the
following sentences.
1. Mary has lived in England for ten years.
2. He's going to fly to Chicago next weck.
3. Idon't understand this chapter of the book.
4. The children will be swimming in the ocean
this time next week.
5. John hadeaten lunch before his
colleague arrived.
6. The best time to study is early in the
morning or late in the evening.
7. The trees along the river are
beginning to blossom.
8. Our friends called us yesterday and asked if
we'd like to visit them next month.
9. You'Il be happy to know that she's
decided to take the position.
10. Iwon't give away your
secret.
Answers:
1. Mary has lived in England for
ten years.
2. He's going to fly to Chicago next week.
3. Idon't understand this chapter of the
book.
4. The children will be swimming in the
ocean at five o'clock.
5. John hadeaten lunch before his colleague
arrived.
6. The best time to study is early in the
morning or late in the evening.
7. The trees along the river are beginning to
blossom.
8. Our friends called us yesterday and asked if
we'd like to visit them next month.
9. You'llbe happy to know that she's decided to take the
position.
10. I won'tgive away your
secret.