Unit I

1. Explain the various applications of mobile computing and their impact on modern
technology.

Ans. Mobile computing refers to the ability to use computing devices, such as smartphones,
tablets, and laptops, to perform tasks and access data wirelessly, anytime and anywhere. The
flexibility and mobility offered by mobile computing have enabled numerous applications across
various industries, transforming modern technology and lifestyles.

Applications of Mobile Computing

1. Healthcare

o Telemedicine: Enables remote consultation, diagnosis, and treatment via mobile

apps.

o Mobile Health Monitoring: Wearable devices monitor health parameters like heart
rate and glucose levels.

o Emergency Services: Quick access to patient records and real-time communication

during emergencies.

2. Education

o E-learning Platforms: Access to online courses, virtual classrooms, and learning

materials.

o Mobile Libraries: Digital access to books, research papers, and journals.

o Collaboration Tools: Video conferencing and collaborative applications for group

projects.

3. Business and Finance

o Mobile Banking: Online account management, fund transfers, and payment services.

o E-commerce: Shopping platforms accessible via mobile devices.

o Field Work: Real-time data entry, reporting, and communication for on-the-go
employees.

4. Transportation and Logistics

o GPS Navigation: Real-time navigation and route optimization.

o Fleet Management: Tracking and managing vehicle fleets using mobile apps.

o Ride-Hailing Services: Platforms like Uber and Lyft connect drivers with passengers.

5. Entertainment

o Mobile Streaming: Access to music, movies, and live TV.

o Gaming: Mobile gaming platforms provide interactive experiences.

 o Social Media: Platforms like Instagram and TikTok offer seamless content sharing.

6. Communication

o Video Calling: Apps like Zoom and Microsoft Teams support face-to-face
communication.

o Messaging: Instant messaging platforms like WhatsApp and Telegram.

o Social Networking: Staying connected through social media apps.

7. Public Services and Governance

o E-Government: Access to government services via mobile apps.

o Disaster Management: Real-time communication and coordination during

emergencies.

o Smart Cities: IoT integration for better city management, including traffic and waste.

Impact of Mobile Computing on Modern Technology

1. Enhanced Connectivity:

o Mobile computing has bridged the gap between people, organizations, and devices,
enabling real-time interaction across the globe.

2. Increased Productivity:

o Portable devices and cloud services allow employees to work from anywhere,
boosting efficiency and flexibility.

3. Innovation in Technology:

o Mobile computing has driven innovations like mobile apps, IoT, AR/VR, and AI-based
solutions.

4. Global Digitalization:

o It has accelerated the digital transformation of industries, improving service delivery

and creating new opportunities.

5. Economic Growth:

o Mobile computing supports the gig economy, remote work, and e-commerce,
contributing significantly to global economic development.

6. Personalized User Experiences:

o Apps and devices leverage data analytics to offer tailored services, improving user
satisfaction.
 2. Describe the different generations of mobile communication technologies and highlight
their key differences.

Ans. Mobile communication technologies have evolved through multiple generations, each offering
improvements in speed, connectivity, and capabilities. Below is a description of the different
generations and their key differences:

1G (First Generation)

 Introduced: 1980s

 Technology: Analog

 Features:

o Based on analog voice communication.

o Provided basic voice services with low capacity and poor voice quality.

o No data services or encryption, making it less secure.

 Speed: Up to 2.4 Kbps

 Example Systems: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone).

2G (Second Generation)

 Introduced: Early 1990s

 Technology: Digital

 Features:

o Introduced digital voice communication and text messaging (SMS).

o Enhanced security using encryption.

o Better call quality and higher capacity than 1G.

 Speed: Up to 64 Kbps

 Example Systems: GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access).

3G (Third Generation)

 Introduced: Early 2000s

 Technology: Digital with improved data rates.

 Features:

o Enabled faster internet access, video calls, and mobile TV.

 o Allowed applications like mobile web browsing and streaming.

o Used technologies like WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) and HSPA (High-Speed Packet
Access).

 Speed: Up to 2 Mbps (initially), later extended to 42 Mbps with HSPA+.

 Example Systems: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System).

4G (Fourth Generation)

 Introduced: Late 2000s

 Technology: All-IP (Internet Protocol) based.

 Features:

o Provided ultra-high-speed internet and seamless multimedia access.

o Improved QoS (Quality of Service) and supported HD video streaming.

o Introduced LTE (Long-Term Evolution) and LTE-Advanced for higher speeds.

 Speed: 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps

 Example Systems: LTE, WiMAX.

5G (Fifth Generation)

 Introduced: 2019 onwards

 Technology: Advanced IP-based with millimeter waves and massive MIMO.

 Features:

o Focused on ultra-low latency, enhanced connectivity, and IoT support.

o Provided high speeds for applications like autonomous vehicles, smart cities, and
AR/VR.

o Enables massive device connectivity with improved energy efficiency.

 Speed: Up to 10 Gbps

 Example Systems: 5G NR (New Radio).

Difference between 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G
Key Differences

Feature 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

Technology Analog Digital Digital All-IP Advanced IP

Data Speed ~2.4 Kbps 64–144 Kbps Up to 2 Mbps 100 Mbps–1 Gbps Up to 10 Gbps

Services Voice Only SMS, MMS Mobile Web HD Video, VoIP IoT, AR/VR

Latency High Moderate Lower Very Low Ultra-Low

Security None Basic Advanced Very Advanced Highly Secure

3. What is spread spectrum? Explain its techniques with examples.

Ans. Spread spectrum is a technique used in wireless communication where the signal's frequency is
spread over a wider bandwidth than required for transmission. This increases resistance to
interference, enhances security, and allows multiple users to share the same frequency band without
significant interference.

Features of Spread Spectrum

1. Resilience to Interference: Spread spectrum signals are less affected by narrowband

interference.

2. Security: The signal appears as noise to unintended receivers, making it harder to intercept.

3. Multiplexing: Multiple users can share the same spectrum using different codes.

Spread Spectrum Techniques

1. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

 Concept: The signal frequency hops between different frequencies within a wideband range,
following a pre-determined hopping pattern known to both transmitter and receiver.

 Advantages:

o Resistant to interference since the frequency changes rapidly.

o Hard to intercept because of the pseudo-random hopping sequence.

 Example:

o Bluetooth uses FHSS to transmit data by hopping frequencies within the ISM band
(2.4 GHz).
 o If the original frequency is jammed, the system hops to a different frequency to
avoid interference.

2. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

 Concept: The data signal is multiplied by a high-rate pseudo-random code, spreading the
signal across a wider bandwidth.

 Advantages:

o Resistant to narrowband interference, as the interference only affects a small portion

of the spread signal.

o High data security, as the signal looks like noise without the pseudo-random code.

 Example:

o Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11b) uses DSSS. A binary sequence, such as the Barker code, spreads
the signal before transmission, and the receiver uses the same code to reconstruct
the original data.

3. Time Hopping Spread Spectrum (THSS)

 Concept: In THSS, data transmission occurs in short bursts at random time intervals
determined by a pseudo-random sequence.

 Advantages:

o Reduces the probability of signal detection.

o Minimizes collisions in shared channels.

 Example:

o Used in some ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems for precise location

tracking and low-power transmission.

4. Hybrid Spread Spectrum

 Concept: Combines FHSS and DSSS to leverage the benefits of both techniques.

 Advantages:

o Greater resistance to interference.

o Improved reliability and security.

 Example:

o GPS (Global Positioning System) employs a hybrid approach to enhance accuracy and
security.

Applications of Spread Spectrum

1. Military Communication: High resistance to jamming and interception.

2. Wi-Fi: DSSS in early standards like 802.11b, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) in later standards.
 3. Bluetooth: FHSS for short-range communication.

4. GPS: Combines FHSS and DSSS for precise location tracking.

4. Compare and contrast SDMA, TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA as multiplexing techniques.

Multiplexing is a method used to share a single communication channel among multiple users to
utilize resources efficiently. SDMA, TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA are key multiplexing techniques used in
mobile communication. Here's a detailed comparison:

1. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

 Concept:

o Allocates distinct spatial locations (sectors or beams) to users.

o Achieved using advanced antenna systems like MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output).

 Key Features:

o Supports multiple users simultaneously in the same frequency and time.

o Directional antennas are used to create spatially separate channels.

 Advantages:

o Increases channel reuse by spatially isolating signals.

o Works well with other multiplexing methods (e.g., FDMA, TDMA).

 Disadvantages:

o Requires complex and expensive antenna systems.

o Limited by physical separation of users.

2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

 Concept:

o Divides a single frequency channel into multiple time slots.

o Each user is allocated a unique time slot for transmission.

 Key Features:

o Sequential access to the channel, avoiding collisions.

o Commonly used in GSM systems.

 Advantages:

o Simple implementation and scheduling.

 o Efficient utilization of the spectrum for bursty traffic.

 Disadvantages:

o Sensitive to synchronization errors.

o Fixed time slots can lead to underutilization if traffic is low.

3. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

 Concept:

o Divides the available frequency band into smaller sub-bands, with each user
allocated a unique frequency.

 Key Features:

o Continuous access to the channel for each user.

o Used in analog communication systems like 1G and some satellite systems.

 Advantages:

o Simple implementation.

o Suitable for voice communication and continuous streams.

 Disadvantages:

o Inefficient for bursty data as bandwidth is reserved even during idle periods.

o Requires guard bands to prevent interference, reducing spectrum efficiency.

4. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

 Concept:

o All users share the same frequency and time, but each user is assigned a unique
spreading code to separate their signals.

 Key Features:

o Data is spread across a wide frequency band using spreading codes.

o Used in 3G and other modern communication systems.

 Advantages:

o High spectrum efficiency and capacity.

o Resistant to interference and eavesdropping due to unique codes.

 Disadvantages:

o Requires complex receivers for decoding.

 o Performance can degrade as the number of users increases (near-far effect).

Feature SDMA TDMA FDMA CDMA

Frequency sub- Unique spreading

Basis Spatial separation Time slots
bands codes

Shared by spatial
Medium Access Time-shared Frequency-shared Code-shared
sectors

Medium (time- High (wideband

Efficiency High (spatial reuse) Low (guard bands)
bound) utilization)

Moderate
Synchronization Low requirement High requirement Low requirement
requirement

High (antenna High (decoding

Complexity Moderate Low
systems) complexity)

MIMO, AMPS, Satellite 3G, CDMA2000,

Examples GSM
Beamforming Systems WCDMA

5. Explain the role of MAC protocols in mobile communication systems.

Ans. MAC (Medium Access Control) protocols play a vital role in mobile communication systems by
managing access to the shared wireless medium, ensuring efficient utilization, and maintaining
reliable communication. They address challenges like mobility, interference, and limited spectrum
resources while optimizing network performance. Below are the key roles of MAC protocols:

1. Efficient Channel Allocation:

o Dynamically assigns communication channels to devices to maximize spectrum

usage.

2. Collision Prevention:

o Implements techniques like collision avoidance to ensure smooth communication

and minimize data loss.

3. Fair Access:

o Ensures all devices have equal opportunities to use the channel, avoiding
monopolization.

4. Mobility Management:

o Adapts to changes in device location and topology to support seamless connectivity.

 5. Energy Efficiency:

o Reduces power consumption by enabling sleep modes and optimizing transmission

schedules.

6. Quality of Service (QoS):

o Prioritizes data traffic based on its type, ensuring smooth transmission of time-
sensitive data like voice and video.

7. Error Handling:

o Supports mechanisms for retransmission and acknowledgment to maintain

communication reliability.

Unit II: Mobile Telecommunication System

1. What is GSM? Describe its architecture and the services it provides.

Ans: GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. GSM is an open and digital
cellular technology used for mobile communication. It uses 4 different frequency bands 850
MHz, 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 1900 MHz. It uses the combination of FDMA and TDMA.

GSM is having 4 different sizes of cells

 Macro: In this size of the cell, a Base Station antenna is installed.

 Micro: In this size of cell, antenna height is less than the average roof level.

 Pico: Small cells’ diameter of a few meters.

 Umbrella: It covers the shadowed (Fills the gaps between cells) regions.

Features of GSM

 Supports international roaming

 Clear voice clarity

 Ability to support multiple handheld devices.

 Spectral / frequency efficiency

 Low powered handheld devices.

 Ease of accessing network

 International ISDN compatibility.

 Low service cost.

 New features and services.

 The Architecture of GSM

 BSS : BSS stands for Base Station Subsystem. BSS handles traffic and signaling between a
mobile phone and the network switching subsystem. BSS having two
components BTS and BSC.

 NSS : NSS stands for Network and Switching Subsystem. NSS is the core network of GSM.
That carried out call and mobility management functions for mobile phone present in
network. NSS have different components like VLR, HLR and EIR.

 OSS : OSS stands for Operating Subsystem. OSS is a functional entity which the network
operator monitor and control the system. OMC is the part of OSS. Purpose of OSS is to offer
the customer cost-effective support for all GSM related maintenance services.

Suppose there are 3 Mobile stations which are connected with the tower and that tower is
connected to BTS through TRX, then further connected to BSC and MSC. Let’s understand the
functionality of different components.

 MS : MS stands for Mobile System. MS comprises user equipment and software needed for
communication with a mobile network. Mobile Station (MS) = Mobile Equipment(ME) +
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). Now, these mobile stations are connected to tower and
that tower connected with BTS through TRX. TRX is a transceiver which comprises
transmitter and receiver. Transceiver has two performance of sending and receiving.

 BTS : BTS stands for Base Transceiver Station which facilitates wireless
communication between user equipment and a network. Every tower has BTS.

 BSC : BSC stands for Base Station Controller. BSC has multiple BTS. You can consider the BSC
as a local exchange of your area which has multiple towers and multiple towers have BTS.

 MSC : MSC stands for Mobile Switching Center. MSC is associated with communication
switching functions such as call setup, call release and routing. Call tracing, call forwarding all
 functions are performed at the MSC level. MSC is having further components like VLR, HLR,
AUC, EIR and PSTN.

o VLR : VLR stands for Visitor Location Register. VLR is a database which contains the
exact location of all mobile subscribers currently present in the service area of MSC.
If you are going from one state to another state then your entry is marked into the
database of VLR.

o HLR : HLR stands for Home Location Register. HLR is a database containing pertinent
data regarding subscribers authorized to use a GSM network. If you purchase SIM
card from in the HLR. HLR is like a home which contains all data like your ID proof,
which plan you are taking, which caller tune you are using etc.

o AUC : AUC stands for Authentication Center. AUC authenticates the mobile
subscriber that wants to connect in the network.

o EIR : EIR stands for Equipment Identity Register. EIR is a database that keeps the
record of all allowed or banned in the network. If you are banned in the network
then you can’t enter the network, and you can’t make the calls.

o PSTN : PSTN stands for Public Switched Telephone Network. PSTN connects with
MSC. PSTN originally a network of fixed line analog telephone systems. Now almost
entirely digital in its core network and includes mobile and other networks as well as
fixed telephones. The earlier landline phones which places at our home is nothing
but PSTN.

 OMC : OMC stands for Operation Maintenance Center. OMC monitor and maintain the
performance of each MS, BSC and MSC within a GSM system.

2. How Does GSM Work and its applications?

GSM is a globally recognised digital cellular communication protocol. The GSM standard was
developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute to describe the
procedures for second-generation digital mobile networks, such as those used by mobile
phones. It is a broad-area communications technology programme that uses digital radio
channelling to provide audio, information, and multimedia communication systems. Every
GSM radio channel is 200 kHz broad and is further divided into frames of eight time slots.
The GSM system consists of mobile stations, base stations, and interweaving switching
systems.
The GSM programme allows 8 to 16 audio users to share a single radio channel, and each
radio transmission station can have numerous radio channels. Because of its simplicity, cost,
and accessibility, GSM is now the most often utilised network technology in the Internet of
Things (IoT).
 GSM

Services of GSM

 Bearer services/ data services: GSM specifies different mechanism for data transmission,
The original GSM allowing for data rates of up to 9600 bits/s. Bearer services permit
transparent or non transparent data transmission.

o Transparent bearer services: Transparent bearer services only use the physical layer
to transmit data. Data transmission has a constant delay at throughput if no
transmission error occurs.

o Non-transparent bearer services: Non-transparent bearer services use protocols of

layer two and three two three to implement error correction and flow control.(data
link layer and network layer).

 Tele services: Tele services are nothing but we use now as at also.Video calls.

o Video text and face emoji.

o Short text message(SMS).

 Supplementary services: Supplementary services it means advanced services.

o Conference calls.

o Call waiting.

o Call forwarding.
 GSM security:GSM offers several security using confidential information stored in the AUC
and in the individual SIM. The SIM stores personal secret data and is protected with a pin
against unauthorized use.

Applications of GSM

 Mobile Telephony

 VoIP Integration

 SMS (Short Message Service)

 Mobile Banking

 Smart Home Systems

 Telemedicine

 Surveillance Systems

 Alarm System

 Cell Broadcasting

3. What is GPRS? Discuss its architecture and key features and its benefits.

GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service. It is the modified version of GSM architecture.
GPRS is a packet-oriented mobile data mechanism, that can carry data packets as well. In
GSM architecture, only voice signals can be transported, so being an enhanced version GPRS
can transmit voice as well as data packets. It uses the same physical radio channel as GSM
does, the only difference is it has a new logic defined for the radio channel.

GPRS Network Architecture

GPRS tries to make maximum use of the existing physical structure of GSM. It has introduced
a new entity named GPRS support nodes(GSN) whose responsibility is to route and deliver a
data packet. GSN is of two types:

 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

GPRS Architecture
 Components of GPRS Architecture

1. Mobile Station(MS)

GPRC requires enhanced mobile stations, as existing mobile stations were designed
according to the GSM network, and they were unable in handling enhanced data packets. A
variety of high-speed mobile stations are available to support enhanced data packets. These
mobile stations are also capable of handling the GSM architecture to make voice calls.

2. Base Station Controller (BSC)

In GSM architecture there is one component called BSC. But in GPRS there is one
component is added to BSC called PCU. PCU stands for Packet Control Unit. If the signal
comes to BSC and that signal contains data, then PCU routes to the SGSN. The interface is
used between BSC and PCU is the FRI interface. After the signal comes to SGSN, it delivers
the data packet to the GGSN. GGSN routes the data packet to the data network (PDN-
Predefined Data Network).

3. GPRS Support Nodes

GPRS support nodes are of two types:

(a) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): It is responsible for the following tasks:

 Packet Delivery

 Mobility management

o apply/ sign off of terminals

o localization

 LLC (Logical Link Control) management

 Authentication

 Billing

(b) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): It is responsible for the following tasks:

 Mediator between GPRS between backbone and external data networks.

 Saves current data for the SGSN address of the participant as well as their profile and data
for authentication and invoice.

4. Internal Backbone Network

It is an IP-based network that is used to support the working of GPRS and this is responsible
to carry new packets between different GSNs. The tunneling is used between SGSNs and
GGSNs to exchange information without informing the internal backbone.

5. Mobility Support

GPRS has the following mechanism to support mobility in the network:

 Attachment Procedure

 Location and Handoff Management

 6. Routing Area

This is similar to the location area in GSM the only difference is routing area use fewer cells
as routing areas are smaller than the location area.

7. SMS in GSM

GSM introduced a mechanism of Short Messaging Service(SMS) which is similar to peer-to-

peer Instant messaging.

Benefits Of GPRS

 Mobility: The capacity to keep up consistent voice and information interchanges while
moving.

 Cost Efficient: Communication via GPRS is cheaper than through the regular GSM network.

 Immediacy: Allows customers to obtain connectivity when needed, regardless of location

and without a lengthy login session.

 Localization: Enables customers to acquire data applicable to their present area.

 Easy Billing: GPRS packet transmission offers an easier to use billing than that offered by
circuit switched administrations.

4. Explain the architecture of UMTS and their advantages and disadvantages.

Ans. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a third-generation (3G) mobile

communication technology developed based on 3GPP standards. UMTS (Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System) operates by utilizing a broader radio spectrum, allowing for the
transmission of more data at higher speeds.

 Core Network Architecture:

o UMTS consists of three major parts:

o User Equipment (UE): These are the mobile devices (like smartphones) used
by subscribers.

o Access Network: This includes base stations (Node Bs) and controllers (Radio
Network Controllers or RNCs).

o Core Network: Manages call routing, authentication, and other services.

o These components work together to transfer data through the UMTS mobile
network.

 WCDMA Technology:

o UMTS employs WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) as its underlying
air interface technology.

o WCDMA allows multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously.
 o Unlike GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), which used a mix of FDMA
(Frequency Division Multiple Access) and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access).

 Packet-Switched System

o UMTS relies on a packet-switched system, where cellular devices send small

“packets” of data to a destination.

o This is different from circuit-switched networks, which require a dedicated point-to-

point connection for voice calls.

o The packet-switched approach allows efficient data transfer and better utilization of
network resources.

Features of UMTS

 UMTS could be a component of IMT-2000 standard of the Universal Broadcast

communications Union (ITU), created by 3GPP.

 It employments wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) discuss interface.

 It gives transmission of content, digitized voice, video and multimedia.

 It gives tall transmission capacity to portable operators.

 It gives a tall information rate of 2Mbps.

 For High-Speed Downlink Parcel Get to (HSDPA) handsets, the data-rate is as tall as 7.2 Mbps
within the downlink connection.

 It is additionally known as Flexibility of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA).

Advantages of UMTS

 UMTS could be a successor to 2G based GSM advances counting GPRS and EDGE . Gaining a
3rd title 3GSM since it could be a 3G relocation for GSM

 Support 2Mbit/s information rates.

 Higher Information rates at lower incremental costs.

  Benefits of programmed universal wandering also necessarily security and charging
capacities, permitting administrators emigrate from 2G to 3G whereas holding numerous of
their existing back-office frameworks

 Gives administrators the adaptability to present unused mixed media administrations to

trade clients and buyers

 This not as it were gives client a valuable phone but moreover deciphers higher incomes for
the administrator.

Disadvantages of UMTS

 It is more expensive than GSM.

 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System has poor video experience.

 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System still not broadband.

Applications of UMTS

 Streaming / Download (Video, Audio)

 Videoconferences.

 Fast Internet / Intranet.

 Mobile E-Commerce (M-Commerce)

 Remote Login

 Background Class applications

 Multimedia-Messaging, E-Mail

 FTP Access

 Mobile Entertainment (Games)

5. Difference Between UMTS and GSM?

GSM (Global System for Mobile UMTS (Universal Mobile

Feature
Communications) Telecommunications System)

Generation 2G technology 3G technology

Low (up to 9.6 kbps for basic GSM, up to

Data Speed Higher (up to 2 Mbps)
384 kbps with GPRS/EDGE)

Access Uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Uses W-CDMA (Wideband Code
Technology Access) Division Multiple Access)

Bandwidth Narrowband (200 kHz per channel) Wideband (5 MHz per channel)

Superior voice quality and support for

Voice Quality Good but can degrade under heavy load
video calls
 GSM (Global System for Mobile UMTS (Universal Mobile
Feature
Communications) Telecommunications System)

High-speed internet and multimedia

Internet Access Limited, slower browsing
services

Mutual authentication (subscriber and

Authentication Subscriber-only authentication
network)

Encryption Weaker algorithms (e.g., A5/1) Stronger algorithms (e.g., KASUMI)

Advanced services like video calling,

Applications Basic telephony and SMS
streaming, and gaming

Limited to regions with 3G

Coverage Wider global coverage
infrastructure

Technology Era Introduced in the 1990s Introduced in the early 2000s

Unit III: Mobile Network Layer

1. What is Mobile IP? Explain its components and working with a diagram.

2. Compare and contrast proactive, reactive, and hybrid routing protocols in Ad Hoc networks.

3. Explain the working of DSDV and DSR protocols in mobile ad hoc networks.

4. Differentiate between MANET and VANET, highlighting their features and challenges.

5. What is multicast routing? Explain ODMRP and its use in mobile networks.

Unit IV: Mobile Transport and Application Layer

1. What is Mobile TCP? Explain its features and advantages over traditional TCP.

2. Discuss the WAP architecture and the functions of its components (WDP, WTLS, WTP, WSP).

3. Explain the structure of WML and its role in the WAP stack.

4. Compare commercial mobile operating systems like iOS, Android, BlackBerry, and Windows
Phone.

5. What are the pros and cons of M-Commerce? Discuss the structure and security issues of
mobile payment systems.