John bought 60 watermelons! But Why??

Coordinate
Geometry

-Aditya Shashikant Desai

Syllabus

• Concept of cartesian and polar coordinates and conversions.

• Only concept of cylindrical co-ordinate.
• Distance Between Two Points.
• Section Formulae, Formula For Internal Division, Formula For External Division.
Centroid of a Triangle, Incentre, Circumcentre of a Triangle, Area of a Triangle,
Area from co-ordinates, Collinearity Condition etc.

• Use of graphs & Calculator - how to study a plot, determine various parameters
from a given plot, how to plot simple equations and find answers from
graphical solutions. Use of a non-programmable scientific calculator - (type
Casio FX-82MS) to solve the problems.
Cartesian Coordinates

Describe the surfaces

(a) surfaces of the form x =c

(b) surfaces of the form y=c
(c) surfaces of the form z=c
Cartesian Coordinates

(a) surfaces of the form x =c are planes parallel to the yz-plane,

(b) surfaces of the form y=c are planes parallel to the xz-plane, and
(c) surfaces of the form z=c are planes parallel to the xy-plane.
Cylindrical Coordinates

In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point in space is represented by the ordered triple (r, 𝜃, 𝑧)
Cylindrical Coordinates

How will you describe surfaces r = c, θ = c and z = c ?

Cylindrical Coordinates

(a) surfaces of the form r=c are vertical cylinders of radius r,

(b) surfaces of the form θ=c are half-planes at angle θ from the x-axis, and
(c) surfaces of the form z=c are planes parallel to the xy-plane.
Exercise
Solution
Exercise
Solution
Exercise: Do it Yourself
Exercise
Solutions
Spherical Polar Coordinates
In spherical coordinates, A point P in space is represented by the ordered triple (𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑) where
Conversions: Spherical-Rectangular-Spherical
Conversions: Spherical-Cylindrical-Spherical
Surfaces in Spherical Coordinates

In spherical coordinates,
a) surfaces of the form ρ=c are spheres of radius ρ
b) surfaces of the form θ = c are half-planes at an angle θ from the x-axis,
c) surfaces of the form ϕ = c are half-cones at an angle ϕ from the z-axis
Exercise
Exercise

Rectangular Cylindrical
Exercise: Do yourself
Exercise
Solution
Exercises
Solution
Solution

𝜌=6
Solution
Exercises: Do it Yourself
Key Concepts

Cartesian or Cylindrical Spherical

Rectangular
(x,y,z) (r,𝜃, 𝑧) (𝜌, 𝜃, 𝜑)

• ‘z’ is same in cartesian and cylindrical.

• ‘𝜃′ is same in cylindrical and spherical.

6 Conversions:

Cartesian to Cylindrical Cylindrical to Cartesian Spherical to Cartesian

Cartesian to Spherical Cylindrical to Spherical Spherical to Cylindrical

Exercise

The latitude of Columbus, Ohio, is 40° N and the longitude is 83° W, which means that Columbus
is 40° north of the equator. Express its location in spherical coordinates.
Exercise Solution

The radius of Earth is 6400 km, so ρ=4000.

The intersection of the prime meridian and the equator lies on the positive 𝑥-axis.
Movement to the west is then described with negative angle measures, which shows that θ=−83°, Because
Columbus lies 40° north of the equator, it lies 50° south of the North Pole, so φ=50°. In spherical coordinates,
Columbus lies at point (6400,−83°,50°).

Sydney, Australia is at 34°𝑆 and 151°𝐸. Express Sydney’s location in spherical coordinates.
Formula For Internal Division

Therefore, ratio of sides are same for similar triangles.

⇒ m / n = [(x – x1)/(x2 -x)] and m / n = [(y – y1)/(y2 – y)]
Solving the 1st condition,
⇒ m(x2 – x) = n(x – x1)
⇒ (m + n)x = (mx2 + nx1)
⇒ x = (mx2 + nx1) / (m + n)
Solving the 2nd condition,
⇒ m(y2 – y) = n(y – y1)
⇒ (m + n)y = (my2 + ny1)
⇒ y = (my2 + ny1) / (m + n)
Formula For External Division

⇒ m/n = [(x – x1)/(x – x2)] and m/n = [(y – y1)/(y – y2)]

Solving the 1st condition,
⇒ m(x – x2) = n(x – x1)
⇒ (m – n)x = (mx2 – nx1)
⇒ x = (mx2 – nx1)/(m – n)
Solving the 2nd condition,
⇒ m(y – y2) = n(y – y1)
⇒ (m – n)y = (my2 – ny1)
⇒ y = (my2 – ny1)/(m – n)
Centroid of Triangle

• The median of a triangle is a line segment connecting a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.
• The centroid is the point where the medians intersect.
• The centroid divides each median into two segments, with one segment twice as long as the other.

𝑨𝑶 𝑩𝑶 𝑪𝑶 𝟐
= = =
𝑶𝑭 𝑶𝑮 𝑶𝑬 𝟏

Centroid of Triangle: (x , y) = (x1+x2+x3/3, y1+y2+y3/3)

Incentre of Triangle

The incenter of a triangle is the point where the three interior angle bisectors intersect.
A circle can be drawn that touches the sides from inside.
Circumcenter of Triangle

Circumcenter is a point belonging to a triangle where the perpendicular bisector of the triangle
meets. It is a point inside the triangle and is represented using O(x, y).
The circumcenter of a triangle is equidistant from all the vertices, i.e., OA = OB = OC.

Circumcenter of a triangle, P(x, y) with vertices A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), and C(x3, y3) is given using the following formula:
O(x, y) = {(x1 sin 2A + x2 sin 2B + x3 sin 2C)/(sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2c), (y1 sin 2A + y2 sin 2B + y3 sin 2C)/(sin
2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)}
Area of Triangle from Co-ordinates
A (x1, y1)

1
Area of Triangle: [𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦3 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 ]
2

B (x2, y2) C (x3, y3)

P (x1, y1)

R (x3, y3) Area of ∆PQR = [Area of trapezium PQAB + Area of

Q (x2, y2) trapezium PBCR] – [Area of trapezium QACR]

Area of a trapezium = (1 / 2) (sum of the parallel sides) ×

(distance between sides)

A B C
Co-linearity conditions

Slope of AB = Slope of BC {that means A, B and C are

collinear}
(y2 – y1)/ (x2 – x1) = (y3 – y2)/ (x3 – x2)
(x3 – x2)(y2 – y1) = (x2 – x1)(y3 – y2)
x3(y2 – y1) – x2(y2 – y1) = x2(y3 – y2) – x1(y3 – y2)

Rearranging the terms,

x2(y3 – y2) + x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y2 – y1) – x3(y2 – y1) = 0
x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y2 + y2 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2) = 0
x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2) = 0

This is known as the collinearity of three points

formula.
Exercises

Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are respectively (1, -4), (-2, -3), (-3, 9) and (6, 7).
Exercises

Find the area of the quadrilateral whose vertices are respectively (1, -4), (-2, -3), (-3, 9) and (6, 7).
Use of Graphs- Quick Revision
Use of Graphs- Quick Revision
Use of Graphs- Quick Revision
Use of Graphs- Plotting

Bad Plotting Correct Plotting

Parameter Extraction from Graphs

Three spheres are made by some unknown material. Find the density of the material. The radii and masses
are given in the table.

Radius Mass 4
V(sphere) = 𝜋𝑟 3
5 cm 25 kg 3
7 cm 32 kg 3
𝜌 = 𝑀 Slope of
11 cm 47 kg 4𝜋𝑟 3 M
graph

3 𝑀
𝜌 = ×
Radius r Mass M r3 4𝜋 𝑟3 r3
5 cm 25 kg 125
3
7 cm 32 kg 343 𝜌 = × (𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ)
4𝜋
11 cm 47 kg 1331
Exercise

The time period for a pendulum of different lengths are given for a certain planet.
Complete the table and plot the graph of L vs T2.
Find the value of ‘g’ for that planet using this plot.
Linear and Logarithmic Plots

For linear relationships, the point-slope form of a line can give useful information about the relationships.

The case of a freely falling object will be used to illustrate such a plot.

The linear plot is useful for showing the quadratic relationship

between distance and time, and the slope of the curve is a
measure of the derivative of the distance with respect to time
which is the instantaneous velocity.
Linear and Logarithmic Plot

For variables for which the relationship is some kind of power law, a plot of the logarithms of the variables can
help extract information about the power relationship.
Logarithmic Plots

Identify the relationship or law from the given plot.

𝑎
log (𝑏 )

𝑐
log ( )
𝑑
Solution

For main sequence stars, the luminosity

increases with the mass with the
approximate power law:

A more conservative approach used

by a number of astronomy texts is to
use a relationship with the power left
as a range of values.
Simple Equations and Graphical Solutions

Linear equations may be written in several forms:

Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + c In an equation of the form y = mx + c, such as y = −2x − 3, the

slope is m and the y-intercept is the point (0, c).

To graph equations of this form, construct a table of values

Graph y = −2x − 3
Simple Equations and Graphical Solutions

General Form: ax + by = c
To graph equations of this form, such as 3x − 2y = −6, find the x- and y-intercepts , or solve
the equation for y to write it in the form y = mx + c and construct a table of values

Graph 3x − 2y = −6
Simple Equations and Graphical Solutions

Graph −2x + 4y = 8
Simple Equations and Graphical Solutions

The graph of y = b is a horizontal line passing Graph 4x + 12 = 0

through the point (0, b), the y-intercept. The
graph of x = a is a vertical line passing
through the point (a, 0), the x-intercept.
Simple Equations and Graphical Solutions

Plot the graph and find the slope, intercepts on the x, y axes.

Graph 2x + 5y = 10.
Simple Equations and Graphical Solutions

Graph 2x + 5y = 10. Now, plot the y-intercept.

From there, move up or down two units then move right or
left five units to the right to find additional points.

When the slope is negative, make the change in y

negative to locate points to the right of the y intercept;
make the change in x negative to locate points to the left
of the y-intercept.
Casio FX82 MS

Make sure you are in the correct mode selection and that
all previous data is cleared.
• Example: To perform arithmetic operations press 1

• To clear all values press

• To clear memory press
The screen displays
Press to clear memory
• If your calculator has FIX or SCI on the display press three
times
appears on the screen
press 3, then 2 so you are in Normal mode.

• If your calculator has RAD or GRAD on the display press

two times
appears on the screen
press 1 so you are in Degree mode.
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THANK YOU!