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AMTEI-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2187 (2022) 012008 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2187/1/012008

Broadband Directional Coupler with High Isolation

Zhuang Ma1*, Dongfang Zhou1, Dewei Zhang1, Yi Zhang1, Chenqing Pan1 and
Jingwei Ma1.
1
PLA Strategic Support Force Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou,
Henan, 450001, China
*
Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. A novel wideband microstrip directional coupler operating at 1 to 5 GHz with high
isolation is presented in this paper. Parallel coupling lines replace the traditional coupling
transmission lines, providing broadband characteristics. The rectangular defected ground
structure (DGS) on the RF ground on the back increases the isolation. The coupler was
designed using 3D electromagnetic simulations. FR4-type dielectric substrate has been used
due to its low cost. Simulation results prove that the proposed directional coupler provides an
isolation of at least 20 dB on the full frequency band from 1 to 5 GHz, and reaches 66 dB at
2.89 GHz. The coupling degree is about 12 dB. Moreover, the proposed design can also
achieve wide operating bandwidth (approximately 139% fractional bandwidth).

1. Introduction
The directional coupler is one of the important components in the radio frequency front-end system. It
is widely used in power detection circuits and can perform power distribution and power synthesis in a
wide frequency range. Its main function is to monitor and measure the microwave power of a certain
transmission direction. With the development of microwave communication systems, directional
couplers with wide bandwidth and high isolation are more and more popular.
Microstrip line-based directional couplers have the advantages of small size, light weight, simple
manufacturing and easy integration, and are widely used in microwave/millimeter wave circuit
systems. However, the microstrip line has quasi-TEM characteristics, and the phase velocities of the
odd and even modes are not equal, resulting in low isolation.
Therefore, there have always been researches trying different methods to improve the directional
coupler to improve its bandwidth and isolation. As to how to increase the bandwidth, the defected
ground structure (DGS) usually exerts a pain, which enlarges the bandwidth of the coupler by
affecting the characteristic impedance of the microstrip line by the different width and shape of the
slot[1-5]. In addition, parallel coupling lines are often used in directional couplers to expand the
bandwidth[5-7]. Branch-line directional couplers are commonly used to increase the number of branch
lines to broaden the bandwidth[8-10]. As for improving isolation, DGS can also improve isolation[4,5].
For the unequal phase velocities of the odd and even modes of the microstrip line, some methods have
been proposed, mainly adding compensation capacitors and inductors. The phase velocities of the even
and odd modes after compensation are almost equal, which improves the isolation of the directional
coupler[11-14].
In this paper, a novel wideband microstrip directional coupler operating at 1 to 5 GHz with high
isolation is presented. This design is a symmetrical structure. It achieves good performance using two
new technologies, which are multiple narrow parallel coupling lines and the DGS on the RF ground

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2187 (2022) 012008 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2187/1/012008

below the parallel coupling lines to expand bandwidth and improve isolation. The proposed directional
coupler has an isolation higher than 20 dB through the proposed band.

2. Design and analysis of the coupler

A 1-5 GHz directional coupler having an isolation of at least 20 dB has been designed. The design is
based on the structure of Figure 1 below. After theoretical research and preliminary experiments, it is
observed that multiple parallel coupling lines and the DGS on the RF ground as shown in figure 1 give
a preliminary result. Electromagnetic energy from the primary microstrip line is collected by these
parallel coupling lines.
Here s is the distance between the upper and lower parts of the parallel coupling lines. d is the
distance of the parallel coupling lines from the left edge of the port. l and w are the length and width of
the parallel coupling lines, respectively. h is the distance between each parallel coupled line. m and n
are the length and width of the rectangular DGS, respectively.

Slot on RF ground
Input port Output port
1 2

n s

m
Coupled port Isolated port
4 3
l
d
(a)
w
h

(b)
Figure 1. (a) Geometry of the proposed coupler. (b) Enlarged view of
the parallel coupling lines with four three strips.

On the basis of the structure in figure 1, a parametric study has been performed to achieve a good
coupler performance. At this stage, the number of single-sided parallel coupling lines, the distance h
between each parallel coupled line, and the size of the rectangular DGS on the RF ground are varied to
achieve better results.

2.1. The number of single-sided parallel coupling lines

We first optimized the number of single-sided parallel coupling lines. The result of isolation (S13) is
shown in figure 2 below.
It can be seen from figure 2 that when there is only one coupling line, the isolation of the coupling
is less than 20 dB. As the number of parallel coupling lines increases, so does the isolation. However,
2 and 4 parallel coupled lines cannot guarantee a relatively flat isolation curve, and when there are 4
parallel coupling lines, the isolation is not below 20 dB in the whole frequency band. But the 3 parallel
coupled lines can not only guarantee this, but also produce a deep notch at approximately the center
frequency, providing a high degree of isolation. Therefore, the number of single-sided parallel
coupling lines should be 3.

2
AMTEI-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2187 (2022) 012008 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2187/1/012008

-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
S13/dB

-35
-40
-45
1 Strip
-50 2 Strips
-55 3 Strips
4 Strips
-60
-65
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Frequency/GHz

Figure 2. Effect of the number of of the parallel coupling lines on one side over
the isolation performance of the coupler.

2.2. The distance h between each parallel coupled line

Next what we optimized is the distance h between each parallel coupled line. The result of isolation
(S13) is shown in figure 3 below.

-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
S13/dB

-40
-45
h=0.2 mm
-50
h=0.5 mm
-55 h=0.8 mm
-60 h=1.1 mm
-65
-70
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Frequency/GHz

Figure 3. Effect of the distance h between each parallel coupled line over the isolation
performance of the coupler.

3
AMTEI-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2187 (2022) 012008 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2187/1/012008

It can be seen from figure 3 that when h=0.2 mm or h=1.1 mm, the isolation is not below 20 dB in
the whole frequency band. And when h=0.2 mm or h=1.1 mm, the curve of S13 is not flat, and there is
no notch near the center frequency. Only when h=0.5 mm, the curve of S13 is not only relatively flat,
but also has obvious notch near the center frequency, and the isolation performance is the best among
them. Therefore, the distance h between each parallel coupled line is selected as 0.5 mm for the
present design.

2.3. The size of the rectangular DGS on the RF ground

Finally, we optimized the size of the rectangular DGS on the RF ground. Here, we mainly choose to
optimize the width n of the rectangle DGS. Because the length m of the rectangle DGS has little effect
on the result. The result of isolation (S13) is shown in figure 4 below.

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40
S13/dB

-45

-50
n=2 mm
-55 n=3 mm
-60 n=4 mm
n=5 mm
-65

-70
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Frequency/GHz

Figure 4. Effect of the width n of the rectangle DGS on the RF ground over the
isolation performance of the coupler.

It can be seen from figure 4 that the isolation performance is poor when n=2 mm, which is
obviously inferior to the others. When n=5 mm, although the result is slightly better, there is no
obvious notch near the center frequency. And when n=3mm and n=4mm, the two S13 curves have
obvious notches, and both have good isolation. But in comparison, the notch generated when n=4 mm
is deeper than when n=3 mm, the isolation performance is better, and it is closer to the center
frequency. Therefore, we set the width n of the rectangular DGS to 4 mm.

3. Simulation and results

Through above optimization, we get the final dimensions of proposed directional coupler: d=19 mm,
l=12 mm, s=0.5 mm, w=0.1 mm, h=0.5 mm, m=24 mm, n=4 mm. And there are 3 parallel coupling
lines on each side. This paper uses ANSOFT electromagnetic simulation software HFSS 15.0 to
simulate the directional coupler. The material of the dielectric substrate is FR4, the relative dielectric
constant is 4.4, and the dielectric thickness is 1.524 mm.
The simulation results of proposed directional coupler are shown in figure 5 below. It can be seen
from figure 5 that the proposed directional coupler provides a relatively flat isolation of at least 20 dB
on the full frequency band from 1 to 5 GHz, and reaches 66 dB at 2.89 GHz. The coupling degree is

4
AMTEI-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2187 (2022) 012008 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2187/1/012008

about 12 dB. The return loss is below 15 dB. Moreover, the proposed design can also achieve wide
operating bandwidth, approximately 139% fractional bandwidth.

S11 S12 S13 S14

0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
S parameter/dB

-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
-55
-60
-65
-70
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
Frequency/GHz

Figure 5. The simulation results of proposed directional coupler.

The comparison between the work of this paper and other literatures is shown in table 1 below. As
can be seen from Table 1, some designs have higher isolation, but the fractiona bandwidth is very
narrow. Some couplers have relatively wide fractional bandwidth, but the isolation is not high enough.
In comparison, the coupler designed in this paper has relatively high isolation and relatively wide
fractional bandwidth.

Table 1. Comparison of the work of this paper and other literatures

Fractional
Isolation (dB) bandwidth
This work -66 139%
[3] -49.8 2%
[5] -45 100%
[6] -46 55%
[8] -107.9 4.3%
[9] -40/-35 67%/40%

4. Conclusion
A novel wideband microstrip directional coupler operating at 1 to 5 GHz with high isolation is
presented in this paper. Two novel techniques have been implemented in the design: multiple narrow
parallel coupling lines and the DGS on the RF ground below the parallel coupling lines. Simulation
results show that the design has good performance. The proposed coupler provides a relatively flat
isolation of at least 20 dB on the full frequency band and wide operating bandwidth, approximately
139% fractional bandwidth.

5
AMTEI-2021 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2187 (2022) 012008 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2187/1/012008

References
[1] Tang C W, Chen M G, Lin Y S. (2006) Broadband microstrip branch-line coupler with defected
ground structure. Electron Lett, 42(25): 1458–1460.
[2] Muraguchi M, Yukitake T, Naito Y. (2007) Design of compact directional couplers for UWB
applications. IEEE Trans. Microw Theory Tech, 55(2): 189–194.
[3] Chen L, Shang Y, Wei F. (2008) A New Defective Ground Microstrip Line Directional Coupler.
Journal of Xi'an Technological University, 28(04): 372-374.
[4] Chang W S, Liang C H, Chang C Y. (2012) Wideband high-isolation and perfect-balance
microstrip rat-race coupler. IEEE Electronics Letters, 48(7):382-383.
[5] Yildirim B S, Karayahsi K. (2019) Broadband UHF Directional Coupler with High Directivity. In:
IEEE 2019 Fifth International Electromagnetic Compatibility Conference (EMC Turkiye).
Kocaeli, Turkey. 1–3.
[6] Yoon H J and Min B W. (2017) Two Section Wideband 90° Hybrid Coupler Using Parallel-
Coupled Three-Line. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, 27(6), 548–550.
[7] Rahim N H A, Rasid R and Ibrahim S Z. (2016) Development of branchline coupler using
parallel coupled transmission lines. In: IEEE 2016 3rd International Conference on
Electronic Design (ICED) - Phuket, Thailand. 1–3.
[8] Yao H X, Sun, H J. (2019) Analysis and Design of High-directivity Branch Coupler on W-
band. In: IEEE 2019 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave
Technology (ICMMT). Guangzhou, China. 1–3.
[9] Ana B Z, Jaime E. (2019) Design of Broadband Doubly Asymmetrical Branch-Line Directional
Couplers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 1–13.
[10] Letavin D A. (2019). Design of Broadband Branch-line Coupler Based on Compact Structure. In:
IEEE 2019 Radiation and Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves (RSEMW). Divnomorskoe,
Russia. 168–170.
[11] Muller J, Pham M N, Jacob A F. (2011) Directional Coupler Compensation With Optimally
Positioned Capacitances. IEEE TMTT, 59(11): 2824-2832.
[12] Zhang Z H, Rautschke F, Nguyen H.(2015) A novel structure of high directivity broadband
microstrip coupler. In: IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics
Conference. Brazil. 1-4.
[13] Zhou Yue, Shen Jixiang, Song Liang. (2013) Microstrip directional coupler with inductance
compensation and high directivity. Radio Engineering, 43(07): 38-40.
[14] Ha J, Shin W, Lee Y. (2017) An Inductive-Loading Method for Directivity Enhancement of
Microstrip Coupled-Line Couplers. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters,
27(4): 356–358.

6
164 IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 30, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2020

A Compact and Broadband Directional Coupler for

High-Power Radio Frequency Applications
Zheng-Bin Wang , Member, IEEE, Xin Wei, Han-Ping Fang, Hua-Mei Zhang, and Ye-Rong Zhang

Abstract— In this letter, a compact and broadband directional

coupler is proposed for high-power radio frequency applications
in the frequency band of 5–150 MHz. The coupler is composed of
a suspended semiflexible coaxial cable and a series of equalizers
composed of lumped components. Such design exhibits excellent
performance in high power handling capacity (∼kW), high
directivity (∼35 dB), low return loss (>20 dB), and flat coupling
coefficient (45 ± 1.3 dB).
Index Terms— Coaxial cable, coupler, equalizer, high power.

I. I NTRODUCTION

D IRECTIONAL couplers have been widely used in radio

frequency (RF) power measurements, especially when
high power levels are involved, such as radars, radio, or tele-
vision broadcasts [1], [2]. Generally, couplers are imple-
mented by using two similar or different transmission lines
that are coupled together, such as microstrip lines, striplines,
waveguides, and coaxial cables [3]. The physical charac-
teristics of these transmission lines determine the coupling
properties of the directional coupler, such as the operational
bandwidth, power handling capacity, and so on. Among the
mentioned design techniques, microstrip or stripline structures
are broadband and have a low cost; however, due to their Fig. 1. (a) Geometry of the directional coupler composed of a single coaxial
cable. (b) Simulation model of the coupler in the FEKO platform.
high losses and low power handling capabilities, they are
not suited for high power applications. Waveguide couplers
have much higher power handling capabilities, but the nar- In order to obtain a coaxial directional coupler with simple
row bandwidth, poor directivity, and bulky structure restrict structure, broadband, compact size, and high power handling
their applications [4], [5]. Coaxial directional couplers are an capability, a new solution is presented in this letter by using
attractive solution due to their low losses and high power a single suspended semiflexible coaxial cable and a series of
capabilities when bandwidth specifications are not critical. equalizers. The length of the cable is λ0 /180 (λ0 is the free-
Various techniques have been proposed for further improving space wavelength at 10 MHz). The outer conductor of the
coaxial cables broadband performance; however, they have led coaxial cable is taken as the through line, and carries the high
to more complicated structures and high costs [6]–[10]. power signal, while the inner conductor plays the role of the
coupled line and carries the sampled signal. The equalizers,
Manuscript received September 7, 2019; revised November 20, 2019; composed of lumped components, are used to improve the
accepted January 2, 2020. Date of publication February 4, 2020; date of directivity and smooth the coupling coefficient. The simulated
current version February 12, 2020. This work was supported in part by the
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61601242, in part and measured results demonstrate that the directional coupler
by the Open Research Program of the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter has a flat coupling value of 45 ± 1.3 dB, high directivity
Waves, China under Grant K201926, and in part by the Postgraduate Research around 34 dB, and low return losses above 20 dB across the
& Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province. (Corresponding authors:
Zheng-Bin Wang; Han-Ping Fang.) entire operation band (5–150 MHz).
Zheng-Bin Wang, Xin Wei, Hua-Mei Zhang, and Ye-Rong Zhang are with
the College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of II. C OUPLER D ESIGN AND A NALYSIS
Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China, and also with the Fig. 1 shows the fundamental structure of the coupler, where
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Nanjing 210096, China (e-mail:
[email protected]). the outer conductor of the suspended coaxial cable transmits
Han-Ping Fang is with the Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics the main signal, while the inner conductor carries the sampled
Technology, Nanjing 210039, China (e-mail: [email protected]). signal. Due to the large area of the outer metal, the coupler
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this letter are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. can handle high power. Suppose that the diameters of the
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LMWC.2020.2964672 inner and outer conductors are d and D, l is the length of the
1531-1309 © 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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WANG et al.: COMPACT AND BROADBAND DIRECTIONAL COUPLER 165

Fig. 3. (a) Circuit model of the equalizer (the index i indicates the ith order).
(b) Fabricated directional coupler.

TABLE I
VALUES OF THE L UMPED C OMPONENTS

D = 5.49 mm, respectively. The dielectric material inside

the coaxial cable is Teflon with the breakdown field strength
larger than 26 kV/mm. Therefore, the withstand voltage of the
cable is above 50 kV, which is much larger than the maximum
Fig. 2. Simulated and measured results of a single coaxial cable coupler. operating voltage of the coupler. In order to improve the
(a) Return losses of the four ports. (b) Coupling value and isolation. (c) Inser-
tion loss. electrical performance of the coupler at low frequencies,
the length of the cable is designed to be λ0 /180 (λ0 is the
cable and t is the distance between the cable and the ground. free-space wavelength at 10 MHz). Due to the semiflexibility
The capacitance between the inner conductor and the ground, of the thickest coaxial cable, it can be bent as we wish
Ca , and the capacitance between the outer conductor and the and does not need any support. By tuning the height of the
ground, Cb , and the capacitance between the inner and outer cable, t, the impedances of the inner and outer conductors with
conductors, Cab , can be obtained according to computational respect to the ground can be well matched to the four ports.
electromagnetics, the finite-element method (FEM). Consider Fig. 2 shows the simulated and measured results of the
that the proposed coaxial directional coupler is not a sym- coaxial directional coupler with t = 5 mm. Fig. 2(a) shows the
metrical structure, the coupling between the inner and outer return loss of each port, which is above 15 dB in the whole
transmission lines cannot be resolved directly from the even- band (5–150 MHz). Fig. 2(b) shows the coupling coefficient
and odd-mode analysis [9], [11]. The electrical characteristics of the coupler (the black lines), which approaches 10 dB at
of the coaxial directional coupler can be completely specified the upper frequency (150 MHz). The isolation (the blue lines)
by the capacitance matrix introduced in [11]. decreases from 80 to 30 dB with the increasing operation
Fig. 1(b) shows the simulation model of the coaxial cable frequency. Fig. 2(c) shows that the measured insertion loss
in the full-wave simulation platform—FEKO, where port 1 is less than 0.65 dB. For 2-kW input power, the dissipated
and port 2 are the input and through ports, port 3 and port 4 power is about 30 W, which can be easily handled by the
are the coupling and isolation ports. The four ports are cable.
50- microstrip lines. Port 1 and port 2 are connected with
the outer conductor of the coaxial cable, while port 3 and III. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
port 4 are connected with the inner conductor. The diameters In order to further improve the electrical performance of
of the inner and outer conductors are d = 1.64 mm and the directional coupler, equalizers and chip attenuators are

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166 IEEE MICROWAVE AND WIRELESS COMPONENTS LETTERS, VOL. 30, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2020

Fig. 4 shows the measured results of the coupler. By com-

paring Fig. 4(a) with Fig. 2(a), we will find that the intro-
duction of the equalizers has no impact on the return losses
of the main line ports, while that of the coupled line ports
have increased to around 40 dB. The measured coupling
value shown in Fig. 4(b) is around 45 dB with the amplitude
imbalance less than ±1.3 dB, while the measured isolation is
around 80 dB across the entire band. Thus, the directivity of
the coupler is around 35 dB. The measured insertion loss of
the main line ports is the same as that in Fig. 2(c).
Table II shows the comparison between the proposed cou-
pler and other recent works. The design in this letter has
the main advantage of wider bandwidth, higher directivity,
and smaller amplitude imbalance. For the power handling
capacity of the directional coupler, it mainly depends on the
diameter of the coaxial cable, the withstand power of the
lumped components, and the cooling capacity.
IV. C ONCLUSION
In this letter, a compact and broadband directional coupler
has been designed using a suspended semiflexible coaxial
cable, and several equalizers composed of lumped compo-
nents. The simulation and measured results demonstrate that
Fig. 4. Measured results of the suspended coaxial line coupler. (a) Return a single coaxial cable structure can realize good performances
losses of the four ports. (b) Coupling value and isolation. in return loss, insertion loss, and isolation. Through the series
TABLE II connecting attenuators and equalizers in the coupled line,
C OMPARISON B ETWEEN T HIS D ESIGN AND O THER R ECENT W ORKS the coupling value can be flexibly designed, and the amplitude
imbalance can be greatly reduced. The fabricated coupler
realizes weak coupling within 43.7–46.3 dB, high directivity
around 35 dB, low return losses above 20 dB, and high
power handling capacity (∼2 kW) in the frequency band
of 5–150 MHz.
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[9] V. Teppati, M. Goano, A. Ferrero, V. Niculae, A. Olivieri, and G. Ghione,
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[11] E. G. Cristal, “Coupled-transmission-line directional couplers with cou-
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