om) Crapter- 5 Fundamental Unit Of Life : Cell CONCEPT MAPPING Type es Plant Eukaryotic Cs 1 [Prokaryotic Cell eg. Bacteria Cell [ ms Animal Bukaryotic cell Components of Cell 4 y+ Cell wall — Cellmenbrane/ Cytoplasm (inplants). Plasma Mambrane (Both plants & 1 Protoplasm animals) Cell Organel Nuclooid Or Nucleus (in Prokarvotes) inbukaryoes) Endoplasmic Lysosomes | Vacuoles Centriles Reticulum (ER) (Suicidal Baps) | (Storage sac) | —GnAninal Cein + £ Y Golgi apparatus Mitochondria Plast (Only Ta plants) Rough Smooth Power house ofthe cell ER ER (Prowein (Lipid OT tT Syithesis) Synthesis) Chromoplast Leucoplast Chloroplast Type of Organism + viodite Maiti Many celled, eg. man, cow, dog, One celled, e.g. amoeba, insects, plant, fungi paramecium, bacteriaAcellis the basie structural and functional unit ofall fe forms. Allliving forms are composed of microscopic units called as Cells. Study of structure and composition of cells called Cytology’ Cell was first discovered and observed by Robert Hooke ina thin dead stice of eorkinthe year 1665, First fre living cell was discovered by A. V. Lecuwenhock. in 1674. Protoplasm is an aggregate of various chemicals such as water, ions, salts ‘and other organic molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, vitamins ete, Present in eytoplasm along with cell organelles & nucleus that constitute a cel Itexists in sol-gel states ‘Two biologists, Schleiden and Schwann (1838) gave the Cell theory which states that (@ —Allplantsand animals are composed of cells. (ii) Cellisthe basic unitof life, (ii) Alleetlarise rom pre-existing cells ‘Viruses are the exceptions of cell theory. Nucleus calls ‘Compound microscope Onion Peel Cellsalate rama Poker 2 SoC LS —= LE — ice my ‘oh NN GS Liat Pinetree) Tecctaer am On the Basis of Type of Organization Cells are of two kind Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells + Very minute in size. (1 to 10°m) | + Fairly large in size. (5-100m) + Nuclear region (nucleoid) not + Nuclear material surrounded by & surrounded by a nuclear membreane. | nuclear membrance, + Always Unicellular + May be unicellular or multicellular + Single Chromosome present + More than one chromosome present. + Nucleolus absent + Nucleolus present. + Cell division by fission or budding | + Cell division by mitosis or meiosis, + Membrane bound cell organelles are | + Membrane bound cell organelles are absent. present. Ex, Bacteria Ex. All Plants, Animals, Amoeba etc. Ribosomes PlasmaOrganism are of Two Type + ‘Characteristics | Unicellular organism | Multicellular organism Cellnumber | Single cell, Simple | Large number of cells, Complex. Function, All functions are per- | Different cells perform different formed by single cell_| specific functions. Division oflabour | Not performed ‘Reired| Cells specified to perform differ- ‘ent functions. Reproduction | Involvesthe same __ Specialised cells, (germ cells) single cell take part in reproduction, Life span, Short Long Examples Amoeba, Paramecium | Plant, Fungi & Animals bacteria ete Cell Shape : Cells are of variable shapes and sizes. That varies is according to their function position. Generally cells are spherical but they may be elongated (nerve eel). branched (pigmented), discoidal (RBC). Spindle- shaped (muscle cell) ete, Fig: Different kinds of cell found in the human body. CellSize Size ofcellis variable depending upon its position & function ‘Some are mieroscopie while some are visible with naked eyes. Their size may vary from 0.2 um to I8em, Size oftypical cell ina multicellular organism ranges from 2-120 micron, ‘Thelargest cel is ostrich egg (1S emlong 13cm wide & weight 1.¢kg) ‘Thelongest cell isnerve cell upto Im). ‘Smallest cells so far known are PPLOse.g., mycoplasma 56Components of Cell Thete isan occurrence of division of labour within a Eukaryotic cell as they all got certain specific components called ‘Cell organelles’. Fach of them perform a specific function, The thr je components ofall the cells are: (i) Plasmamembrane (ii) Nucleus. (ii) Cytoplasm Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrance (@) Plasma membrane is selectively permeable in nature, means it allows or permits the enlry and exitofsome materials in and out of the eel () _Cellmembraneis also called plasma membrane or plasma lemma. (©) It is the limiting boundary of each cell which separates cytoplasm from its surroundings. tis found in both plantas wellasanimal cells. (@) __Itisthe outermost covering ofa cell incase of animals and lies below the cel wall incase ofplants, (©) _Asperthe lipid model of plasma membrane, itis made up of proteins and lipids ‘where proteins are sandwiched betweenbilayer of lipids. (0 Singer and Nicholson gave the fuid mosaic model or lipid- bilayer model of plasma membrane, (8) Itisffexibleandcan be folded, broken and reunited. Cytoplasm Fig:Lipi-bilayer model of Plasma Membrane(Functions of Plasma Membrane: (a) Itregulates the movement of molecules inside and outside the cell (b) _Ithetpsinmaintaining the distinct composition ofthe cll i) Transportation of molecules across the Plasma Membrane: This canbe done by following ways High concentration Low concentration Ditsin Oxmasis Solertand ‘nly stent aici Diffusion Solu pares the move Salat pales rovetoequlve SSF dona ove conceraion—— 0OF The ovement is ‘Plasma Memobrance No semper though sneble memibane semiperesbe Jnvohed sembane Cumosis + Diffusion : Movement of solutes orions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called as diffusion. It does not require ‘energy therefore, itis called as passive transport + Osmosis : The movement of solvent or water from its higher concentration (solvent) to lower concentration (solvent) through a semipermeable ‘membranes called as osmosis. or ‘The movement of water across semipermeable membrane is called as osmosis, + Osmosis can also be called as Diffusion of solvents’. + Endosmosis : Movement of solvent into the cel is called Endosmosis. + Exosmosis: Movement of solvent outside the cell is called Exosmosis, ‘Types of Solutions on the Basis of Concentration and its effect on cell :Hyperiic solution sotoni solution —-Hypotonie Solution @ “8 8 Bxosmosis Endosmosis Fig. : Effect of different types of solution on RBC’s placed in them. (@ _Isotonic Solution : When concentration of a solution outside the cell is equal to the concentration ofeytoplasm of the cell its called as isotonic solution, ®) Hypertonic Solution : When concentration ofa solution outside the eell is more than inside of the cell, Due to ths, cll loses water and becomes plasmolysed. Plasmolysis:~ Shrinking of the protoplasm away from the cell wall due to Excessive loss of water (Exosmosis) is called Plasmolysis (©) Hypotonie Solutions : When the concenttation of the solutions outside the cell is lesser than that of cytoplasm of cell, ue ta excessive endosmosis cell swells up and animal cell may bursts. elt Walt + Ttisthe outermost covering ofthe plant cells and cells of Fungi + Itisabsentinanimal cells + Cell walls rigid, strong, thick porous and non-living structure. In plant its made up of cellulose and hemicelluloses. In fungi itis primarily made up of Chitin. Cell, walls of two adjacent cells are joined by a layer called middle lamellae and microscopic channels alled plasmodesmata for transport. [Mien _- Plasmodesmata 59Functions of Cell Wall: (a) _Itprovides definite shape, structure, support and protection tothe cell. (b) _Itprovidesstrength tothe cell (©) Itis permeable and allows entry of molecules of different sizes & thus control intercellular Transport. [lage view of Noone Eukaryotic C + Nucleus is the most important cell organelle which directs and controls all its cellular activities. + iscalled as Headquarter ofthe cell‘controller of cell + Nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831. + In Bukaryotes, a well-defined nucleus is present while in Prokaryotes, a well- defined nucleus s absent, + Prokaryotes contain a primitive nucleus called Nucleoid. + Ithas double layered covering called as nuclear membrane. + Besides nuclear membrane, nucleus also contains nucleolus and chromatin material. Chromatin is made up of DNA (Deoxy ribonucleic acid) and Protein, that ultimatly condense and forms chromosome. + Chromosomes or chromatin material consists of DNA which stores and transmits hereditary information for the cell to function, grow and reproduce. + The functional segment of DNA is called Gene. Functions of Nucleus: (@) Itdirects and controls all the metabolic activities of the cell and regulates the cell eycle, (b) It helps in transmission of hereditary characters from parents to their offsprings.Cytoplasm Cytoplasm. Plasma membrane Cytoplasm isthe pars in which the other organelles ‘Noclens exist. + Cytoplasm is the uid content enclosed by the plasma membrane. + Cytoplasm was discovered by Kolker in 1862, + Itisthesite ofboth biosynthetic and catabolic pathways (Metabolic activities) + Iteanbe divided intotwo parts @ —Chtosol: Aqueous soluble part contain various fibrous proteins forming cytoskeleton, It contain about 90% water, 7% Protein 2% carbohydrates &I%ete (i) Celtorganeltes: Living part of the cells having definite shape, structure and function bounded by plasma membrane. + ‘There are single membrane bound, double membrane bound and non ‘membrane bound Cell organelles. Double Membrane bound cell organelles Non Membrane bound cell organelles Single Membrane bound cell organelles eg. ER, Lysosomes, eg. Mitochondria, eg, Ribosome, Golgibodies & Vacuoles | Plastids Centrosomes, Peroxisomes These 2 also have their | Microtubules ‘own DNA material Endoplasmic Reticulum + Itisthenctwork of membrane bound tubules and sheet present inthe eytoplasm, + Ttwas discovered by Gamer and stracture given by Porter, Claude and fallum. + Thesearepresentinall ells except prokaryotes and mammaliam erythrocytes. aRER SER Endoplasmic reticulum is of two types : Smooth ER Rough ER + Made oftubules mainly. + Made of Cistemae and vesicles. + Helps in steroid lipids and + Helpsin protein synthesis, Polysaccharide synthesis, + Ribosomes are absent. + Contains ribosome oniis surface. Function of ER: (@) tis the only organelle which serves as a channel for the transport of materials between various regions of eytoplasm and between cytoplasm and nucleus. Cy) as a cytoplasmic framework to provide surface for some of the jes. I forms endaskeleton of cell (©) _Ithelpsin synthesis of fats, protien, steroids, cholesterol ete. (@)__ SER playsa crucial role in detoxification of drugs and poisonous by products. © Membrane biogenesis: Protein & Lipids produced by ER are used to produce cell ‘membrane, (Galgapparatas, consss ofa sytem of membrane bounded Mud filled vesicles arrange parallel to cach other in stacks called Cisterac along with some lange and spherical vesicles. It was discovered by Camillo Golgi. Itis absent in prokaryotes, mammalian RBC's & sieve cells ° 4 ewig 62Functions of Golgiapparatus: (a) Its function include the storage, modification, Packaging & secretion of products in vesicles. (©) _tinvolves in the formation of lysosomes. (6) _Itissceretary innature, Ithelps in melanin synthesis, (@) _Italsoinvolves in thesynthesis of cell wall & plasma membrane, Mitochondria Itisarod shaped structure found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells except mammalian RBC's, + Theseare also absent in prokaryotes, + Itwas frst seen by Kollikr in insect cellsin 1880, + Itisalso calledas Power House of the Cell orthe Storage Battery. + Iris double membranous structure where outer membrane has specific proteins while inner membranes faldedinside to form chambers called Cristae + Mitochondriahasits own DNA & Ribosomes Functions of Mitochondria: (a) ts main function isto produce, store and release the energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) The energy currency of the cel. (b) _Itisthe site for celular respiration (Kreb eyele) in which ATP are produced. Ribosomes = es ae oS VG (Ribosomes located on different cell organelles and their pars)+ Ribosomesare thesites of protein synthesis, + All structural and functional proteins (enzymes) coded by the nuclear DNA are synthesized upon cytoplasmic ribosomes. The DNA codes are transcripted into messenger RNA (mRNA) (Ribonucleic Acid) molecules, Which comes out ofthe Nucleolus and anslated (Protein synthesis) by ribosomes attached to RER in the form of proteins. Functions of Ribosomes : Ribosomes are the main site of protein synthesis. Synthesized proteins is transported by endoplasmic reticulum, + Itisdouble membranous, discoidal structure, found mainly inalgac and plant cells, + Besides being diseoidal or rhombic in plant cells, they occur in variable shapes Tike in (algae.) They eanbe'U'- shaped, spiral, coiled, ribbon-shaped ete. + They also have their own DNA and ribosomes. Depending upon the type ofpigmentpresentin them, they areof following three types : ( Leucoplast ~ These are white or colourless and found in non- photosynthesis tissue of plant such as Roat, bulb, seeds, etc. They can change into other type of | plastids. The primary functionsis storage of starch, oi, proteins. Gi) Chromoplast ~ These are coloured plastids except green, these impart colour to fruits & flowers (Gil) Chloroplast ~ It contains chlorophyll which impart green colour to leaves and, found in aerial parts of plats. Ithelps inthe process of photosyathesis soitis called the'Kitchen of cell in plant Chloroplast: = Chloroplast have following two parts: @— Granaz I-constitutes the lamellar system. These are found layered on op of each other. These stacks are called Grana, Fach granum of the chloroplast is formed by superimposed closed compartments called Thylakoids Function : They are the sites of light reaction of photosynthesis as they contain photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll, photosyntheticunits Gi) Stroma : Its a granular transparent substance also called as matrix. Grana are ‘embedded in it, Besides Grana they also contain lipid droplets, starch grains, ribosomesete. 64Vacuole (Vecwtes| Mitochondria _- Tonoplast + These are membrane bounded regions in the cytoplasm containing water and other substances. They are bounded by asingle membrane called Tonoplast. + Tnanimal cells vacuoles are absent or smaller in size. In plant cells single large vacuole is found which occupies about 90% of the volume of el Functions: thelps in maintaining osmotie pressure in a cell & stor produet) water, sugar, protein ete toxic metabolic produets (Waste Uysosome(Suicidal Bag) + They re tiny single membrane bound cell organelle containing powerful digestive enzymes for intraceliular digestion + Lysosome absent in RBCs + Lysosomes are synthesised by polgi body & enzymes present init are synthesised by RER Functions : (2) Their main function is phagy (digestion). Means they breakdown ‘worn out cell parts (©) They are kind of waste disposal system of the eel. (©) They help in digesting foreign materials like invading viruses and bacteria inthe cell Suicidal Bag : During disturbances in cellular metabolism (i, in ase of cell damage), lysosomes burst and their enzymes are released into the eytoplasm which digest their own cell ‘Therefore they are also called ‘Suicidal Bags 68Difference between Plant c ‘Animal Cel Plant Cell ‘Contain chloroplasts for Photosynthesis Have a cell wall to maintain structure and rigidity. ‘Usually do not contain lysosomes and Peroxisomes, Cells are square and rigid or ‘geometric shaped. Have one large central vacuole. and Animal cell No chloroplasts (plastids) Nocell wall ‘May Containcilia and/or flagella Cells are Muidie and flexible, ‘many shapes Has small orno vacuoles. Havelysosome (Cell Division : New cells are formed in organism in order to grow, to replace old, dead and injured cells and to form gametes required for reproduction. The process by which new cells are made is, called cell division ‘The two main types of cell division are 1) Mitosis: The process of cell division by which most of the cells divide for growth is called iitosis. In this process, each cell called mother cell divides to form two identical daughter eels, The daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as mother cel. It belps in growth angrepirof issues inorganisms pecific cells of reproductive organs or tissues in animals and plants divide to form Samet which fer feriraton give set opens. They vide ty dilven proces Called meiosis which involves two consecutive divisions, When a cell divides by meiosis it produces four new cells instead of just two. The new eells have only half the number of chromosomes than thatofthe mother cells. These new cells are Transformed into gametes Meiosis