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CLASS 08th Science

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10 views3 pages

CLASS 08th Science

Uploaded by

Navneet Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CLASS 08th : LIGHT

Light
Light is a form of energy that enables us to see various things present in our surroundings.

Types of Objects
There are two types of objects.
1. Luminous: The objects which have their own light. For example: bulb and tube light
2. Non luminous: The objects which do not have their own light. For example: chair, table,
floor, and wall.

Reflection of Light:
When a ray of light falls on any object (polished, smooth, shiny object), light from that object
bounces back those rays of light to our eyes and this is known as “Reflection” or “Reflection of Light”.

Laws of Reflection
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same
plane which is perpendicular to the plane of the reflecting surface.

i.e. ∠i = ∠r
2. The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection for small angles.

Where, ∠i = angle of incidence


∠r = angle of reflection

Types of Reflection
There are two types of reflection :

1. Specular/ Regular reflection


2. Diffused/ Irregular reflection
1. Specular/ Regular reflection – The rays of light that are reflected from a smooth and shiny object
such as a mirror.
2. Diffused/ Irregular reflection – The rays of light that hit an irregular object with a rough surface, are
reflected back and scatter in all directions.

Properties of an Image Formed by Plane Mirror


1. The image obtained is virtual.
2. The image is laterally inverted.
3. The image is erect.
4. The size of the image is the same as the size of the object.
5. The distance between the image obtained from the mirror is the same as the distance between
the object from the mirror.
6. The focal length of a plane mirror is infinite.

Calculating the total number of images


The number of images formed by plane mirrors is given by

360 °
n= −1
θ

Dispersion of light
The splitting of light into its component colours is called dispersion. Example: Rainbow

Human Eye
The human eye is a spherically shaped sense organ (diameter about 2.3 cm) that gives the sense of
sight and helps us perceive colours and depth.

Functions of different organs in the human eye

Sclera – The white layer of the eye that covers most of the outside of the eyeball is called the Sclera.
Cornea – Light enters the eye through a thin membrane that forms a transparent bulge on the front
of the eye, called the cornea.

Iris – Iris is a dark muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil.

Pupil – The pupil is the small opening in the centre of the iris.

Convex Lens – The lens, which is behind the pupil helps to adjust the focal length required to clearly
focus on objects at various distances.

Retina – The retina is the screen where the images get formed. It is a delicate membrane with a
large number of photosensitive cells called rods and cones.
 Cones are sensitive to bright light.
 Rods are sensitive to dim light.

Optic nerve – The optic nerve transmits the electrical signals from the eye to the brain.

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