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Advanced Internet Technology

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13 views

Advanced Internet Technology

Uploaded by

amit.ray455
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advanced Internet Technology

This lecture covers various advanced topics in modern internet technology,


including Internet Telephony (VoIP), Multimedia Applications, and the key
protocols used for multimedia delivery over IP networks. Additionally, we will
explore IPTV, Search Engine Optimization (SEO), and the role of Metadata in the
digital landscape. The main topics will be structured as follows:

1. Internet Telephony (VoIP)

What is VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)?


VoIP refers to the technology that enables voice communication and multimedia
sessions (such as video and audio calls) over the internet, rather than through
traditional Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTN). VoIP converts analog
voice signals into digital data packets, which are transmitted over IP networks.

Key Components of VoIP:


Voice Codec: Used to encode and compress voice signals.
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol): A signalling protocol used to initiate, maintain,
and terminate VoIP calls.
RTP (Real time Transport Protocol): Transports voice and video packets over the
network in real time.
PBX (Private Branch Exchange): A telephony system used in businesses to
manage internal and external VoIP calls.

How VoIP Works:


1. Analog to Digital Conversion: Voice is converted from analog signals to
digital data by an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) at the caller’s end.
2. Packetization: The voice data is split into small data packets and
transmitted over the internet using IP.
3. Transmission via IP: The packets are transmitted through the IP network to
the receiver.
4. Reassembly and Digital to Analog Conversion: The receiver’s device
reassembles the packets and converts the digital voice back into analog signals
using a Digita lto Analog Converter (DAC) for playback.
Advantages of VoIP:
Cost effective: Lower costs for long-distance calls, especially internationally.
Flexibility: Calls can be made from any internet connected device (laptop,
smartphone, etc.).
Integration with other services: VoIP can be integrated with data, video, and
other internet based services.

Challenges of VoIP:
Quality Issues: VoIP can suffer from latency, jitter, and packet loss, leading to
poor call quality.
Dependence on Internet Connectivity: VoIP requires a stable and fast
internet connection for optimal performance.
Security Concerns: VoIP calls can be vulnerable to interception and
eavesdropping.

2. Multimedia Applications

What are Multimedia Applications?


Multimedia applications refer to software or platforms that combine different
media types (text, audio, video, images, and interactive content) to enhance
communication or entertainment. Examples of multimedia applications include
video conferencing, online gaming, media streaming, and video on demand.

Key Multimedia Applications:


Video Conferencing: Applications like Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Google
Meet allow for real time communication with video and audio.
Streaming Media: Platforms like YouTube, Netflix, and Spotify allow users to
stream video and audio content over the internet.
Online Gaming: Multiplayer games that use the internet to connect players in
real time.
Interactive Websites: Websites that combine text, images, video, and
interactive elements to engage users.

Technologies Used in Multimedia Applications:


Audio and Video Codecs: Software used to compress and decompress audio
and video files.
Media Servers: Servers used to store and distribute media content, either in
real time (live streaming) or on demand.
Content Delivery Networks (CDNs): A system of distributed servers that
deliver content efficiently to users based on their geographical location.

3.
Multimedia over IP: RSVP, RTP, RTCP, and RTSP

Multimedia applications, such as video streaming or online voice calls, are


delivered over IP networks. Several protocols help ensure quality,
synchronization, and reliable delivery of these media streams.

RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol):


RSVP is a protocol used in IP networks to reserve resources (e.g., bandwidth,
buffer space) for applications requiring real time data delivery, such as video and
voice communication. It works in conjunction with other network protocols to
ensure that the network can meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements of
multimedia applications.

Functionality: RSVP enables devices on the network (routers, switches) to


allocate resources based on the request from the sender. This ensures that real
time applications receive the necessary bandwidth and minimize packet loss.
Use Case: VoIP, video conferencing, and streaming media.

RTP (Real time Transport Protocol):


RTP is used to deliver audio and video over IP networks, ensuring that media is
delivered in real time. It is widely used in applications like VoIP and video
streaming.

Functionality: RTP provides end-to-end delivery services for real-time data. It


timestamps and sequences packets to ensure that the media stream arrives in
order and with minimal delay.

Features:
Timestamping: Ensures correct sequencing of multimedia data.
Payload Type: Specifies the type of media (audio, video, etc.).
Sequence Number: Helps detect packet loss and restore the correct order.

RTCP (RTP Control Protocol):


RTCP works alongside RTP to provide feedback on the quality of the media
stream and to monitor the network's performance. While RTP carries the actual
media content, RTCP provides information about packet loss, jitter, and roundtrip
time.

Functionality: RTCP helps senders adjust media streams in real time to adapt
to network conditions (e.g., reducing video quality when packet loss is high).
RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol):
RTSP is used to control the delivery of streaming media. Unlike RTP, which
handles the actual transmission of data, RTSP controls the flow of media
streams, allowing users to pause, stop, or seek to different points in the stream.

Use Case: RTSP is commonly used in streaming applications for on demand


content or live streaming services. For example, it is used in IPbased cameras,
where the user can control the playback of video footage.

4. Streaming Media, Codecs, and Plugins

Streaming Media:
Streaming refers to the delivery of audio and video content in real time over the
internet. It allows users to begin consuming content immediately without waiting
for the entire file to download.

Types of Streaming:
Live Streaming: Real time content delivery, such as live sports broadcasts or
online gaming streams.
On demand Streaming: Pre-recorded content that can be accessed at any
time, such as movies on Netflix or music on Spotify.

Codecs:
A codec (compressor decompressor) is used to encode and decode audio and
video data. Codecs compress large multimedia files so they can be transmitted
over the internet and decompressed for playback.

Audio Codecs: Examples include MP3, AAC, and Opus.


Video Codecs: Examples include H.264, HEVC, and VP8.
Importance of Codecs: Codecs reduce the amount of bandwidth required for
transmission while maintaining acceptable quality.

Plugins:
A plugin is a software component that adds functionality to a program. In the
context of multimedia, plugins enable the playback of different media formats in
web browsers or other applications.

Example: Flash Player used to be a popular plugin for web video playback
before it was phased out in favor of HTML5.
Modern Alternatives: Today, HTML5 provides native support for video and
audio elements, eliminating the need for many browser plugins.

5. IPTV (Internet Protocol Television)

What is IPTV?
IPTV is a digital television service delivered over IP networks rather than
traditional terrestrial, satellite, or cable television systems. IPTV allows users to
stream television content over the internet and provides greater flexibility
compared to conventional TV broadcasting.

Types of IPTV:
Live IPTV: Broadcasting real time television content (e.g., sports, news).
VOD (Video On Demand): Allows users to stream pre-recorded content at
their convenience (e.g., Netflix, Hulu).
Time shifted TV: Enables users to watch television shows at their own time,
such as using a DVR (Digital Video Recorder).

Key Features of IPTV:


Interactive services (e.g., video on demand, interactive ads).
Personalization (e.g., recommended content based on viewing history).
High definition and 4K streaming capabilities.

Protocols in IPTV:
MPEGDASH: A protocol for adaptive bitrate streaming, ensuring smooth
streaming at varying network conditions.
HLS (HTTP Live Streaming): A protocol for live and on demand streaming,
primarily used by Apple devices.

6. Search
Engine
Optimization (SEO)

What is SEO?
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) refers to the process of optimizing a website
or content to rank higher in search engine results (e.g., Google, Bing). The goal is
to improve visibility, drive traffic, and ultimately enhance the website's success.

Key Elements of SEO:


On page SEO: Optimization techniques applied directly on a website’s pages
(e.g., keyword optimization, content quality, internal linking).
Off page SEO: Activities done outside the website to improve its authority and
ranking (e.g., link building, social media marketing).
Technical SEO: Enhancements to the website’s technical infrastructure, such
as improving page load speed, mobile optimization, and creating a sitemap.

SEO Best Practices:


Keyword Research: Identifying high traffic search

terms relevant to your content.


Content Creation: Producing high quality, engaging, and original content.
Link Building: Earning high quality backlinks from reputable sources.
Mobile Optimization: Ensuring the website is mobile friendly, given that mobile
searches are dominant.

7. Metadata

What is Metadata?
Metadata is data that describes and provides information about other data. In
the context of multimedia and web content, metadata describes characteristics
like title, author, format, date, and keywords.

Types of Metadata:
Descriptive Metadata: Provides information for identification and discovery
(e.g., title, author, abstract).
Structural Metadata: Describes the structure and organization of data (e.g.,
table of contents).
Administrative Metadata: Information related to the management of
resources (e.g., creation date, file size).

Importance of Metadata:
Search Optimization: Metadata is used by search engines to index and
retrieve content.
Content Organization: Helps categorize and organize content for efficient
retrieval and display.
Digital Rights Management (DRM): Metadata can include copyright
information to protect content.

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