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Flash Notes - History 2024

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Flash Notes - History 2024

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| Flash Notes - History Page 3

Table of Contents
TOPIC Page No.
1. British Expansion 4
2. Acts 12
3. British Policies: Annexation, Revenue, Admin 19
4. Press 25
5. Education 27
6. Commissions 31
7. Civil Uprisings Before 1857 34
8. Tribal Revolts 42
9. Socio-Religious Movements 47
10. Peasant Movements 55
11. 1857 Revolt & Eminent Leaders 60
12. Organizations Before INC 61
13. Importanat INC Sessions 62
14. Books/Newspapers 65
15. Women’s Organizations 70
16. Revolutionary Activities/Conspiracy Cases 73
17. Emergence of Gandhi 77
18. 1927-1932 78
19. SBM-NCM-CDM-QIM 85
20. Post-1940 91

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| Flash Notes - History Page 4

1. British Expansion
Year &
War Place Fought Between Victor Causes Details
1st Carna�c War 1740-1748, French & the forces of Inconclusi Extension of the Anglo-French rivalry in Treaty of Aix-La Chapelle
Aka Ba�le of St. Madras on Anwar-ud-din, the Nawab ve Europe during the War of the Austrian -Bringing the War of the Austrian Succession to a conclusion
Thome the bank of of Succession. -Mark the end of the Anglo-French India-based First Carna�c War.
river Adyar Carna�c (Supported by The Bri�sh navy under Barnet seized some -Madras returned to the English in exchange for the French fortress of
EIC) French ships to provoke France. Louisbourg in North America, which the Bri�sh had captured
France retaliated by seizing Madras with the
help of the fleet from Isle de
France(Mauri�us), French colony.
2nd Carna�c War 1749-1754, Nasir Jung, the Nizam and EIC had Struggles for succession to the Nizam of Ba le of Ambur
Vellore his protege Muhammad edge Hyderabad and Nawab of the Carna�c. Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib supported by Dupleix overthrow
Ali, supported by the Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan, the Nawab of the Carna�c. Chanda Sahib
Bri�sh vs Chanda Sahib became the next Nawab of the Carna�c.
and Muzaffar Jung, Eventually in 1751, Robert Clive led Bri�sh troops to capture Arcot,
supported by the French capital of Carna�c and successfully defend it
Treaty of Pondicherry
The favoured Bri�sh candidate Mohamed Ali Khan Walajan was
recognized as the Nawab of the Carna�c.
Ba�le of Plassey 23rd June EIC vs Nawab of Bengal EIC Officials of EIC misuse trade privilege that Sovereignty of English over Culcu�a recognized & English posted
1757, (Robert Clive & adversely affected Nawab’s finanaces resident at Nawab’s court
Plassey Siraj-ud-Daula) English for�fied Calcu�a without Nawab’s Puppet government with Mir Jafar became Nawab of Bengal
permission. EIC got large sum of money, 24 paragana zamindari.
Company gave asylum to poli�cal fugi�ve.
Black hole tragedy
3rd Carna�c War 1758-1763, French & EIC EIC Seven Years' War in Europe in 1756 resulted Ba le of Wandiwash(1760)
Aka Vandavasi in renewed conflict between French and Sir Eyre Coote commanding the Bri�sh forces decisively defeated the
in Tamil Bri�sh forces in India. French, commanded by the Count de Lally at the Ba�le of Wandiwash.
Nadu. Treaty of Paris(1763)
-Ended French ambi�ons of an Indian empire making the Bri�sh the
dominant foreign power in India
-Returned Chandernagore and Pondichéry to France, and allowed the
French to have "factories" (trading posts) in India but forbade French
traders from administering them.

Year &
War Place Fought Between Victor Causes Details
Anglo-Dutch War 1759 Dutch & EIC EIC Communica�ons between Surat and the The retalia�on by the English resulted in the defeat of the Dutch, in the
Ba�le of Hooghly new English se�lement of Bombay cut due ba�le of Hooghly (November 1759), which dealt a crushing blow to
to which 3 homebound English ships were Dutch ambi�ons in India.
captured in the Bay of Bengal by the Dutch The Dutch were not interested in empire building in India; their concerns
forces. were trade.
In any case, their main commercial interest lay in the Spice Islands of
Indonesia from where they earned a huge proﬁt through business.
Ba�le of Buxar 22nd EIC (Major Hector Munro) EIC The misuse of the dastak. Not only Nawab but also Mughal Emperor defeated
October vs combined army of Mir The loss of tax revenue to the Nawab. Mir Jafar made Nawab again-he agrees to handover the district of
1764, Kasim, Nawab of Awadh, The Nawab-Company tussle over transit Midnapore, Chi�agong, Burdwan. Also permi�ed duty free trade in
Buxar Shah Alam II (Mughal duty led to the outbreak of wars between Bengal except 2% on salt.
emperor) the English and Mir Kasim in 1763. Treaty of Allahabad
Mir Kasim ﬂed to Awadh (or Oudh) and 1.Shah Alam II agrees to give Diwani rights to EIC-collect taxes directly
formed a confederacy with the Nawab of from Bengal, Bihar, Odisha in lieu of annual Payment
Awadh, Shuja-ud-daulah, and the Mughal 2.Awadh was returned to Shuja-ud-Daula, but Allahabad and Kora were
Emperor, Shah Alam II, with a view to taken from him.
recover Bengal from the English.
1st Anglo-Mysore war 1767 – The Nizam of Hyderabad + War Hyder Ali built a strong army and annexed Haider Ali acted tac�cally & with diploma�c skills.
1769, The Maratha + The English con�nues many regions in the South including Bidnur, Paid the Marathas to turn them neutral & promised to share conquered
Mysore allied together against without Canara, Sera, Malabar and Sunda territories with the Nizam, converted the Nizam into his ally.
Haider Ali of Mysore conclusio He also took French support in training his He then joined the Nizam to a�ack the Nawab of Arcot.
n army and this alarmed the Bri�sh With EIC-
-Haidar changed his strategy and suddenly appeared before the gates of
Madras
Treaty of Madras, 1769
-The Treaty provided for the exchange of prisoners and mutual
res�tu�on of conquests.
-Haidar Ali was promised the help of the English in case he was a�acked
by any other power.

Year &
War Place Fought Between Victor Causes Details
1st Anglo-Maratha 1775-1782 EIC & Maratha Marathas The Marathas largely remained disunited Treaty of Surat 1775 – signed between Raghunathrao and English at
War since the 3rd Ba�le of Panipet (1761) Bombay
The internal conﬂict among the Marathas -Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salse�e and Bassein to the
was best u�lized by the Bri�sh in their English along with a por�on of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch
expansionist policy. districts.
In 1775, there was a dispute for the post of -In return, the English were to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers.
Peshwa between Madhav Rao and his uncle Treaty of Purandhar 1776 – signed between Bri�sh Calcu�a Council
Ragunatha Rao. council & Nana Fadnavis
-Annulled the Treaty of Surat.
-Bri�sh accepted Sawai Madhav Rao as a new Peshwa
-Raghunath Rao was pensioned and his cause abandoned.
Treaty of Wadgaon 1779
-Ba�le of Wadgaon-victory for the Marathas
Treaty of Salbai 1782 - end of 1st war
Treaty of Wadgaon rejected by Warren Has�ng. New Treaty of Salbai
proposed that guaranteed peace between the two sides for twenty
years.
The Peshwa and the English should undertake that their several allies
should remain at peace with one another. The English should enjoy the
trade privileges as before.
Second Anglo-Mysore 1780 – Haider Ali of Mysore + The Draw Haidar Ali accused the English of breach of With neither side in a posi on to win, the war ended in stalemate and was then
war 1784, Marathas + The Nizam faith and nonobservance of the Treaty of concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore.
Carna�c forged alliance against EIC Madras when in 1771 he was a�acked by Treaty of Mangalore , 1784
Restored the status-quo
the Marathas, and the English failed to come
to his aid
Also, he found that the French were much
more helpful than the English in mee�ng his
army's requirement of guns, saltpetre and
lead.
This became a concern for the English.

Year &
War Place Fought Between Victor Causes Details
3rd Anglo-Mysore 1790-1792, Tipu Sultan vs EIC EIC The Bri�sh started improving their Treaty of Srirangapatanam (1792)
war Malabar (Cornwallis took rela�onship with the Nizam of Hyderabad -Nearly half of the Mysorean territory was taken over by the victors.
leadership) + Travencore + and the Marathas. -Baramahal, Dindigul and Malabar went to the English,
later EIC took support of Tipu Sultan, who assumed control of Mysore -The Marathas got the regions surrounding the Tungabhadra and its
Maratha & Nizam a�er Hyder Ali's death, had French help in tributaries
be�ering his military resources. -The Nizam acquired the areas from the Krishna to beyond the Pennar.
He also refused to free the English prisoners
taken during the second Anglo-Mysore war Besides, a war damage of three crore rupees was also taken from Tipu.
as per the Treaty of Mangalore.
A dispute arose between Tipu and the state
of Travancore. The English, siding with
Travancore, a�acked Tipu.
4th Anglo-Mysore April 1799- Tipu Sultan vs EIC+ EIC The Treaty of Seringapatam failed to bring An imperialist to the core, Wellesley was concerned about Tipu’s growing
war May 1799 Marathas + Nizam peace between Tipu and the English. friendship with the French and aimed at annihila�ng Tipu’s independent
At Tipu also refused to accept the Subsidiary existence.
Srirangapat Alliance of Lord Wellesley. Tipu was defeated ﬁrst by English General Stuart and then by General
anam Tipu aligned with the French which the Harris.
Bri�sh saw as a threat. The Marathas had been promised half of the territory of Tipu and the
Nizam had already signed the Subsidiary Alliance.
The English chose a boy from the earlier Hindu royal family of Mysore as
the maharaja and also imposed on him the subsidiary alliance system.
Subsidiary alliance.
In 1831 William Ben�nck took control of Mysore on grounds of
misgovernance.
In 1881 Lord Ripon restored the kingdom to its ruler.
Ba�le of Poona, 1803 1803 Rival fac�ons of the Peshwa lost but ended up signing the Subsidiary Treaty in retun for
Maratha empire. EIC support from the Bri�sh
intervened to help Treaty of Bassein (1802)- signed between Peshwa Bajirao II and English
Peshwa who had lost the The treaty was a decisive step in the dissolu�on of the Maratha Empire
ba�le. Peshwa accepted the Subsidiary Alliance
Receive from the Company a na�ve infantry with the usual propor�on of
ﬁeld ar�llery & European ar�llery men a�ached, to be permanently
sta�oned in his territories;
not to keep in his employment Europeans of any na�on at war with the
English

Year &
War Place Fought Between Victor Causes Details
2nd Anglo-Maratha 1803-1805 EIC and Maratha EIC Treaty of Bassein was not acceptable to all The Marathas were defeated, reduced to Bri�sh vassalage and isolated
War Marathas chie�ains, and resulted in the from one another.
Second Anglo-Maratha War. 1.Defeat of Bhonsle (December 17, 1803, Treaty of Deogaon)
2.Defeat of Sindhia (December 30, 1803, Treaty of Surajianjangaon)
3.Defeat of Holkar (1806, Treaty of Rajpurghat)
Anglo-Nepalese War 1816 EIC and Gorkha Army of EIC In 1801, the English annexed Gorakhpur Treaty of Sagauli, 1816
or Gorkha War Nepal which brought the Gorkhas’ boundary and -Nepal accepted a Bri�sh resident.
the Company’s boundary together. -Nepal ceded the districts of Garhwal and Kumaon, and abandoned
The conflict started due to the Gorkhas’ claims to Terai.
capture of Butwal and Sheoraj in the period -Nepal also withdrew from Sikkim.
of Lord Has�ngs (1813-23). This agreement brought many advantages to the Bri�sh-
-The Bri�sh empire now reached the Himalayas;
-It got be�er facili�es for trade with Central Asia;
-It acquired sites for hill sta�ons, such as Shimla, Mussoorie and Nainital;
-The Gorkhas joined the Bri�sh Indian Army in large numbers.
3rd Anglo-Maratha 1817-1819 EIC & Maratha EIC The �ght control of Bri�sh Agent on Peshwa The Peshwa a�acked the Bri�sh Residency at Poona.
War Baji Rao II The Peshwa was defeated at Khirki, Bhonsle at Sitabuldi, and Holkar at
EIC was gathering its army for campaign Mahidpur.
against Pindaris (dacoits) in central India. 1818, the Peshwa finally surrendered and the Maratha confederacy was
Peshwa assumed it was to remove him - He dissolved.
declared war The peshwaship was abolished.
Bhonsle and Holkar joined him too.
Scindia abstained Important trea�es were signed.
-June 1817, Treaty of Poona, with Peshwa.
-November 1817, Treaty of Gwalior, with Sindhia.
-January 1818, Treaty of Mandasor, with Holkar
1st Anglo-Burmese 1824-1826 EIC and Burmese empires EIC expanding Bri�sh Bengal's sphere of Treaty of Yandabo 1826
War influence -Pay rupees one crore as war compensa�on;
desire for new markets for Bri�sh -Cede its coastal provinces of Arakan and Tenasserim;
manufacturing -Abandon claims on Assam, Cachar and Jain�a;
deny the French the use of Burmese -Recognise Manipur as an independent state;
harbours -Nego�ate a commercial treaty with Britain;
-Accept a Bri�sh resident at Ava, while pos�ng a Burmese envoy at
Calcu�a.

Year &
War Place Fought Between Victor Causes Details
1st Anglo-Afghan War 1839-1842 EIC & Afghan Chief Afghan An English army entered triumphantly into As soon as the Bri�sh withdrew, the Afghans rose in rebellion, killing the
Chief Kabul (August 1839) a�er a successful garrison commander in Kabul.
a�ack. The Bri�sh were compelled to sign a treaty (1841)
Most of the tribes had already been won They arrived at a se�lement with Dost Mohammed by which the Bri�sh
over by bribes. evacuated from Kabul and recognised him as the independent ruler of
Dost Mohammed surrendered (1840) and Afghanistan.
Shah Shuja was made the Amir of
Afghanistan.
But Shah Shuja was unacceptable to the
Afghans.
Sindh Conquest 1843 EIC & Amirs (Talpurs) of EIC Complaints had been made against the Sindh had accepted Subsidiary Alliance (1839)
Sindh amirs’ a�tude toward the Bri�sh during the A�er the ci�es of Miani and Hyderabad(in Sindh) were captured, the
First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42). Bri�sh won and there was a consequent annexa�on later.
Bri�sh saw the Amirs as overly wealthy
rulers over a poor people
1st Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) EIC & Sikh Forces EIC had The anarchy in the Lahore kingdom following The treachery of Lal Singh and Teja Singh caused five successive defeats
edge the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh resul�ng to the Sikhs at Mudki (1845), Ferozeshah (1845), Buddelwal, Aliwal
in a power struggle for domina�on between (1846), and at Sobraon (1846).
the court at Lahore and the ever powerful Lahore fell to the Bri�sh forces on 1846 without a fight.
and increasingly local army; Treaty of Lahore, March 8, 1846
Suspicions amongst the Sikh army arising War indemnity of more than 1 crore of rupees was to be given to the
from English military campaigns to achieve English.
the annexa�on of Gwalior and Sindh in 1841 -The Jalandhar Doab (between the Beas and the Sutlej) was annexed to
and the campaign in Afghanistan in 1842. the Company’s dominions.
The increase in the number of English troops -A Bri�sh resident was to be established at Lahore under Henry
being sta�oned near the border with the Lawrence.
Lahore kingdom. -The strength of the Sikh army was reduced.
-Daleep Singh was recognised as the ruler under Rani Jindan as regent
and Lal Singh as wazir.
-Since, the Sikhs were not able to pay the en�re war indemnity, Kashmir
including Jammu was sold to Gulab Singh and he was required to pay
Rupees 75 lakh to the Company as the price
Treaty of Bhairowal, 1846 since the Sikhs were not sa�sfied with the
Treaty of Lahore over the issue of Kashmir.

Year &
War Place Fought Between Victor Causes Details
2nd Anglo-Sikh War 1848-1849 EIC & Sikh Forces EIC (Lord The defeat in the first Anglo-Sikh War 3 important ba�les were fought before the final annexa�on of Punjab.
Dalhousie The provisions of the trea�es of Lahore and 1.Ba�le of Ramnagar, led by Sir Hugh Gough, the commander-in-chief of
annexed Bhairowal were highly humilia�ng. the Company.
Punjab) Inhuman treatment meted out to Rani 2.Ba�le of Chillhanwala, January, 1849.
Jindan (pensioner & send to Benaras) 3.Ba�le of Gujarat, February 21, 1849; the Sikh army surrendered at
Mulraj revolted and murdered two English Rawalpindi, and their Afghan allies were chased out of India. (Gujarat is a
officers accompanying the new Governor. small town on the banks of River Jhelum.)
Result
-Surrender of the Sikh army and Sher Singh in 1849;
-Annexa�on of Punjab; and for his services the Earl of Dalhousie was
given the thanks of the Bri�sh Parliament and a promo�on in the
peerage, as Marquess;
-Se�ng up of a three-member board to govern Punjab, comprising of
the Lawrence brothers (Henry and John) and Charles Mansel.
Annexa�on of Punjab
In 1853, Punjab was placed under a chief commissioner.
John Lawrence became the first chief commissioner.
2nd Anglo-Burmese 1852 EIC and Burmese empires EIC Commodore George Lambert was sent to Ended in the Bri�sh annexa�on of Pegu province renamed Lower Burma.
War Burma to nego�ate over a number of minor
issues rela�ng to the Treaty of Yanabo which
had ended the 1st Burma War.
Instead of resolving the problem Lambert
provoked a confronta�on which led to a
declara�on of war.
Duar War or 1865 EIC and Bhutan EIC Bhutan was a vital cog in the Indo-Tibetan Treaty of Sinchula(11 November 1865)
Anglo-Bhutan War trade. Bhutan ceded territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as
Also the commercial viability of Duars region the 83 km² of territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan, in return for
for suppor�ng tea planta�ons was an annual subsidy of 50,000 rupees
well-known among Company. These surrendered district which became a produc�ve area with tea
gardens.

Year &
War Place Fought Between Victor Causes Details
2nd Anglo-Afghan 1870-1880 EIC & Afghan Chief EIC Sher Ali refused to keep a Bri�sh envoy in Ly�on decided to invade Afghanistan. Sher Ali fled in face of the Bri�sh
War Kabul while having earlier granted a similar invasion
concession to the Russians. Treaty of Gandamak (May 1879)-signed with Yakub Khan, the eldest son
of Sher Ali.
-The Amir conduct his foreign policy with the advice of Government of
India;
-A permanent Bri�sh resident be sta�oned at Kabul;
-The Government of India give Amir all support against foreign
aggression, and an annual subsidy.
3rd Anglo-Burmese 1885 EIC & Burmese King EIC Bri�sh claimed that Thibaw Min (ruled Dufferin ordered the invasion and final annexa�on of upper Burma in
War Thibaw 1878–1885) was a tyrant intending to side 1885.
with the French.
A humilia�ng fine had been imposed on a
Bri�sh �mber company by Thibaw.
Anglo-Tibetan 1904 EIC and Tibet EIC The Chinese suzerainty over Tibet was The Tibetans refused to nego�ate and offered non-violent resistance
Rela�ons ineffec�ve and Russian influence at Lhasa Treaty of Lhasa (1904)
was increasing. -Tibet would pay an indemnity of Rs 75 lakh at the rate of one lakh
There were reports of Russian arms and rupees per annum;
ammuni�on coming into Tibet. -As a security for payment, the Indian Government would occupy the
Curzon felt alarmed and sent a small Gorkha Chumbi Valley (territory between Bhutan and Sikkim) for 75 years;
con�ngent under Colonel Younghusband on -Tibet would respect the fron�er of Sikkim;
a special mission to Tibet to oblige the -Trade marts would be opened at Yatung, Gyantse, Gartok; and
Tibetans to come to an agreement. -Tibet would not grant any concession for railways, roads, telegraph, etc.,
to any foreign state, but give Great Britain some control over foreign
affairs of Tibet.

2. Acts
Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note
Regula�ng Act Post Ba�le of Buxar Financial 4+1 (GG) First step taken by Bri�sh
1773 1664, EIC got Diwani Act limited Company dividends to 6% un�l it repaid GG assisted by Execu�ve council of 4 members. Government to
(revenue) of BG, BH GB£1.5M loan and restricted the Court of Directors Becomes Supreme Council of Bengal also known as the GG’s Exec -Control and Regulate
and OD. Dual system to four-year terms. Council. -recognize Poli�cal and
worked- Company had It prohibited the servants of company from Administra�ve
authority and Indian engaging in any private trade or accep�ng presents Governor of Bengal designated as Governor-General of Bengal. -Laid founda�on of
representa�oves had or bribes from the na�ves. Warren Has�ng becomes the 1st. centraliza�on Establishment of
the responsibility. Court Decision taken by Majority as Exec Council has cas�ng vote. Supreme Court at
Eventually this led to- Supreme Court established at Fort William at Culcu�a(1774)
rampant corrup�on Calcu�a with Original and Appellate jurisdic�on. Court of Director (CoD) (Governing body of company) required to -Laid the founda�on of Checks
among servants of EIC 1 chief Jus�ce + 3 other judges. report to Bri�sh government on Revenue,Civil,Military ma�ers. and balances.
and its bankruptcy- so Bri�sh judges were sent to administer the Bri�sh
now the Bri�sh govt legal system Province:Subordinated the Bombay, Madras Presidency to Bengal
decided to regulate in ques�ons of war, diplomacy and revenue.
the EIC and bring
order.
Hence the Regula�ng
Act 1773 was passed.
Act of Vague provisions of Court Same as 1773 act
Se�lement 1773 Act were well SC jurisdic�on deﬁned GG in council can frame regula�on on
1781 deﬁned. The Governor-General and the Council were not -Provincial court
under the jurisdic�on of the Supreme Court and to -Council
act as Governor General and Council. (immumity) Take into considera�on & respect religious & social custom
-Jurisdic�on over inhabitant of Calcu�a
-personal law of the defendant
-Appeal from provincial court will not be in SC.

Pi�s India act With posi�ve gains Dis�nguished Commercial and Poli�cal func�ons of 3+1(GG) is the renewed GG’s Execu�ve Council First �me company’s territory
1784 seen a�er regula�on the Company. Double/Dual Govt set up: BoC & CoD renamed as Bri�sh possession.
and rec�fy the General prohibi�on on aggressive wars and trea�es In-fact company became
defects, the Bri�sh BoC to look a�er civil, revenue, military aﬀairs of company (All subordinate department of
govt wanted more dispatch to be approved by them) state.
control over the CoD made purely commercial body 4 appealate courts were
Company's established.
administra�on. Province: Bombay and Madras subordinate completely
William Pi�s, the then

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

Act of 1786 Cornwallis Era: aimed To fulfill the demand of Cornwallis Power to override the decision
to obtain powers of -power to override decision of council in special of Council in special cases was
both GG and cases extended to all GG by act of
Commander in Chief 1793.
CA 1793 20 years a�er Reg Act Financial Extended Overriding power in special cases to all GGB Home government (BoC + their
1773, CA renewed the Company should pay 5 lakh pound annually to More power to GGB over Bombay & Madras presidency. staff) Paid out of indian
commercial privileges Bri�sh government ( as post 3rd Anglo Mysore war- From now-onwards commander-in-chief will not be member of GG revenue(this con�nues �ll 1919).
of EIC for next 3crores paid by Tipu to EIC) in council. Cornwallis Code
20years. Trade Permanent se�lement-
Cornwallis Code Extended trade monopoly of company in India for landlords were made hereditary
introduced. 20 years owners; The landlords could sell
Royal approval is mandatory for their lands and also had the
-GG right to purchase land;
-Governor Company’s share in the revenue
-Commander-in-chief appointment was fixed permanently with the
Company gives license to landlords.
-individual Administra�ve
-company employee Reforms-concentrated on
to trade, such trade called privilege or country trade honesty and a�empted to
(lead to opium to china) reduce the expenditure.
Trade- prohibited private trade.
Revenue administra�on separated from judiciary Police- took away the rights of
(Maal adalat disappeared) the landlords of maintaining law
If Senior officials leave India without permission, and order.
considered resigned. Judicial-separated the judiciary
from the execu�ve and
a�empted to provide jus�ce to
the common men.
Europeaniza�on of
Administra�ve machinery and
the introduc�on of civil services.

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

CA 1813 In England, the Financial Abolished the monopoly of EIC ie trade thrown open to all Bri�sh First �me CONSTITUTIONAL of
business interests EIC’s shareholders were given a 10.5% dividend on merchant except Bri�sh territory in India explicitly
were pressurizing the revenue of India. -monopoly of EIC over trade in Tea deﬁned.
govt to end One lakh rupees annually for Educa�on -trade with China Asserted sovereignty of crown .
Company's monopoly -Revival & improvement of literature Allowed Chris�an missionaries
over trade as -Encouragement of learned na�ve BoC’s power of superintendence and control to come to India and preach.
European ports were -Introduc�on & promo�on of western educa�on. -Deﬁned
closed for Britain- -Enlarged considerably
Con�nental system by EIC can retain the possession Separate account for Commercial transac�on
Napolean. Here began -Territory -Territorial revenue
the sincere -Revenue for 20 years Authorize local government in India to impose taxes and punish if
centralisa�on. not paid

Regula�on made by councils of Madras, Bombay, Culcu�a

henceforth required to laid down before Bri�sh Parliament.

CA 1833 This was the final step All restric�on on European immigra�on & Council of India = [(3+1(GGI)) + 1(4th member also called the Law Final step of centraliza�on.
towards the acquisi�on of property li�ed ie wholesale Member, Macualay)] Indian territory in trust of His
centralisa�on in coloniza�on of India majesty, heir and successor.
Bri�sh India. EIC now purely administra�ve body Law member added to GGI council for professional advice. EIC’s monopoly over Trade in tea
Steps to ameliorate slavery The Supreme Council of Bengal became the Council of India(to and with china ENDED
Indian laws to be codified & consolidated certain level it became legislature) Slavery abolished in 1843.
No Indian ci�zen can be denied employment under first act to dis�nguish between the execu�ve and legisla�ve powers
the company on basis of religion, color, birth, of the Gov General
descent.
A�empt to introduced system of open Compe��on GGB now became GG of India William Ben�ck was first GGI
for civil servant and Indian should not debarred GGI given the power of Superintend, control, direct ALL civil and
from holding any place, office. military affairs of EIC.
ALL other presidency placed under complete control of GGI.
ALL revenue were to be raised under GGI and complete control
over expenditure too.

Laws made previously called regula�on now will be called ACT.

Province: Government of Bombay, Madras dras�cally deprive of

legisla�ve power.

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

CA 1853 With no 20 years Introduced open compe��on system of selec�on Strength CoD reduced to 18 Signiﬁcant cons�tu�onal
extension provision, and recruitment of civil servant Landmark
Company was to Covenanted civil services also thrown open for Council of India = [(4+1) + 6(Legisla�ve Councillors) + 1 First �me legisla�on was treated
con�nue possession Indian Commander-in-Chief] as special func�on requiring
of territories unless Extended company’s rule and allowed to retain The 4th member (Law Member)was included as a FULL TIME special machinery and special
Parliament provided possessions Member process.
otherwise.
Law member become full member GG could veto the Bills.
Ques�ons could be asked & policy of execu�ve First �me legisla�ve & execu�ve func�ons of GG council separated.
council could be discussed 6 members of LC
-1 Chief Judge of SC of Calcu�a.
-1 Judge of SC of Calcu�a
-4 members of the ICS

Province: Legisla�ve central council of 6 member out of which

-4 local representa�ve appointed by local provinces ie Madras,
Bombay, Bengal, Agra
Government of Revolt of 1857, Indian Civil Services: The Act introduced the Indian GGI also called viceroy Did not alter Indian machinery
India act 1858 exposed Company's Civil Services , which were open to Indians through Lord Canning substan�ally.
weakness in compe��ve examina�ons. The ICS became a Secretary of state (Lord Stanley) with 15 members advisory
administra�on. India pres�gious administra�ve service.
was to be governed by Legisla�ve Councils: expanded the role of legisla�ve councils. It
and in the name of Indian Representa�on: Indian representa�on in Leg allowed for the crea�on of legisla�ve councils at the provincial
the Crown. Council was limited and did not reflect the broader (presidency) level, where laws could be made, amended, or
The Dual system by Indian popula�on. The majority were Bri�sh repealed. These councils included both official and non-official
Pi�s Act came to an officials. members.
end.
Financial Control: gave legisla�ve councils limited
control over financial ma�ers, including the
authority to discuss the budget and finances.
However, real financial control remained with the
Bri�sh government.

Legal Reforms: The Act brought about legal reforms,

including changes in the judicial system. It
established high courts and district courts.

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

Indian Council In the Act of 1858, Mark the beginning of representa�ve ins�tu�on. ILC = [(5+1) + (Addi�onal Members -> Minimum 6, Maximum 12)] Landmark in cons�tu�onal and
Act 1861 role of Councils was poli�cal history of India.
expanded, and to Gave recogni�on to Por�olio system introduced by Por�olio System: Members of viceroy council made in-charge of Law making no longer an
define these roles lord Canning. one or more departments & authorize to give final orders on exclusive business of execu�ve.
Council Acts were behalf of council. (founda�on of cabinet government) Lacunae
enacted. Powers of Viceroy: -council could not discuss
Decentralisa�on at its -to issue ordinance without concurrence of legisla�ve council important ma�ers
ini�al stage- by during emergency, -no financial ma�ers at all
ves�ng legisla�ve -to make rules & order for more convenient business, without previous approval
powers in Govts of -nominate some Indian as non-official members with 2 year government
Bengal and Madras. tenure. -no control over budget
-Associate Indians in Law making process. -could not discuss execu�ve
ac�on
Law will be made a�er due delibera�on & could change ONLY by -final passing of bill needed
same due delibera�on. viceroy’s approval
Province: Process of decentraliza�on started with restoring -even passed by viceroy,
legisla�ve power (grant of almost complete internal autonomy to secretary of state disallow it
province in 1937).

Establishment of new legisla�ve council for

-Bengal(1862).
-NW province(1886).
-Punjab (1897).
Indian Council 1885, Indian Na�onal The act made limited and indirect provision of ILC = [(5+1) + (Addi�onal Members -> Minimum 10, Maximum 16)] The word “elec�on” was not
Act 1892 Congress was formed. elec�on of non-oﬃcial in both central & provincial used in the Act.
This Act was legisla�ve council Increased number of non oﬃcial members in central (imperial)
introduced in legisla�ve by the viceroy on the recommenda�on of provincial
response to the legisla�ve council and Bengal chamber of commerce
demand of INC that Gave the power to discuss budget to the legisla�ve council
legisla�ve councils be Can address ques�ons to the execu�ve on ma�er of public interest
expanded. a�er 6 days no�ce.

Province: provincial legisla�ve council

Maintain oﬃcial majority in them
Non-oﬃcial in provincial legisla�ve council by governor on the
recommenda�on of district board, municipali�es, universi�es,
trade associa�ons, zamindars, chamber of commerce.

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

Indian council It was that �me when First �me provided for associa�on of Indian with Considerably increase the size of central legisla�ve councils. Concept of separate electorate
Act 1909 aka Bengal Par��on was execu�ve council of viceroy and governor The number of members increased from 16 to 60 in central was adopted.
Morley-Minto announced and INC System of communal representa�on legisla�ve council. Legalized the communal
reforms had taken up Provided for separate representa�on of presidency Enlarged the delibera�ve func�ons of legisla�ve council at both electorate.
Swadeshi and Boyco� corpora�on, chamber of commerce, universi�es, level like Representa�on of people at
movements. There zamindars. -allowed to ask supplementary ques�ons large remained remote and
was also an increasing -move resolu�on on budget unreal
tension between the
Moderates and the Satyendra Prasad sinha (law member) become first Indian to join
Extremists based on the viceroy execu�ve council.
the spread of
movements. To Province: Size of provincial legisla�ve council was not uniform.
appease the Retain official majority in central legisla�ve council.
Moderates and sa�sfy Allowed provincial legisla�ve council to have non-official majority
the educated Indians,
these reforms were
introduced.
GoI 1919 Aka In August 1917 Demarcated & separated the central & provincial Center: Introduced first �me bicameral legislature with Introduced direct elec�on at
Montague- (August Declara�on), subjects 1.Upper House (council of state) both level.
Chelmsford Bri�sh govt declared Created new office of high commissioner for India in 2.Lower House (legisla�ve assembly) Extended communal
Reforms its objec�ve to London transferred him func�on of secretary of representa�on by providing for
gradually introduce state. 3 out of the 6 members of viceroy’s execu�ve council (other than Sikh, Indian Chris�an,
responsible govt in Provision for establishment of Public Service commander-in-chief) were to be Indian. anglo-Indian, Europeans
India. This Act Commission. Granted franchise to limited
clarified that there Provided for the appointment of statutory Provinces: For the first �me, separate provincial budget from people on basis of property, tax,
would be only a commission to inquire into & report on its working central budget. Provincial legislature authorized to enact budget. educa�on
gradual development for ten years of its coming into force Provincial subject divided into-
of self governinhg 1.Transferred- administered by governor with aid of ministers
ins�tu�ons and not responsible for legisla�ve council
self determina�on. 2.Reserved- administered by governor and execu�ve council
without being responsible to legisla�ve council
Provincial subject’s division into transferred and reserve subject is
known as dyarchy.

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

GoI Act 1935 Three Round Table Provision for establishment of all India federa�on The Federal Legislature was to consist of 2 Houses Provided for diarchy at center
Conferences were consis�ng of province and princely state as unit. 1.The House of Assembly called the Federal Assembly Provided for establishment of
called by the Bri�sh Divided power between Centre and unit as 2.The Council of States. RBI
govt, and 1.Federal list The 2 Houses had in general equal powers but demands for supply Establishment of federal court -
subsequently as 2.provincial list votes and Financial Bills were to originate in the Assembly. with Privy Council in London at
White Paper on 3.concurrent list Also gave a provision for Joint si�ng in case of deadlock. top
Cons�tu�onal Residuary powers given to Viceroy. Establishment of federal public
Reforms was Secretary of state for India provided with team of advisor service commission, provincial
published in 1933. Federal subject divided into public service commission &
Under the Linlithgow 1.reserved joint public service commission
commi�ee , report 2.transferred
was submi�ed and a Introduced bicameralism in 6 out of 11 provinces. Further extended communal
bill prepared on that Indian Council of Secretary of State abolished representa�on by providing
basis was passed as separate electorate for
GOI Act 1935 Province: Abolished diarchy and introduced responsible depressed classes, women, labor
government and provincial autonomy in place. They derived power Extended franchise (10% more
and authoriy directly from the Crown. popula�on included)
Provincial govt could borrow money on their own security.
Bicameral Leg provided in Madras,Bombay, BG, UP, BH and Assam.
Indian Final Act for the Provided for the establishment of independent India All Governor of state to be henceforth nominal head of state Lapse of Bri�sh paramountcy
Independence transfer of power and Pakistan in the territories of South Asia deﬁned with right to secede.
Act 1947 as 'India' under the 1935 Government of India Act.

3. British Policies: Annexation, Revenue, Admin

Annexa on Policy
Policy Enacted Under Important Details States
Ring-fence Warren Has�ngs -Crea�ng buﬀer zones to defend the Company’s fron�ers. The Marathas
policy -It was the policy of defence of their neighbours’ fron�ers for safeguarding their own The Mysore
territories. The Awadh
The chief danger to the Company’s territories was from the Afghan invaders and the
Marathas.
The defence of Awadh cons�tuted the defence of Bengal during that �me. Thus the
states brought under the ring-fence system were assured of military assistance against
external aggression—but at their own expense.
Subsidiary Lord Wellesley -An extension of the ring-fence system with a mo�ve to keep the French from reviving Awadh 1765,1801 (First state to fall)
Alliance and expanding their inﬂuence in India. The Nizam of Hyderabad (September 1798 and 1800),
Under subsidiary alliance- Mysore (1799),
-the allying Indian state’s ruler was compelled to accept the permanent sta�oning of a Tanjore (October 1799),
Bri�sh force within his territory. Peshwa (December 1801),
-To pay a subsidy for its maintenance of a Bri�sh force. --The Indian ruler had to agree The Bhonsle Raja of Berar (December 1803), The Sindhia
to the pos�ng of a Bri�sh resident in his court. (February 1804),
-The Indian ruler could not employ any European in his service without the prior The Rajput states of Jodhpur, Jaipur,
consulta�on with the Company. Macheri, Bundi and the ruler of Bharatpur (1818). The Holkars
-Nor could he go to war or nego�ate with any other Indian ruler without consul�ng (the last Maratha confedera�on to accept the Subsidiary
the governor-general. Alliance in 1818)
In return for all this, the Bri�sh would-
-Defend the ruler from his enemies and adopt a policy of noninterference in the
internal ma�ers of the allied state.
Result-
The Indian rulers lost their independence by buying security.
They lost much of their revenue, paying for the Bri�sh troops.
The alliance made the Indian rulers weak and irresponsible
The subjects were exploited and it was prac�cally impossible to depose the oppressive
rulers as they were protected by the Bri�sh.

Doctrine of Lord Dalhousie The doctrine stated that the adopted son could be the heir to his foster father’s private Satara (1848),
lapse property, but not the state; it was for the paramount power (the Bri�sh) Jaitpur (Bundelkhand), Sambhalpur (Orissa) (1849)
to decide whether to bestow the state on the adopted son or to annex it. Baghat (Madhya Pradesh) (1850)
Udaipur (1854)
Nagpur (1854)
Jhansi (1854)
Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in 1856 a�er deposing Nawab
Wajid Ali Shah on grounds of misgovernment.

Revenue Policies
Policy Enacted Under Features Region of Implementa on and Land
Ownership
Izaredari Warren Has�ng The power to collect land revenue was given to contractors (called 'farmers') chosen on the basis Bengal
System Aka of the highest bids, i.e., those who oﬀered to pay the largest amount from a par cular district or
Farmed out subdivision. (The land, in other words, was 'farmed out' to the highest bidders.)

The power of revenue collec on was for ﬁve years at a me (quinquennial se lement). The
collec on was made annual in 1777.
The system resulted in extor on and oppression in the collec on of revenue as
(i) the contractors were merely revenue farmers interested in their proﬁt and did not care for
the peasants' welfare
(ii) the large amounts promised by the contractors far exceeded the produc on capacity of the
land.
The policy was based on the assump on that the tradi onal zamindars were mere tax gatherers
with no proprietary rights, so the zamindars were even discouraged from bidding.
As a result, many hereditary zamindars were ousted. Also, corrup on reduced the amount of
revenue actually going to the government

Permanent Lord Cornwallis, John 1790- 10 year Se�lement BOB, Banaras, North Madras, Gazipur
Se�lement Shore, James Grant 1793- Converted to permanent se�lement (Total 19% area )
Fixed tax to be paid by Zamindar & Revenue was collected by line.
Zamindar allowed to Keep 1/10th to 1/11th of revenue. Absolute ownership with empirical authority
Zamindar as owner of land can mortgage, inherit etc land with right & liabili�es.
Sunset Clause 1794 - Tax due not paid, government can auc�on land
Zamindar can Seize tenant’s property if rent has not paid

Ryotwari Lord Has�ng, Munro reduced the tax to 1/3rd of the gross produce Madras, Bombay, Assam, Berar, Coorg, East Bengal
system Thomus Munro In 1855- that a scien�fic survey of land and a fresh assessment of revenue were (Total 51% area )
(Madras) undertaken, resul�ng in a decline in the actual burden of tax
Elephinstone (Bombay) They were free to sublet, transfer, or sell their land. Ownership and occupancy rights of land were vested in the ryot
Captain Alexander Read -Ryots paid the tax directly to the Company. and there was no limit on the extent of land they could own.
(Started in Baramahal -The revenue to be paid was in the range of 45 per cent to 55 per cent based on an
Hills 1792) es�mated produc�on of the land. -Revenue was not fixed, so it could be raised when
produc�on was higher.
-The se�lement was not permanent and could be revised periodically.
-In theory the ryot were allowed to cul�vate the land of their choice, but in prac�ce
they were more or less forced to cul�vate land even if they did not want to do so.
-Barren land under government control was allowed to be cul�vated and the revenue
generated would have to be shared with the government.
-Land was confiscated if the revenue was not paid
Mahalwari William Ben�ck, -Revenue was determined on the basis of the produce of a mahal. NW province (called as Mauzawar),
System Holt Mackenzie -The village community was considered the owner of the land. Individual ownership CP (Called as Malguzari),
(Recommended) rights lay with the cul�vator. Punjab (Total 30% area )
Mer�n Bird (Father of -Each individual farmer gave his share of the tax.
land se�lement in -The responsibility of collec�on of the tax and payment of that tax to the Company The village headman was a link between the individual
North India) government lay with the village headman (called lambardar) or a community of village cul�vator and the government; however, he did not have the
leaders. rights that the zamindar had.
-Under Ben�nck, the state's revenue share was 66 per cent of the rental value; later Village Community –owner of land
this was modified to 50 per cent. Individual ownership- Cul�vator
-The concept of average rents for different soil classes was introduced.
-In the mahalwari regions, the land revenue was revised periodically.

Civil Service
Person/
Commission Features
/Acts
Wellesley In 1806 Wellesley’s college was disapproved by the Court of Directors and instead the East India College was set up at Haileybury in England to impart two years’ training to the
(governor-gene recruits.
ral, 1798-1805)

Charter Act of The Indians were barred from high posts from the very beginning.
1853 The reasons for exclusion of Indians were—
-the belief that only the English could establish administra�ve services serving Bri�sh interests;
-the belief that the Indians were incapable, untrustworthy and insensi�ve to the Bri�sh interests;
-the fact there was high compe��on among the Europeans themselves for lucra�ve posts, so why offer them to the Indians
Macaulay Laid down certain age limit for admission to the college of Haileybury
Commi�ee First examina�on under the board of control was held in 1855 at London on the basis of recommenda�on
1854
Indian Civil This Act reserved certain offices for convenanted civil servants but the examina�on was held in England in English language, based on classical learning of Greek and La�n.
Service Act, The maximum permissible age was gradually reduced from 23 (in 1859) to 22 (in 1860) to 21 (in 1866) and to 19 (1878).
1861
Ly�on 1878-79 Introduced the Statutory Civil Service consis�ng of one-sixth of covenanted posts to be filled by Indians of high families through nomina�ons by local governments subject to
approval by the secretary of State and the viceroy.
But the system failed and was abolished.
The Indian Demand Raised-
Na�onal -lowering of age limit for recruitment, and
Congress -holding the examina�on simultaneously in India and Britain.
Aitchison Set up by Dufferin
Commi ee on Recommended—
Public Services -dropping of the terms ‘covenanted’ and ‘uncovenanted’;
(1886) -classifica�on of the civil service into Imperial Indian Civil Service (examina�on in England), Provincial Civil Service (examina�on in India) and Subordinate Civil Service
(examina�on in India)
-raising the age limit to 23.
Public Service Headed by Lord Islington.
Commission, Indianiza�on of examina�on
1912 Proposed categoriza�on of service under GoI class 1&2
Mon�ord The Mon�ord reforms—
Reforms (1919) -stated a realis�c policy—If a responsible government is to be established in India, the more Indians we can employ in public service, the be�er.
-recommended holding of simultaneous examina�on in India and England.
-recommended that one-third of recruitments be made in India itself—to be raised annually by 1.5 per cent.
Lee Recommended that—
Commission -The secretary of state should con�nue to recruit the ICS, the Irriga�on branch of the Service of Engineers, the Indian Forest Service, etc.
(1924) -The recruitments for the transferred fields like educa�on and civil medical service be made by provincial governments;
-direct recruitment to ICS on basis of 50:50 parity between the Europeans and the Indians be reached in 15 years;
-a Public Service Commission be immediately established (as laid down in the Government of India Act, 1919)
Government of The posi�ons of control and authority remained in Bri�sh hands and the process of Indianisa�on of the civil service did not put effec�ve poli�cal power in Indian hands since the
India Act, 1935 Indian bureaucrats acted as the agents of colonial rule.

Judiciary
Person/
Commission Features
/Acts
Under Warren -Under the Regula�ng Act of 1773, a Supreme Court was established at Calcu�a which was competent to try all Bri�sh subjects within Calcu�a and the subordinate factories,
Has�ngs including Indians and Europeans.
(1772-1785) -District Diwani Adalats (at District) civil disputes.
-These adalats were placed under the collector and had Hindu law applicable for Hindus and the Muslim law for Muslims.
-The appeal from District Diwani Adalats lay to the Sadar Diwani Adalat which func�oned under a president and two members of the Supreme Council.
-District Fauzdari Adalats to try criminal disputes and were placed under an Indian oﬃcer assisted by qazis and mu�is.
-These adalats also were under the general supervision of the collector. Muslim law was administered in Fauzdari Adalats.
-The approval for capital punishment and for acquisi�on of property lay to the Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Murshidabad which was headed by a deputy nizam (an Indian Muslim)
assisted by chief qazi and chief mu�i.

Under -A grada�on of civil courts was established (for both Hindu and Muslim laws)-
Cornwallis (i) Munsiff’s Court under Indian officers,
(1786-1793) (ii) Registrar’s Court under a European judge,
(iii) District Court under the district judge,
(iv) Four Circuit Courts as provincial courts of appeal,
(v) Sadar Diwani Adalat at Calcu�a, and
(vi) King-in-Council for appeals of 5000 pounds and above.
-The District Fauzdari Courts were abolished and, instead, circuit courts were established at Calcu�a, Dacca, Murshidabad and Patna. These circuit courts had European judges
and were to act as courts of appeal for both civil and criminal cases.
-The Sadar Nizamat Adalat was shi�ed to Calcu�a and was put under the governor-general and members of the Supreme Council assisted by the chief qazi and the chief mu�i.
-The District Diwani Adalat was now designated as the District, City or the Zila Court and placed under a district judge. The collector was now responsible only for the revenue
administra�on with no magisterial func�ons.
Under William -The rule of law was established.
Ben�nck The codified laws replaced the religious and personal laws of the rulers.
(1828-1833) -The four Circuit Courts were abolished and their func�ons transferred to collectors under the supervision of the commissioner of revenue and circuit.
-Sadar Diwani Adalat and a Sadar Nizamat Adalat were set up at Allahabad for the convenience of the people of Upper Provinces.
-Till now, Persian was the official language in courts.
Now, the suitor had the op�on to use Persian or a vernacular language, while in the Supreme Court, English language replaced Persian
1860 It was provided that the Europeans can claim no special privileges except in criminal cases, and no judge of an Indian origin could try them.
1865 The Supreme Court and the Sadar Adalats were merged into three High Courts at Calcu�a, Bombay and Madras.
1935 The Government of India Act provided for a Federal Court (set up in 1937) which could se�le disputes between governments and could hear limited appeals from the High Courts.

Police Reform
Parameter Important Details
1770 The ins�tu�on of the faujdar and amils were abolished
1774 Warren Has�ngs restored the ins�tu�on of faujdars and asked the zamindars to assist them in suppression of dacoits, violence and disorder.
1775 Faujdar thanas were established in the major towns of large districts and were assisted by several smaller police sta�ons.
1791 Cornwallis organised a regular police force to maintain law and order by going back to and modernising the old Indian system of thanas (circles) in a district under a daroga (an
Indian) and a superintendent of police (SP) at the head of a district.
He relieved the zamindars of their police du�es.
1808 Mayo appointed an SP for each division helped by a number of spies (goyendas) but these spies commi�ed depreda�ons on local people.
1814 The appointment of darogas and their subordinates was abolished in all possessions of the Company except in Bengal.
Ben�ck Abolished the oﬃce of the SP.
The collector/magistrate was now to head the police force in his jurisdic�on and the commissioner in each division was to act as the SP.
Presidency towns were the ﬁrst to have the du�es of collector/magistrate separated.
Police Led to the Indian Police Act, 1861.
Commission The commission recommended—
(1860) -A system of civil constabulary
-Inspector-general as the head in a province, deputy inspector-general as the head in a range, and SP as the head in a district.
The ranks were uniformly introduced all over the country.
1902 The Police Commission recommended the establishment of CID (Criminal Inves�ga�on Department) in the provinces and a Central Intelligence Bureau at the Centre.

4. Press
Development of Press
Laws/Act Features Excep ons
Censorship of Press Act, 1799/Lord To prevent the French from spreading rumors that could go against Bri�sh interests. Removed by Has�ngs in 1818.
Wellesley Every newspaper to contain the names of the printer, editor and proprietor.
Before prin�ng anything, the publisher needed to submi�ed to the secretary of Censorship.
War �me restric�ons and pre-censorship
Licensing Regula�ons, 1823/John Star�ng or using a press without licence was a penal oﬀence. Rammohan Roy’s Mirat-ul-Akbar had to stop publica�on.
Adams The Act was extended to cover journals, pamphlets and books.
These restric�ons were directed chieﬂy against Indian language newspapers or those edited
by Indians.
Every publisher was required to get a license from the government.
Government has the right to cancel the license
Press Act of 1835 or Metcalfe Con�nued �ll 1856 led to the growth of the newspaper in India. Repealed 1823 rules by John Adams.
Act/Charles Metcalfe (Liberator of Registra�on of the Press.
Indian press) Every Publisher needed to give the precise informa�on of the premises of the publica�on.
Licensing Act, 1857/Lord Canning Due to the emergency caused by the revolt of 1857, the government-imposed licensing
instruc�ons on the procedure laid in the Press Act of 1835.
The government even reserved the right to stop publica�on and circula�on of the book,
newspaper or printed ma�er.
Licensing restric�ons in addi�on to the already exis�ng registra�on process.
Government had powers to stop publica�on of any newspaper.
Registra�on Act, 1867/John Adam It replaced the Press act of 1835 or Metcalfe's Act.
Regula�ve and not restric�ve in nature.
Copy of a book to be given to the local government within one month of publica�on.
Every book must have the name and place of the printer or publisher.

Vernacular Press Act, 1878 aka The vernacular press (local language press) used to cri�cize Bri�sh rule. Newspapers that faced ac�on under this Act-Som Prakash,
Gagging Act/Lord Ly�on Therefore, they came down heavily to curb vernacular press in 1878. Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash & Samachar.
Magistrates were authorized to ask any publisher of a newspaper to give assurance of not Amrit Bazaar Patrika (a Bengali news paper) turned into English
publishing anything threatening peace and security in the country. news paper to escape charges under the Act.
No right to appeal. Magistrates decision was final in any dispute. Surendra Nath Banerjee: First Indian journalist to be
Not applicable to the English press. imprisoned for cri�cizing a judge of Calcu�a High Court in
Empowered the government to issue search warrants and enter newspaper premises even 1883.
without court orders.
The printer and publisher could also be required to deposit security which could be Later, the pre-censorship clause was repealed, and a press
forefeited if the regula�on were contravened, and press equipment could be seized if the commissioner was appointed to supply authen�c and accurate
offence re-occurred. news to the press.
A vernacular newspaper could get exemp�on from the opera�on of the Act by submi�ng
proofs to a government censor. Repealed by Lord Ripon in 1882
Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Aimed against Extremist na�onalist ac�vity Tilak tried for sedi�on and was sent to Mandalay Jail for 6
Act, 1908/Lord Minto Magistrate with powers to confiscate property of the press that incite violence. years under the act.
Newspapers were allowed to appeal in high court within 15 days.
Indian Press Act, 1910/Lord Minto This Act revived the worst features of the Vernacular Press Act, 1878. Press Commi�ee chaired by Tej Bahadur Sapru in 1921
Local government was empowered to demand a security at registra�on from the recommended repeal of 1908 and 1910 Acts.
printer/publisher and for�eit/deregister if it was an offending newspaper, and the printer of
newspaper was required to submit two copies of each issue to local government free of
charge.
This measure was put into effect in order to curtail and restrict the emerging Indian Freedom
Struggle, par�cularly during the arrival of World War I.
Indian Press (Emergency Powers) This Act gave sweeping powers to provincial governments to suppress propaganda for Civil Congress and its ac�vi�es are declared illegal
Act, 1931/Lord Willingdon Disobedience Movement.
It was further amplified in 1932 to include all ac�vi�es calculated to undermine government
authority.

5. Education
Development of Educa on
Commi ee/Act Recommenda on/Features Excep ons
Charter Act of 1813: It incorporated the principle of encouraging learned Indians and promo�ng knowledge of Efforts of enlightened Indians such as Raja Rammohan Roy
enacted by Has�ngs modern sciences in the country. bore fruit and a grant was sanc�oned for Calcu�a College
The Act directed the Company to sanc�on one lakh rupees annually for this purpose. set up in 1817 by educated Bengalis, impar�ng English
However, even this pe�y amount was not made available �ll 1823, mainly because of the educa�on in Western humani�es and sciences.
controversy raged on the ques�on of the direc�on that this expenditure should take. The government also set up three Sanskrit colleges at
Calcu�a, Delhi and Agra.
Lord Macaulay’s Minute (1835) Se�led the row in favour of Anglicists—the limited government resources were to be Lord Macaulay held the view that “Indian learning was
devoted to teaching of Western sciences and literature through the medium of English inferior to European learning”—which was true as far as
language alone. physical and social sciences in the contemporary stage
The government soon made English as the medium of instruc�on in its schools and colleges were concerned.
and opened a few English schools and colleges instead of a large number of elementary
schools, thus neglec�ng mass educa�on.
The Bri�sh planned to educate a small sec�on of upper and middle classes, thus crea�ng a
class this was called the ‘downward filtra�on theory’
James Thompson, (Lieutenant Village Educa�on.
Governor, NW Provinces) Vernacular Language.
(1843-1853) To train personnel for the Revenue and Public Works Department.
Wood’s Despatch (1854): -It asked the government of India to assume responsibility for educa�on of the masses, thus Magna Carta of English Educa�on in India.
enacted by Lord Dalhousie repudia�ng the ‘downward filtra�on theory’, at least on paper. This document was the first comprehensive plan for the
-It systema�sed the hierarchy from vernacular primary schools in villages at bo�om, followed spread of educa�on in India.
by Anglo-Vernacular High Schools and an affiliated college at the district level, and affilia�ng
universi�es in the presidency towns of Calcu�a, Bombay and Madras.
-It recommended English as the medium of instruc�on for higher studies and vernaculars at
school level.
-It laid stress on female and voca�onal educa�on, an on teachers’ training.
-It laid down that the educa�on imparted in government ins�tu�ons should be secular.
-It recommended a system of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise.

Hunter Educa�on Commission Recommenda�ons to primary and secondary educa�on. In 1882, the Government appointed a commission under
(1882-83): The commission— the chairmanship of W.W. Hunter to review the progress of
Lord Ripon (1880-1884) (i) emphasised that state’s special care is required for extension and improvement of primary educa�on in the country since the Despatch of 1854.
educa�on, and that primary educa�on should be imparted through vernacular.
(ii) recommended transfer of control of primary educa�on to newly set up district and
municipal boards.
(iii) recommended that secondary (High School) educa�on should have two divisions—
-literary—leading up to university.
-voca�onal—for commercial careers.
(iv) drew a�en�on to inadequate facili�es for female educa�on, especially outside
presidency towns and made recommenda�ons for its spread.
Indian Universi�es Act, 1904: As per the Act In 1902, Raleigh Commission was set up to go into
enacted by Lord Curzon (i) universi�es were to give more a�en�on to study and research; condi�ons and prospects of universi�es in India
(ii) the number of fellows of a university and their period in office were reduced and most Curzon jus�fied greater control over universi�es in the
fellows were to be nominated by the Government; name of quality and efficiency, but actually sought to
(iii) Government was to have powers to veto universi�es’ senate regula�ons and could restrict educa�on and to discipline the educated towards
amend these regula�ons or pass regula�ons on its own; loyalty to the Government.
(iv) condi�ons were to be made stricter for affilia�on of private colleges; and
(v) five lakh rupees were to be sanc�oned per annum for five years for improvement of Gokhale called it a “retrograde measure”.
higher educa�on and universi�es
Government Resolu�on on Educa�on In its 1913 Resolu�on on Educa�on Policy, the government refused to take up the In 1906, the progressive state of Baroda introduced
Policy-1913: responsibility of compulsory educa�on, but accepted the policy of removal of illiteracy and compulsory primary educa�on throughout its territories.
Lord Hardinge urged provincial governments to take early steps to provide free elementary educa�on to the
poorer and more backward sec�ons.
Private efforts were to be encouraged for this and the quality of secondary schools was to be
improved.
A university, it was decided, was to be established in each province and teaching ac�vi�es of
universi�es were to be encouraged.

Saddler University Commission Its observa�ons were as follows: Set up to study and report on problems of Calcu�a
(1917-19): 1. School course should cover 12 years. Students should enter university a�er an University but its recommenda�ons were applicable more
Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) intermediate stage (rather than matric) for a three-year degree course in university. This was or less to other universi�es also.
done to-
(a) prepare students for university stage; In the period from 1916 to 1921 seven new universi�es
(b) relieve universi�es of a large number of below university standard students; came up at Mysore, Patna, Benaras, Aligarh, Dacca,
(c) provide collegiate educa�on to those not planning to go through university stage. Lucknow and Osmania.
A separate board of secondary and intermediate educa�on should be set up for
administra�on and control of secondary and intermediate educa�on. In 1920, the Government recommended Saddler report to
2. There should be less rigidity in framing university regula�ons. the provincial governments.
3. A university should func�on as centralised, unitary residen�al-teaching autonomous body,
rather than as sca�ered, aﬃliated colleges.
4. Female educa�on, applied scien�ﬁc and technological educa�on, teachers’ training
including those for professional and voca�onal colleges should be extended
Hartog Commi�ee (1929): An increase in number of schools and colleges had led to deteriora�on of educa�on
Lord Irwin (1926-1931) standards.
The Hartog Commi�ee was set up to report on development of educa�on.
-Emphasis should be given to primary educa�on but there need be no hasty expansion or
compulsion in educa�on.
-Only deserving students should go in for high school and intermediate stage, while average
students should be diverted to voca�onal courses a�er VIII standard.
-For improvements in standards of university educa�on, admissions should be restricted
Sergeant Plan of Educa�on 1944 Pre-primary educa�on for 3-6 years age group; free, universal and compulsory elementary Sergeant was the educa�onal advisor to the Government
educa�on for 6-11 years age group; high school educa�on for 11-17 years age group for was worked out by the Central Advisory Board of
selected children, and a university course of 3 years a�er higher secondary; high schools to Educa�on in 1944.
be of two types:
(i) academic and
(ii) technical and voca�onal.
Adequate technical, commercial and arts educa�on.
Aboli�on of intermediate course.
Liquida�on of adult illiteracy in 20 years.
Stress on teachers’ training, physical educa�on, educa�on for the physically and mentally
handicapped.

Development of Vernacular Educa on

1835, 1836, 1838 William Adam’s reports on vernacular educa�on in Bengal and Bihar pointed out defects in the system of vernacular educa�on.
1843-53 James Jonathan’s experiments in NorthWest Provinces (UP), as the lieutenant-governor there, included opening one government school as model school
in each tehsildari and a normal school for teachers’ training for vernacular schools.
1853 In a famous minute, Lord Dalhousie expressed strong opinion in favour of vernacular educa�on.
1854 Wood’s Despatch made the following provisions for vernacular educa�on:
1. Improvement of standards
2. Supervision by government agency
3. Normal schools to train teachers
1854-71 The government paid some a�en�on to secondary an vernacular educa�on. The number of vernacular schools increased by more than five-fold.
1882 The Hunter Commission held that State should make special efforts for extension and improvement of vernacular educa�on. Mass educa�on was to be
seen as instruc�ng masses through vernaculars.
1904 Educa�on policy put special emphasis on vernacular educa�on and increased grants for it.
1929 Hartog Commi�ee presented a gloomy picture of primary educa�on.
1937 These schools received encouragement from Congress ministries.
Development of Technical Educa�on The Engineering College at Roorkee was set up in 1847;
The Calcu�a College of Engineering came up in 1856.
In 1858, Overseers’ School at Poona was raised to the status of Poona College of Engineering and affiliated to Bombay University.
Guindy College of Engineering was affiliated to Madras University.
Medical training started with establishment of a medical college in Calcu�a in 1835.
Lord Curzon did much to broaden the whole basis of professional courses—medicine, agriculture, engineering, veterinary sciences, etc.
He established an agriculture college at Pusa which acted as a parent ins�tu�on of similar ins�tu�ons in other provinces.

6. Commissions
Commission Year GG/Viceroy Objec ves
Educa on
Woods Dispatch 1854 Lord Dalhousie It was termed as the 'magna carta' of the english educa�on in india.
1st comprehensive plan to spread educa�on in India
Educa�on for all Indians. Educa�on to be secular
Graded schools were established in heirarchy
The Indian na�ves should be given training in their mother tongue also
Hunter Commission 1882 Lord Ripon (1880-1884) To review the progress since the Woods Dispatch. Main recommenda�ons:
1. Primary instruc�ons to be given through the vernacular in such subjects as will best ﬁt them for
their posi�on in life. Local bodies to manage primary educa�on by levying cess for the same.
2. There should be two divisions at the secondary educa�on level-one for literary leading up to the
entrance exam of University and other of a prac�cal character preparing students for voca�onal
career.
3. Private enterprises should be encouraged in the ﬁeld of the educa�on.
4. It drew a�en�on to the inadequate facili�es for female educa�on and recommended for the
spread of the same.
Thomas Raleigh 1902 Lord Curzon (1899-1905) On its recommenda�ons Indian Universi�es Act was passed in 1904. It increased the govt. control
University Commission over the Indian Universi�es and private colleges
Was condemned by the Indians - 1. Govt. control over univs. 2. A�empt to restrict educa�ons to
govt loyalists.
A�er the implementa�on of the provisions of the University Act, the number of colleges declined,
but the number of students increased considerably.
Michael Sadler 1917 Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) To inquire into the "condi�ons and prospects of the University of Calcu�a," an inquiry that was in
Calcu�a University Commission reality na�onwide in scope.
The commission recommended the forma�on of a board with full powers to control secondary and
intermediate educa�on.
Lord Itchcap 1923 Lord Reading (1921-1926) To discuss the Central Commi�ee of Educa�on
Indian Disbandment Commi�ee
Simon Commission 1927 Lord Irwin (1926-1931)
Hartog Commission 1929 Lord Irwin (1926-1931)
Sargent Scheme 1944 Lord Wavell (1943-1947) Report of the Sargent Commission on Post-War Educa�on Development in India
Famine
Campbell Commission 1866 Sir John Lawrence
Richard Strachey Commission 1880 Lord Ly�on (1876-1880) To give relief famine stricken.
James Lyall 1897 Lord Elgin (1894-1899) To give sugges�on earlier reports

Commission Year GG/Viceroy Objec ves

Anthony McDonnell 1900 Lord Curzon (1899-1905) To give the sugges�on on famine report
John Woodhood 1943-44 Lord Wavell (1943-1947) To inves�gate in events of Bengal Famine.
Economic
Harshell Commi�ee 1893 Lord Lansdown (1888-1894) To give sugges�on regarding currency.
Opium Commission 1893 Lord Lansdown (1888-1894) To inves�gate about the eﬀect of opium on health.
Sir Wolvin Sco� Monkinj 1901 Lord Curzon (1899-1905) To plan for the expenditure on Irriga�on
Irriga�on Commission
Maclagan Commi�ee 1914-15 Lord Hardinge (1910-1916) To advise for coopera�ve society ﬁnances
Linlithgow Commission 1928 Lord Irwin (1926-1931) To study the problem in agriculture. (Report by Linlithgow)
J.H. Whitelay 1929 Lord Irwin (1926-1931) To study the condi�on of labor in Industries and gardens.
Lary Hamand 1935 Lord Wellingdon (1931-1936) To arrange for inclusion of labor in Federal Assembly.
Indian Measurement Commi�ee
Jawaharla Nehru 1938 Lord Linlithgow (1936-1943) Na�onal Planning Commi�ee to prepare economic plan.

Sapru Commission 1935 Lord Linlithgow (1936-1943) Unemployment (Doub�ul)/Hindu Muslim Unity
FIoud Commission 1940 Lord Linlithgow (1936-1943) Tenancy in Bengal
made recommenda�on in favour of the share-croppers
Cha�ield Commission 1939 Lord Linlithgow (1936-1943) Army
Currency
Mansfield Commission 1886 Lord Dufferin (1884-1888) Currency
Henry Fowler Commission 1898 Lord Elgin (1894-1899) Currency
Babington Smith Commission Babington Lord Chelmsford (1916-1921) Currency
Smith
Commission
Hilton Young Commission 1939 Lord Linlithgow (1936-1943) Currency
Administra�ve
Etkinson Commission 1886 Lord Dufferin (1884-1888) To involve more Indians in Civil Service

Commission Year GG/Viceroy Objec ves

Fraser Commission 1902 Lord Curzon (1899-1905) To inves�gate the working of police
He a�ached Department of Criminal Intelligence to the Government of India at the Center. The
result was that this DCI became the central domes�c and foreign intelligence agency. At the
province level, the Criminal Inves�ga�on Departments (CIDs) were established in all provinces of
Bri�sh India.

In 1903, the “Thugee and Dakai� Department” was abolished by the Police Commission, because it
was now thought that Thugee no longer exists even in the princely states.
It is claimed that the CIDs were introduced by Lord Curzon, because he could foresee the growing
na�onalism in India.
Royal Commission on Civil Service 1912 Lord Hardinge (1910-1916) To give 25% high posts to Indian
by Lord Islington
Lord Lee 1924 Lord Reading (1921-1926) To remove defects of Civil Service
Muddiman Commi�ee 1924 Lord Reading (1921-1926) To examine the working of Diarchy of the Montague-Chelmsford reforms
Sandhurst Commi�ee 1926 Lord Reading (1921-1926) To suggest Indianiza�on of Indian army
Butler Commi�ee 1927 Lord Irwin (1926-1931) To Examine nature of crown rela�on with na�ve States
Welby Commission 1895 Lord Elgin II (1894-1899) A Royal Commission under the chairmanship of Lord Welby for examining military and civil
expenditures incurred and the appor�onment of those charges between government of Britain and
India.
William Wedderburn and Dadabhai Naoroji were both members of this commission.
It said that Indian Office must be consulted regarding charges affec�ng India and that India's
payment to England should be �ed to a fixed exchange rate.
Floud Commission 1938 Lord Linlithgow (1936-1943) Floud Commission a land revenue commission established by the government of Bengal in 1938.
Recommended aboli�on of Permanant Se�lement

7. Civil Uprisings Before 1857

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result
Sanyasi Revolt 1763-1800 Sanyasis in Eastern Majnum Shah (or Disastrous famine of 1770 and the harsh economic order of the Bri sh. 1st movement against colonial rule.
(1763-1800) Aka India Majnu Shah), Chirag Movement started by religious leaders(sanyasis) to restore the privileges like Warren Has ngs could subdue the
Fakir Rebellion Ali, Musa Shah, collec on of religious tax and freedom to pilgrimage sanyasis.
*Anandamath, a Bhawani Pathak and Muslim Fakirs were killed by Bri sh for no apparent reason. They joined the Equal par cipa on of Hindus and
semi-historical Debi Chaudhurani. Sanyasis. Muslim
novel by Bankim Sanyasis were joined Was supported by starving peasants and disbandoned Zamindars.
Chandra by a large number of CoA:
Cha�opadhyay, dispossessed small They raided Company factories and the treasuries, and fought the Company’s
is based on it zamindars, disbanded forces
soldiers and rural poor.
Revolt in 1769-74 Jungle Mahals of west Damodar Singh and The introduc on of new land revenue system-Permanent Se�lement by the
Midnapore and and north-west Jagannath Dhal Bri sh in 1772.
Dhalbhum Midnapore Led to dispossession of Zamindaries
(1769-74) (Dhalbhum, Changed the harmonious rela on between ryot and zamindar & talukadar.
Manbhum, The zamindars of Midnapore sided with the ryots in case of conflict between
Raipur, Panchet, the ryots and the English revenue collec ng officials.
Jha buni, Karnagarh,
and Bagri)
Revolt of 1769-1805 Assam Disciples of the It was a social revolt of the Moamarias in 1769 against the Ahom Kings Severe weakening of the Ahom
Moamarias Mayamara Satra were kingdom. Later fell to Burmese
(1769-1805) called Moamarias invasion. ul mately led to
coloniza on by the Bri sh.
Near-end of the Paik system
Crea on of a standing army of mostly
paid Hindustani sepoys to replace the
Ahom paik based military force
One-half of the popula on perished
Economy of the Kingdom completely
ruined
Civil Uprisings in 1781 Gorakhpur and Zamindars Warren Has ngs(to meet the war expenses Marathas and Mysore) made a All of Hannay’s (Izaradar)
Gorakhpur, Bas Bahraich of Awadh plan to earn money. subordinates were either killed or
and Bahraich He involved English officers as izaradars (revenue farmers) in Awadh. besieged by zamindari guerilla forces.
(1781) Oppression and excessive demand of revenue made the region, panic-striken Although the rebellion was
& rebelled against Bri sh Officer. suppressed.
Hannay was dismissed and his izara
forcibly removed.

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Revolt by the July 1794 Vizianagaram(modern Ananda Gajapa raju - Governor-General: John Shore The English captured the raja in 1793
Raja of -day of Andhra (ini ally) - The Raja of Vizianagaram openly declared war on the Bri sh. and ordered him to go into exile with
Vizianagaram Pradesh) Vijayaramaraju (A�er - Reason: Bri sh reduced the area of his zamindari and increased the a pension.
death of Father) revenue payable to the Bri sh. The raja refused. eventually died in a
The War of Padmanabham occurred on July 10, 1794, between Bri sh ba�le at Padmanabham
Colonel Pendergast and the Raja of Vizianagaram kingdom, Pusapa Vijaya
Rama Gajapathi Raju II a�er his refusal to pay taxes and oppose Bri sh
governance in his kingdom.
- Bri sh Reac on: In an encounter with the Bri sh forces. Raja was killed
along with his 300 armed men.
The Bri sh adopted a conciliatory policy towards Raja's son, Narayan Rao,
a�er this incident.
Poligars’ Revolt 1795-1805 Tinneveli (or Ka�abomman Nawab of Arcot gave the management and control of Tinneveli and the The nawab surrendered the civil and
Poligar aka Koval Thirunelveli), Nayakan, the poligar of Carna c Provinces to the East India Company. military administra on of all the
(hereditary Ramanathapuram, Panjalankurichi This arrangement caused resentment among the poligars. territories.
village police Sivaganga, Sivagiri, First revolt basically over taxa on Dependencies of the Carna c
office with Madurai, and North exclusively to the Company in
specified rights Arcot perpetuity.
and
responsibili es)
Civil Rebellion in 1799 Awadh Wazir Ali Wazir Ali Khan( Nawab of Awadh) killed a Bri sh resident, Geogre Frederik Wazir Ali was extradited on the
Awadh (1799) Cherry. condi on that he would neither be
Wazir Ali’s guards killed two other Europeans and even a�acked the hanged nor be put in fe�ers.
Magistrate of Benares. A�er surrender in December 1799,
The whole incident became famous as the Massacre of Benares. he was placed in confinement at Fort
William, Calcu�a.

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Resistance of 1797, Ko�ayam in Malabar Kerala Verma Pazhassi The resistance of Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja took place in 1797 and from 1797- a peace treaty was made.
Kerala Varma 1800-05 region Raja 1800 to 1805. Also known as Kerala Simham or the Lion of Kerala, Pazhassi
Pazhassi Raja Raja was the de facto leader of Ko�ayam in the Malabar region of Kerala. He
(1797; 1800-05) had previously fought against Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan and later engaged in
a struggle against the Bri sh.
During the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92), the English extended their
control over Ko�ayam, disregarding an earlier agreement in 1790 that
recognized the region’s independence. Vira Varma, the uncle of Pazhassi
Raja, was appointed as the new Raja of Ko�ayam by the Bri sh. However,
Vira Varma imposed high taxes on the peasants to meet the revenue targets
set by the East India Company. This led to a mass resistance by the peasants
under the leadership of Pazhassi Raja in 1793.
Pazhassi Raja employed guerilla warfare tac cs and fought bravely against
the Bri sh forces. In 1797, a peace treaty was reached, but a dispute over
Wayanad in 1800 reignited the conflict, leading to insurgent warfare.
Pazhassi Raja organized a sizable force consis ng of Nairs, supplemented by
Mappilas and Pathans. The Pathans were demobilized soldiers of Tipu Sultan
who had become unemployed a�er Tipu’s death.
In November 1805, Kerala Simham died in a gunfight near present-day
Mavila Todu. Despite his ul mate defeat, Pazhassi Raja le� a significant
legacy as a symbol of resistance against colonial rule in Kerala. His
courageous efforts inspired future genera ons in the struggle for
independence.
Uprisings in 1800-02 Palamau and Sarguja Bhukhan Singh, a Crises of agrarian landlordism and feudal system Bhukhan Singh died in 1802, and,
Palamau Chero chief In 1800, Bhukhan Singh, a Chero chief, rose in rebellion. subsequently, the insurrec on
(1800-02) Colonel Jones camped for two years in Palamau and Sarguja to suppress the calmed down.
rebellion.
Uprisings in 1800, Northern Circars, zamindar of Gumsur , Strikara Bhanj, zamindar of Gumsur in Ganjam district, refused to pay The revolt greatly reduced the
Ganjam and 1835-37 Ganjam and its Prominent Strikara revenues in 1797 and openly rebelled in 1800. He was joined by several government’s authority, but
Gumsur (1800, adjoining regions Bhanj, Jlani Deo of other zamindars. Bri sh had to assign certain districts to Strikara. Dhananjay died in December 1835
1835-37) Vizianagar Dhananjay Bhanj took over from his father (Strikara Bhanj) in 1807-08. He and his followers con nued the
(Poddakimedi) and rebelled against English but was forced to surrender in 1815. resistance.
Jagannath Deo of Unable to pay arrears Dhananjay bhanj again rose against English in 1830 The struggle lasted ll February
Pratapgiri Bri sh forces occupied Gumsur and Kolaida in November 1835. 1837, when Doora Bisayi, a
(Chinakimedi). formidable leader, was arrested. The
zamindari of Gumsur was forfeited.

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Vellore Mu ny 1806 Tamil Nadu - Governor-General: George Barlow The new regula ons were
- Under Bri sh rule, the Indian military garrison of Madras was sta oned in withdrawn, and all regiments in the
the fort of Vellore (Tamil Nadu),which became the site of the famous Vellore Vellore region were disbanded.
mu ny of 1806 CE.
- Reason for the revolt: In 1805 CE, the sepoys were given a new dress code
in which they were not allowed to show any caste markings, had to trim their
beards and moustaches, and had to remove their turbans. This was done to
"improve" the regiment's "soldierly appearance’’.
It harmed the feelings of both Hindu and Muslim soldiers in the army,
causing widespread resentment.
General Sir John Craddock, Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army, also
ordered wearing a new round hat made of cow and pig hides.
- The Vellore mu ny was precipitated by these unjust and offensive changes,
as well as the brutal treatment meted out to any voice of dissent within the
fort.
- Bri sh reac on: As the sepoys revolted, a Bri sh officer, Major Coopes,
escaped and alerted the Arcot garrison.
They arrived within 9 hours to find some Europeans s ll holding a part of the
ramparts. They quickly a�empted to regain control of the fort.
In a heinous incident, approximately 100 soldiers seeking refuge within the
fort were lined up against a wall and shot in a "summary judgement."
Diwan Velu 1808-09 Travancore (districts Velu Thampi East India Company’s harsh condi ons post imposi on of subsidiary alliance. They failed due to the lack of mass
Thampi’s Revolt of Kerala) support and the superior strength of
Meddling in the internal affairs of the state. the Bri sh military
Ruler was not able to pay the subsidy and fell in arrears.
CoA:
Velu Thampi addressed a gathering in Kundara (aka Kundara Proclama on).
They openly calling for taking up arms against the Bri sh to oust them from
the na ve soil.
Uprising in 1809 Haryana Jats of Haryana Jats for fied themselves in Bhiwani and made a strong resistance. A brigade of all arms, with a powerful
Bhiwani ba�ering ram, was required to
suppress the revolt.
Parlakimedi 1813-34 Parlakimedi, Ganjam zamindars and raja Narayan Deo’s resistance forced the Bri sh to dispatch an army under EIC- With full fledged powers to
Outbreak district (Odisha) Narayan Deo Colonel Peach. suppress the revolt, pacified the
Peach defeated Narayan Deo in 1768. region by 1834.
Narayan Deo, supported by his son and brothers, revolted again.

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Rising at Bareilly 1816 Pilibhit, Shahjahanpur Mu�i Muhammad The imposi on of the police tax. The uprising could only be
and Rampur Aiwaz & Followers The police, while collec ng tax, injured a woman. suppressed with heavy deployment
Issue became religious when Mu�i Muhammad Aiwaz, gave a pe on to the of military forces.
magistrate of the town in March 1816. more than 300 rebels were killed and
even more wounded and
imprisoned.
Kutch Rebellion 1816-1832 Kutch Raja Bharmal - Reason for the revolt: Bri sh signed a treaty in 1816 with Maharaja Despite his defeat, the struggle was
Bharamal II of Kutch, gran ng throne power but interfering in Kutch's carried on by other chie�ains
internal aﬀairs.
In 1819, Raja Bharmal II, with the help of Arab and African troops, tried to
remove the Bri sh from his territory but faced defeat.
The genuine administra on of Kutch was entrusted to a Council of Regency,
which was overseen by the Bri sh Resident. The administra ve innova ons
made by the Regency Council, coupled with exorbitant land assessment,
caused deep resentment.
The news of the English defeat in the Burma war prompted chiefs to revolt
and authorise Bharmal's recovery.
- The trouble erupted again in 1831.
- Bri sh reac on: A�er extensive military opera ons failed to control the
situa on, the Company's leaders were forced to adopt a more conciliatory
approach.
Upsurge in 1817 Aligarh Dayaram The English had concluded the se�lement of Hathras estate with Dayaram as
Hathras a farmer.
Progressively increasing high revenues, Dayaram constantly failed to pay
arrears and even commi�ed many acts of hos lity by giving harbour to
government fugi ves.

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Paika Rebellion 1817 Odisha Bakshi Jagabandhu The tradi onal landed mili a and enjoyed rent free land tenures for their The rebellion was brutally repressed
Aka Paika Bidroh Bidyadhar, ac ve military service and policing func ons on a hereditary basis. by 1818.
support of Mukunda The extor onist land revenue policy of the Company caused resentment Priests at the Puri temple who had
Deva, the last Raja of among zamindars and peasants alike. sheltered Jagabandhu were caught
Khurda, and other The rise in prices of salt due to taxes imposed on it, aboli on of cowrie and hanged.
zamindars currency and the requirement of payment of taxes in silver. In 1825 Jagabandhu surrendered
CoA- under nego ated terms.
Sundry army of Paikas forcing the East India Company forces to retreat for a The Paik Rebellion succeeded in
me. ge�ng large remissions of arrears,
The Paika rebels resorted to guerilla tac cs reduc ons in assessments,
suspension of the sale of the estates
of defaulters at discre on, a new
se�lement on fixed tenures and
other adjuncts of a liberal
governance.
Waghera rising 1818-1820 Baroda, Gujarat Okha Mandal The Waghera Rising took place between 1818 and 1820 in the Okha Mandal A peace treaty was signed in
region, which is located in present-day Gujarat, India. The uprising was fueled November 1820.
by the resentment of the local Waghera chiefs against foreign rule, as well as
the oppressive policies and exac ons imposed by the Gaekwad of Baroda,
who was supported by the Bri sh government.
The Waghera chiefs, feeling the burden of these exac ons and driven by
their discontent, took up arms against the Bri sh and launched incursions
into Bri sh-controlled territory during 1818 and 1819. These ac ons were
aimed at challenging the authority and dominance of the Bri sh
administra on and their allied ruler, the Gaekwad of Baroda.
A�er a period of conflict and unrest, a peace treaty was eventually signed in
November 1820. The exact terms of the treaty are not specified, but it can be
inferred that some sort of agreement was reached between the Waghera
chiefs and the Bri sh authori es, likely addressing the grievances and
demands of the Wagheras to some extent. The signing of the treaty marked
the end of the uprising and a period of rela ve stability in the region.
The Pagal 1825 Mymensingh district Karam Shah , Hajong A semi-religious group. Introduced an equitable
Panthis (earlier in Bengal) and Garo tribes Peasants organised to fight the oppression of the zamindars. arrangement to protect these
From 1825 to 1835, the Pagal Panthis refused to pay rent above a certain peasants.
limit. S ll the movement was violently
CoA: suppressed.
They a�acked the houses of zamindars.

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Ahom Revolt 1828 Assam Gomdhar konwar with The Ahom Revolt of 1828 was a rebellion that occurred in Assam, a region in EIC follow a conciliatory policy and
support of Dhanjoy northeastern India, following the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826). The handed over Upper Assam to
Bongohain, and Jairam Bri sh had ini ally promised to withdraw from Assam a�er the war but Maharaja Purandar Singh Narendra
Khargharia Phukan instead a�empted to incorporate the territories of the Ahom kingdom into and part of the kingdom was
Bri sh dominion. restored to the Assamese king.
The rebellion was led by Gomdhar Konwar, an Ahom prince, along with other
prominent figures such as Dhanjoy Bongohain and Jairam Khargharia Phukan.
The rebels gathered near Jorhat and formally declared Gomdhar Konwar as
the king. The uprising was a response to the Bri sh reneging on their
promise to respect the independence of the Ahom kingdom.
In the face of the revolt, the Bri sh authori es ul mately decided to adopt a
conciliatory approach. They handed over Upper Assam to Maharaja Purandar
Singh Narendra, while also restoring a por on of the kingdom to the
Assamese king. This conciliatory policy was aimed at appeasing the
Assamese people and resolving the tensions that had led to the rebellion.
The Ahom Revolt of 1828 marked a significant moment in the history of
Assam and the rela onship between the Ahom kingdom and the Bri sh
colonial administra on. It demonstrated the resistance of the local
popula on against the Bri sh expansionist policies and eventually led to a
more inclusive approach by the Bri sh towards the governance of the region.
Moplah 1836-54 Malabar There was a series of uprisings, with the first in 1836 and 22 others between Bri sh who sought to further their
Uprisings 1836 and 1854, of which 1841 and 1849 saw very serious rebellions 'divide and rule' policy by presen ng
Landlords(Janmis) began to evict tenants who were Moplahs and charge high the rebellion as an a�ack by the
renewal fees Muslims against the Hindus.
Landlords backed by the police, law courts and revenue officials became
more oppressive of the subordinate classes
Resulted in widespread peasant unrest. 1st revolt of the Moplahs took place
in 1836
Kuka Movement 1840 Western Punjab Bhagat Jawahar Mal Its basic tenets were aboli on of caste and similar discrimina ons among In 1872, one of their leaders, Ram
aka Sian Saheb Sikhs, discouraging the consump on of meat, alcohol and drugs, permission Singh, was deported to Rangoon.
for intermarriages, widow remarriage, and encouraging women to step out
of seclusion.
On the poli cal side, the Kukas wanted to remove the Bri sh and restore Sikh
rule over Punjab
They advocated wearing hand-woven clothes and boyco�ng English laws,
educa on and products.
Concepts of Swadeshi and non-coopera on were propagated by the Kukas.

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Satara Revolt 1840 Satara, Maharashtra Dhar rao Pawar and - Governor-General: Lord Auckland The uprising was finally put down in
Narasingh Da�atreya - Reason for the revolt: This uprising was caused as a result of the Bri sh 1844.
Petkar deposi on of Chhatrapa Pratapsingh in 1839 when he a�empted to assert
his sovereignty and territorial rights and exiled him to Varanasi.
- The people of the region were filled with resentment and anger as a
consequence of this.
- They gathered over a thousand men for the uprising and a�acked the
Badami Fort.
- The insurgents successfully captured the stronghold and raised the Satara
flag on its ramparts.
The Bri sh retaliated promptly with a strong-armed force and captured the
fort quickly.
- Petkar and his colleagues were found guilty and sentenced to life in prison.
- Dhar Rao Pawar remained ac ve in the Shirala Mahal and Karad regions for
several years, resis ng the Bri sh.
Gadkari Revolt 1844 Kolhapur, Daji Krishna Pandit - Governor-General: Lord Ellenborough Eventually curbed by the Bri sh
Maharashtra - Reason for the revolt: When the Bri sh occupied Satara, they extensively army.
took over the lands of the region, par cularly of the agrarian Maratha-mili a,
the Gadkaris.
- Nature of the revolt: They took over the Samangarh and Bhudargarh forts
and rose against the Bri sh troops at Kolhapur by se�ng up a parallel
government in the state.
- Bri sh Reac on: The Revolt was eventually curbed by the Bri sh army.
Surat Salt 1844 Surat, Gujarat - Reason for the revolt: Salt duty was raised in the Bombay Presidency in the Government withdrew the addi onal
Agita on year 1844. This caused considerable excitement among the poorer classes. salt levy.
- Nature of the revolt: They organised demonstra ons to submit a pe on to Withdraw its measure to introduce
express their 'deep resentment'. Bengal Standard Weights and
They desired that the magistrate accept their pe on and assure them that Measures.
the increased salt duty would not be imposed.
- Bri sh Reac on: High officials, a�er discussions and nego a ons, were
'convinced of the absolute necessity of yielding to the wishes of the people’.
A�er receiving the report from Surat that the magistrate had temporarily
suspended the increase in salt duty, the Government of Bombay issued a
proclama on 'abolishing certain Town Du es' and directed the Agent to
enforce the increased salt duty.

8. Tribal Revolts
Movement Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result
Famine, enhanced land revenue demands and economic distress.
Jagannath Singh, Goaded the Chuar aboriginal tribesmen to take up arms.
The Chuars could not resist the Bri sh
the zamindar of These tribes' people were basically farmers and hunters.
Chuar uprising 1768 Midnapur oppression for long and were even
Ghatshila or the Raja of Dhalbhum Jagannath Dal led the resistance in 1768.
made to expect “capital punishment
king of Dhalbhum Term 'Chuar' is considered derogatory by some historians who call it Revolt of the
Jungle Mahal.
The main reason behind the revolt was lack of money and food in the hands of the The Bri sh armies and the Marathas
common people. A long drought had affected the people especially those who had suppressed them and in a massacre,
Donger,
Halba rebellion 1774-79 Ajmer Singh very li�le cul vable land in their hands. Added to this severe problem, there was the many of the Halba tribal people were
Chha sgarh
pressure and fear caused by the Maratha and the Bri sh on the commoners, which killed. Subsequently, the army of
eventually resulted in the uprising. Halba was also defeated
Chakma Revolt happened in Chi�agong Hills. It was led by Chakmas to oppose the
Chakma Use of Guerilla warfare to oust the
1776-1787 North East India Ranu Khan enhanced rent in the Rangunia estate. It was also known as Carpus Rebellion. It was
rebellion Bri shers successful.
asserted under the leadership of Ranu Khan, the diwan of the Raja.
Pahariya Bri sh were forced to usher in peace
The Pahariyas were a mar al tribe residing in the hilly areas, and they rose up
Sardar’s 1778 Chhotanagpur Raja Jagganath by declaring their territory as
against the Bri sh expansion and encroachment on their territory.
Revolu on damni-kol area.
Tamar’s
1794-1795 Chhotanagpur Bhola Nath Sahay Revolu on against the blemished align (land tenancy) system of Bri shers
revolu on
The rebellion arose due to the concerns of the local people who believed that
Bhopalpatnam Retreat of Captain Blunt and hence
1795 Bhopalpatnam Darya Dev Rajput Captain Blunt, being a Chris an and an Englishman, would a�empt to undermine
Struggle successful struggle.
their Hindu religion and poten ally convert them, as had occurred in other regions.
Jagannath Singh,
Chuar rebellion
1795-1800 Midnapur DhadkarShyamganj Primarily aimed at the exploita ve land revenue policy of the Bri sh colonizers. Revolt suppressed by the Bri shers.
in Bengal
an and Durjol Singh
Kols were Tribal people of Chotanagpur.
Economic exploita on brought on by the systems of land tenure and administra on
Bir Budhu Bhagat,
by Bri sh - With large-scale transfers of land from Kol headmen to outsiders like Kols rebelled and killed thousands of
Joa Bhagat, Jhindrai
Kol Rebellion 1795-1831 Chhotanagpur Hindu, Sikh and Muslim farmers and money-lenders outsiders and were only stopped by
Manki and Sui
Ini ally plundered and killed Sikh and Muslims thikedars (contractors) who collected military ac on.
Munda
taxes by different means. Later they also started to plunder and kill Hindus of nearby
villages and burn their houses
Tribal Revolt
The Panchet etate was a zamindari which was struggling to pay the land revenue.
against the sale East India Company was compelled to
1798 Chhotanagpur Raja Jagganath Despite the protests of zamindar, the estate was auc oned off. At this humilia on
of Panchet return the estate.
the zamindar and local peasants revolted.
estate

Movement Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Dissa sfac on with the Company’s policies was boiling in Odisha when, in March
1817, a 400-strong Kandha group came into Khurda from the State of Ghumsur,
Khurda publicly announcing their insurrec on against the Company control. The Paikas, led Violently defeated by the Bri sh East
1817 Orisha Bakshi Jagabandhu
Rebellion by Jagbandhu, joined them, plundering and torching the Banpur police sta on and India company
post office. The insurgents then marched on Khurda, which the Company had
abandoned, plundering the administra on buildings and the treasury
Col Walter, a Bri sh representa ve,
concluded a peace se�lement with
Refusal to surrender their rights and the zeal to stand against the Bri sh the tribesmen.
administra on became the immediate cause of the Bhil rebellion. The na ves were given concession in
They had to face famine, economic distress and misgovernment. their rights to various taxes and their
Rajasthan and Bhagoji Naik and
Bhil rebellion 1822-1857 The Bhils revolted again in 1825, 1831 and in 1846. forest rights.
Madhyapradesh Kajar Singh
CoA: Even though the Bri sh could claim to
Govind Guru helped the Bhils of south Rajasthan (Banswara, Sunth states) to have suppressed the uprising, yet
organize themselves to fight for a Bhil Raj by 1913. they were never able to achieve
permanent peace in the areas
inhabited by the Bhils.
Had not reconciled to Bri sh rule and the Bri sh pa�ern of administra on.
The Bri sh followed a pacifist policy
They resented the policy of annexa on.
Ramosi Chi�ur Singh, Umaji towards the Ramosis.
1822 Maharashtra A�er the annexa on of the Maratha territories by the Bri sh, the Ramosis, lost their
Uprisings Naik (Poona, 1839) EIC recruited some of them into the
means of livelihood.
hill police.
Under Chi�ur Singh in 1822 and plundered the country around Satara.
The Paralkot rebellion emerged as a powerful manifesta on of the Abujhmariya’s
Paralkot
1825 Bastar Gend Singh deep-rooted resentment towards foreign invasions, par cularly directed at the
Rebellion
Marathas and the Bri sh rulers.
1829, 1839
and again Resented the imposi on of Company’ rule which brought with it large-scale
Koli Risings Western Ghats
during unemployment for them and the dismantling of their forts.
1844-48
The EIC wanted to build a road linking the Brahmaputra Valley with Sylhet.
Outsiders including Englishmen, Bengalis and the labourers from the plains were
Khasi and Garo Bri shers suppressed the revolt and
1829 Meghalaya Tirot Sing Syiem brought to these regions.
Rebellion took control of the highlands.
Khasi organised themselves under Tirath Singh to drive away the strangers from the
plains.
Singhpos
1830 Assam Nirnag Phidu Involved an a�ack on the Bri sh garrison and the death of many soldiers.
Rebellion

Movement Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Ruler of Tarapur Bhupaldev refused to raise the annual tax in his area. It was
Maria rebellion 1842-63 Bastar Bhupaldev considered an act of rebellion by the Bri sh, and an army was sent from Nagpur to
suppress it.
Tribals from Tamil Nadu to Bengal, led by Chakra Bisoi, rebelled against interference
Kond Revolu on 1850 Orissa Chakra Bisoi. in customs and new taxes and to oppose the suppression of human sacrifice, new
taxes, and the entry of zamindars into their areas.
Bhil tribes in the Western Ghats protested against the Company's rule and later
Bhil rebellion 1858 Banswara Tantya Tope
formed Bhil Raj under Govind Guru.
In 1859, the Bri sh government granted a logging contract to traders from
Upon learning of the rebellion, the
Hyderabad, allowing them to cut down the forests in South Bastar. This decision
Bri sh authori es dispatched soldiers
s rred dissa sfac on among the local landlords and some tribal communi es, as the
armed with guns. The mu neers,
contractual prac ce brought about an atmosphere of arbitrariness. In response to
along with the support of some
King Bhairamdev, this encroachment, Nagul Dorla, the landlord of Potekela, united with the tribal
Koi revolt 1859 Bastar sepoys, successfully drove away the
Nagul Dorla, communi es and revolted against the Bri sh and the contractors. Rambhoi, the
soldiers and the contractors.
landlord of Bhopalpatnam and Jagga Raju, the landlord of Bhejji, also lent their
Eventually, the Bri sh government
support to the rebellion. Led by Nagul Dorla, they collec vely decided to prevent any
abolished the contract system in
further tree-cu�ng in Bastar, rallying behind the slogan "a man's head behind a sal
response to the uprising.
tree."
The Indian Forest Act, ins tuted by the colonial rulers closed off a huge sec on of Bhim demanded the aboli on of
the forests that the tribal communi es, including the Gonds had depended on for grazing tax, and suppression of the
Ramji genera ons. This crisis was exacerbated further by the Hyderabad state’s policy of corrupt forest officials. However,
Gond rebellion 1860 Gond/Komrum Adilabad encouraging the se�lement of agriculturalists on forest land, and limi ng tribal these nego a ons eventually broke
Bhim presence in the forests even further. Faced with the great crisis to their livelihood down, and the police opened fire on
and way of living, the Gonds, under the leadership of Komrum Bhim decided to Bhim and the Gonds, in which several
revolt against the oppressive Nizam’s rule. people died, including Bhim himself.
Tomma Sora and Eastern Godavari's Koya tribals, led by Tomma Sora and Raja Annantyar, revolted
Koya 1862 Andhra Pradesh
Raja Annantyar against police and moneylenders.
The uprising was originally provoked by the Bri sh authori es in their decision The Bri sh requisi oned troops from
regarding the disputed succession to the throne of Keonjhar. Dhanurjaya Bhanja, son Bengal, Chotanagpur and the
of the late king’s concubine, was put on the throne by the Bri sh. He was not tributary mahal of Odisha to suppress
Bhuiyas
supported by the Bhuiyans who rallied behind the adopted son of Rani Bishnupriya, the rising. By the end of August 1868,
Rebellion/Ratna 1868 Keonjhar Ratna Naik
the first wife and queen of the late king. The revolt started on 28 April 1968 with the the insurgency was put down. Ratna
Meli Uprising
plundering and burning of the houses of the supporters of the new king in the Naik and his six associates were
villages. On 1 May 1868, the palace was besieged by the Bhuiyans under the hanged by the Bri sh government on
leadership of Ratna Naik and Nanda Naik 30 November 1868.

Movement Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Chedalandakondla Bheema Reddy organized an armed group of Rampa Reddies in
Andhra Pradesh.
Rampa Reddies a�acked a Forest Ranger post in defiance of the oppressive forest
laws.
1st Rampa Chedalandakondla
1879 Vizagapatnam Along with Karam Tamman Dora, Ambel Reddy, and other leaders, he a�acked
Rebellion Bheema Reddy
Bri sh forces at several places. Guerrilla wars were fought in regions between the
Golconda hills of Visakhapatnam and Bhadrachalam taluk.
Many including Chedalandakondla Bheema Reddy died on the ba�lefield and many
were hanged.
A series of coups, exiles and appeals for help eventually led to the Bri sh ge�ng
directly involved in Manipur. A party of Bri sh officials and 400 Gurkhas arrived in
Imphal to arrest the prince in revolt, Tikendrajit, and oust the current man on the
throne – Maharaja Kulachandra Singh. On 27th April, 1891 the Bri sh
When the Maharaja refused to abdicate or hand over the prince, the Bri sh tried to occupied Manipur. Tikendrajit was
Naga Movement 1879 North East India Tikendraji Singh conduct a sudden midnight raid and capture Tikendrajit in 1891. But their plan was arrested and a�er a farcical trial by a
quickly foiled by Manipuri soldiers. Angered, King Kulachandra ordered the general court-mar al, he was publicly
beheading of the five Bri sh officers on March 24, 1891. It was this incident that hanged on 13th August 1891,”
triggered what was later called the Anglo-Manipur war of 1891.
“To save their motherland, the Manipuris fought very bravely under the direc on of
Tikendrajit
Sen nelese Andaman and
1883 – A�acked Bri shers for intrusion
tribal people Nicobar Islands
The Santhal Revolt took place in 1855-56. Santhals are a tribal group concentrated in
the state of Jharkhand. This was the first peasant revolt that occurred in India. The
revolt can be a�ributed to the introduc on of the Permanent Land Se�lement of The Santhals proclaimed an end to
1793. Company rule, and declared the area
Santhal Revolt 1855 Dhanbad Sidhu and Kanhu The Santhals engaged in guerrilla warfare. This was a new occurrence for Bihar. The between Bhagalpur and Rajmahal as
Santhals formed their own armies composed of peasants marching against their autonomous.
oppressors. The Santhal army dismantled the railway and postal communica ons. The rebellion was suppressed by 1856
Surely, the Santhal revolt was very effec ve for a while but it could not succeed
against the absolute power of the government and was suppressed.

Movement Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

The Muria rebellion emerged as another uprising in the Bastar region, commencing
in 1876. Unable to bear the atroci es inflicted by the Diwan, the tribal people sought
relief by appealing to the king for the removal of King Kapardas from his posi on.
Eventually, the Bri sh army
Regre�ably, the king did not support their cause, and their pleas were repeatedly
intervened, rescuing the king and
Muria Gond Eastern Madhya dismissed. As me passed, and their grievances con nued to be ignored, the tribal
1876 – suppressing the revolu onary
Rebellion Pradesh people felt compelled to take ma�ers into their own hands. This led to growing
movement for jus ce ini ated by the
anger and eventually sparked the Muria rebellion.
tribal people.
On March 2, 1876, the formidable tribal forces besieged Jagdalpur, the residence of
the king, during the Muria rebellion. The Murias strategically surrounded the king,
effec vely blocking all escape routes.
The movement had its impact on the
-By Ho tribals by led of Raja Parahat (1827) against occupa on of Singhbhum by
government a�tude towards their
Bri sh.
problems.
-By Ho tribals and the Mundas (1831) against the newly introduced farming revenue
It decided to abolish the compulsory
policy.
begar system.
-By the Mundas led by Birsa Munda (1899-1900; south of Ranchi); Birsa was
Ho and Munda Passed the Tenancy Act of 1903 which
1889 Orissa Birsa Munda captured and imprisoned.
rebellion recognised the Mundari Khuntka�
-The Ulgulan uprising, supported by Birsa Munda (1860-1920) against introduc on
system.
of feudal, zamindari tenures and exploita on by moneylenders and forest
Also passed the Chotanagpur Tenancy
contractors.
Act in 1908.
The Ulgulan was one of the most significant tribal uprisings in the period 1860-1920.
Birsa became a legend for the coming
The rebellion which began as a religious movement gathered poli cal force
genera ons.
Bri sh strengthened administra ve
Kuki Movement 1917-1919 Manipur Kuki chie�ains against Bri sh policies of recrui ng labour during the first World War.
policies and crushed the revolt
Movement integrated with Na onal
Tana Bhagat against the policies of the local Bri sh authori es and exploita ve business prac ces
1920-1921 Jharkhand Tana Bhagat Coopera on Movement led by
movement of local zamindars, mostly by Oraon people.
Gandhiji
2nd Rampa Led by tribal communi es of the Rampa region in Andhra Pradesh against the Bri sh
1921-1923 Visakhapatnam –
Rebellion administra on.

9. Socio-Religious Movements
Name Founder Region Feature
Atmiya Sabha or Society of Raja Rammohan Roy Bengal (Calcu�a) To propagate the monotheis�c ideals of the Vedanta and to campaign against idolatry, caste rigidi�es,
Friends (1814) meaningless rituals and other social ills.
Strongly influenced by ra�onalist ideas, he declared that Vedanta is based on reason and that, if reason
demanded it, even a departure from the scriptures is jus�fied.
Faraizi Movement (1818) Haji Shariatullah, Dudu East Bengal Aimed at the eradica�on of social innova�ons or un-Islamic prac�ces current among the Muslims of the region
Mian and draw their a�en�on to their du�es as Muslims.
The Fara’idis organised a paramilitary force armed with clubs to fight the zamindars (Indigo Planter).
Dudu Mian asked his followers not to pay rent.
The organisa�on even established its own Law courts.
Young Bengal Movement Henry Vivian Derozio Hindu College, Calcu�a The leader and inspirer of this progressive trend.
(1820-1830) Drawing inspira�on from the great French Revolu�on.
Derozio inspired his pupils to think freely and ra�onally, ques�on all authority, love liberty, equality and
freedom, and oppose decadent customs and tradi�ons.
The Derozians also supported women’s rights and educa�on.
Derozio was perhaps the first na�onalist poet of modern India.
They demanded induc�on of Indians in higher grades of services, protec�on of ryots from oppressive
zamindars, be�er treatment to Indian labour abroad in Bri�sh colonies, revision of the Company’s charter,
freedom of press and trial by jury.
The main reason for their limited success was the prevailing social condi�ons at that �me, which were not ripe
for the adop�on of radical ideas.
There was no support from any other social group or class & lacked any real link with the masses
Brahmo Samaj (1828) Raja Rammohan Roy Bengal(Calcu�a) Founded the Brahmo Sabha in August 1828; it was later renamed Brahmo Samaj in 1830
Branches in the United Commi�ed to “the worship and adora�on of the Eternal, Unsearchable, Immutable Being who is the Author
Provinces, Punjab, and Preserver of the Universe”. Prayers, medita�on and readings of the Upanishads were to be the forms of
Bombay, Madras and worship
other towns. Favored: Human reason and conscience; Poli�cal upli�ment of the masses, widow remarriage, women’s
educa�on, aboli�on of polygamy, improvement in ryots’ condi�ons and temperance.
Against: Polytheism; Idol worship; Incarna�ons; Scriptural authority; Caste system, Purdah system,
Untouchability, Sa�, child marriage.
No definite view on Karma and transmigra�on of the soul.
The long-term agenda of the Brahmo Samaj—to purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism—was based on
the twin pillars of reason and the Vedas and Upanishads
Punjab: Dyal Singh College at Lahore (1910) started by Dayal Singh Trust, popularized the ideas of the Samaj.
Dharma Sabha (1830) Raja Radhakant Deb Calcu�a To counter Brahmo Samaj. Stood for the preserva�on of the status quo in socio-religious ma�ers, opposing
(Revivalist in Nature) even the aboli�on of sa�. but favoured the promo�on of Western educa�on, even for girls.

Name Founder Region Feature

Ta�vabodhini Sabha Debendranath Culcu�a Propagated Brahmo Samaj idea, eventually founding Adi Brahmo Samaj (1866).
(1839) Tagore-brought out the
journal Ta�avabodhini
Patrika
Paramahansa Mandali Dadoba Pandurang, Maharashtra Began as a secret society that worked to reform Hindu religion and society in general.
(1849) Mehtaji Durgaram The ideology of the society was closely linked to that of the Manav Dharma Sabha.
and others Believing that one god should be worshipped, the society also said real religion is based on love and moral
conduct.
Freedom of thought was encouraged as was ra�onality.
Were primarily interested in breaking caste rules eg. at their mee�ngs, food cooked by lower caste people was
taken by the members.
Advocated widow remarriage and women’s educa�on.
Branches of Paramahansa Mandali existed in Poona, Satara and other towns of Maharashtra.
Wahabi/Walliullah Syed Ahmed Barelvi, Shah Two-fold ideals of this movement:
Movement Abdul Aziz popularized 1.desirability of harmony among the four schools of Muslim jurisprudence which had divided the Indian
(1850 onwards) ideology of Abdul Wahab Muslims (he sought to integrate the best elements of the four schools);
of Arabia and the 2.recogni�on of the role of individual conscience in religion where conflic�ng interpreta�ons were derived
preachings from the Quran and the Hadis Un-Islamic prac�ces that had crept into Muslim society were sought to be
of Shah Walliullah eliminated, return to the pure Islam.
During the 1857 Revolt, the Wahabi’s played an important role in spreading an�-Bri�sh feelings.
Rahnumai Mazdayasnan Naoroji Furdonji, K.R. Mumbai Regenera�on of the social condi�ons of the Parsis and the restora�on of the Zoroastrian religion to its pris�ne
Sabha (1851) Cama and S.S. Bengalee & purity.
group of Englisheducated Parsi religious rituals and prac�ces were reformed and the Parsi creed redefined.
Parsis Upli� the status of Parsi women through removal of the purdah system, raising the age of marriage and
educa�on.
Radhaswami Movement Tulsi Ram aka Shiv Dayal Agra Believe in one supreme being, supremacy of the guru, a company of pious people (satsang), and a simple
(1861) Saheb social life.
Spiritual a�ainment, they believe, does not call for renuncia�on of the worldly life.
They consider all religions to be true.
The sect has no belief in temples, shrines and sacred places
Adi Brahmo Samaj Debendranath Tagore Calcu�a Unfortunately, Debendranath did not like some of Sen’s ideas which he found too radical, such as
(1866) cosmopolitanisa�on of the Samaj’s mee�ngs by inclusion of teachings from all religions and his strong views
against the caste system, even open support to inter-caste marriages.
Keshab Chandra Sen was dismissed from the office of acharya in 1865.
Henceforth Brahmo Samaj Split into Adi Brahmo Samaj & Brahmo Samaj of India.

Name Founder Region Feature

Brahmo Samaj of India Keshab and his followers Calcu�a Preach ideals of Brahmo Samaj.
(1866)
Prarthana Samaj (1867) Atmaram Pandurang Bombay A precursor of the Prarthana Samaj was the Paramahansa Sabha-a secret society to spread liberal ideas and
encourage the breakdown of caste and communal barriers.
Emphasis was on monotheism, but on the whole, the samaj was more concerned with social reforms than
with religion.
There was a four-point social agenda also:
(i) disapproval of caste system,
(ii) women’s educa�on,
(iii) widow remarriage,
(iv) raising the age of marriage for both males and females.
Joined by M. G. Ranade in 1870, gained pan India character.
Associated with the Bhak� cult in Maharashtra.
Other Prominent leaders: R. G. Bhandarkar, N. G. Chandavarkar
Indian Reform Associa�on Keshab Chandra Sen Calcu�a Opposed child marriage.
(1870). To legalise Brahmo type of marriage.
Satyashodhak Samaj Jyo�ba Phule Maharashtra The main aims of the movement were :
(1873) (i) social service,
(ii) spread of educa�on among women and lower caste people.
The complete aboli�on of the caste system and socio-economic inequali�es.
He was against Sanskri�c Hinduism.
This movement gave a sense of iden�ty to the depressed communi�es as a class against those brahmins who
used religion and the blind faith of the masses to exploit the masses for personal monetary gain.
Believer in gender equality, pioneer of widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra .
Singh Sabha Movement Baba Dayal Singh Amritsar 2-fold objec�ve
(1873) 1. Make available modern western educa�on to the Sikhs.
2. Counter the prosely�sing ac�vi�es of Chris�an missionaries as well as the Brahmo Samajists, Arya Samajists
and Muslim maulvis.
A network of Khalsa schools was established by the Sabha throughout Punjab.
Anything against the Gurus’ teachings were rejected, and rites and customs considered to be consistent with
Sikh doctrine were sought to be established.

Name Founder Region Feature

Arya Samaj (1875) Dayananda Saraswa� Bombay, Lahore (1876) Revivalist in form though not in content, was the result of a reac�on to western inﬂuences.
The ten guiding principles of the Arya Samaj are-
(i) God is the primary source of all true knowledge;
(ii) God, as all-truth, all-knowledge, almighty, immortal, creator of Universe, is alone worthy of worship;
(iii) the Vedas are the books of true knowledge;
(iv) an Arya should always be ready to accept truth and abandon untruth;
(v) dharma, that is, due considera�on of right and wrong, should be the guiding principle of all ac�ons;
(vi) the principal aim of the Samaj is to promote world’s well-being in the material, spiritual and social sense;
(vii) everybody should be treated with love and jus�ce;
(viii) ignorance is to be dispelled and knowledge increased;
(ix) one’s own progress should depend on upli� of all others;
(x) social well-being of mankind is to be placed above an individual’s well-being.
Dayanand Anglo vedic (DAV) schools were established at Lahore in 1886 which taught a combina�on of
classical & modern studies.
Gurukuls were started by Swami Shraddhananda in 1902 at Hardwar for impar�ng tradi�onal educa�on.
Started Shuddhi (puriﬁca�on) Movement (in 1920's) to reconvert back to Hinduism to those who have
converted to Chris�anity or Islam under Swami Shraddhananda.
Encouraged inter-caste and widow remarriage.
The Theosophical Madame H.P. Blavatsky New York City, United Drew inspira�on from the philosophy of the Upanishads and samkhya, yoga and Vedanta schools of thought.
Movement (1875) and Colonel M.S. Olco�. States Accepted the beliefs in the transmigra�on of sould, reincarna�on and karma.
Annie Besant (president in Later in Adyar, Madras Aimed to work for universal brotherhood of humanity without dis�nc�on of race, creed, sex, caste or colour.
1907) (1882) Opposed child marriage and advocated the aboli�on of caste discrimina�on, upli� of outcastes, improvement
in the condi�on of widows.
Believed that a special rela�onship could be established between a person’s soul and God by contempla�on,
prayer, revela�on, etc.
Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Ananda Mohan Bose, Calcu�a Reiterated the Brahmo doctrines of faith in a Supreme being, one God, the belief that no scripture or man is
(1878) Shibchandra Deb and infallible, belief in the dictates of reason, truth and morality.
Umesh Chandra Da�a
Deccan Educa�on Society M.G. Ranade, V.G. Pune For contribu�ng to educa�on and culture in western India.
(1884) Chibdonkar, G.G. Agarkar Established Ferguson College, Pune (in 1885).
(founders)

Name Founder Region Feature

Aligarh Movement Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Aligarh Aimed at spreading:
(1885) (i)modern educa�on among Indian Muslims without weakening their allegiance to Islam;
(ii) social reforms among Muslims rela�ng to purdah, polygamy, widow remarriage, women’s educa�on,
slavery, divorce.
Movement was based on a liberal interpreta�on of the Quran and they sought to harmonise Islam with
modern liberal culture
Syed’s progressive social ideas were propagated through his magazine Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq
The Deoband School Mohammad Qasim Deoband, Saharanpur The twin objec�ves of propaga�ng pure teachings of the Quran and Hadis among Muslims and keeping alive
(Darul Uloom) Nanotavi Rashid Ahmed district the spirit of jihad against the foreign rulers.
(Orthodox) Gangohi, (United Provinces) The aim of the Deoband Movement was moral and religious regenera�on of the Muslim community.
(1886) Mahmud-ul-Hasan Mahmud-ul-Hasan gave a poli�cal and intellectual content to the religious ideas of the school, The
Jamiat-ul-Ulema gave a concrete shape to Hasan’s ideas
Dev Samaj (1887) Shiv Narayan Agnihotri Lahore Religious and social reform society,against Child marriage.
The society emphasised on the eternity of the soul, the supremacy of the guru, and the need for good ac�on.
Called for an ideal social behaviour such as not accep�ng bribes, avoiding intoxicants and non-vegetarian food,
and keeping away from violent ac�ons.
Indian Social Conference M.G. Ranade and Madras It focussed a�en�on on the social issues of importance; it could be called the social reform cell of the Indian
(1887) Raghunath Rao Na�onal Congress.
The conference advocated inter-caste marriages, opposed polygamy and kulinism.
It launched the ‘Pledge Movement’ to inspire people to take a pledge against child marriage.
Ahmadiyya Movement Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Punjab Based on liberal principles
(1889) It described itself as the standard-bearer of Mohammedan Renaissance, and based itself, like the Brahmo
Samaj, on the principles of universal religion of all humanity, opposing jihad.
They believed in separa�ng the mosque from the State as well as in human rights and tolerance.
Later suﬀered from mys�cism..
Madras Hindu Associa�on Viresialingam Pantulu Madras Social purity movement
(1892) Against devadasi system and oppression of widows.

Name Founder Region Feature

The Ramakrishna Ramakrishna Headquarters of the Paramahamsa sought salva�on through tradi�onal ways of renuncia�on, medita�on and bhak� amidst
Movement Paramahamsa Ramakrishna Math and increasing westernisa�on and modernisa�on.
Mission are at Belur near Emphasis on fundamental oneness of all religions.
Calcu�a (Bengal) Two objec�ves of the Ramakrishna movement were—
(i) to bring into existence a band of monks dedicated to a life of renuncia�on and prac�cal spirituality, from
among whom teachers and workers would be sent out to spread the universal message of Vedanta as
illustrated in the life of Ramakrishna,
(ii) in conjunc�on with lay disciples to carry on preaching, philanthropic and charitable works, looking upon all
men, women and children, irrespec�ve of caste, creed or colour, as veritable manifesta�ons of the
Divine(taken up by Swami Vivekananda).
Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda Headquarters of the Vivekananda Emphasizing social ac�on, he declared that knowledge without ac�on is useless.
(1897) Ramakrishna Math and The Ramakrishna Mission for humanitarian relief and social work.
Mission are at Belur near The Mission stands for religious and social reform. Vivekananda advocated the doctrine of service.
Calcu�a (Bengal) The Mission recognises the u�lity and value of image worship in developing spiritual fervour and worship of
the eternal omnipotent God, although it emphasises on the essen�al spirit and not the symbols or rituals. It
believes that the philosophy of Vedanta will make a Chris�an a be�er Chris�an, and a Hindu a be�er Hindu.
Bharat Dharma Madan Mohan Malaviya Varanasi The Sanatana Dharma Sabha (1895), the Dharma Maha Parishad in South India, and Dharma Mahamandali in
Mahamandala Bengal these combined in 1902 to form the single organisa�on of Bharat Dharma Mahamandala
(Revivalist in Nature) The orthodox educated Hindus, it stood for a defence of orthodox Hinduism against the teachings of the Arya
(1902) Samajists, the Theosophists, and the Ramakrishna Mission.
Sree Narayana Guru Sree Narayana Guru Kerala Born out of conﬂict between the depressed classes and upper castes.
Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) Swamy as its permanent The Ezhavas of Kerala, who were a backward caste of toddy-tappers and were considered to be untouchables,
Movement chairman, and Kumaran denied educa�on and entry into temples.
Aka Aruvippuram Asan as the general Held all religions to be the same and condemned animal sacriﬁce besides speaking against divisiveness on the
movement secretary, basis of caste, race or creed.
(1903) Dr Palpu (main role in The SNDP Yogam took up several issues for the Ezhavas, such as
forma�on) (i) right of admission to public schools,
(ii) recruitment to government services,
(iii) access to roads and entry to temples,
(iv) poli�cal representa�on.
Vokkaliga Sangha (1905) Mysore An an�-brahminmovement

Name Founder Region Feature

The Servants of India Gopal Krishna Gokhale & Maharashtra The aim of the society was to train na�onal missionaries for the service of India; to promote, by all
Society (1905) help of M.G. Ranade. cons�tu�onal means, the true interests of the Indian people, and to prepare a cadre of selfless workers who
Srinivasa Shastri took over were to devote their lives to the cause of the country in a religious spirit.
as president (a�er It works in the field of educa�on, providing ashram type of schools for tribal girls and balwadis at many places.
Gokhale’s death) In 1911, the Hitavada began to be published to project the views of the society.
The society chose to remain aloof from poli�cal ac�vi�es and organisa�ons like the Indian Na�onal Congress.
Seva Sadan (1908) Behramji M. Malabari & Bombay Spoke vigorously against child marriage and for widow remarriage among Hindus.
Diwan Dayaram Gidumal It was his efforts that led to the Age of Consent Act regula�ng the age of consent for females.
Seva Sadan specialised in taking care of those women who were exploited and then discarded by society. It
catered to all castes and provided the des�tute women with educa�on, and medical and welfare services.
Behramji Malabari acquired and edited the Indian Spectator

Nishkam Karma Math Dhondo Keshav Karve Pune Educa�onal progress of women
(Monastery of Improving widows' condi�on.
Disinterested Work) Founded a women's university in Pune-now in Bombay.
(1910

Social Service League Narayan Malhar Joshi Maharashtra (Bombay) Aim to secure for the masses be�er and reasonable condi�ons of life and work.
(1911) They organised many schools, libraries, reading rooms, day nurseries and coopera�ve socie�es.
Their ac�vi�es also included police court agents’ work, legal aid and advice to the poor and illiterate,
excursions for slum dwellers, facili�es for gymnasia and theatrical performances, sanitary work, medical relief
and boys’ clubs and scout corps.
Seva Sami� Hridyanath Kunzru Allahabad Improving the status of the suﬀering classes through social service, educa�on.
(1914)

Jus�ce Movement C.N. Mudaliar, T.M. Nair Madras To secure jobs and representa�on for the non-brahmins in the legislature.
(1921) and P. Tyagaraja
Akali movement aka - Punjab Oﬀshoot of the Singh Sabha Movement.
Gurudwara Reform It aimed at libera�ng the Sikh gurudwaras from the control of corrupt Udasi mahants
Movement(1920) The Akali Movement was a regional movement but not a communal one.

Name Founder Region Feature

Temple Entry Movement T.K. Madhavan Tranvancore To allow the entry of lower castes in temples. Other similar movements: Vaikom Satyagraha (1924, K. P.
(1927) Kesava, Kerala).
Inspired by K. Kelappan, poet Subramaniyam Tirurnambu led a group of sixteen volunteers to Guruvayur.
Leaders like P. Krishna Pillai and A.K. Gopalan were among the satyagrahis.
In 1936 the Maharaja of Travancore issued a proclama�on throwing open all government-controlled temples
to all Hindus.
A similar step was taken by the C. Rajagopalachari administra�on in Madras in 1938.

Self-Respect Movement E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker Aimed at nothing short of a rejec�on of the brahminical religion and culture.
Mid 1920s aka Periyar, a Balija Naidu Sought to undermine the posi�on of brahmin priests by formalising weddings without brahmin priests.
Titu Mir’s Movement Syed Mir Nisar Ali aka Titu Titu Mir adopted Wahabism and advocated the Sharia. He organised the Muslim peasants of Bengal against
(1931) Mir the landlords, who were mosly Hindu, and the Bri�sh indigo planters.
The movement was not as militant as Bri�sher record.

10. Peasant Movements

Leaders
Movements Loca on Reason for movements Course of Ac on Supporters Result
Associated
Indigo Revolt Digambar Biswas Nadia district, In Bengal, the indigo planters, They decided not to grow indigo under Bengali intelligentsia The Government appointed an
(1859-60) and Bishnu Biswas Bengal nearly all Europeans, exploited the duress and resisted the physical supported the peasants’ indigo commission to inquire into
local peasants by forcing them to pressure of the planters and their cause through newspaper the problem of indigo cul�va�on.
grow indigo on their lands instead lathiyals (retainers) backed by police campaigns, organisa�on of The Government issued a
of the more paying crops like rice. and the courts. mass mee�ngs, preparing no�fica�on in r 1860 that the ryots
The planters forced the peasants to They also organised a counter force memoranda on peasants’ could not be compelled to grow
take advance sums and enter into against the planters’ a�acks. The grievances and suppor�ng indigo and that it would ensure that
fraudulent contracts which were planters also tried methods like them in legal ba�les. all disputes were se�led by legal
then used against the peasants. evic�ons and enhanced rents. means.
The planters in�midated the The ryots replied by going on a rent But, the planters were already
peasants through kidnappings, strike by refusing to pay the enhanced closing down factories and indigo
illegal confinements, flogging, rents and by physically resis�ng the cul�va�on virtually wiped out from
a�acks on women and children, a�empts to evict them. Gradually, they Bengal by the end of 1860.
seizure of ca�le, burning and learned to use the legal machinery and
demoli�on of houses and ini�ated legal ac�on supported by fund
destruc�on of crops. collec�on.
Pabna Peasants of Eastern Agrarian unrest caused by The peasants formed an agrarian Young Indian intellectuals Peasant discontent con�nued to
Agrarian Yusufshahi Bengal (in oppressive prac�ces of the league or combina�on to resist the supported the peasants’ linger on �ll 1885, most of the cases
Leagues Pargana in Patna Patna district) zamindars. demands of the zamindars. cause. had been solved, par�ally through
(1870s and district The zamindars resorted to The league organised a rent strike—the These included Bankim official persuasion and par�ally
1880s) enhanced rents beyond legal limits ryots refused to pay the enhanced Chandra Cha�erjee, R.C. because of zamindars’ fears.
and prevented the tenants from rents, challenging the zamindars in the Du� and the Indian Many peasants were able to acquire
acquiring occupancy rights under courts. Associa�on under occupancy rights and resist
Act X of 1859. Funds were raised by ryots to fight the Surendranath Banerjea. enhanced rents.
The zamindars resorted to forcible court cases. The government also promised to
evic�ons, seizure of ca�le and crops The struggles spread throughout Patna undertake legisla�on to protect the
and prolonged, costly li�ga�on in and to other districts of East Bengal. tenants from the worst aspects of
courts where the poor peasant The main form of struggle was thatof zamindari oppression.
found himself at a disadvantage. legal resistance; there was very li�le In 1885, the Bengal Tenancy Act was
violence. passed.

Leaders
Movements Loca on Reason for movements Course of Ac on Supporters Result
Associated
Deccan Riots Ryots of Deccan Deccan region The ryots suffered heavy taxa�on Social boyco� movement organised by Modern na�onalist As a conciliatory measure, the
of western under the Ryotwari system. the ryots against the “outsider” intelligentsia of Deccan Agriculturists Relief Act was
India ie The peasants found themselves moneylenders. Maharashtra supported passed in 1879
villages of trapped in a vicious network with The ryots refused to buy from their the peasants’ cause.
Poona, the moneylender as the exploiter shops.
Ahmednagar, and the main beneficiary. No peasant would cul�vate their fields.
Sholapur and These moneylenders were mostly The barbers, washermen, shoemakers
Satara outsiders—Marwaris or Gujara�s. would not serve them.
Crash in co�on prices a�er the end Social boyco� was transformed into
of the American Civil War in 1864, agrarian riots with systema�c a�acks on
the Government’s decision to raise the moneylenders’ houses and shops.
the land revenue by 50% in 1867, The debt bonds and deeds were seized
and a succession of bad harvests. and publicly burnt.
The Kisan Gauri Shankar Awadh (UP) A�er the 1857 revolt, the Awadh Efforts of the Home Rule ac�vists, kisan The passing of the Awadh Rent
Sabha Mishra and Indra districts of Rai taluqdars had got back their lands. sabhas were organised in UP. (Amendment) Act.
Movement Narayan Dwivedi. Bareilly, This strengthened the hold of the In 1920, the Awadh Kisan Sabha came
Madan Mohan Faizabad and taluqdars or big landlords over the into existence because of differences in
Malaviya, Jhinguri Sultanpur. agrarian society of the province. na�onalist ranks.
Singh, Durgapal The majority of the cul�vators were The Awadh Kisan Sabha asked the
Singh and Baba subjected to high rents, summary kisans to refuse to �ll bedakhali land,
Ramchandra evic�ons (bedakhali), illegal levies, not to offer hari and begar (forms of
renewal fees or nazrana. unpaid labour), to boyco� those who
High prices of food due to WW-I did not accept these condi�ons and to
solve their disputes through
panchayats.
The pa�erns of ac�vity changed rapidly
in January 1921 to the loo�ng of
bazaars, houses, granaries and clashes
with the police.

Leaders
Movements Loca on Reason for movements Course of Ac on Supporters Result
Associated
Eka Madari Pasi and Northern The issues involved were: Peasants vowed that they would By March 1922, severe repression
Movement other low-caste districts of the (i) high rents—50 per cent higher -pay only the recorded rent but would by authori�es brought the
1921 leaders, and many United than the recorded rates; pay it on �me; movement to an end
small zamindars. Provinces—H (ii) oppression of thikadars in -not leave when evicted;
ardoi, charge of revenue collec�on; -refuse to do forced labour;
Bahraich, (iii) prac�ce of share-rents -give no help to criminals;
Sitapur -abide by panchayat decisions.
mee�ngs of the Eka or the Unity
Movement involved a symbolic religious
ritual
Mappila Ali Musaliar Malabar Their grievances centred around Ini�ally, the symbols of Bri�sh The Mappila tenants were The Bri�sh declared mar�al law and
Revolt region lack of security of tenure, high authority—courts, police sta�ons, par�cularly encouraged by repression began in earnest.
rents, renewal fees and other treasuries and oﬃces— and unpopular the demand of the local An� government, an� landlord
oppressive exac�ons. landlords (jenmies who were mostly Congress body for a aﬀairs acquired communal overtone
Hindus) were the targets. government legisla�on
regula�ng tenant-landlord
rela�ons.
The Mappila movement
merged with the ongoing
Khilafat agita�on.
The leaders of the
Khilafat-Non-Coopera�on
Movement like Gandhi,
Shaukat Ali and Maulana
Azad addressed Mappila
mee�ngs.

Leaders
Movements Loca on Reason for movements Course of Ac on Supporters Result
Associated
Bardoli Vallabhbhai Patel Bardoli taluqa The movement sparked off in Congress leaders protested and a K.M. Munshi and Lalji Commi�ee went into the whole
Satyagraha in Surat January 1926 when the authori�es Bardoli Inquiry Commi�ee was set up- Naranji resigned from the affair and found the revenue hike to
district decided to increase the land The commi�ee found the revenue hike Bombay Legisla�ve be unjus�fied and recommended a
revenue by 30 per cent. to be unjus�fied. Council in support of the rise of 6.03 per cent only.
Peasants resolved to refuse payments movement.
of the revised assessment un�l the
Government appointed an independent
tribunal or accepted the current
amount as full payment.
To organise the movement, Patel set up
13 chhavanis or workers’ camps in the
taluqa. Bardoli Satyagraha Patrika was
brought out to mobilise public opinion.
An intelligence wing was set up to make
sure all the tenants followed the
movement’s resolu�ons.
Those who opposed the movement
faced a social boyco�. Special emphasis
was placed on the mobilisa�on of
women
The All India Swami Sahjanand ounded in A kisan manifesto was issued and a
Kisan Saraswa� as the Lucknow in periodical under Indulal Yagnik started.
Congress/Sabh president and N.G. April 1936 The AIKS and the Congress held their
a Ranga as the sessions in Faizpur in 1936.
general secretary The Congress manifesto (especially the
agrarian policy) for the 1937 provincial
elec�ons was strongly influenced by the
AIKS agenda.

Leaders
Movements Loca on Reason for movements Course of Ac on Supporters Result
Associated
Tebhaga Rajbanshis—a low Bengal Kisan Sabha gave a call to The communist cadres, The movement dissipated soon,
Movement caste of tribal Provincial implement, through mass struggle, including many urban because of the League ministry’s
1946 origin (Bargardar the Flood Commission student mili�as went to sop of the Bargardari Bill, an
who cul�vates recommenda�ons of the countryside to intensified repression, the
land of Jotedar) tebhaga—two-thirds’ share—to the organise the bargardars. popularisa�on of the Hindu
Muslims also bargardars, the share-croppers also Mahasabha’s agita�on for a
par�cipated in known as bagchasi or adhyar, separate Bengal and renewed riots
large numbers. instead of the one-half share. in Calcu�a which ended the
prospects of sympathe�c support
from the urban sec�ons.
Telangana princely state Total lack of poli�cal and civil The peasants organised themselves into Face brutal repression.
Movement of Hyderabad liber�es, grossest forms of forced village sanghams, and a�acked using Posi�ve achievement-
under Asajahi exploita�on by deshmukhs, lathis, stone slings and chilli powder. -In the villages controlled by
Nizams jagirdars, doras (landlords) in forms guerrillas, vethi and forced labour
of forced labour (vethi) and illegal disappeared.
exac�ons. -Agricultural wages were raised.
-Illegally seized lands were restored.
-Steps were taken to fix ceilings and
redistribute lands.
-Measures were taken to improve
irriga�on and fight cholera.
-An improvement in the condi�on of
women was witnessed.
-The autocra�c-feudal regime of
India’s biggest princely state was
shaken up

11. 1857 Revolt & Eminent Leaders

Centre of Revolt Leadership Bri sh Oﬃcials
Delhi Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan, Zeenat Mahal John Nicholson, Lieutenant Willioughby, Lieutenant Hudson
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal, Birjis Qadir, Ahmadullah Henry Lawrence, Brigadier Inglis, Henry Havelock, James Outram, Sir Colin Campbell
Kanpur Nana Sahib, Rao Sahib, Tan�a Tope, Azimullah Khan Sir Colin Campbell, Sir Huge Wheeler
Jhansi & Gwalior Rani Laxmi bai, Tantya Tope General Hugh Rose
Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah -
Farrukhabad Tufzal Hasan Khan -
Barrackpore Mangal Pandey -
Bareilly Khan Bahadur Khan Sir Colin Campbell
Allahabad and Banaras Maulvi Liyakat Ali Colonel Oncell
Baghpat (UP) Shah Mahal -
Rajasthan Jaidayal Singh and Hardayal Singh -
Assam Kandapareshwar Singh, Maniram Du�a Baruah. -
Orissa Surendra Shahi, Ujjwal Shahi -
Jagdishpur (Bihar) Kunwar Singh, Amar Singh William Taylor and Eye
Kullu Raja Pratap Singh -

Author Book On 1857 Revolt

Khan Mohammad Sadiq Khan Excava�on of Truth: Unsung Heroes of 1857 War of Independence
S.N.Sen. 1857
R.C. Majumdar Ahok Ashok Mehta Sepoy mu�ny & Revolt of 1857, The Great Rebellion
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar The Indian War of Independence
Karl Marx The First Indian War of Independence 1857-59
Puran Chand Joshi Rebellion, 1857: A Symposium
George Bruce Malleson The Indian Mu�ny of 1857
Christopher Hibbert Great Mu�ny
Iqbal Hussain Religion and Ideology of the Rebels of 1857

12. Organizations Before INC

Organiza on Year Loca on Founder Member
Bangabhasha Prakashika Sabha 1836 Bengal Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Zamindari Associa�on (Landholder Society) 1837 Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore
Bri�sh India society 1839 London William Adam
The Bengal Bri�sh India society 1843 Bengal
Bri�sh India Associa�on (Zamindari Associa�on + The Bengal Bri�sh India 1851 Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore
society) Radhakant Deb
Madras Na�ve Associa�on 1852 Madras Gazalu Che�y
Bombay Associa�on 1852 Bombay Jagannath Shankar Seth
East India Associa�on 1866 London Dadabhai Naoroji
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha 1870 Bombay (Poona) M G Ranade
Ganesh Vasudev Joshi
S. H. Chipalunkar
Na�onal Indian Associa�on 1870 London Mary Carpenter
Indian Society 1872 London Anand Mohan Bose
Indian League 1875 Bengal Sisir Kumar Ghosh
The Indian Associa�on of Culcu�a (aka Indian Na�onal Associa�on) 1876 Bengal S. N Banerjea
Superseded Indian League Anand Mohan Bose
The Madras Mahajan Sabha 1884 Madras M. Veeraraghavachari
G. Subramania Aiyer
P. Anand Charlu
Bombay Presidency Associa�on 1885 Bombay K. T. Telang
Badruddin Tyabji
Pherozshah Mehta

13. Importanat INC Sessions

Year Place President Significance
1885 Bombay W. C. Banerjee 1st session a�ended by 72 delegates
1886 Culcu�a Dadabhai Naoroji -
1887 Madras Syed Badruddin Tyabji Appeal to Muslims to join INC
1888 Allahabad George Yule 1st non-Indian to be President of INC
1889 Bombay William Wedderburn -
1890 Culcu�a Pherozshah Mehta -
1891 Nagpur P. Ananda Charlu -
1892 Allahabad W. C. Banerjee -
1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji -
1894 Madras Alfred Webb -
1895 Poona S. N. Banerjee -
1896 Culcu�a Rahimtulla Sayani Na�onal song Vande Mataram sung for the first �me.
1905 Benaras Gopal Krishna Gokhale Emergence of moderate and extremist conflict over extension of Swadeshi movement. Extremists wanted to extend the movement outside
Bengal and include all forms of associa�ons within boyco�. Moderates wanted the movement to remain confinest to Bengal.
Expressed resentment against Bengal par��on, boyco� of foreign goods
Promo�on of swadeshi goods and Indian industries- Public mee�ngs and processions
Corps of Volunteers or 'Sami�s'- Swadesh Bandhab Sami� of Ashwini Kumar Du�a
Use of Tradi�onal Popular Fes�vals and Melas-Ganpa� fes�val, tradi�onal folk theatre
Na�onalist song- Amar Sonar Bangla, Sudesha Geetham- Subramania Bhara�
Pain�ng- Abanindranath Tagore
Scien�fic research- Jadish Chandra Bose.
Na�onal Educa�on in vernacular medium. Bengal Na�onal College, Na�onal Council of Educa�on.
1906 Culcu�a Dadabhai Naoroji Word swaraj men�oned for the first �me
Extremists wanted either Tilak or Lajpat Rai as the President. Moderates proposed Gopal Krishan Gokhale
Moderates proposed dominion status like the United Kingdom or the colonies" of Australia or Canada, while Extremists emphasised on self
Goverment Indopendence.
1907 Surat Rash Behari Ghosh Congress split between moderates and extremists.
Extremists wanted either Tilak or Lajpat Rai as President.
Moderates proposed Rashbehari Ghosh and wanted the session to be in Surat in order to exclude Tilak from the presidency
1908 Madras Rash Behari Ghosh Cons�tu�on of INC drawn
1909 Lahore M. M. Malaviya Expressed disapproval over forma�on of separate electorates based on religion (Indian Councils Act, 1909)
1911 Culcu�a Bishan Narayan Dar Na�onal Anthem Jana Gana Mana sung for the first �me

Year Place President Signiﬁcance

1916 Lucknow A. C Mujumdar Reuniﬁca�on of the two fac�ons in INC i.e., Moderates and Extremists.
Death of Gokhale and Pherozshah Mehta
Lucknow pact between Muslim league and INC
INC accepted Muslim league demand of separate electorate
1917 Culcu�a Annie Besant First woman to preside the congress session
1919 Amritsar Mo�lal Nehru New cons�tu�on of INC framed.
Condemned the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
Approved the Khilafat movement.
1920 Nagpur C. Vijayraghavachariar NCM moved and adopted:
(Special An important change was made in the Congress creed: now, instead of having the a�ainment of self-government through cons�tu�onal means
Session) as its goal, the Congress decided to have the a�ainment of swaraj through peaceful and legi�mate means, thus commi�ng itself to an
extracons�tu�onal mass struggle.
Some important organisa�onal changes were made:
-A congress working commi�ee (CWC) of 15 members was set up to lead the Congress from now onwards;
-Provincial congress commi�ees on linguis�c basis were organised;
1922 Gaya C R Das Recons�tu�on of congress commi�ees on linguis�c grounds.
Jinnah le� INC
The ques�on of council entry between the two schools of thought resulted in the defeat
of the Swarajists’ proposal of ‘ending or mending’ the councils
1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohammad CR Das & other leaders broke away from INC and formed the Swaraj party.
Ali C R Das presided over the session when he was in jail.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad became the youngest president of INC.
1924 Belgaum M. K. Gandhi Only session where Gandhiji presided.
The Swarajists would work in the councils as an integral part of the Congress.
1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu First Indian women president of INC
1927 Madras M. A. Ansari Resolu�on against using Indian troops in Mesopotamia, Iran, and China
Resolu�on passed to boyco� Simon commission.
Adopted resolu�on for Purna Swaraj.
1928 Culcu�a Mo�lal Nehru 1st All India Youth Congress Formed.
Nehru Report was approved.
The younger elements led by Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhash Bose and Satyamurthy expressed their dissa�sfac�on with dominion status as the goal
of Congress.
1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru Passed Purna Swaraj Resolu�on.
26th Jan observed as Independence Day.
Civil disobedience to be launched.

Year Place President Signiﬁcance

1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel Endorsed Gandhi Irwin pact.
Resolu�on of Fundamental rights and Na�onal Economic Programme.
Gandhi nominated to represent INC in the 2nd RTC..
1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad INC cons�tu�on amended
1936 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru Push towards socialist ideas by Nehru
1937 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru 1st session in a village
1938 Haripura Subhas Chandra Bose Na�onal Planning Commi�ee set under Nehru
1939 Tripuri Subhas Chandra Bose Bose re-elected as President but had to resign owing to disagreements with Gandhi (in favour of P. Sitarammaiah).
Rajendra Prasad was made president of the session a�er Bose resigna�on.
All India Forward Bloc, a fac�on within the Congress in Bengal was formed by Bose in 1939.
1940 Ramgarh Maulana Abdul Kalam Decision to launch Civil Disobedience Movement.
Azad To reiterate the demand for complete independence.
1949 Meerut Acharya J. B. Kripalani Last session before independence.
Congress sessions were not held in 1930 (CDM), 1935 & between 1941-45 (2nd world war).
W.C. Bannerjee 1st president of INC.
Annie Besaut was the ﬁrst female President of INC in 1917 Culcu�a.
Sarojini Naidu was The First Indian women president 1925 Kanpur.
Badruddin Tyabji - 1st Muslim provident of INC
Ralimatulla Sayan- 2nd muslim president of INC in 1896 Culcu�a (13th session of INC)
Important facts: George Yule - 1st European President in 1888- Allahbad
Sankaran Narayen was the 1st & only Keralite President of INC
Hakim Ajamal Khan was the only person to be appointed as president of INC, All India Muslim league &All India Khilafat commi�ee.
1896 → 12th session - Na�onal Song 'Vande Mataram' sung for 1st �me.
1911 → Na�onal Anthem 'Jana Gana Mana’ was sung for 1st �me.

14. Books/Newspapers
Newspaper/ Books Founder/Editor Year of Establishment Importance
Bengal Gaze�e J K Hickey 1780 India’s First Newspaper of India
India Gazze�e Henry Luis Vivian Derazio 1787, Culcu�a
Madras Curier Charles Lawson, Henry Cornish 1785, Madras First Paper from Madras
Bombay Herald William Ashburner 1789, Bombay First Paper from Bombay
Indian Herald Started by R. William Was in English
1795, Madras
Published by Humphrey
Bengal Gazze�e Harish Chandra Ray 1818, Culcu�a First Bengali newspaper
Gi� to Monotheists (Book) RRMR (Raja Ram Mohan Roy ) RRMR also translated the Vedas and ﬁve of the Upanishads into Bengali.
1809
Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin
Percepts of Jesus (Book) RRMR 1820
Samvad Kaumudi RRMR 1821, Culcu�a Bengali weekly Newspaper
Mirat-ul-Akbhar RRMR 1822 First Persian Newspaper
Bangadu�a RRMR, Dwarkanath & others Weekly
1822, Culcu�a
it was in 4 languages, those are - English, Bengali, Hindi, Persian
Bombay Samachar Fardunjee Marzban 1822, Bombay First Gujara� Newspaper
Rast gu�ar (Truth Seeker) Dadabhai Naorji 1851, Bombay Gujara� Forthnightly
Voice of India Dadabhai Naorji 1883
Darpan Bal Shashtri Jambekar 1832, Bombay Biweekly. A�acked brahmanical orthodoxy
Satya Prakash Karsondar Mulji 1852, Gujra� Advocate widow remarriage
Indian Mirror Debendranath Tagore+Monmohan Ghose 1862, Calcu�a Keshab Chandra Sen who made this a daily newspaper
Som Prakesh Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar editor- Dwarkanath Vidyabhushan, weekly coming from Sanskrit press
1859, Culcu�a
Remembered for its contribu�on to indigo movement
Hindoo Patriot Madhusudan Ray 1853
Hindu Patriot Harish Chandra Mukherji (owner cum editor) known for its ac�ve role in exposing the oppression of indigo planters in Bengal.
1853,Kolkata
Girishchandra Ghosh
Neel Darpan Dinbandhu Mitra The play was published from Dhaka in 1860. It highlighted the Indigo revolt of
1860 February-March 1859 in Bengal, when farmers refused to sow indigo in their
ﬁelds to protest against exploita�ve farming under the Bri�sh Raj.
Na�onal paper Devendranath Tagore 1865, Culcu�a

Newspaper/ Books Founder/Editor Year of Establishment Importance

Prabhakar, Gyan Prakash, Gopal Hari Deshmukh (Lokahitwadi) He started with the weekly Prabhakar under the pen name Lokahitwadi
Indu Prakash and Lokhitwadi 1860
periodicals in Maharashtra
Amrit Bazar Patrika Shishir Kumar Ghosh, Mo� Lal Ghosh 1868 Originally published in Bengali Later in English
Bengalee Girishchandra Ghosh later taken over by vernacular papaer
1862, Culcu�a
Surendranath Banerjea
Bangadarshana Bankim Chandra Cha�erjee 1873, Culcu�a Bengali Newspaper
Indian statesman Robert Knight 1875, Culcu�a Later name changed to The Statesman
Bharat Sram Jeebi Sasipada Bannerjee Was a Brahmo Samajh reformer. Worker movement in bengal.
Deen Bandhu, weekly Narayan Meghji Lokhande 1880 emphasising worker issues in bombay
The Hindu G. Subramania Iyer 1878 Started weekly in English
Swadesamitran(Tamil) G. Subramania Iyer 1882 Later sold to the hindu in 1915
Tribune Dayal Singh Majee�a 1881, Lahore Daily newspaper
Anandmath Bankim Chandra Cha�erjee On the Sannyasi Rebellion in the late 18th century.
1882 Vande Mataram, was ﬁrst published in this novel.
MotherGoddess, iden�ﬁed with the motherland
Kesari, Marathi Tilak+GG Agarkar (Editor) 1881, Bombay Kesari-Marathi, Maratha-In English
Geetarahasya, The Orion, Tilak Books to promote Hindu Culture as Vedic successor, and belief that the roots
The Arc�c Home in the Vedas were in so called Aryans from North.
Yugantar Barinder Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath
Du�a
High Caste Hindu Women Pandita Ramabai 1887 Feminist
Prabuddha Bharat P. Aiyasami, B.R.Rajam Iyer, GG Narasimha English Monthly Journal
Acharya, BV Kamesvara Iyer at the behest of 1896
Swami Vivekananda
Udbodhana Swami Vivekananda 1899 Magzine
Jnana Yoga, Karma Yoga, Raj Swami Vivekananda Books
Yoga, My Master
Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi 1913 Hindi, Newspaper
Sudharak G. N. Agarkar 1888 Newspaper
The Hitavada Gopal K Gokhale 1911 Nagpur

Newspaper/ Books Founder/Editor Year of Establishment Importance

Sandhya & J/Yugantar Patrika Barinder Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath Revolu�onary terrorism papers
1900s, Bengal
Du�a
Kal Shivram M Paranjape 1898, Maharashtra Revolu�onary terrorism papers
Bande Mataram Bipin Chandra Pal and later edited by Sri Founded by Madam Bikaji Cama. There was also fac�on ﬁgh�ng between
Aurobindo 1905 Aurobindo Ghosh on the one hand and Bepin Chandra Pal and Brahmabandhab
Upadhyay on the other, over the editorship of Bande Mataram
Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 1871 Journal
Al-Hilal Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad 1912 Closed due to press act of 1914
Al-Balagh Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad 1915
Comrade Maulana Mohammad Ali 1911 Weekly in English
Indian Opinion, weekly Gandhi To ﬁght racial discrimina�on and win civil rights for the Indian immigrant
1903 - 1915, South Africa community in South Africa.
4 languages
Hind Swarajya/ Home Rule Gandhi 1909
Mangalaprabhata Gandhi 1930
Young India Gandhi Gandhi took over these weeklies from Indulal Yagnik who worked with Annie
1919 Besant's Home Rule.
Young India was also a book wri�en by Lala Lajpat Rai
Navjivan Gandhi 1919
Women and Social Injus�ce Gandhi 1947
The Indian States’ Problem Gandhi
Harijan, weekly journal Gandhi 1933 This was the 3rd weekly in India
Hindustan Dainik M M Malviya 1936 Hindi Newspaper
The independent Mo�lal Nehru 1919
Servants of India Society Gokhale
Poverty and unbri�sh rule in Dababhai Naorji
1901
India (Book)
The Wants and Means of Dababhai Naorji
1876
India
Economic History of India RC Du�
(Book)

Newspaper/ Books Founder/Editor Year of Establishment Importance

The Philosophy of the Bomb Bhagwa� Charan Vohra 1925
Mooknayak Ambedkar 1920 Marathi weekly
Bahishkrit Bharat Ambedkar 1927 marathi Forthnightly
"* The Problem of the Rupee Ambedkar Books
– Its origin and its solu�on
* The Untouchables, Who are
they?
* Who were the Shudra?
* States and Minori�es
* Emancipa�on of the
Untouchables"
*Pakistan or the Par��on of Ambedkar
India
*Philosophy of Hinduism
Pather Dabi Sarat Chandra Cha opadhyay 1926 Bengali novel
Mother India Katherine Mayo 1927 Feminist
New India Annie Besant 1914 Daily newspaper in
The commonweal Annie Besant weekly dealing with issues of na�onal reform
Vande Mataram Lala Lajpat Rai Urdu Daily newspaper
People Lala Lajpat Rai English Daily newspaper
Young India Lala Lajpat Rai Book
We pamphlet RSS Chief Gowalkar 1939 Gowalkar a�acks congress using the safety valve theory
Na�onal Herald Jawaharlal Nehru 1938,Delhi
Free hindustan, circular e Tarak nath das | Ramnath puri | GD Kumar
azadi, swadesh sewak -
gurumukhi
Gadar Lala Hardayal San Francisco
Talwar Birendra Nath Cha�opadhyaya Vancouver
Bande Mataram paris Bikaji Kama Paris
Indian Socialist Shyamji Krishna Verma
Bandi Jeevan Sachin Sanyal Wrote this book when in prison in Andaman

Newspaper/ Books Founder/Editor Year of Establishment Importance

Ghare Baire RN Tagore
Why Socialism JPN
New Lamps for Old A Ghosh Cri�cise Congress for being out of touch with the proletariate. An�-moderates
Golden Threshold S. Naidu
Gandhi vs Lenin S A Dange
The Socialist S.A. Dange
Navayug Muzaﬀar Ahmed -
Inquilab Ghulam Hussain -
Dawn Sa�shchandra Mukharjee 1897
Barat Mata Ajit Singh
Vital Vidhavansak Gopalbaba Walangkar
Labour-Kisan Gaze�e M. Singaravelu - chaired its inaugural conven�on of CPI in Kanpur
The Independent Jawaharlal Nehru 1919 countering the moderate poli�cal line adopted by the then leading Allahabad dai
The Na�onal herald Jawaharlal Nehru 1938
Jammu and Kashmir Jawaharlal Nehru correspondence between Dr Singh and Pandit Nehru over a period of ﬁ�een year
Who is Bharat Mata, Le ers Jawaharlal Nehru
from a Father to His
Daughter,
The Discovery of India, India Jawaharlal Nehru
and the World, The Agrarian
Problem in India
India's Today Rajni Palme Du 1940, London A classic in and around Marxist approach
Social Background of Indian A. R. Desai Marxist approach
1948
Na�onalism
High Caste Hindu Women Pandita Ramabai 1887

15. Women’s Organizations

Organisa on Name Year Founders Focus Area Ac vi es and Achievements
The Ladies Society in Calcu�a 1882 Swarnakumari Devi (sister of For educa�ng and impar�ng livelihood skills to widows.
Rabindranath Tagore) She was also the editor of the women’s journal Bhara� making her the first Indian
woman editor.
Arya Mahila samaj (Pune) 1882 Ramabai Saraswa� Welfare & social To provide educa�on to women and to discourage and fight against the prac�ce
work of child marriage.
She later opened Sharada Sadan in Mumbai in 1889 for the educa�on of child
widows.
Young Women's Chris�an 1896 Ms. Alice M. Bethune Educa�on, welfare, Helped young Chris�an women.
Associa�on moral development Taught women about good values and how to be helpful.
The associa�on also taught women new skills and helped them become leaders.
Bengal Women's Educa�on 1902 Abala Bose Women's educa�on, The league wanted to help women in Bengal get an educa�on.
League social welfare They started schools and colleges for women.
They also helped women who were in need.
The league taught women about their rights and helped them become strong.
They organised mee�ngs and events to bring women together.
Bharat Mahila Parishad 1905 Ramabai Ranade Child, Women The women’s wing of the Na�onal conference (part of Indian Na�onal Congress)
was inaugurated to work for the be�erment of social condi�ons of women.
It focused on child marriage, the condi�on of widows, dowry, and other evil
customs.
Bharat Stri Mandal; Calcu�a 1910 Saralabala Devi Chaudhurani Considered as 1st major Womens org.
Women's educa�on and Emancipa�on
All India Muslim Women's 1914 Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz Women's rights, The league wanted to help Muslim women have a good life.
Conference educa�on, welfare The league helped women who were in need.
Women's Volunteer Corps 1916 Voluntary service, The corps wanted to help people who needed help.
social welfare They worked to make things be�er for women and others.
They helped during emergencies and taught people about important things.
The corps gave medical help and taught skills to people.
They worked with other organisa�ons to make a difference and wanted women to
be strong and helpful.
Indian Women's Associa�on 1917 Kamaladevi Cha�opadhyay, Women's rights, The IWA wanted to help women and make society be�er.
(IWA) Annie Besant, Muthulakshmi social welfare The IWA also helped women learn new skills and make money.
Reddy They organised mee�ngs and events to talk about women's issues.

Organisa on Name Year Founders Focus Area Ac vi es and Achievements

Madras Women's Indian 1917 Anandibai Joshee, B. Women's educa�on, The associa�on in Madras wanted to help women get an educa�on and have a
Associa�on Ramachandra Rao welfare good life.
They started schools and centres for women to learn new things.
They talked about women's rights and wanted to make things be�er.
The associa�on helped women who were sick or needed help.
Women's Indian Associa�on 1917 Annie Besant, Margaret Educa�on, social The WIA wanted to help women get an educa�on and make society be�er.
(WIA) Cousins reform They started schools and hostels for girls.
They also fought against bad prac�ces like child marriage and the dowry system.
The WIA published books and magazines to teach people about women's issues.
They helped women learn new skills and make money.
Women's Progressive 1919 - Women's rights, The associa�on wanted to help women have the same rights as men.
Associa�on social reforms They talked about important issues and wanted things to change.
They taught women about their rights and how to ﬁght for them.
The associa�on helped women learn new skills and make money.
They also organised events and mee�ngs to talk about social issues and make
society be�er.
Na�onal Council For Women 1925 Lady Aberdeen and Lady Religion, Formed under Interna�onal Council of Women; It's Execu�ve Council included:
Meherbai Tata educa�ons, poli�cs Cornelia Sarabji- India's 1st lady Barrister
and philanthropy. Tarabai Premchand
To organize in a Shaﬃ Tayyabji
women's movement Maharani Sucharu Devi- daughter of Kesahb Chandra Sen
the same way as
European women.
All India Women's Conference 1927 Margaret Cousins Women's rights, The AIWC worked to help women by improving their educa�on, health, and social
(AIWC) educa�on, welfare status.
They wanted women to have the right to vote, own property, and change unfair
laws.
The AIWC built schools, hostels, and centres for women to learn new skills.
They also helped women in rural areas.
1st Council- FC, Pune
The Desh Sevika Sangh 1930 Self-rule for Concentrated on banning foreign cloth, eradica�ng liquor drinking, and
(Na�onal Women's Volunteer Women producing Khaddar (hand-spun and woven cloth).
Organisa�on)

Organisa on Name Year Founders Focus Area Ac vi es and Achievements

The Stri Zarthos� Mandal 1953 Social work Was the Parsee community’s major organiza�on for women’s social work, which
(Parsi Women’s Circle) emerged from plague relief work done by the family of Naoroji Patuck.
The organiza�on expanded its agenda to include medical care, educa�on and
successfully sought funding from the wealthy Parsi philanthropist.
Self-Employed Women’s 1972 Ela Bha Full employment Today, it is the single largest Central Trade union with a membership of over 2.1
Associa�on (SEWA) and self-reliance to million (2021) poor, self-employed women workers from the informal economy
women. across 18 states in India.
North East Network (NEN) 1995
Women involved in the -Kalpana Du�a, Chi�agong, Bengal, was part of the Chi�agong armory raid.
revolu�onary and extremist -Nonibala Devi was associated with the jugantar party and was arrested for
ac�vi�es transpor�ng weapons.
-Pree�lata Waddedar was also a Chi�agong revolu�onary.
-Captain Laxmi Sehgal was a commander of the ‘Rani of Jhansi regiment’ in the
Indian Na�onal Army (INA) under Subhash Chandra Bose.
-Women also ac�vely took part in labour and trade unions, since they also were
part of the workforce later on-
-Anusuya Sarabai led the Ahmedabad tex�le workers to strike in 1917 and started
Ahmedabad tex�le mill workers union, the Majdoor Mahajan in 1920.
-Maniben Kara was a socialite leader of railway workers; Ushabai Dange and
Paravai bose were communist leaders of tex�le leaders.

16. Revolutionary Activities/Conspiracy Cases

Conspiracy case/
Revolu onary Ac vi es Details
Nasik Conspiracy Case Anant Kanhare & Ganesh Savarkar short dead collector Jackson of Nasik with the revolver sent by V.D. Savarkar
(1909) Savarkar was charged with Jackson's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment at Cellular Jail of Andaman in 1910.
Mzaffarpur Shoo�ng Also known as the Manicktolla bomb intrigue or Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Case.
(1908) Khudi Ram & Prafulla Chaki tried to bomb Kingsford, the District Judge of Muzaffarpur but instead his wife & daughter died.
Khudiram a minor was hanged & Prafulla Chaki shot himself dead.
Delhi Conspiracy Case When Lord Hardinge was passing through a procession celebra�ng the shi�ing of Capital to Delhi a bomb was thrown on him.
13 people were arrested.
Master Amir Chand, Awadh Bihari, Bal Mukund & Basant Kumar Biswas were hanged whereas Ram Bihari Bose succeded in fleeing to Japan.
Rashbehari Bose was involved in the Ghadar Revolu�on.
1913, he met Ja�n Das to discuss the possibili�es of an all-India armed uprising of 1857 type.
He played an important part in the founding of the Indian Na�onal Army
Gadar Movement 1915 Baba Sohan Singh Bakhna (president) Lala Hardayal (secretary) and Pandit Kashiram (treasurer) at San Franscisco.
A paper by the name of Gadar was also brought out by this party.
Raja Mahendra Pratap even set up a government in exile for India's independence at Kabul.
Lahore Conspiracy Case A raid was conducted quash the ac�vi�es of Gadar revolu�onaries.
1915 Bhai Parmanand was arrested. Vishnu Ganesh Pingle & Kartar Singh Sarabha were also arrested.
Baba Sohan Singh Bakhna were transported for life.
Lahore Conspiracy Case Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru killed Police officer John Saunders on December 17, 1927.
(Saunder’s Murder) Sukhdev Thapar and Chandrashekhar Azad assisted them in this act.
(1927) Their original target was James Sco�, who had ordered his men to lathi-charge protesters, resul�ng in the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.
A�er the preliminary, each of the three was condemned and executed by hanging in March 1931, and this case is known as the Lahore conspiracy case.
Kakori Conspiracy Case 1925 Ram Prasad Bismil, Rajendra Lahiri, Roshan Singh & Ashfaqullah Khan (first Muslim) were hanged.
Sachindranath Saynal was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Chandra Sekhar Azad was also involved but he escaped.
Meerut Conspiracy 1929 Bomb explosion in Central Legisla�ve Assembly by Bhagat Singh and B.K. Du�
Bombs in the central assembly to protest the Trade Disputes Bill and Public Safety Bill – introduced by the Bri�sh government to curtail working-class poli�cs in India.
Thirty-one Communist leaders arrested for sedi�on: Trial lasted 4 years
Chi�agong Armoury Raid Under the leadership of Suryasen on government armouries at Chi�agong, Mymen Singh & Barisal.
1930-32 Ambika Chakrabor�, Loknath Bal & Ganesh Ghose were prominent leaders involved.
Among the girls, Kalpana Du�, Pree�lata Waddekar were in the forefront.
A fight took place in Jalalabad hills where a number of revolu�onaries were killed.

Assassina�on of Lieutenant Place: In the mee�ng of Indian students at the Imperial Ins�tute in London.
Colonel William Madanlal Dhingra, inspired by Veer Savarkar's revolu�onary ideas, murdered Lieutenant Colonel William Curzon-Wylie.
Curzon-Wylie Dhingra was arrested and later tried.
(1909)
Howrah Gang Case Also known as the Howrah-Shibpur Conspiracy case.
(1910) Leader: Ja�ndranath Mukherjee.
47 Bengali Indian na�onalists of the Anushilan Sami� were captured for the homicide of Inspector Shamsul Alam who was inves�ga�ng the progressive exercises of
the Sami�.
Ja�ndranath Mukherjee and Narendranath Bha�acharjee were condemned to one-year deten�on.
Vasudev Balwant Phadke Organised Ramosi Peasant Army to rid the country of the Bri�sh by ins�ga�ng an armed revolt by disrup�ng communica�on lines.
(1879) It hoped to raise funds for its ac�vi�es through dacoits but was suppressed.
Chi�agong Revolt Group Raised by Surgansen in April 1930 that Conducted raid at chi�agong armoury on 18th April 1930.
Indian Republican Army They destroyed telephone and telegraph lines and blew rail tracks.
(1930) He was trying to supply arms and ammo to the revolu�onaries
Pree�lata wadekar & Kalpana Du�a were associated with it.
Suryansen was captured and hanged on 12th January 1934
Punjab (1900-1906) Lala Lajpat Rai brought out 'Punjabee' (mo�o - self- help at any cost)
Ajit Singh organised 'Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i- Watan' in Lahore with its journal, Bharat Mata
Other leaders: Aga Haidar, Syed Haider Raza, Bhai Parmanand and the radical Urdu poet, Lalchand 'Falak'. Extremism in the Punjab died down quickly a�er the
government struck in May 1907 with a ban on poli�cal mee�ngs and the deporta�on of Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh.
Sufi Amba Prasad, Lalchand, Bhai Parmanand, Lala Hardayal developed in to full-scale revolu�onaries.
Madras In Madras, the people were excited by the speeches of B. C. Pal
Chidambaram Pilai openly spoke of complete Independence.
His arrest led to riots in Tu�corin and Tirunelveli resul�ng in an open fire in the crowd by the police authority.
Robert Ashe, who had ordered the firing at Tirunelveli, was assassinated by Vanchi Aiyar
Revolu�onaries in europe The Berlin Commi�ee for Indian Independence was established in 1915 by Virendranath Cha�opadhyay, Bhupendranath Du�a, Lala Hardayal and others with the
help of the German foreign office under "Zimmerman Plan'
Indian revolu�onaries in Europe sent missions to Baghdad, Persia, Turkey and Kabul to work among Indian troops and the Indian prisoners of war (POWs) and to
incite an�-Bri�sh feelings among the people of these countries.
One mission under Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh, Barkatullah and Obaidullah Sindhi went to Kabul to organise a Provisional Indian Government with the help of the
crown prince, Amanullah.
Mu�ny in Singapore Among the sca�ered mu�nies during this period, the most notable was in Singapore on February 15, 1915 by Punjabi Muslim 5th Light Infantry and the 36th Sikh
ba�alion under Jamadar Chis� Khan, Jamadar Abdul Gani and Subedar Daud Khan.
It was crushed a�er a fierce ba�le in which many were killed. Later, 37 persons were executed and 41 for life

Organisa on
Organisa on Place, Leader Feature
Anushilan Sami� Area: Kolkata He named it a�er Bankimchandra’s play Anushilan-Ta�va, or theory of discipline.
(1902) Founder: Sa�sh Chandra Basu a�er encouragement from Sister Nivedita and Pramathanath Mitra was its main patron.
Swami Shradananda. -The Banaras branch (Young Men’s Associa�on) and the Patna branch of the Sami�
were founded in 1908 and 1913 respec�vely, by Sachin Sanyal.
-Bengal branch-The whole Anushilan group was arrested in Alipore conspiracy
case/Manicktolla bomb conspiracy Muraripukur conspiracy. Aurobindo was
acqui�ed of all charges but Barindra Ghosh and Ullaskar Dut were found guilty.
During the Swadeshi movement, many youths joined the Sami�.
It was backed by extremist leaders such as Bipin Chandra Pal and Brahmabandhab
Upadhya.
Ac�vi�es: Members carried out several dacoi�es, bomb explosions, and
assassina�ons of key Bri�sh employees.
Abhinav Bharat Mandir Founder: Vinayak Savarkar and Ganesh Damodar Savarkar. Based on Giuseppe Mazzini's organisa�on, Young Italy.
(Young India Society) Started as "Mitra Mela" and in 1904, later it was renamed Abhinav Bharat.
(1904) Vinayak Savarkar wrote Mazzini Charitra (a transla�on of the Italian revolu�onary
Mazzini's wri�ngs).
Anant Laxman Kanhere was a member of Abhinav Bharat, assassinated A.M.T
Jackson, the Collector of Nasik (1909)
Yugantar group Kolkata. The Yugantar group was a secret revolu�onary group based in Kolkata.
(1906) Founder: Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Ghosh, Raja Subodh Malik and Aim: To collect war weaponry like arms and explosives and manufacture bombs.
Bupendranath Da�a. Yugantar journal: Anushilan's inner circle (Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendranath
Du�a) launched the weekly Yugantar.
The 30-crore people inhabi�ng India must raise their 60 crore hands to stop this
curse of oppression. Force must be stopped by force.

Hindustan Republican Area: Punjab, U.P., Bihar and Central Provinces Ideology and program: Its inten�on was to organise an armed revolu�on in order to
Associa�on Founded by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Cha�erjee, and Sachin Sanyal in destabilise the colonial government.
(1924) Kanpur. In its place, establish the Federal Republic of the United States of India, based on
the principle of adult franchise.
Later renamed as the Hindustan Socialist Republican Associa�on (HSRA) in 1928
under the leadership of Bhagat Singh.
The leadership of the new organisa�on was collec�ve, and its goal was socialism.
Influence: Bhagavad Gita, Anandmath, Aurobindo, Vivekananda, militant
na�onalists, Russian, French, and Irish revolu�ons.
The main impetus for the forma�on of the party was Mahatma Gandhi's decision
to call off the non-coopera�on movement in 1922 as a result of the Chauri Chaura
incident. (and the Bolshevik revolu�on, as evident in its ideology).
Indian Home Rule Society Founded by Shyamaji Krishna Varma, and later, the organisa�on's leadership The Society promoted passive resistance and nonviolent self-rule.
(1905) was taken over by V. D. Savarkar in 1907. The Indian Sociologist: Krishna Varma's journal, was a mouthpiece of the society.
India House: It was founded as a hostel for Indian students and became a centre
for Indian revolu�onaries in Europe.
-A�er the murder of Sir Curzon Wyllie in 1909, House was disbanded.
The Indian Home Rule Society met weekly at India House, passing resolu�ons
condemning arrests in India and advoca�ng for India's total independence.
Ghadar Party Area: San Francisco The Ghadar revolu�onaries were mostly drawn from the Punjabi immigrants who
(1913) Lala Hardayal, Ramdas Puri, G.D. Kumar, Taraknath Das, Sohan Singh Bhakna se�led on North America's West Coast in 1904.
Lala Hardyal took the leadership of the immigrant Indian community, and the Hindi
Associa�on in Portland was formed to meet the need for a centralised organisa�on
in May 1913, which later changed its name to the Hindustan Ghadar Party.
At the first mee�ng of the Associa�on, Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna was elected
President, Lala Har Dayal as General Secretary.
Others in a�endance included Bhai Parmanand and Harnam Singh 'Tundilat'.
Newspaper: Ghadar (Urdu and Gurumukhi)
- The newspaper was called Hindustan Ghadar, and a weekly compila�on of poetry
and songs called Ghadar ki Goonj was also published.
Secret Society Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal Organised a secret society covering Punjab, Delhi and United Provinces.
Hemachandra Kanungo went abroad for military and poli�cal training

17. Emergence of Gandhi

Movement Leaders Reason Course of ac on Result
Champaran Satyagraha Gandhi, Rajendra Prasad, The problems of the farmers in context of indigo Gandhi defied the order and The government appointed a commi�ee
(1917)- First Civil Mazharul-Haq, Mahadeo planters of Champaran in Bihar. preferred to face the punishment. to go into the ma�er and nominated
Disobedience Desai, Narhari Parekh, and J.B. The European planters had been forcing the This passive resistance or civil Gandhi as a member.
Kripalani, Brajkishore Prasad, peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 part of the total disobedience of an unjust order Gandhi was able to convince the
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, land (called �nkathia system). authori�es that the �nkathia system
Ramnavmi Prasad European planters demanded high rents and illegal should be abolished and that the peasants
and Shambhusharan Varma. dues from the peasants in order to maximise their should be compensated for the illegal
profits. dues extracted from them.
Peasants were forced to sell the produce at prices Within a decade, the planters le� the
fixed by the Europeans. area.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike Gandhi, Anusuya Sarabhai Dispute between co�on mill owners of Ahmedabad Gandhi asked the workers to go on a Mill owners who finally agreed to submit
(1918)- First Hunger and the workers over the issue of discon�nua�on of strike(non-violent while on strike) and the issue to a tribunal. In the end, the
Strike the plague bonus. demand a 35 per cent increase in tribunal awarded the workers a 35 per
The workers were demanding a rise of 50 per cent wages instead of 50 per cent. cent wage hike.
in their wages When nego�a�ons with mill owners
did not progress, he himself
undertook a fast unto death (his first)
Kheda Satyagraha Gandhi (Spiritual Head) According to the Revenue Code, if the yield was less Gandhi asked the farmers not to pay Agreed to suspend the tax for the year in
(1918)-First Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel than one-fourth the normal produce, the farmers the taxes. ques�on, and for the next; reduce the
Non-Coopera�on Narahari Parikh, Mohanlal were en�tled to remission. Organized the tax revolt which the increase in rate; and return all the
Pandya and Ravi Shankar Vyas The government, remained adamant and said that different ethnic and caste confiscated property.
the property of the farmers would be seized if the communi�es of Kheda supported.
taxes were not paid. On non-payment of taxes, the
government seized the farmers’
personal property, land and
livelihood, a vast majority of Kheda’s
farmers did not desert Sardar Patel.
Satyagraha Against the Mon�ord Reforms with its very limited scope and Gandhi organised a Satyagraha Sabha
Rowla� Act- First Mass the shockingly repressive Rowla� Act and roped in younger members of
Strike Home Rule Leagues and the Pan
Islamists.
The forms of protest finally chosen
included observance of a na�onwide
hartal (strike) accompanied by fas�ng
and prayer, and civil disobedience
against specific laws, and cour�ng
arrest and imprisonment

18. 1927-1932
Date Event Highlights
Muslim leaders had met at Delhi at the Muslim League session. 4 proposals for their demands to be incorporated into the dra� Cons�tu�on.
1.Joint electorates in place of separate electorates with reserved seats for Muslims;
2.One-third representa�on to Muslims in Central Legisla�ve Assembly;
Delhi Proposals of
20 March 1927 3.Representa�on to Muslims in Punjab and Bengal in propor�on to their popula�on;
Muslim League
4.Forma�on of three new Muslim majority provinces— Sindh, Baluchistan and North-West Fron�er Province.
It was the ﬁrst �me that the Muslim League had agreed to joint electorates and would not do so ever again.
These proposals, which were accepted by the Madras session of the Congress(December 1927)
Bri�sh government appointed the Simon Commission. Arrived in Bombay on 3 February 1928.
Why-At the �me of introducing the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms in 1919, the Bri�sh Government had declared that a commission would be sent to India
a�er 10 years to examine the eﬀects and opera�ons of the cons�tu�onal reforms and to suggest further reforms. This appointment happened 2 years
ahead of the schedule.
Simon Composi�on: Group of 7 members of the Bri�sh Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. One of its members was Clement A�lee, who would
November, 1927
Commission later become the Prime Minister.

People in India felt insulted as the Commission didnt have a single Indian member.
In December 1927, the Indian Na�onal Congress in its mee�ng in Madras resolved to boyco� the Commission.
Led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, some of the members of the Muslim League too, had made up their minds to boyco� the Commission.
Indian Na�onal Congress took 2 major decisions in response to the se�ng up the Simon Commission:
Madras Session
December 1927 1. It decided to not cooperate with the Commission; second, it set up an All Par�es Conference to dra� a Cons�tu�on for India.
Congress
2. The All Par�es Conference included the All India Liberal Federa�on, All India Muslim League, Sikh Central League and others.
The Nehru Report was presented.
Salient Features
India should be given Dominion Status with the Parliamentary form of Government.
There should be a bi-cameral legislature consis�ng of senate and House of Representa�ves. The senate will comprise of two hundred members elected for
seven years, while the House of Representa�ves should consist of five hundred members elected for five years.
Governor-General will act on the advice of execu�ve council. It was to be collec�vely responsible to the parliament.
There should be Federal form of Government in India with Residuary powers to be vested in Centre.
4th session of the There will be no separate electorate for minori�es. It claimed “since separate electorate awakens communal sen�ments therefore it should be scrapped
All Par�es and joint electorate should be introduced”.
August, 1928
Conference. System of weightage should not be adopted for any province.
There will be no reserved seats for communi�es in Punjab and Bengal. However, reserva�on of Muslim seats could be possible in the provinces where
Muslim popula�on should be at least ten percent.
Judiciary should be independent from the Execu�ve
There should be 1/4th Muslim Representa�on at Centre
Sind should be separated from Bombay provided it proves to be financially self sufficient.
Reforms should be introduced in NWFP

Jinnah declared the report as "Hindu Document"

Date Event Highlights

Lala Lajpat Rai The Commission arrived in Lahore where it was met by protesters waving black flags.
30 October 1928
cri�cally injured Lala Lajpat Rai was cri�cally injured and died of cardiac arrest on 17 November 1928.
All Par�es Conference held at Calcu�a to review the Nehru Report. Jinnah, on behalf of the Muslim League, proposed 3 amendments to the report:
Amendments 1. One-third representa�on to Muslims in the central legislature;
December 1928 Proposed by 2. Reserva�on to Muslims in Bengal and Punjab legislatures propor�onate to their popula�on, �ll adult suffrage was established; and
Jinnah 3. Residual powers to provinces.
These demands were not accommodated.
It consisted of 4 Delhi proposals, the 3 Calcu�a amendments, and demands for the con�nua�on of separate electorates and reserva�on of seats for
Muslims in government services and self-governing bodies.
1.The form of the future cons�tu�on should be federal, with the residuary powers vested in the provinces.
2.A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
3.All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be cons�tuted on the definite principle of adequate and effec�ve representa�on of
minori�es in every province without reducing the majority in any province to minority of even equality.
4.In the Central Legislature council, Muslim representa�on shall not be less than one-third
5.Representa�on of communal groups shall con�nue to be by separate electorates: provided that it shall be open to any community, at any �me, to
Muslim League abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate.
session, in Delhi 6.Any territorial distribu�on that might at any �me be necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal, and NWFP provinces.
March 1929 under Jinnah. 7.Full religious liberty shall be guaranteed to all communi�es.
Fourteen Points 8.One-third representa�on shall be given to Muslims in both central and provincial cabinets.
of Jinnah 9.No bill or resolu�on shall be passed in any legislature if three-fourths of the members of any community in that body oppose the bill.
10.Sindh should be separated from Bombay to a province.
11.Reforms should be introduced in the NWFP and Balochistan on the same foo�ngs as in the other provinces.
12.Muslims should be given an adequate share in all services, having due regard to the requirement of efficiency.
13.The Cons�tu�on should embody adequate safeguards for the protec�on of Muslim culture, educa�on, language, religion, and personal laws, as well as
for Muslim charitable ins�tu�ons.
14. No change will be made in the cons�tu�on without the consent of the province.

Jawaharlal Nehru referred to them as "Jinnah's ridiculous 14 points"

Date Event Highlights

Commi�ee submi�ed its report to the All Par�es Conference in August 1929. In December, a supplementary report was published that reﬂected some
changes from the original version.
Recommenda�ons of Report
-Dominion status on lines of self-governing dominions.
-Rejec�on of separate electorates.
Nehru Report -Joint electorates with reserva�on of seats for Muslims at the Centre and in provinces where they were in minority.
August 1929
Submi�ed -Linguis�c provinces.
-Nineteen fundamental rights including equal rights for women, right to form unions, and universal adult suﬀrage.
-Responsible government at the Centre and in provinces.
-Full protec�on of the cultural and religious interests of Muslims.
-Complete dissocia�on of State from religion.
The Nehru Report, along with that of the Simon Commission was available to par�cipants in the three Indian Round Table Conferences (1930-1932)
It a�empted to clarify that the inten�on of the Bri�sh government was to facilitate India a�aining dominion status in the future.
There was no men�on of any �meline.
Irwin’s
31 October 1929 Na�onalist leaders welcomed the Declara�on and radically changed their mode of engagement with the Bri�sh government
Declara�on
Wanted all nego�a�ons between Indian poli�cal leaders and Britain to be about the formalisa�on of dominion status for India and the framing of a new
Cons�tu�on.
"Delhi Manifesto" put forward certain condi�ons for a�ending the Round Table Conference:
-That the purpose of the Round Table Conference should be not to determine whether or when dominion status was to be reached but to formulate a
cons�tu�on for implementa�on of the dominion status (thus ac�ng as a cons�tuent assembly) and the basic principle of dominion status should be
2 November 1929 Delhi Manifesto immediately accepted;
-That the Congress should have majority representa�on at the conference
-There should be a general amnesty for poli�cal prisoners and a policy of concilia�on.
Viceroy Irwin rejected the demands put forward in the Delhi Manifesto.

Date Event Highlights

At midnight on the banks of River Ravi, the newly adopted tricolour ﬂag of freedom was hoisted by Jawaharlal Nehru amidst slogans of Inquilab Zindabad
The independence pledge was read out in local languages and the na�onal ﬂag was hoisted.
Supposed to have been dra�ed by Gandhi, made the following points:
-It is the inalienable right of Indians to have freedom.
-The Bri�sh Government in India has not only deprived us of freedom and exploited us, but has also ruined us economically, poli�cally, culturally and
spiritually.
-India must therefore sever the Bri�sh connec�on and a�ain purna swaraj or complete independence.
The -We are being economically ruined by high revenue, destruc�on of village industries with no subs�tu�ons made, while customs, currency and exchange
26 January 1930 Independence rate are manipulated to our disadvantage.
Pledge -No real poli�cal powers are given—rights of free associa�on are denied to us and all administra�ve talent in us is killed.
-Culturally, the system of educa�on has torn us from our moorings.
-Spiritually, compulsory disarmament has made us unmanly.
-We hold it a crime against man and God to submit any longer to Bri�sh rule.
-We will prepare for complete independence by withdrawing, as far as possible, all voluntary associa�on from the Bri�sh government and will prepare for
civil disobedience through non-payment of taxes.
-By this an end of this inhuman rule is assured.
-We will carry out the Congress instruc�ons for purpose of establishing purna swaraj.
Gave an ul�matum to the govt/Lord Irwin to accept or reject these demands:
1. Introduce total prohibi�on of intoxicants,
2. Change the ra�o between the rupee and the sterling,
3. Reduce the rate of land revenue
4. Aboli�on of salt tax,
Gandhi's Eleven 5. Reduce the military expenditure,
31 January 1930
Demands 6. Reduce expenditure on civil administra�on,
7. Impose custom duty on foreign cloth,
8. Accept the Postal Reserva�on Bill,
9. Abolish the CID Department,
10. Release all Poli�cal prisoners
11. Issue licenses of arms to ci�zens for self-protec�on.
Simon
Commission
May 1930
published its
2-volume report

Date Event Highlights

May 1930 - Gandhi Arrested
July 1930 - Viceroy Lord Irwin, suggested a round table conference and reiterated the goal of dominion status.
He also accepted the sugges�on that Tej Bahadur Sapru and M.R. Jayakar be allowed to explore the possibility of peace between the Congress and the
government.
March 12-April 6, August 1930 - Mo�lal and Jawaharlal Nehru were taken to Yeravada Jail to meet Gandhi.
Dandi March
1930 The Nehrus and Gandhi unequivocally reiterated the demands of:
1. Right of secession from Britain.
2. Complete na�onal government with control over defence and finance; and
3. An independent tribunal to se�le Britain’s financial claims.
Talks broke down at this point.
The Indian Na�onal Congress decided *NOT* to par�cipate in the conference.
Muslim League sent Aga Khan III, Maulana Mohammad Jinnah etc.
Some Indian princely states were also represented along with Hindu Mahasabha, Sikhs, Parsis.
November, 1930 to 1st Round Table Depressed classes represented by B. R. Ambedkar etc.
January, 1931 Conference Women were represented by Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz, Radhabhai Subbaranyan.
Lord Irwin was the Viceroy of India.
No major outcomes. It was generally agreed that India was to develop into a federa�on, there were to be safeguards regarding defence and finance, while
other departments were to be transferred.
January 25, 1931, Gandhi and all other members of the Congress Working Commi�ee (CWC) were released uncondi�onally.
The Gandhi-Irwin Pact, placed the Congress on an equal foo�ng with the government.
Irwin on behalf of the government agreed on-
1. Immediate release of all poli�cal prisoners not convicted of violence;
2. Remission of all fines not yet collected;
3. Return of all lands not yet sold to third par�es;
4. Lenient treatment to those government servants who had resigned;
5. Right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consump�on (not for sale);
6. Right to peaceful and non-aggressive picke�ng; and
14 February 1931 Gandhi-Irwin Pact
7. Withdrawal of emergency ordinances.
The Viceroy, however, turned down two of Gandhi’s demands-
1. public inquiry into police excesses, and
2. commuta�on of Bhagat Singh and his comrades’ death sentence to life sentence.
Gandhi on behalf of the Congress agreed-
1. to suspend the civil disobedience movement, and
2. to par�cipate in the next Round Table Conference
On the cons�tu�onal ques�on around the three lynch-pins of federa�on, Indian responsibility, and reserva�ons and safeguards that may be necessary in
India’s interests (covering such areas as defence, external affairs, posi�on of minori�es, financial credit of India and discharge of other obliga�ons)

Date Event Highlights

Result of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Gandhi was the sole representor of the INC.
Madan Mohan Malviya and A. Rangaswami lyengar were also there.
Muslim league represented by Aga Khan III, Maulana Mohammad Jinnah.
Depressed classes by B. R. Ambedkar, Re�amalai Srinivasan, Sardar Sampuran Singh etc.
Sarojini Naidu par�cipated to represent women.
September 7, 1931
2nd Round Table Lord Willingdon was the viceroy of India.
to December 1,
Conference Communal Award for represen�ng minori�es in India by providing for separate electorates for minority communi�es. M. Gandhi was against it.
1931
The session ended with McDonald’s announcement of:
(i) two Mulsim majority provinces—North-West Fron�er Province (NWFP) and Sindh;
(ii) the se�ng up of an Indian Consulta�ve Commi�ee;
(iii) se�ng up of three expert commi�ees—ﬁnance, franchise and states; and
(iv) the prospect of a unilateral Bri�sh Communal Award if Indians failed to agree.
Government refused to Indian demands and talks failed.
The Communal Award was announced by the Bri�sh prime minister, Ramsay MacDonald
-Muslims, Europeans, Sikhs, Indian Chris�ans, AngloIndians, depressed classes, women, and even the Marathas were to get separate electorates. Such an
arrangement for the depressed classes was to be made for a period of 20 years.
In the provincial legislatures, the seats were to be distributed on communal basis.
-The exis�ng seats of the provincial legislatures were to be doubled.
16 August 1932 Communal Award -The Muslims, wherever they were in minority, were to be granted a weightage.
-Except in the North West Fron�er Province, 3 per cent seats were to be reserved for women in all provinces.
-The depressed classes to be declared/accorded the status of minority.
-The depressed classes were to get ‘double vote’, one to be used through separate electorates and the other to be used in the general electorates.
-Alloca�on of seats were to be made for labourers, landlords, traders and industrialists.
-In the province of Bombay, 7 seats were to be allocated for the Marathas.
The Poona Pact abandoned the idea of separate electorates for the depressed classes.
24 September 1932 Poona Pact But the seats reserved for the depressed classes were increased from 71 to 147 in provincial legislatures and to 18 per cent of the total in the Central
Legislature. The Poona Pact was accepted by the government as an amendment to the Communal Award.
Between November, 1932 to December, 1932
Was not a�ended by Indian Na�onal Congress and Gandhi Ji.
In Britain, Labour Party decided not to a�end it. Only 46 delegates in total took part in this conference.
Lord Willingdon was the viceroy of India.
November, 1932 to 3rd Round Table
Bri�sh Indians were represented by the Aga Khan.
December, 1932 Conference
Not much was achieved in this conference too.
The recommenda�ons were published in a White
Paper in March 1933
B.R. Ambedkar and Tej Bahadur Sapru took part in all the three Round Table Conferences.

Date Event Highlights

Round Table Conferences
Held in London between November, 1930 to January, 1931.
The Indian Na�onal Congress decided not to par�cipate in the conference.
Muslim League sent Aga Khan III, Maulana Mohammad Jinnah etc.
Some Indian princely states were also represented along with Hindu Mahasabha, Sikhs, Parsis.
November, 1930 to First Round Table Depressed classes represented by B. R. Ambedkar etc.
January, 1931. Conference Women were represented by Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz, Radhabhai Subbaranyan.
Lord Irwin was the Viceroy of India.
No major outcomes.
It was generally agreed that India was to develop into a federa�on, there were to be safeguards regarding defence and ﬁnance, while other departments
were to be transferred.
In London between September 7, 1931 to December 1, 1931.
Result of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Gandhi was the sole representor of the INC.
Madan Mohan Malviya and A. Rangaswami lyengar were also there.
Muslim league represented by Aga Khan III, Maulana Mohammad Jinnah.
Depressed classes by B. R. Ambedkar, Re�amalai Srinivasan, Sardar Sampuran Singh etc.
September 7, 1931 Sarojini Naidu par�cipated to represent women.
Second Round
to December 1, Lord Willingdon was the viceroy of India.
Table Conference
1931 Communal Award for represen�ng minori�es in India by providing for separate electorates for minority communi�es. M. Gandhi was against it.
The session ended with MacDonald’s announcement of:
1.Two Mulsim majority provinces—North-West Fron�er Province (NWFP) and Sindh;
2.The se�ng up of an Indian Consulta�ve Commi�ee;
3.Se�ng up of three expert commi�ees—ﬁnance, franchise and states; and
4.The prospect of a unilateral Bri�sh Communal Award if Indians failed to agree.
Government refused to Indian demands and talks failed.
Between November, 1932 to December, 1932
Was not a�ended by Indian Na�onal Congress and Gandhi Ji.
In Britain, Labour Party decided not to a�end it. Only 46 delegates in total took part in this conference.
Lord Willingdon was the viceroy of India.
November, 1932 to Third Round Table
Bri�sh Indians were represented by the Aga Khan.
December, 1932 Conference
Not much was achieved in this conference too.
The recommenda�ons were published in a White
Paper in March 1933
B.R. Ambedkar and Tej Bahadur Sapru took part in all the three Round Table Conferences.

19. SBM-NCM-CDM-QIM
Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience
Parameter Quit India Movement(1942)
Movement (1905) Movement(1919-1922) Movement(1930-1931)
-An�-Par��on Campaign Under Series of events a�er the First World -Rejec�on of demand of dominion status -The failure of the Cripps Mission to solve the
Moderates (1903-05) War: -Demand of Purn Swaraj cons�tu�onal deadlock
-Period 1903-1905, the leadership -The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms -Gandhi presented eleven demands to the -Britain following a scorched earth policy in
was provided by men like failed to sa�sfy the rising demand of government and gave an ul�matum of January 31, Assam, Bengal and Orissa against possible
Surendranath Banerjea, K.K. Mitra the Indians for self-government. 1930 to accept or reject these demands. Japanese advance.
and Prithwishchandra Ray. -The Rowla� Act, the imposi�on of -Irwin ignored Gandhi’s 11 demands including the -Imminent Bri�sh collapse enhanced popular
-Took the pledge to boyco� foreign mar�al law in Punjab and the aboli�on of salt tax willingness to give expression to discontent.
goods. Jallianwalla Bagh massacre -Forma�on of Simon commission -The manner in which the Bri�sh evacuated
-On August 7, 1905, with the -The Hunter Commi�ee on the Punjab -The demonstra�on against the deten�on of social from South-East Asia leaving the subjects to
passage of the Boyco� Resolu�on in atroci�es, House of Lords endorsed revolu�onaries. their fate and the rout of a European power
a massive mee�ng held in the General Dyer’s ac�on. by an Asian power sha�ered white pres�ge.
Calcu�a Townhall, the formal This resulted, the ground for common -The leadership wanted to condi�on the
proclama�on of Swadeshi poli�cal ac�on by Hindus and Muslims: masses for a possible Japanese invasion.
Movement was made. (i) the Lucknow Pact (1916) had
s�mulated Congress-Muslim League
Causes coopera�on;
(ii) the Rowla� Act agita�on brought
sec�ons of the society, together;
(iii) radical na�onalist Muslims (Khilafat
Issue) like Mohammad Ali, Abul Kalam
Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Hasan
Imam had now become more
inﬂuen�al than the conserva�ve
Aligarh school elements who had
dominated the League earlier.
(iv)The younger elements advocated
militant na�onalism and ac�ve
par�cipa�on in the na�onalist
movement.
(v)Had strong an�-imperialist
sen�ments.

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

Parameter Quit India Movement(1942)
Movement (1905) Movement(1919-1922) Movement(1930-1931)
People fasted, bathed in the Ganga Non-violent & noncoopera�on. Non-Coopera�on Movement The Quit India Resolu�on was ra�fied at the
and walked barefoot in processions 1920- An all-party conference at Salt was Chosen as the Important Theme. Congress mee�ng at Gowalia Tank, Bombay,
singing Bande Mataram (which Allahabad. On reaching the coast at Dandi, the salt law was to on 1942.
almost spontaneously became the Approved a programme of boyco� of be violated by collec�ng salt from the beach. The mee�ng also resolved to:
theme song of the movement). schools, colleges and law courts, and Gandhi gave the following direc�ons for future -Demand an immediate end to Bri�sh rule in
‘Amar Sonar Bangla’, the na�onal Gandhi to lead it. ac�on. India.
anthem of present-day Bangladesh, Congress approved a non-coopera�on -Wherever possible civil disobedience of the salt law -Declare commitment of free India to defend
was composed by Rabindranath programme(Culcu�a session) �ll the should be started. itself against all types of Fascism and
Tagore, and was sung by huge Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were -Foreign liquor and cloth shops can be picketed. imperialism.
crowds marching in the streets. removed and swaraj was established. -We can refuse to pay taxes if we have the requisite -Form a provisional Government of India
People �ed rakhis on each other’s The programme was to include— strength. a�er Bri�sh withdrawal.
hands as a symbol of unity of the -Boyco� of government schools and -Lawyers can give up prac�ce. -Sanc�on a civil disobedience movement
two halves of Bengal. colleges; -Public can boyco� law courts by refraining from against Bri�sh rule.
Later in the day, Surendranath -Boyco� of law courts and li�ga�on. Other Instruc�on by Gandhi:
Course of
Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose dispensa�on of jus�ce through -Government servants can resign from their posts. -Government servants: Do not resign but
Ac�on
addressed huge gatherings. panchayats instead; -All these should be subject to one condi�on—truth declare your allegiance to the Congress.
-Boyco� of legisla�ve councils; and non-violence as means to a�ain swaraj should -Soldiers: Do not leave the Army but do not
-Boyco� of foreign cloth and use of be faithfully adhered to. fire on compatriots.
khadi instead; also prac�ce of -Local leaders should be obeyed a�er Gandhi’s -Students: If confident, leave studies.
hand-spinning to be done; arrest. Peasants: If zamindars are an�-government,
-Renuncia�on of government honours A�er Gandhi’s arrest, the CWC sanc�oned: pay mutually agreed rent, and if zamindars
and �tles, the second phase could -Non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas; are pro-government, do not pay rent.
include mass civil disobedience -No-chowkidara-tax campaign in zamindari areas; Princes: Support the masses and accept
including resigna�on from government -Viola�on of forest laws in the Central Provinces. sovereignty of your people.
service, and non-payment of taxes. Princely states’ people: Support the ruler
-The par�cipants were supposed to only if he is an�-government and declare
work for Hindu-Muslim unity and for yourselves to be a part of the Indian na�on.
removal of untouchability, all the �me
remaining non-violent.

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

Parameter Quit India Movement(1942)
Movement (1905) Movement(1919-1922) Movement(1930-1931)
The government launched a massive The government came down heavily on The repression began, the ordinances banning civil All the top leaders of the Congress were
a�ack on the Extremists Between the protestors. liber�es were freely used, including the press being arrested and taken to unknown des�na�ons.
1907 and 1911) Volunteer corps were declared illegal, gagged. The Congress Working Commi�ee, the All
five new laws were brought into public mee�ngs were banned, the Provincial governments were given freedom to ban India Congress Commi�ee and the Provincial
force press was gagged and most of the civil disobedience organisa�ons. Congress Commi�ees were declared
-Sedi�ous Mee�ngs Act, 1907 leaders barring Gandhi were arrested. There were lathi charges and firing on unarmed unlawful associa�ons under the Criminal Law
-Indian Newspapers (Incitement to crowds which le� several killed and wounded, while Amendment Act of 1908.
Offences) Act, 1908 thousands of satyagrahis besides Gandhi and other Mar�al law was not applied.
Government
-Criminal Law Amendment Act 1908 Congress leaders were imprisoned. Agita�ng crowds were lathi-charged,
Ac�on
-Indian Press Act, 1910. tear-gassed. The press was muzzled.
Tilak, the main Extremist leader, was
tried in 1909 for sedi�on for what
he had wri�en in 1908 in his Kesari
about a bomb thrown by Bengal
revolu�onaries in Muzaffarpur,
resul�ng in the death of two
innocent European women.
Par�cipated in large numbers, Thousands of students le� government Students and youth played the most prominent part Students responded by going on strike in
especially in Bengal, Maharashtra, schools and colleges and joined around in the boyco� of foreign cloth and liquor. schools and colleges, par�cipa�ng in
Student South India. 800 na�onal schools and colleges processions, wri�ng and distribu�ng illegal
Became ac�ve volunteers. news sheets (patrikas) and ac�ng as couriers
for underground networks
People from the middle classes led the The general public a�acked symbols of
movement at the beginning but later authority, and hoisted na�onal flags forcibly
they showed a lot of reserva�ons. on public buildings. Satyagrahis offered
The economic boyco� received themselves up to arrest, bridges were blown
Mass
support from the Indian business, but up, railway tracks were removed and
a sec�on of the big business remained telegraph lines were cut.
scep�cal towards (labour unrest) the
movement.

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

Parameter Quit India Movement(1942)
Movement (1905) Movement(1919-1922) Movement(1930-1931)
Led by Nawab Salim Ullah of Dacca, Massive par�cipa�on of Muslims and Par�cipa�on was nowhere near the 1920-22. Helped by giving shelter to underground
most of the upper and middle-class the maintenance of communal unity NWFP saw an overwhelming par�cipa�on. Middle ac�vists.
Muslims did not par�cipate. class Muslim par�cipa�on was quite significant in There were no communal clashes during the
Couldn't get support of Muslim Senha�a, Tripura, Gaibandha, Bagura and Noakhali. movement.
Muslims peasantry. In Dacca, Muslim leaders, shopkeepers, lower class The Muslim League opposed the movement,
All India Muslim League came up in people and upper class women were ac�ve. The fearing that if the Bri�sh le� India at that
December 30, 1905 as an Muslim weaving community in Bihar, Delhi and �me, the minori�es would be oppressed by
an�-Congress front, demanding Lucknow were also effec�vely mobilized. the Hindus.
separate electorates for Muslims.
Labour: Peasants’ par�cipa�on was massive. Tribals Tribals were ac�ve par�cipants in Central Workers went on strike in Ahmedabad, Bombay,
Strikes were organized in Bengal, Provinces, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Jamshedpur, Ahmednagar and Poona.
Punjab, Tamil Nadu. Workers The workers par�cipated in Bombay, Peasants of all strata were at the heart of the
movement. Even some zamindars par cipated.
Barisal: Swadeshi Bandhab Sami� by Calcu�a, Madras, Sholapur, etc. These peasants concentrated their offensive on
Peasants,
Ashwini Kumar Du�a Peasants were ac�ve in the United Provinces, Bihar symbols of authority and there was complete
Worker, Traders
Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu): Swadeshi and Gujarat absence of an -zamindar violence.
Sangam by V.O. Chidambaram Pillai, Traders’ associa�ons and commercial bodies were
Subramania Siva etc. ac�ve in implemen�ng the boyco�, especially in
Tamil Nadu and Punjab.
Women: Heaps of foreign cloth were burnt Imports of foreign cloth and other items fell. Government Offocial-lower levels in police
Took ac�ve part in procession and publicly and their imports fell by half. Government suffered a loss of income from and administra�on, par�cipated resul�ng in
picke�ng Women gave up purdah. liquor,excise and land revenue. erosion of government loyalty
The Indian Na�onal Congress, Picke�ng of shops selling foreign liquo Elec�ons to Legisla�ve Assembly were largely The main personali�es taking up
mee�ng in 1905 under the and of toddy shops was undertaken at boyco�ed. underground ac�vity were Rammanohar
presidentship of Gokhale, resolved many places.(done by women) Women-became a familiar sight, picke�ng outside Lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali,
to The Tilak Swaraj Fund was liquor shops, opium dens and shops selling foreign Usha Mehta, Biju Patnaik, Chhotubhai
1. condemn the par��on of Bengal oversubscribed and one crore rupees cloth. Puranik, Achyut Patwardhan, Sucheta
Women and
and the reac�onary policies of collected. (women gave their Kripalani and R.P. Goenka. Usha Mehta
Other
Curzon, ornaments) started an underground radio in Bombay.
2. support the an�-par��on and Women, especially school and college girls,
Swadeshi Movement of Bengal. ac�vely par�cipated, and included Aruna
Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kripalani and Usha Mehta.
The Hindu Mahasabha boyco�ed the
movement.
The Princely states showed a low-key
response.

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

Parameter Quit India Movement(1942)
Movement (1905) Movement(1919-1922) Movement(1930-1931)
Importance to Self-Reliance (Atma Congress volunteer corps Tamil Nadu- In April 1930, C. Rajagopalachari organised a Parallel governments were established at
Shak�): No-tax movement against union board march from Thiruchirapalli to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore many places:
-Emphasis was placed on honour, taxes in Midnapore (Bengal) and in coast to break the salt law. -Ballia (in August 1942 for a week)—under
Malabar K. Kelappan organised salt marches. P. Krishna
social and economic regenera�on of Guntur (Andhra) Pillai, the future founder of the Kerala Communist
Chi�u Pandey. He got many Congress leaders
the villages. In Assam, strikes in tea planta�ons, movement, heroically defended the na onal flag in the released.
Swadeshi programme or Na�onal steamer services and Assam-Bengal face of police lathi-charge on Calicut beach in November -Tamluk (Midnapore 1942-1944)—Ja�ya
Educa�on: Railways had been organised. 1930. Sarkar undertook cyclone relief work,
-Bengal Na�onal College: Aurobindo Local struggles - Awadh Kisan Andhra Region- District salt marches were organized in sanc�oned grants to schools, supplied paddy
Ghosh as its Principal - inspired by Movement (UP), Eka Movement (UP), east and west Godavari, Krishna and Guntur. A number of from the rich to the poor, organised Vidyut
Tagore's Shan�niketan. Mappila Revolt (Malabar) and the Sikh sibirams (military style camps) were set up. Vahinis, etc.
Orissa- Under Gopalbandhu Chaudhuri, a Gandhian leader,
Na�onal Council of Educa�on agita�on for the removal of mahants in salt satyagraha proved effec ve in the coastal regions of
-Satara (mid-1943 to 1945)—named “Pra�
(1906): set up to organise na�onal Punjab. Balasore, Cu ack and Puri districts. Sarkar”, was organised under leaders like Y.B.
educa�on in vernacular medium. Chauri Chaura Incident-brought to an Assam- a successful student strike against the Cunningham Chavan, Nana Pa�l, etc. Village libraries and
Bengal Ins�tute of Technology: set abrupt end. Circular, which banned students’ par cipa on in poli cs, Nyayadan Mandals were organised,
up for technical educa�on. was seen in May 1930. prohibi�on campaigns were carried on and
Swadeshi enterprises: Bengal – Two fac ons led by Subhas Bose and J.M. ‘Gandhi marriages’ were organised.
-Swadeshi tex�le mills, banks, etc, Sengupta.
Other Parallel Bihar- Champaran and Saran were the first two districts to
were setup. V.O. Chidambaram Pillai start salt satyagraha. In Patna, Nakhas Pond was chosen as
Ac�vi�es
set up Swadeshi Steam Naviga�on a site to make salt and break the salt law under Ambika
Company at Tu�corin. Kant Sinha.
-Painters Union was formed in Peshawar- Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan’s educa onal and social
Calcu�a on October 21,1905. reform work among the Pathans had poli cized them.
-Acharya P.C. Ray established Bengal Sholapur Tex le workers went on a strike & other residents
Chemical Swadeshi stores. burnt liquor shops and other symbols of government
authority.
Cultural Impact: Dharasana-The unarmed and peaceful crowd was met with
-Rabindranath Tagore wrote Amar a brutal lathicharge.
Sonar Bangla, Subramania Bhara� Gujarat-A determined no-tax movement was organised
wrote Swadesha Geetham. here which included refusal to pay land revenue.
-Corps of volunteers or 'Sami�s': Maharashtra, Karnataka, Central Provinces- Areas saw
they generated poli�cal defiance of forest laws.
consciousness among the masses. United Provinces- A no-revenue campaign was organised; a
call was given to zamindars to refuse to pay revenue to the
government. Under a no-rent campaign, a call was given to
tenants against zamindars.
Manipur and Nagaland- Rani Gaidinliu, urged the people
not to pay taxes or work for the Bri sh.

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

Parameter Quit India Movement(1942)
Movement (1905) Movement(1919-1922) Movement(1930-1931)
Though the celebra�g of Hindu
fes�vals and other campaigns were
directed against foreign rulers, they
Result promoted unhealthy rela�n
between poli�cs and religion.
The Split between the Congress
itself took place in 1907 (Surat Split)

20. Post-1940
Muslim League Response / Hindu
Features Congress Response
Mahasabha Response
August Offer First �me, the inherent right of Indians to frame their cons�tu�on was recognized. The Congress rejected the August Offer. The Muslim League welcomed the veto
1940 Cons�tu�on: Nehru-Dominion status concept is dead assurance given to the League, and reiterated its
-Dominion status as the objec�ve for India (explicitly offered.) as a doornail. posi�on that par��on was the only solu�on to
-Expansion of viceroy’s execu�ve council which would have a majority of Indians (who Gandhi- the declara�on had widened the the deadlock.
would be drawn from major poli�cal par�es) gulf between the na�onalists and the
According to their social, economic and poli�cal concep�ons, subject to fulfilment of Bri�sh rulers.
the obliga�on of the government regarding defence, minority rights, trea�es with
States, All India Services

Cons�tuent Assembly-
-Se�ng of CA a�er war
-'Mainly' Indians would decide the Cons�tu�on

-No future cons�tu�on to be adopted without the consent of minori�es.

The viceroy’s execu�ve council was enlarged to give the Indians a majority of 8 out of
12 for the ﬁrst �me.
Na�onal Defense Council was set up with purely advisory func�ons.
Individual Ini�ate a limited Satyagraha on an individual basis by a few selected individuals in
Satyagraha every locality.
1941 The aims of individual satyagraha were-
1. To show that na�onalist pa�ence was not due to weakness
2. To express people’s feeling that they were not interested in the war and that they
made no dis�nc�on between Nazism and the double autocracy that ruled India;
3. To give another opportunity to the government to accept Congress’ demands
peacefully.
If the government did not arrest the satyagrahi, he or she would not only repeat it but
move into villages and start a march towards Delhi, thus precipita�ng a movement
which came to be known as the ‘Delhi Chalo Movement’

Muslim League Response / Hindu

Features Congress Response
Mahasabha Response
Cripps Cons�tu�on: The Congress objects to— The Muslim League
Mission 1942 Cons�tu�on 'solely' by Indians ( not ‘mainly’ in Indian hands—as contained in the -Dominion status 1.Cri�cised the idea of a single Indian Union;
August Offer). -Right of provinces to secede 2.Did not like the machinery for the crea�on of a
Indian Union with a Dominion status would be set up. -No immediate transfer of power cons�tuent assembly and the procedure to
Free to decide its rela�on with the UN and the Commonwealth. -Reten�on of governor-general’s decide on the accession of provinces to the
-Op�on was available to any province to have a separate cons�tu�on—a blueprint for supremacy. Union;
India’s par��on. Nehru and Maulana Azad were the 3. thought that the proposals denied the
-Indians were allowed a large share in the administra�on in the interim period. official nego�ators Muslims the right to self-determina�on and the
Gandhi -a post-dated cheque. crea�on of Pakistan.
Cons�tuent Assembly: Nehru- exis�ng structure and autocra�c
-A concrete plan was provided for the cons�tuent assembly. powers would remain and a few of us
Formed, Provinces-elected through propor�onal representa�on and Princely states- will become the viceroy’s liveried camp The Hindu Mahasabha cri�csed the basis of the
nominated. followers and look a�er canteens and the right to secede.
Bri�sh govt. to retain defense & military/foreign affairs. like”.
The depressed classes thought that par��on
Princely State & Provinces: would leave them at the mercy of the caste
Condi�ons of accep�ng New Cons�tu�on Hindus.
Any Province not willing to join the Union can have a separate Cons�tu�on and form a
Separate union. The Sikhs objected that par��on would take
away Punjab from them
New Cons�tu�on making Body and the Government would nego�ate a treaty for
Transfer of Power.
Famine of Worst-affected areas were south-west Bengal
1943 Fundamental causes-
1. The need to feed a vast Army diverted foodstuffs.
2. Rice imports from Burma and South-East Asia had been stopped.
3. The famine got aggravated by gross mismanagement and deliberate profiteering;
ra�oning methods were belated and were confined to big ci�es.

Muslim League Response / Hindu

Features Congress Response
Mahasabha Response
Rajagopalach Formula for Congress-League coopera�on. Congress was ready to cooperate with Jinnah wanted :
ari Formula The main points in the CR Plan were: the League for the independence of the -The Congress to accept the two-na�on theory.
1944 -Muslim League to endorse Congress demand for independence. Indian Union, -He wanted only the Muslims of North-West and
-League to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at centre. North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the
-A�er the end of the war, the en�re popula�on of Muslim majority areas in the en�re popula�on.
North-West and North-East India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not to form -He also opposed the idea of a common centre.
separate sovereign state.
-In case of acceptance of par��on, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding Hindu leaders led by Vir Savarkar condemned
defence, commerce, communica�ons, etc. the CR Plan.
-The above terms to be opera�ve only if England transferred full powers to India.
Desai-Liaqat An equal number of persons nominated by the Congress and the League in the central
Pact legislature.
20% reserved seats for minori�es
Wavell Plan & Wavell Plan were as follows. The Congress objected to the plan as an Wavell announced a breakdown of talks thus
Simla -With the excep�on of the governor-general and the commander-in-chief, all a�empt to reduce the Congress to the giving the League a virtual veto.
Conference members of the execu�ve council were to be Indians. status of a purely caste Hindu party and The League wanted all Muslim members to be
1945 -Caste Hindus and Muslims were to have equal representa�on. insisted on its right to include members League nominees, because it feared that since
-The reconstructed council was to func�on as an interim government within the of all communi�es among its nominee. the aims of other minori�es: depressed classes,
framework of the 1935 Act (i.e. not responsible to the Central Assembly). Sikhs, Chris�ans, etc. were the same as those of
-The governor-general was to exercise his veto on the advice of ministers. the Congress, this arrangement would reduce
-Representa�ves of diﬀerent par�es were to submit a joint list to the viceroy for the League to a one-third minority.
nomina�ons to the execu�ve council. If a joint list was not possible, then separate lists
were to be submi�ed.
-Possibili�es were to be kept open for nego�a�ons on a new cons�tu�on once the
war was ﬁnally won.

Exposed the real character of the Conserva�ve government of Churchill.

Muslim League Response / Hindu

Features Congress Response
Mahasabha Response
INA Agita�on The high pitch and intensity at which the campaign for the release of INA prisoners -At the ﬁrst post-War Congress session in
was conducted was unprecedented. September 1945 at Bombay, a strong
The campaign spread over a wide area of the country and witnessed the par�cipa�on resolu�on was adopted declaring
of diverse social groups and poli�cal par�es. Congress support for the INA cause.
Pro-INA sen�ments surfaced in tradi�onal bulwarks of the Raj. -Defence of INA prisoners in the court
With each day assumed more and more of an ‘Indian versus Bri�sh’. was organised by Bhulabhai Desai, Tej
Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju,
Jawaharlal Nehru and Asaf Ali.
-INA Relief and Enquiry Commi�ee
distributed small sums of money and
food, and helped arrange employment
for the aﬀected.
-Fund collec�on was organised.
Naval Mu�ny, On February 18, 1946, the ra�ngs of “Talwar” in Bombay harbour, went into hunger The mu�neers in the armed forces The Muslim League made cri�cisms of the
1946 strike to protest against bad food and worst racial arrogance. received no support from na�onal mu�ny, arguing that unrest amongst the sailors
Others in 22 ships in the neighbourhood, followed suit on the following day, and it poli�cal leaders and were themselves was not best expressed on the streets, however
soon spread to the Castle and the Fort Barracks on the shore largely leaderless. serious their grievances might be.
Further, they elected a Naval Commi�ee headed by MS Khan, and drew up their Mahatma Gandhi condemned the riots According to them, Legi�macy could only,
demands, highligh�ng as much the na�onal ones as their own. and the ra�ngs’ revolt. probably, be conferred by a recognised poli�cal
They demanded: Vallabhbhai Patel and Jinnah jointly leadership as the head of any kind of movement.
-Release of INA prisoners persuaded the ra�ngs to surrender on
-Freedom of all other poli�cal prisoners 23rd February.
-Withdrawal of Indian troops from Indo-China and Java An undertaking was given by the
-Be�er food Congress and the League that they would
-More civilized treatment prevent any vic�miza�on of the ra�ngs.
-Equal pay for European and Indian Sailors alike But soon this assurance was forgo�en.
On 20th February, the ra�ngs in Barracks were surrounded by armed guards, while Thus, ended the Revolt of the RIN.
their Comrades in the ships found Bri�sh members threatening them with
destruc�on.

Muslim League Response / Hindu

Features Congress Response
Mahasabha Response
The Cabinet Recommenda�ons: The Plan was ini�ally accepted by the The Plan was ini�ally accepted by the Muslim
Mission 1946 The subcon�nent was to be divided into three major groups of provinces: A, B, C. Congress Party but soon rejected the League.
-Group A Hindu Majority Province: Madras, . Bombay, Central Provinces, United ‘grouping’ part of the plan’; specifically, The Muslim League was not open to changing
Proninces, Bihar & Orissa. as it was concerned about and opposed any part of the Plan and so any consensus
-Group B - Muslim Majority Provinces: Punjab,North west Fron�er Provinces & Sindh the grouping of provinces on the basis of between the Congress and the Muslim League
-Group C Bengal & Assam religion. broke down.
Rejec�on of Pakistan. Stand: Stand:
Provinces to have autonomy and residual powers. Common centre for defence, -Provinces should not have to wait �ll the -Grouping should be compulsory with sec�ons B
communica�ons and external affairs. first general elec�ons to come out of a and C developing into solid en��es with a view
Three �er execu�ve and legislature at provinces, princely states and union level. group. to future secession into Pakistan.
Local provincial governments were to have the choice of op�ng out of the group in -They should have the op�on of not -The League had thought that the Congress
which they found themselves should a majority of their populace vote to do so. joining a group in the first place. would reject the plan, thus promp�ng the
-Compulsory grouping contradicts the government to invite the League to form the
o�-repeated insistence on provincial interim government.
autonomy.
-Absence of provision for elected
members from the princely states in the
cons�tuent assembly (they could only be
nominated by the princes) was not
acceptable.

Muslim League Response / Hindu

Features Congress Response
Mahasabha Response
A�lee’s A deadline of June 30, 1948 was fixed for transfer of power even if the Indian The provision of transfer of power to The League launched a civil disobedience
Statement poli�cians had not agreed by that �me on the Cons�tu�on. more than one centre was acceptable movement to overthrow the coali�on
1948 -The Bri�sh would relinquish power either to some form of central government or in government in Punjab, as it felt emboldened by
some areas to the exis�ng provincial governments if the cons�tuent assembly was not the statement.
fully representa�ve, i.e., if the Muslim majority provinces did not join.
-Bri�sh powers and obliga�ons vis-a-vis the princely states would lapse with transfer
of power, but these would not be transferred to any successor government in Bri�sh
India.
-Mountba�en would replace Wavell as the viceroy.
The statement contained clear hints of par��on and even Balkanisa�on of the country
into numerous states and was, in essence, a reversion of the Cripps Offer.
Date Fixed by Government for:
-The government hoped that a fixed date would shock the par�es into an agreement
on the main ques�on.
-The government was keen to avert the developing cons�tu�onal crisis.
-The government hoped to convince the Indians of Bri�sh sincerity.
-The truth in Wavell’s assessment could no longer be denied—that an irreversible
decline of the government’s authority had taken place.
Mountba�en Also known as Dickie Bird Plan’ or ‘Plan Balkan’. The Congress had conceded a unified The League’s demand was conceded to the
Plan, June 3, -Punjab and Bengal Legisla�ve Assemblies would meet in 2 groups, Hindus and India, all their other points would be extent that Pakistan would be created and the
1947 Muslims, to vote for par��on. If a simple majority of either group voted for par��on, met, namely. Congress’ posi�on on unity was taken into
then these provinces would be par��oned. Independence for princely states ruled account to make Pakistan as small as possible.
-In case of par��on, two dominions and two cons�tuent assemblies would be out—they would join either India or
created. Pakistan.
-Sindh would take its own decision. Independence for Bengal ruled out.
-Referendums in NWFP and Sylhet district of Bengal would decide the fate of these Cession of Hyderabad to Pakistan ruled
areas. out (Mountba�en supported the
It would ensure a peaceful and quick transfer of power; Congress on this); Freedom to come on
It was more important for the Congress to assume authority to check the explosive August 15, 1947.
situa�on; A boundary commission to be set up if
It would allow for some much needed con�nuity in the bureaucracy and the army. par��on was to be effected.

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Flash Notes - History 2024

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Flash Notes - History 2024

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| Flash Notes - History Page 3

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

Regula�on made by councils of Madras, Bombay, Culcu�a

Laws made previously called regula�on now will be called ACT.

Province: Government of Bombay, Madras dras�cally deprive of

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

Province: Legisla�ve central council of 6 member out of which

Legal Reforms: The Act brought about legal reforms,

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

Establishment of new legisla�ve council for

Province: provincial legisla�ve council

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

Acts Background General Features Execu ve / Legislature Note

3. British Policies: Annexation, Revenue, Admin

Development of Vernacular Educa on

Commission Year GG/Viceroy Objec ves

Commission Year GG/Viceroy Objec ves

7. Civil Uprisings Before 1857

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Revolt Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Movement Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Movement Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Movement Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Movement Period Place Leader Reason/Course of Ac on(CoA) Result

Name Founder Region Feature

Name Founder Region Feature

Name Founder Region Feature

Name Founder Region Feature

Name Founder Region Feature

Name Founder Region Feature

Name Founder Region Feature

10. Peasant Movements

11. 1857 Revolt & Eminent Leaders

Author Book On 1857 Revolt

12. Organizations Before INC

13. Importanat INC Sessions

Year Place President Signiﬁcance

Year Place President Signiﬁcance

Newspaper/ Books Founder/Editor Year of Establishment Importance

Newspaper/ Books Founder/Editor Year of Establishment Importance

Newspaper/ Books Founder/Editor Year of Establishment Importance

Newspaper/ Books Founder/Editor Year of Establishment Importance

15. Women’s Organizations

Organisa on Name Year Founders Focus Area Ac vi es and Achievements

Organisa on Name Year Founders Focus Area Ac vi es and Achievements

16. Revolutionary Activities/Conspiracy Cases

17. Emergence of Gandhi

Jinnah declared the report as "Hindu Document"

Date Event Highlights

Jawaharlal Nehru referred to them as "Jinnah's ridiculous 14 points"

Date Event Highlights

Date Event Highlights

Date Event Highlights

Date Event Highlights

Date Event Highlights

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

Swadeshi & Boyco Non-coopera on-Khilafat Civil Disobedience

-No future cons�tu�on to be adopted without the consent of minori�es.

Muslim League Response / Hindu

Muslim League Response / Hindu

Exposed the real character of the Conserva�ve government of Churchill.

Muslim League Response / Hindu

Muslim League Response / Hindu

Muslim League Response / Hindu

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