Chemistry Summative Guide 2 Term 2
Acids and Bases:
Acids Bases
Proton (H+) donor substance (definition) Proton (H+) acceptor substance
(definition)
Gives H+ ions when dissolved in water Gives OH- ions when dissolved in water
Reactions of Acids:
Acid + Metal (Metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series) —> Salt + Hydrogen gas
2HNO3 + 2K —> 2KNO3 + H2 (g)
Acid + Metal Oxide —> Salt + Water
H2SO4 + Na2O —> Na2SO4 + H2O
Acid + Metal Carbonate (Or hydrogen metal carbonate) —> Salt + Water + Carbon
Dioxide gas
2HCl + Na2CO3 —> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 (g)
HCl + NaHCO3 —> NaCl +H2O + CO2 (g)
Reactions of Bases:
heat
Base + Ammonium Salt —------------> Salt + Water + Ammonia gas
NaOH + NH4Cl —> NaCl + H2O + NH3 (g)
Test for NH3 gas:
Turns damp red litmus paper blue (ammonia is a basic gas)
Neutralisation reaction:
When acid and base react to form salt and water.
H2SO4 + 2KOH —> K2SO4 + 2H2O
Strong Acids:
Acids that completely dissociates into its ions in its aqueous solution are strong acids.
HCl (aq) —> H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Weak Acids:
Acids that partially dissociates into its ions in its aqueous solution are weak acids.
CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ CH3COO- + H+
(Always represented using this ⇌ sign)
pH Scale (To find strength of Acid and Base):
● 0-3 Strong Acid (Red colour)
● 4-6 Weak Acid (Orange to yellow colour)
● 7 Neutral (Green colour)
● >7-10 Weak Base (Blue colour)
● 11-14 Strong Base (Violet colour)
Alkali:
Bases soluble in water are called alkali. All group 1 metal hydroxides and NH4OH are
alkalis. (All alkali are bases but not all bases are alkali)
Oxides:
Metal Oxide Non-metal Oxide
Basic except Al2O3 and ZnO (they are Acidic except CO, NO and H2O (they are
amphoteric) neutral)
Metal oxide + Acid —> Salt + Water Non-metal oxide + Base —> Salt + Water
Neutral oxides do not react with acid nor base, but amphoteric oxides react with both
acid and base.
Periodic Table:
Group: Vertical column
Period: Horizontal row
Group number: Number of electrons in outermost shell
Period number: Number of electron shells in an atom
Group I (Alkali Metals): Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Physical Properties:
● Soft and shiny metals
● Good conductors of electricity
● As you go down the group, the size of the positive ions increases, which means
the strength of the metallic bond decreases and this means that the melting point
decreases
● As you go down the group, density increases as increase in mass is greater than
increase in volume
Chemical Properties:
● They are called alkalis because they dissolve in water to form alkali
● As you go down the group, reactivity increases because number of shells
increase the distance between the outermost shell and the nucleus making it
easier to loose one electron
Group VII (Halogens):
Physical Properties:
● Colourless when they are ions, otherwise are coloured in their unreacted
diatomic state at room temperature:
F2 Pale yellow gas
Cl2 Green gas
Br2 Red brown liquid
I2 Grey-black solid
At2 Black solid
● As you go down the group, melting and boiling point increases
● As you go down the group, density increases
Chemical Properties:
● They form salts
● As you go down the group, reactivity decreases as tendency to accept electron
decreases
● In a displacement reaction, the more reactive halogen displaces the less reactive
halogen from its salt solution
Group VIII (Noble Gases): He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Physical Properties:
● Colourless
● Odourless
● Low melting and boiling point
● As you go down the group, density increases
Chemical Properties:
● Inert gases (outermost electron shell is complete)
● Monoatomic
● Non-flammable
Uses of Noble gases:
● Helium is used in weather balloons because of its lower density than air and
because it is inflammable
● Neon, Argon and Xenon are used in advertising sign boards
● Argon is used as inert atmosphere for welding
● Argon is filled in light bulbs because of inert nature
Transition Elements:
Physical Properties:
● Strong and malleable
● Shiny
● Higher density
● High melting point
● Conductors of electricity
Chemical Properties:
● Form coloured compounds
● Act as a catalyst
● Show variable oxidation state
Ionic Equation:
1. Write the balanced equation Cl2 (aq) + 2NaBr (aq) —> 2NaCl (aq) + Br2 (aq)
2. Split up the aqueous salt solution into its ions Cl2 (aq) + 2Na- (aq) + 2Br- (aq) —>
2Na- (aq) + 2Cl- (aq) + Br2 (aq)
3. Cancel the common ions (spectator ions) Cl2 (aq) + 2Br- (aq) —> 2Cl- (aq) + Br2
(aq)
By Yousof Daboul.
