(Physics) ELECTRIC FIELD AND CHARGES

1. Electric Field on Axial line of an Electric Then, resultant electric ield at point P is given by
Dipole [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏]
Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges −q
and +q, separated by a distance 2a and placed in
free space.

The electric ield E⃗ at point P due to the dipole will

be the resultant of the electric ields E⃗ (due to −q
at point A ) and E⃗ (due to +q at the B) i.e. E⃗ = E⃗ + E⃗
E⃗ = E⃗ + E⃗ Let ∠MPN = ∠PBN = θ .

Also, E⃗ > E⃗ . Also ∠NPL = ∠PAB = θ

E⃗ = ( E⃗ − E⃗ ) (𝚤) So, E⃗ = E⃗ + E⃗ = (E cos θ + E cos θ)(−ı)

1 q 1 q E⃗ = E⃗ + E⃗ = (2E cos θ)(−ı)

or E⃗ = ⋅ − ⋅
4πε (r − a) 4πε (r + a) 1 q 2a
= ⋅ × /
(−𝚤)
1 (r + a) − (r − a) 4πε (r + a ) (r + a )
= ⋅q 1 q(2a)
4πε (r − a )
or E= ⋅ /
(−𝚤)
1 q(4ra) 4πε (r + a )
E⃗ = ⋅ (𝚤)
4πε (r − a ) Now P⃗ = q(2a)(𝚤), So,
1 P
∴ E= ⋅ /
(−𝚤)
Now, P⃗ = q(2a)(𝚤), then. 4πε (r + a )
1 2Pr In vector notation,
∴ E⃗ = ⋅ (𝚤)
4π ε (r −a )
1 P⃗
E⃗ = − ⋅ /
4πε (r + a )
In vector notation,
For dipole is of small length, a << r; then in
1 2P⃗r
E⃗ = ⋅ equation a can be neglected as compared to r .
4 π ε (r − a )
𝟏 𝐏⃗
For dipole is of small length, a << r; Therefore, 𝐄⃗ = − ⋅ 𝐫𝟑
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎
Therefore,
3. Electric Dipole in uniform Electric Field
𝟏 𝟐𝐏⃗𝐫
𝐄⃗ = ⋅ 𝟑 [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟐]
𝟒 𝛑 𝛆𝟎 𝐫
Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges −q
and +q and of length 2a placed in a uniform electric
2. Electric Field on Equatorial line of Dipole
ield E⃗ making an angle θ with the direction of the
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟎]
ield.
Consider an electric dipole consisting of charges −q
and +q separated by a distance 2a.

APNI KAKSHA 1
(Physics) ELECTRIC FIELD AND CHARGES
Φ = E × curved surface area of cylinder
or Φ = E × 2πrl … (i)
According to Gauss' theorem, we have
q
Φ= … (ii)
ε
Now, charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface,
q = λl
Force on charge −q at A = −qE⃗
λl
& force on charge +q at B = qE⃗ ∴ Φ=
ε
So, F⃗ = F⃗ + F⃗ =0 From the equations (i) and (ii), we have
Also both forces are equal and opposite and will λl 𝟏 𝛌
E × 2πrl = or 𝐄 = ⋅
produce torque on dipole ε 𝟐𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫
τ = either force × perpendicular distance
between the two forces 5. Electric Field due to infinite Charged
= qE(AN) = qE(2asin θ) = q(2a)Esin θ Plane sheet. [𝟐 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖]
τ = pEsin θ or τ = pEsin θ
Consider an in inite thin plane sheet of positive
Here, P⃗ = q(2a), (electric dipole moment) charge having a uniform surface charge density σ
Also since the dipole rotates in clockwise
on both sides of the sheet.
(−𝑘) direction so, The Gaussian surface will be a cylinder as shown in
In vector form 𝛕⃗ = 𝐩⃗ × 𝐄⃗ igure.
4. Electric Field Due to line charge If E is the magnitude of electric ield at point P, then
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎] electric lux crossing through the gaussian surface,
A thin in initely long straight line charge having a
uniform linear charge density λ placed along YY .
The Gaussian surface for line charge will be
cylindrical and from symmetry all the lux will pass
from curve surface area.
Let E is the magnitude of electric ield at point P,
then electric lux through the Gaussian surface is
given by Φ = E × area of the end faces (circular caps) of the
cylinder or Φ = E × 2 A …… (i)
According to Gauss' theorem, we have Φ =
r = radius of cylinder
l = length of cylinder Here, the charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface,
q = σA ∴ Φ= ……(ii)
From the equations (i) and (ii), we have
𝛔𝐀 𝛔
𝐄×𝟐𝐀= 𝐨𝐫 𝐄 =
𝛆𝟎 𝟐𝛆𝟎

APNI KAKSHA 2
(Physics) ELECTRIC FIELD AND CHARGES
Thus, we ind that the magnitude of the electric ield dϕ = Ed S
at a point due to an in inite plane sheet of charge is Therefore, total electric lux through the
independent of its distance from the sheet of charge. gaussian surface is given by
6. Electric Field due to charged Spherical (b) When point P lies on the surface of
Shell [𝟐 𝐨𝐫 𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏] spherical shell
Consider a thin spherical shell of radius R and For this case also we will draw a Gaussian surface of
centre O. Let +q be the charge on the spherical just outside the shell, this will enclose charge
shell. q of shell completely,
For all the three surfaces the Gaussian surface Then according to Gauss' theorem,
will be a sphere. q 1 q
E × 4πR = or E = ⋅ ( for r = R)
ε 4πε R
In a medium of dielectric constant K, the
electric ield is given by
𝟏 𝐪
𝐄= ⋅ 𝟐
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐊 𝐑

(c) When point 𝑷 lies inside the spherical shell

(a) When point P lies outside the shell In such a case, the gaussian surface will be
inside the shell and will not enclose any
Let E⃗ be the electric ield at the point P due to
charge and hence according to the Gauss'
the charged spherical shell.
theorem,
Consider a small area element dS⃗ (shown
E × 4πr = or 𝐄 = 𝟎 (for r < R )
shaded) around the pointP.
Then, the electric lux through area element d S⃗
is given by dϕ = E⃗ ⋅ d S⃗ = E ds cos θ
Since dS⃗ is normal to the surface so θ = 0,
dϕ = E dS
Now total Electric lux is ∮ dϕ = ∮ E dS = E∮ dS
Now, ∮ d S = surface area of spherical shell of
radius r = 4πr
∴ Φ = E × 4πr … (i)
the charge enclosed by the gaussian surface is q,
so according to the Gauss' theorem,
q
Φ= … (ii)
ε
From the equations (i) and (ii), we have
q 𝟏 𝐪
E × 4πr = or 𝐄 = ⋅ 𝟐 ( for r > R)
ε 𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫

APNI KAKSHA 3
(Physics) ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE
7. Electric Potential at any point due to an Special cases.
Dipole [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏] 1. When point P lies on the axial line of the
AB is a diploe with charge −q and +q. P be any dipole. θ = 0∘ and cos θ = cos 0∘ = 1.
point at a distance r from its center O, where Therefore,
electric potential due to the dipole is to be 1 P
Vaxial = ⋅ … (iii)
determined. 4πε (r − a )
∠POB = θ as shown in ig In case a << r, then
Therefore, net potential at point P due to the dipole, 𝟏 𝐩
𝐕axial = ⋅ 𝟐 … (iv)
1 q 1 q 𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 𝐫
V = V +V = − ⋅ + ⋅
4πε PA 4πε PB 2. When point P lies on the equatorial line of the
1 1 1
or V = ⋅q − … (i) dipole. θ = 90∘ and cos θ = cos 90∘ = 0
4πε PB PA
Therefore, the equation (ii) gives
Draw BN perpendicular to OP and AM
𝐕equi = 𝟎 … (v)
perpendicular to PO.
From right angled ΔAMO, we have 8. Potential Energy of an Electric Dipole,
OM OM when Placed in Uniform Electric Field
cos θ = = or OM = a cos θ
OA a [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟓, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏]
In case the length of the dipole is very small as
Let the Dipole be kept along a direction making an
compared to distance r, then
angle θ with the direction of an external uniform
PA ≈ PM = PO + OM = r + acos θ
electric ield E. The, torque acting on the dipole is
Similarly, PB = r − a cos θ
given by τ = PE sin θ
In the equation (i), substituting for PA and PB, we
then work done is rotating the dipole against
have
natural rotation by dθ
1 1 1
V = ⋅q − dW = τ ∗ dθ = PE sinθ dθ
4πε r − acos θ r + acos θ
1 r + acos θ − r + acos θ So, Total work done will be
= ⋅q
4πε r − a cos θ
W= PEsin θdθ = PE ∗ |1 − cos θ|
1 2acos θ
= ⋅q⋅
4πε (r − a cos θ) or W = PE(cos θ − cos θ )
Since q(2a) = P, the electric dipole moment of the
This work done is stored in the dipole in the form of
dipole, the above equation becomes
its potential energy. and so
𝟏 𝐏 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 W = ΔU = PE(cos θ − cos θ )
𝐕= ⋅ 𝟐 … (ii)
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 (𝐫 − 𝐚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝛉)
Let θ = 90∘ and θ = θ. Then,
U − U = PE(cos 90∘ − cos θ)
or U = − PE cos θ

In vector notation, 𝐔 = −𝐏⃗ ⋅ 𝐄⃗

9. Parallel Plate Capacitor
[𝟐/𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟐]
The capacitor shown has two conducting plates
placed parallel to each other kept between Potential

APNI KAKSHA 4
(Physics) ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE
Difference ‘V’. Separation between plates = d (very
𝑞 𝑞
small as compared to the area of the plates).
Area of plates = A Dielectric
𝑉 =V 𝑉 =0
𝑞 medium
𝑞

𝑉 =V 𝑉 =0

Let the space between the two plates of the

capacitor is illed with a dielectric medium of
dielectric constant K.
Here the electric ield between the two plates is Then, the electric ield between the two plates is
related to the potential gradient as given by
dV σ q q
E= (in magnitude) E= = ∵σ=
dr ε K ε KA A
V is potential difference between the two plates. If V is potential difference between the two plates of
E = (For uniform ield, = ) the capacitor separated by a distance d,
then V = Ed
Or V = Ed … … … (i)
So substituting the value of E, we have
Also Let σ be the surface charge density of the
qd
plates, then the electric ield between the two plates V=
ε KA
is given by
So if C is the capacitance of the parallel plate
E= + = (Sum of ields due to both plates)
capacitor, then
(ε is absolute permittivity of the free space.) q q
C= =
In the equation (i), substituting for E, we have V qd
ε KA
σ q
V = d (σ = ) 𝛆𝟎 𝐊𝐀
ε A or 𝐂=
qd 𝐝
∴V= 11. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
ε A
If C is the capacitance of the parallel plate capacitor, [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎]
then, A battery is connected across the two plates of the
𝐪 𝐪 𝛆𝟎 𝐀 capacitor, the work is done (or energy is supplied)
𝐂= = = … (ii)
𝐕 𝐪𝐝/𝛆𝟎 𝐀 𝐝 by the battery in charging the capacitor.
10. Capacitance of Capacitor, when a The work done in charging a capacitor is stored in

Dielectric Slab completely fills the Space the capacitor in the form of electric energy.
between Plates Let Capacitance of capacitor = C.
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏] the small amount of work done by the battery to
The capacitor shown has two conducting plates store small charge dq is given by
q q
placed parallel to each other kept between Potential d W = Vdq = dq ∵ V =
C C
Difference ‘V’. Separation between plates = d (very Therefore, amount of work done in delivering
small as compared to the area of the plates). charge q to the capacitor is given by
Area of plates = A

APNI KAKSHA 5
(Physics) ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL & CAPACITANCE

𝑞 𝑞 This work done is stored inside the capacitor in the

form of the electric
𝑉 =V 𝑉 =0
1q
W = ΔU = … (i)
2C
since U = 0 so,
1q
U= … (i)
2C
(Substituting for q = C V), the equation (i) becomes)
V or U = CV … (ii)

In the equation (ii), substituting for C = ,

q 1 1 q 1q
W = dq = qdq = =
C C C 2 2C we have
This work done is stored inside the capacitor in the 𝟏 𝐪𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
U = q V so, 𝐔=𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐂𝐕 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐪 𝐕
𝐂
form of the electric potential energy. Therefore,
energy stored in the capacitor,
1q
W = ΔU = … (i)
2C
since U = 0 so,
1q
U= … (i)
2C
(Substituting for q = C V), the equation (i) becomes
1
or U = CV … … … . (𝑖𝑖)
2

In the equation (ii), substituting for C = ,

we have
U = q V so,

𝟏 𝐪𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝐔=𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐂𝐕 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐪 𝐕
𝐂

APNI KAKSHA 6
(Physics) CURRENT ELECTRICITY
12. Drift Velocity Therefore the, above equation becomes
[𝟐 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏] υ ⃗ = 0 + a⃗τ = a⃗τ
(Using the equation (iii), we have)
The velocity gained by any electron before the
𝐞𝐄⃗
successive collision is called Drift Velocity. 𝛖𝐝⃗ = − 𝛕
𝐦
Let u ⃗, u ⃗, u ⃗, … . . , u ⃗ are random thermal velocities 13. Relation between Drift Velocity and
of n electrons in a conductor, then their average Electric Current
thermal velocity i.e. [𝟏/𝟐 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏]
u ⃗ + u ⃗ + u ⃗ + ⋯ . +u ⃗ Let, length of conductor = L & area of cross-section
=0 … (i)
n = A. then, volume = A L
Let n be the number of free electrons per unit
volume, n =N/V
So, total charge on all the free electrons
= q = Ne = n AL e … (i)
Time taken by the free electrons to cross the length
of the conductor
l
Since charge on an electron is −e, each free electron t= … (ii)
υ
in the conductor experiences a force
Also we know, I =
F⃗ = −eE⃗ … (ii)
If m is mass of the electron, then acceleration is
given by
F⃗ eE⃗
a⃗ = =− … (iii)
m m
So inal velocity attained after drifting for
τ (relaxation time)
υ ⃗ = u ⃗ + a⃗τ Using the equations (i) and (ii), we have
Similarly velocities acquired by the other electrons n Ale
I= or I = n Aυ 𝑒 … (iii)
l/υ
in the conductor will be
eE
υ ⃗ = u ⃗ + a⃗τ , υ ⃗ = u ⃗ + a⃗τ , … . υ ⃗ = u ⃗ + a⃗τ Also υ = τ
m
Le υ ⃗ is the average drift velocity of all 𝐧 𝐀𝐞𝟐 𝛕
So, 𝐈 = 𝐄 … (v)
electrons. So, 𝐦

υ ⃗ + υ ⃗ + υ ⃗ + ⋯ . +υ ⃗ 14. Electric Current and Current Density

υ⃗ =
n [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟏]
(u ⃗ + a⃗τ ) + (u ⃗ + a⃗τ ) + (u ⃗ + a⃗τ ) + ⋯ . +(u ⃗ + a⃗τ ) Current density ( ⃗ȷ ) is a vector
=
n If the current lowing through the conductor is
τ + τ + τ + ⋯ . +τ uniform over its cross section, then current may be
Now,
n
de ined as
is called average relaxation time and is denoted by
I = ⃗ȷ ⋅ A⃗, …(i)
τ.
u ⃗ + u ⃗ + u ⃗ + ⋯ . . +u ⃗ Where A⃗ = area vector representing the area of
=0 cross-section.
n

APNI KAKSHA 7
(Physics) CURRENT ELECTRICITY
For non-uniform cross-section, the current through and 𝐫 = 𝐫𝟏 + 𝐫𝟐 … (iv)
a small area d A⃗ is given by If the series combination of the two cells provides
dI = ⃗ȷ ⋅ d A⃗ the current I through an external resistance R, then
Hence, the current through the whole cross-section E
I=
of the conductor is given by R+r
I= ⃗ȷ ⋅ d A⃗ … (ii) Substituting for E and r, we have
𝐄𝟏 + 𝐄𝟐
If current density ⃗ȷ is normal to the cross-sectional 𝐈=
𝐑 + (𝐫𝟏 + 𝐫𝟐 )
area i.e. if ȷ̂ is parallel to A⃗, then
16. Cells in Parallel
I =jA
[𝟐 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟏]
Putting I = n Aυ 𝑒
When cells are of different e.m.f and internal
𝐣 = 𝐧𝛖𝐝 𝐞 … (iii)
resistances.
15. Cells in Series
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟗] Let E and E areEMF’s and internal resistances r
When cells are of different EMF’s. & internal and r of cells . In parallel combination terminal
resistances. potential V is constant across two cells (between A
Let E and E areEMF’s and internal resistances r & B) that provides a current I.
and r of cells . In series I = Constant
If I and I are the currents due to the two cells,
Then, the terminal potential difference across the
then
irst cell,
I=I +I … (i)

V = E − Ir
Similarly, the terminal potential difference across
the second cell,
V = E − Ir
If V is the potential difference between the points A
and B, then For 1st cell
V = V + V = (E − Ir ) + (E − Ir ) V=E −I r
or V = (E + E ) − I(r + r ) … (i) E −V
or I =
Let E be the battery with internal resistance r that r
can replace both E and E which withdraws same For 2nd cell
current I between A & B then, E −V
I =
r
Substituting for I and I in eq (i), we have
E −V E −V
I= +
V = E − Ir … (ii) r r
E E 1 1
Comparing the equations (i) and (ii), we have or I = + −V +
r r r r
𝐄 = 𝐄𝟏 + 𝐄𝟐 … (iii)

APNI KAKSHA 8
(Physics) CURRENT ELECTRICITY
E r +E r r r
or V= −I … (ii)
r +r r +r
Let E is effective e.m.f. and r, the effective internal Now, potential difference across P, Q, R, X are
resistance of the parallel combination of the two V −V =I P … (i)
cells [ Fig.], V −V =I Q … (ii)
V −V =I R … (iii)
V −V =I X … (iv)
then it follows that When the bridge is in balanced state, V = V .

V = E − Ir … (iii) So, putting values

V −V =I R … (v)
Comparing the equations (ii) and (iii), we have
V −V =I X … (vi)
𝐄𝟏 𝐫𝟐 + 𝐄𝟐 𝐫𝟏
𝐄= … (iv) From the equations (i) and (v), we have
𝐫𝟏 + 𝐫𝟐
𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝟐 I P=I R … (vii)
and 𝐫= … (v)
𝐫𝟏 + 𝐫𝟐 From the equations (ii) and (vi), we have
I Q=I X
Dividing the equation (vii) by (viii), we have
17. Wheat Stone Bridge
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟐] 𝐏 𝐑
=
𝐐 𝐗
P, Q, R and X are 4 resistances. A galvanometer G
and a tapping key K (called galvanometer key) are
connected between points B and D.

Also Battery E is connected between A & C

Let I = current in the main circuit.
I = Current through resistance P & Q
I−I =I (say) = Current through resistance
R & X.
For balanced wheat stone bridge, points B and D are
at the same potential & I = 0
Let V , V , V and V be electric potentials of points
A, B, C and D respectively.

APNI KAKSHA 9
(Physics) MOVING CHARGE AND MAGNETISM
18. Motion of a Charged particle inside a Uniform (ii) υ = υsin θ
Magnetic Field (Component of velocity perpendicular to B)
Force experienced by charged particle mυ 𝐦𝛖𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
So, r = = … (v)
𝐅⃗ = 𝐪 𝐯⃗ × 𝐁⃗ … (i) Bq 𝐁𝐪
The period of the circular path is given by
F⃗is always perpendicular to v⃗ , so force will act as
centripetal force. 2πr 2π mυsin θ 2πm
T= = × or T =
υ υsin θ Bq Bq
(a) When 𝛖⃗ is perpendicular to 𝐁⃗.
The force F⃗ on the charged particle acts as the
centripetal force and makes it to move along a
circular path.
m = mass of the charged particle &
r = radius of the circular path, then

The charged particle moves along circular path in XY-

plane due to the velocity component υ , it also
advances linearly helical path.

mυ
| q υ⃗ × B⃗ | =
r
⃗
Since υ⃗ & B are at right angles to each other, so
q υ⃗ × B⃗ = Bqυ
mυ
or Bqυ =
r
𝐦𝛖
𝐫= … (ii)
𝐁𝐪
The period of circular motion of the charged particle
Now, Pitch = the distance travelled by the charged
is given by
2πr 2π mυ 𝟐𝛑𝐦 particle, along the direction of magnetic ield in a time
T= = × or 𝐓 = … (iii) it completes one revolution.
υ υ Bq 𝐁𝐪
Also angular frequency of the charged particle pitch of the helical path = υ × T
2π 2π 𝐁𝐪 2πm
ω = = or 𝛚 = … (iv) = υcos θ ×
T 2πm 𝐦 Bq
Bq 2πmυcos θ
or pitch of the helical path = … (vi)
(b) When 𝛖⃗ and 𝐁⃗ are inclined to each other. Bq
The charged particle is moving with velocity υ⃗
19. Magnetic Field at a point on the Axis of a Loop
inside the uniform magnetic ield B making an
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏]
angle θ with the direction of the magnetic ield.
The velocity υ⃗ of the charged particle can be resolved Consider a circular loop of radius a, centre O and
into the following two components: carrying a current I as shown.
(i) υ = υcos θ (Component of velocity along B) (No
contribution in force)
APNI KAKSHA 10
(Physics) MOVING CHARGE AND MAGNETISM
𝛍𝟎 𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐈𝐚𝟐
𝐁 = ⋅ 𝟐
𝟒𝛑 (𝐚 + 𝐱 𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐
Special cases.
1. Magnetic field at the center of the loop. (x=0)
𝛍𝟎 𝟐𝛑𝐍𝐈
𝐁= ⋅
𝟒𝛑 𝐚
20. Force between two infinitely Long Parallel
Current Carrying Conductors
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟐]
Consider two in initely long conductors X Y and X Y
placed parallel to each other at a distance r apart with
Let P be the point on the axis of the loop at a distance
I and I current lowing through them in the same
OP = x from its centre O, Let AB = dl be small current
direction.
element of the loop.
Also ∠BCP (or ∠ACP ) is equal to 90∘ . Let B & B be magnetic ields of wire 1 & 2 so,

According to Biot Savart's law, the magnetic ield due B = ⋅ ,B = ⋅

to the current element AB at point P is given by The wire 1 will experience Magnetic force due to ield
μ I dl⃗ × r⃗ of wire 2 & Vice versa
d B⃗ = ⋅ ,
4π r
**L is the length of wires on which F is calculated
The angle between dl⃗ and r⃗ is 90∘ , the magnitude of
So, F , ⃗ = I (L⃗ × B ⃗) = ⋅ × I × L (−𝚤̂)
dB⃗ is given by
μ Idl (Force on wire 1 due to magnetic ield of wire 2)
dB= ⋅ … (i)
4π r
Another element A B = dl located just opposite to the
element AB. dB ⃗. = Mag Field due to the current
element A B .
If ∠OPC = ∠OPC = θ, then ∠ZPL = ∠Z PM = θ.
On resolving the cos θ components gets cancelled out
and only sin θ gets added so,
μ Idl
B = ∮ dBsin θ = ∮ ⋅ sin θ
4π r
μ 𝐈
= ⋅ sin θ∮ dl
4π r 𝐅𝟏,𝟐⃗ 𝛍𝟎 𝟐𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐
or = ⋅ (− ̂) … (i)
∮ dl = 2πa 𝐋 𝟒𝛑 𝐫
μ 𝐈 μ 2π𝐈a Also F , ⃗ = I (L⃗ × B ⃗) = ⋅ × I × L (𝚤̂)
∴ B = ⋅ sin θ (2πa) = ⋅ sin θ
4π r 4π r
(Force on wire 2 due to magnetic ield of wire 1)
μ 2π𝐈a a μ 2π𝐈a
∴ B = ⋅ × = ⋅
4π r r 4π r 𝐅𝟐,𝟏⃗ 𝛍𝟎 𝟐𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟐
or = ⋅ ( ̂)
μ 2π𝐈a 𝐋 𝟒𝛑 𝐫
∴B = ⋅ /
4π (a + x ) This shows that Force per unit length on both wires is
Also for ‘N’ turns equal and opposite.
APNI KAKSHA 11
(Physics) MOVING CHARGE AND MAGNETISM
21. Torque on a Current Loop placed in a Magnetic F ⃗ = I AB⃗ × B⃗ sin 90∘ (−ı) = (Ia)B(1) = BIa(−ı̂)
Field [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟗] F ⃗ = I CD⃗ × B⃗ |sin 90∘ (ı) = (Ia)B(1) = B I a (ı̂)
A rectangular coil ABCD with side a & b , carrying a
So, F⃗ = F⃗ + F⃗ + F⃗ + F⃗ = 0.
current I is suspended in a uniform magnetic ield B⃗
acting in the plane of the paper from left to right.
F⃗ , F⃗ , F⃗ and F⃗ be the forces acting on arms
DA, BC, AB and CD of the coil respectively in the
magnetic ield.
Here AB = a , BC = b, CD = a , DA = b
Also 𝜽 is the angle between Normal to plane and
magnetic ield.
It follows that the force on arm DA, As the two forces F⃗ & F⃗ have different lines of
F ⃗ = I(DA⃗) × B⃗, action, they constitute a torque, whose magnitude is
F ⃗ = I DA⃗ × B⃗ sin(90∘ + θ) ȷ̂ = BIbcos θ (ȷ) given by
Similarly,
F ⃗ = I(BC⃗) × B⃗, 𝛕 = either force × 𝐊𝐃,

F ⃗ = I BC⃗ × B⃗ sin(90∘ − θ) (−ȷ̂) τ = BaI × bsinθ

= IbBcos θ (−ȷ̂) τ = BIAsinθ (Area = A = a× b)

Also, I A⃗ = M⃗ = the magnetic dipole moment of the
current loop. Therefore,
τ = M B sinθ
𝛕⃗ = 𝐌⃗ × 𝐁⃗
Note : If the coil has N turns, then
𝛕 = 𝐍 BIA 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉

APNI KAKSHA 12
(Physics) ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
22. Self-Induction L = Lengths of both solenoids S and S , such that
The phenomenon, according to which an opposing the solenoid S surrounds the solenoid S
induced e.m.f. is produced in a coil as a result of completely
change in current or magnetic lux linked with the n , n = number of turns per unit length of the
coil itself, is called self-induction. solenoids S and S respectively.
it is also called back e.m.f .
Self-Inductance of a Long Solenoid
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟏]
Let L = Length of coil,
A = Area of cross section,
n = number of turns per unit length = N/L
I = current passing through solenoid (coil)
Then, magnetic ield inside the solenoid is given by
B = μ nI ϕ ∝I
The magnetic (self) lux passing through each turn or ϕ = M I , … (i) ( M is the coef icient of
of the coil = B × area of each turn = μ nI × A mutual induction of S due to S )
Total magnetic lux linked with the solenoid, Also, B = μ n I (mag ield produced inside the
solenoid S due to I1
So, total magnetic lux linked with the solenoidS ,
ϕ =B A×n L=μ n I ×A×n L
= μ n n AI L (ii)
On comparing(i)& (ii) M = μ n n AL
Similarly
ϕ ∝ I or ϕ = M I , … (iii)
ϕ = Magnetic lux linked with one turn × total (M , is the coef icient of mutual induction of S
number of turns due to S )
Now, total number of turns in the solenoid = nL Also, B = μ n I (mag ield produced inside the
∴ ϕ = μ nIA × nL or ϕ = μ n LA I … (i) solenoid S due to I1
If L is the self-inductance of the solenoid, then Therefore, total magnetic lux linked with the
ϕ= LI … (ii) solenoid S ,
On comparing ϕ =B A×n L=μ n I ×A×n L
𝛍𝟎 𝐍 𝟐 𝐀 or ϕ = μ n n AI L … (iv)
𝐋= … (iii)
𝐋 on comparing (iii) & (iv) M = μ n n AL
23. Mutual Induction Therefore,
The phenomenon according to which an opposing 𝐌𝟐𝟏 = 𝐌𝟏𝟐 = 𝐌 (say)
e.m.f. is produced in a coil as a result of change in Hence, coef icient of mutual induction between the
current or magnetic lux linked with a neighboring two long solenoids,
coil is called mutual induction. 𝐌 = 𝛍𝟎 𝐧𝟏 𝐧𝟐 𝐀l

Mutual Inductance of Two Long Solenoids

[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏]
. Let I & I be the current lowing in given
coils(solenoids).

APNI KAKSHA 13
(Physics) ALTERNATING CURRENT
24. Mean or Average Value of A.C. small amount of heat produced in the resistance R
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟐] in time dt is given by
Let I = I sin ωt is current in any circuit R
𝑉 =V 𝑉 =0

R
𝑉 =V 𝑉 =0

dH = I Rdt = (I sin ωt) Rdt = I Rsin ωtdt

The amount of heat produced in the resistance in
Let the small amount of charge that will pass
time T/2 (half time period) can be obtained by
through the circuit in time dt is given by integrating the above equation between the limits
dq = Idt or dq = I sin ωtdt t = 0 to t = T/2 i.e.
The amount of charge that will pass through the
circuit in time T/2 (half time period of a.c.) is the H= I R sin ωtdt = I R sin ωtdt
total integral value of above equation from t = 0 to
/
t = T/2 i.e. 1 − cos 2ωt
=I R dt
2
q= I sin ωtdt = I sin ωtdt I R
or H =
2
cos ωt / I / /
/
=I − =− |cos ωt| = dt − cos 2ωtdt … (i)
ω ω
I 2π T 2π In the equation (i), substituting the values of the
=− cos ⋅ − cos ⋅0
2π T 2 T
T two integrals obtained above, we have
I T I T I R T I R T
=− |cos π − cos 0| = − (−1 − 1). H= −0 = ⋅ … (ii)
2π 2π 2 2 2 2
I T If I is virtual or r.m.s. value of a.c., then by
or q=
π
de inition,
If I is mean value of a.c., then by de inition
T
T H=I R⋅ … (iii)
q=I ⋅ 2
2
From the equations (ii) and (iii), we have
From the equations (i) and (ii), we have
T I R T I
T I T 𝟐𝐈𝟎 I R⋅ = ⋅ or I =
I ⋅ = or 𝐈𝐦 = = 𝟎 ⋅ 𝟔𝟑𝟔𝐈𝟎 2 2 2 2
2 π 𝛑
𝐈𝟎
25. Root Mean Square (rms) or Virtual Value or 𝐈𝐯 = = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝐈𝟎
√𝟐
of A.C. [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟏]
Let I = I sin ωt is current in any circuit
The current through the resistance remains
constant for an in initesimally small time dt so the
APNI KAKSHA 14
(Physics) ALTERNATING CURRENT
26. A.C. Through LCR-Series Circuit
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏]
Also phase angle ϕ From right angled△ OAE, we
have
AE V − V IX − IX
tan ϕ = = =
OA V IR
𝟏
𝐗 𝐋 − 𝐗 𝐂 𝛚𝐋 − 𝛚𝐂
or 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛟 = = … (iv)
𝐑 𝐑
27. Power of an A.C. Circuit
The small amount of electrical energy consumed in
Let E and I be the instantaneous values of e.m.f. and circuit is given by the work done by battery. So,
current in the LCRcircuit; and V , V and V be the d W = EIdt = (E sin ωt)I sin(ωt + ϕ) dt
instantaneous values of the voltages across = E I sin ωt(sin ωtcos ϕ + cos ωtsin ϕ)dt
inductor L, capacitor C and resistor R respectively. = E I (sin ωtcos ϕ + sin ωtcos ωtsin ϕ)dt … (i)
Then, V = IX ; V = IX and V = IR Now, cos 2ωt = 1 − 2sin ωt Or
Here, X = ωL and X = 1/ωC are reactances due 1 − cos 2ωt
sin ωt =
to inductor and capacitor respectively. Where ω is 2
the angular frequency of given supply. Also, sin 2ωt = 2 sin ωt cos ωt or
sin 2ωt
sin ωt cos ωt =
2
In the equation (i), substituting for sin ωt and
sin ωtcos ωt, we have
1 − cos 2ωt sin 2ωt
dW =E I cos ϕ + sin ϕ dt
2 2
E I
= (cos ϕ − cos ϕcos 2ωt + sin ϕsin 2ωt)dt
2
The electrical energy consumed in the circuit in
time T (period of a.c.) can be obtained by
integrating the above equation between t = 0 to
t = T i.e.
OE = √OA + AE = √OA + OD (Pythagoras)
or E = V + (V − V ) E I
W= (cos ϕ − cos ϕcos 2ωt
Substituting the values of V , V and V , we have 2

E= (IR) + (IX − IX ) + sin ϕsin 2ωt)dt

E I
= I R + (X − X ) W= [cos ϕ(T) − cos ϕ(0) + sin ϕ(0)]
2
E
or I= … (i) E I T
R + (X − X ) or W = cos ϕ
2
Let , I= … (ii) The average power of the a.c. circuit is given by
W E I T 1 E I
From the equations (i) and (ii), we have P = = cos ϕ × = cos ϕ
T 2 T 2
𝐙= 𝐑𝟐 + (𝐗 𝐋 − 𝐗 𝐂 )𝟐 E I
⋅ cos ϕ
= R + (ωL − 1/ωC) … (iii) √2 √2
The equation (iii) gives impedance of LCR-circuit. 𝐏𝐚𝐯𝐠 = 𝐄𝐯 𝐈𝐯 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛟 … (ii)

APNI KAKSHA 15
(Physics) ALTERNATING CURRENT
ϕ = π/2 .
Here cos ϕ = is called the power factor of circuit. P = E , I cos π/2 = E I (0) = 0
(iii) circuit containing C only. For such a circuit,
& E & I are RMS value of voltage and current
Special cases :
(i) circuit having R only. For such a circuit, ϕ = 0. 0
P = E I cos 0 = E I (1) = E I
(ii) circuit having L only. For such a circuit,
ϕ = π/2 .
P = E , I cos π/2 = E I (0) = 0
(iii) circuit containing C only. For such a circuit,
ϕ = −π/2
P = E I cos(−π/2) = E I (0) = 0

APNI KAKSHA 16
(Physics) RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
28. Mirror Formula 29. Linear Magnification
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎] [𝟐𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟐]
For Concave spherical mirror The ratio of the size of the image formed by a
Let the points P, F and C be the pole, focus and spherical mirror to the size of the object is called
centre of curvature of a concave spherical mirror. the linear magni ication.
AB = Object
𝐈
Now, triangles A B F and ENF are similar. 𝐦= … (i)
𝐎
AB AF
∴ = . Magnification produced by a concave mirror
NE NF
Fig. shows the formation of the image A B of an
object AB by a concave spherical mirror. Since the
triangles ABP and A B P are similar, we have

=
Applying the new
Cartesian sign
conventions, we have
As aperture of the concave mirror is small, the
A B = −I
points N and P lie very close to each other and
consequently NF ≈ PF. Also, NE = AB. AB = +O
AB AF PA = −u
∴ =
AB PF PA = −υ
Since all the distances are to be measured from the (∵ distance of image is measured against incident ray)
pole of the concave mirror, we have Therefore, the above equation becomes
A F = PA − PF −I −υ I υ
AB PA − PF = or = − … (ii)
O −u O u
∴ = … (i)
AB PF From the equations (i) and (ii), we have
Also, triangles ABP and A B P are similar. 𝐈 𝛖
AB PA 𝐦= =− … (iii)
∴ = … (ii) 𝐎 𝐮
AB PA Also by Mirror formula
From the equations (i) and (ii), we have
1 1 1
PA − PF PA + =
= … (iii) u υ f
PF PA
Multiplying by υ , we get
Applying the new cartesian sign conventions, we
υ υ υ υ υ
have + = => = −1
u υ f u f
PA = −u (Object distance) υ υ υ−f
= −1=
PA = −υ(Image dist. ) and PF = −f (focal length) u f f
In the equation (iii), substituting for PA, PA and PF, So,

we have 𝐟− 𝛖
𝐦=
−υ − (−f) −υ υ−f υ υ υ 𝐟
= or = or − 1 =
−f −u f u f u
1 1 1 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
or − = or + =
f υ u 𝐮 𝛖 𝐟
The above relation between u, υ and f is called
mirror formula.
APNI KAKSHA 17
(Physics) RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
30. Refraction at Convex Spherical Surface Since angles β and γ are small, we have
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟏𝟗, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟑] r = tan γ − tan β … (v)
Let us consider a convex spherical refracting From right angled triangles ANC and ANI, we have
surface with AN AN AN AN
tan γ = ≈ and tan β = ≈
μ = refractive index of medium 2 & NC PC NI PI
μ = Refractive index of medium 1, In the equation (v), substituting for tan β and tan γ

Let P = pole, C = center of curvature and we have

PC = Principal axis of the convex surface. AN AN
r= − … (vi)
PC PI
When object lies in the rarer medium and image
By Snell’s law
formed is real.
μ sin i = μ sin r
O = Object. Draw AN as perpendicular and take
Since the angles i and r are also small, the above
angle α, β & γ respectively in triangles.
equation becomes
Let ∠AOP = α; ∠AIP = β and ∠ACP = γ.
μ i=μ r
In triangle AOC, we have
From the equations (iv) and (vi), substituting the
i=α+γ (exterior angle property) … (i)
values of i and r, we have
AN AN AN AN
μ + =μ −
PO PC PC PI
μ μ μ μ
or + = −
PO PC PC PI
μ μ μ −μ
or + = … (vii)
PO PI PC
Since angles α, β and γ will be small. As such, these Applying new cartesian sign conventions:
angles may be replaced by their tan α etc. PO = −u (object distance)
Therefore, equation (i) may be written as PI = +v (image distance)and
i = tan α + tan γ … (ii) PC = +R (Radius of curvature)
From right angled triangles ANO and ANC, we have Therefore, the equation (vii) becomes
tan α = and tan γ = μ μ μ −μ 𝛍𝟐 𝛍𝟏 𝛍𝟐 − 𝛍𝟏
+ = or − =
−u +v +R 𝐯 𝐮 𝐑
In the equation (ii), substituting for tan α and tan α,
31. Lens Maker's Formula
we have
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟐]
AN AN
i= + … (iii)
NO NC
NO ≈ PO and NC ≈ PC
Therefore, the equation (iii) becomes
AN AN
i= + … (iv)
PO PC
Now, from triangle ACI, γ = r + β (by exterior angle
property) or r = γ − β

Let us consider a convex lens with refracting

surface with

APNI KAKSHA 18
(Physics) RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
μ = refractive index of outer medium & 32. Refraction through a Prism
μ = Refractive index of lens , [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏, 𝟐𝟐]
Suppose that O is a point object placed on the KTS = δ is called the angle of deviation.
principal axis of the lens. The surface XP Y forms
the real image I (assuming that material of the lens
extends beyond the face XP Y as such). It can be
obtained* that
μ μ μ −μ
+ = … (i)
PO PI PC
Since the lens is thin, the point P lies very close to
the optical centre C of the lens. Therefore, we may
write Since ∠TQO = ∠NQP = i and ∠RQO = r , we have
P O ≈ CO; P I ≈ CI and P C ≈ CC ∠TQR = i − r
𝛍𝟏 𝛍𝟐 𝛍𝟐 𝛍𝟏
So, + 𝐂𝐈 = … (ii) Also,
𝐂𝐎 𝟏 𝐂𝐂𝟏
The image formed by irst refraction will act as ∠TRO = ∠NSE = e and ∠QRO = r . Therefore,
virtual object for 2nd surface refraction. ∠TRQ = e − r
μ μ μ −μ
− + = … (iii) in triangle TQR, by exterior angle property
PI PI PC
δ = ∠TQR + ∠TRQ = (i − r ) + (e − r )
Again P I ≈ CI , P I ≈ CI and P C ≈ CC
or 𝛅 = (𝐢 + 𝐞) − (𝐫𝟏 + 𝐫𝟐 ) … (i)
Therefore, eq (iii) may be written as
𝛍𝟐 𝛍𝟏 𝛍𝟐 − 𝛍𝟏 In triangle QRO, the sum of the angles is 180∘ .
− + = … (iv)
𝐂𝐈𝟏 𝐂𝐈 𝐂𝐂𝟐 Therefore,
Adding the eq (ii) and (iv), we have r + r + ∠QOR = 180∘ … (ii)
μ μ μ μ μ −μ μ −μ
+ − + = + In quadrilateral AQOR,
CO CI CI CI CC CC
A + ∠QOR = 180∘ … (iii)
μ μ 1 1
or + = (μ − μ ) + … (v) From the equations (ii) and (iii), we have
CO CI CC CC
Applying the new cartesian sign conventions: r + r = A … (iv)
CO = −u (object distance) In the equation (i), substituting for (r + r ) we
CI = +v (Final image distance) have 𝛅 = (𝐢 + 𝐞) − 𝐀 … (v)
CC = +R and CC = −R (Radii of curvature) Also, when δ = δ ; (in minimum deviation
μ μ 1 1 position),
+ = (μ − μ ) +
−u +v +R −R e = i and r = r = r = A/2 (say)
Dividing both sides of the above equation by μ , we Also, setting δ = δ and e = i in the equation (v),
have
we have
Since μ /μ = μ, we have
A+δ = i + i or i = (A + δ )/2
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
− = (𝛍 − 𝟏) − … (vi) The refractive index of the material μ or simply
𝐯 𝐮 𝐑𝟏 𝐑𝟐
Also if u = CF = −f (focal length ), then v = ∞ μ) of the prism is given by
Setting the above condition in the equation (vi), we sin i
μ =
have sin r
1 1 1 1 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝐀 + 𝛅𝐦 )/𝟐
− + = (μ − 1) − ∴ 𝛍=
−f ∞ R R 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀/𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝛍 − 𝟏) − … (ix)
𝐟 𝐑𝟏 𝐑𝟐

APNI KAKSHA 19
(Physics) RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
33. Simple Microscope (Magnifying Glass) Now, CA = u and CA = D
[𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟐, 𝟐𝟑] Therefore, the equation (ii) becomes
A convex lens of short focal length can be used to D
M= … (iii)
see magni ied image of a small object and is called a u
magnifying glass or a simple microscope. u = −u or υ = −D
So, 33.a - Magnifying power- When image is formed
Magnifying power of simple microscope at D (least distance of distinct vision=25cm).
𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐲𝐞 ( 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐤𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐃) Therefore, the above equation becomes by lens
=
𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐲𝐞 (𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐤𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐃) formula
1 1 1 1 1 1
Let ∠A CB = β be the angle subtended by the − + = or − =
−u −D f u D f
image at the eye. Cut A Q equal to AB(object size) D D D D
or − 1 = or = 1 + … (iv)
and join QC Then, ∠A CQ = α is the angle u f u f
subtended by the object at the eye, when it is placed From the equations (iii) and (iv), we have
at the least distance of distinct vision. 𝐃
𝐌=𝟏+ … (v)
By de inition, the magnifying power of the simple 𝐟
microscope is given by 33.b - Magnifying power (When image is formed
β at infinity).
M=
α

u = −f and CA = −D
(Note: Remember the irst clear image is always seen
at D only)
In practice, the angles α and β are small. Therefore, Therefore, the above equation gives
the angles α and β can be replaced by their tangents D D
M= = … (vii)
i.e. u f
tan β 34. Compound Microscope
M= … (i)
tan α [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟎, 𝟐𝟏]
From the right angled △ CA Q,
A Q AB
tan α = = (∵ A Q = AB)
CA CA
Also, from the right angled △ ABC
AB
tan β =
CA
Substituting for tan α and tan β in the equation
we have
AB/CA CA
M= or M = … (ii)
AB/CA CA

APNI KAKSHA 20
18
10
(Physics) RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
For a compound microscope two lenses, eyepiece υ = −D and f = +f
of focal lenght (f )and objective of focal lenght (f ) In the above equation, substituting for υ and f , we
are used to achieve greater magni ication then have
simple microscope. First clear image is formed at D D
m =1+ … (iv)
f
(least distance of distinct vision = 25cm)
So, putting values in M = m × m we get
So,
𝛖𝐨 𝐃
Magnifying power of Compound microscope 𝐌= 𝟏+ … (vii)
𝐮𝐨 𝐟𝐞
𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐲𝐞 ( 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐤𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐃)
= 34.b - Magnifying power - When image is formed
𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐲𝐞 (𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐤𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐃)
Let ∠A C′B = β be the angle subtended by the at infinity.
image at the eye. extend A Q equal to We know , M = m × m & m = & m = ,
AB(object size) and join QC Then, ∠A ′C′Q = α is For image at in inity 𝒖𝒆 = −𝒇𝒆 & 𝝊𝒆 = −𝑫
the angle subtended by the object at the eye, when Here f is the focal length of the eye lens.
it is placed at the least distance of distinct vision. (Note: Remember the irst clear image is always seen
By de inition, the magnifying power of the simple at D only so 𝜐 = −𝐷)
microscope is given by 𝛖𝐨 𝐃
So, 𝐌 = ×𝐟 … (ix)
β 𝐮𝟎 𝐞
M=
α 35. Astronomical Telescope (Refracting Type)
Since the angles α and β are small, they can be [𝟑 𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐬, 𝐂𝐁𝐒𝐄 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟕, 𝟏𝟖, 𝟐𝟏]
replaced by their tangents i.e.
An astronomical telescope is used to see the
tan β
M= … (i) heavenly objects.
tan α
An astronomical telescope consists of two lens
Also tan α = = (∵ A Q = AB)
systems. The lens system facing the object is called
A B
Also, tan β = objective. It has large aperture and is of large focal
CA
Multiplying and dividing by A B , we have length (f ). The other lens system is called eye-
A B AB AB A B piece. It has small aperture and is of short focal
M= × = ×
AB AB AB AB length (f ) . Also the irst clear image is formed at D
Also = = m = magni ication of object lens (least distance of distinct vision = 25cm)
Magnifying power of refracting telescope
(υ &u = Image & object dist. from object lens)&
𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐝𝐞 𝐛𝐲 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐲𝐞 (𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐤𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐃)
= = m = magni ication of eye lens =
𝐀𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐞𝐲𝐞
(υ & u = Image & object distance from eye lens)
So, 𝐌 = 𝐦𝐨 × 𝐦𝐞 … (ii)

34.a - Magnifying power - When image is

formed at D(least distance of distinct vision).
Now, for the eye lens, the lens equation may be
written as
1 1 1 υ υ Thus, ∠A CB = α may be considered as the angle
− + = or =1−
u υ f u f subtended by object at the eye.
So putting value for m we have, Let ∠A C B = β. Then, by de inition,
υ
m = 1 − … … … … (iii) β
f M=
α
Applying the new Cartesian sign conventions:
Since the angles α and β are small,

APNI KAKSHA 21
(Physics) RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
α ≈ tan α and β ≈ tan β
tan β In the equation (i), substituting for tan α and tan β,
∴M= … (i)
tan α we have
AB
From the right angled △ CA B , tan α =
CA
CA
AB =
and from the right angled ΔC A B , tan α = B /CA
CA
In the equation (i), substituting for tan α and tan β,
we have
S
A B /C A CA
M= = … (ii)
A B /CA CA
Magnifying power - When image is formed at
infinity .
(Note: Remember the irst clear image is always seen
at D only)
Applying the new cartesian sign conventions:
CA = +f and C A = −fℯ
Substituting for CA and C A in the equation (ii), we
have
𝐟𝐨
𝐌=−
𝐟𝐞

APNI KAKSHA 22