F.A.L.

CONDUCIVE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER

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CONCEPTS 𝐶𝑐 =
𝐴𝑎
𝐴𝑡
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
Where 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣, thus 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐶𝑣.
Volume flow rate, 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣
Mass flow rate, 𝑀 = 𝜌𝑄 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 𝑣𝑎 = 𝐶𝑣 √2𝑔ℎ
Weight flow rate, 𝑊 = 𝛾𝑄 = 𝛾𝐴𝑣 𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶𝐴𝑜 √2𝑔ℎ
Head Loss on Orifice:
Continuity Equation – the amount of fluid per unit of time passing every 𝐻𝑜 = (1 − 𝐶𝑣2)𝐻
section of a flowing stream is constant.
a. For incompressible fluids: Two Types of Steady Flow in Pipes
𝑄 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 = ⋯ = 𝐴𝑛 𝑣𝑛 a. Laminar Flow - The flow is said to be laminar when the path of
individual fluid particles does not cross or intersect. For laminar
b. For compressible fluids: flow, Reynolds number is less than 2000.
𝜌𝑄 = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 = ⋯ = 𝜌𝑛 𝐴𝑛 𝑣𝑛 b. Turbulent Flow - The flow is said to be turbulent when the path
𝛾𝑄 = 𝛾1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝛾2 𝐴2 𝑣2 = ⋯ = 𝛾𝑛 𝐴𝑛 𝑣𝑛 of individual particles is irregular and continuously cross each
other. For turbulent flow, Reynolds number is greater than 2000
Bernoulli’s Energy Equation – the energy of flowing fluid per unit time but less than 4000.
passing any upstream section is the same as the energy per unit time
passing any downstream section plus the loss of head between the two Reynolds Number – a dimensionless parameter representing the ratio of
sections. the inertia forces to the friction forces.
a. For incompressible fluids: 𝜌𝑣𝐷
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2 𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2 𝑣𝐷
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
𝑅𝑒 =
b. For compressible fluids: 𝜈
𝑣12 𝑝1 𝑣22 𝑝2
+ ln 𝑝1 + 𝑧1 = + ln 𝑝2 + 𝑧2 + 𝐻𝐿1−2 Major Loss - This is a continuous loss of head due to friction between the
2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
pipe wall and the fluid.
Term Head Definition Specific Energy 1) Laminar Flow, 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 2000
Hagen-Poiseuille Equation
𝑣2 Kinetic energy per
velocity head 32𝜇𝐿𝑣 64 𝐿 𝑣 2
2𝑔 unit weight ℎ𝑓 = = ⋅ ⋅
𝑝 𝛾𝐷 2 𝑅𝑒 𝐷 2𝑔
pressure head Potential energy per 2) Turbulent Flow
𝛾
unit weight a) Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
𝑧 elevation head 𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷
Impulse-Momentum Equation – the impulse of the force on a body is 0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
equal to the change in the momentum of the mass of the body. ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷5
𝐹𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
b) Manning-Chezy Formula:
Some Important Definitions in Fluid Flow 1 2⁄3 1⁄2
𝑣= 𝑅 𝑠
a. Streamline – an imaginary line within the flow for which the 𝑛
6.35𝑛2 𝐿𝑣 2
tangent at any point gives the direction of flow at that point. ℎ𝑓 =
b. Streamtube – an element of the flowing fluid bounded by 𝐷 4⁄3
streamlines which enclose or confine the flow. 10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 =
c. Steady Flow – when the velocity of flow at a given point in the 𝐷 16⁄3
stream remains constant with time, or 𝑑𝑣⁄𝑑𝑡 = 0.
d. Uniform Flow – if, at a given instant, the velocity remains c) Hazen-Williams Formula:
constant in a stretch or length in the flowing stream of fluid, or 𝑣 = 0.8492𝐶𝑅0.63 𝑠 0.54
𝑑𝑣 ⁄𝑑𝑠 = 0. 10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87
e. Discharge or Flow, Q – the volume of fluid passing a section at a 𝐶 𝐷
stream per unit time, or 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣.
f. Head Loss – the energy per unit of weight (or mass) lost due to Values of 𝑓 for Darcy-Weisbach Formula:
friction and local disturbances. For laminar flow,
g. Power – the energy per unit time, or 64
𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸 𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
h. Pump – a mechanical device which, when installed in a pipe For turbulent flow (Colebrook-White Equation),
system, adds energy (output) to the system.
1 𝜀⁄𝐷 2.51
i. Turbine – a mechanical device which, when installed in a pipe = −2 log ( + )
system, extracts energy (input) from the system. √𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 √𝑓

Fluid Flow Measurements

Device Coefficients:
a. Coefficient of Discharge, 𝐶:
𝑄𝑎
𝐶=
𝑄𝑡
b. Coefficient of Velocity, 𝐶𝑣:
𝑣𝑎
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑣𝑡
c. Coefficient of Contraction, 𝐶𝑐 :