Fire Alarm System

Training Manual
By; AbdelRahman M. AlFaramawi
Fire Alarm System Engineer
BTAM, Jeddah - HTC
Email: [email protected]
Cell: +966562056420

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 Introduction
The first standards for fire detection and alarm systems in the United States dates back to the 1800s. While
these first fire alarms were simplistic, advances in technology have resulted in fire alarm systems that can
be intimidating in their complexity. As fire alarm system technology continues to evolve, the basic functions
of the fire alarm system remain unchanged. A firm understanding of these basic functions are the building
blocks used by a system designer to configure today's modern fire alarm system.

Manual Overview
This manual provides a comprehensive overview of fire detection and alarm system components. Topics
include types of detection, notification, and control panels. The manual also addresses submittal
documentation that is required for the permit, installation, and maintenance process.

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Section 1: Fire Alarm System Requirements & System Overview
This section explains how fire alarm system requirements are determined and the variables that affect their
application. For example, a building's occupancy class directly impacts the number and type of devices
required. In addition, NFPA codes and standards, along with the National Authorities requirements, must be
met before a building's fire system installation is approved.
Note: Refer to NFPA 101 Life Safety Code and NFPA 72 2013, Sections 3, 10, 17, 23 and 26 for more
details on these topics.
An overview of the components that make up most fire detection and alarm systems, including the differences
between conventional, addressable and analog/addressable fire systems are also covered in this section. This
section's information is particularly important to you as a system Engineer/ Designer because it is your
responsibility to:
• Observe all applicable codes and standards, including requirements specified by the AHJ (Authority Having
Jurisdiction) to ensure that the installation provides the level of protection required at a facility.
• Select the correct fire system (conventional vs. addressable), detection and initiating devices, such as manual
pull stations, automatic smoke or heat detectors, and other necessary appliances (i.e., remote annunciators,
mass notification devices, etc.).
• Oversee the entire wiring and configuration or placement of all devices, modules and appliances.
• Submit all required documentation, such as engineering and wiring diagrams, equipment specifications, and
battery calculations to the AHJ prior to the installation.
Fire Safety Code & Standard Requirements
As a system designer/operator, it's important to understand how to apply all fire safety code and standard
requirements. This can be a great process, so this topic provides a brief overview of the differences between
"codes" and "standards." It also includes a few examples of the more commonly used NFPA codes and
standards. Some of these codes and standards are also referenced throughout the manual to reinforce your
understanding of key concepts.

Fire safety "codes" and "standards" are similar in purpose, but are different in scope:
• Codes state the minimum requirements needed to provide a reasonable degree of life, health and fire safety.
• Standards focus on a specific building component or system.
The table below provides a summary of fire and safety codes and standards:

Table 1: Fire Alarm and Safety Codes & Standards

CODES STANDARDS

• Provides minimum requirements. • Provides guidance on proper installation,

• Codes specify "When" and "Where" certain types maintenance and testing.
of protection are required (i.e., hazardous • Details "How" the components that provide the level
environments, aircraft hangars, theaters, etc.). of protection required by the Code should operate.
• Codes are written rules and regulations that the
AHJ adopt as law.

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 EXAMPLES

NFPA 70 National Electrical Code contains NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code contains
electrical wiring protection requirements. signaling standards and requirements for fire system
designers.

IBC International Building Code The International NFPA 720: Standard for the Installation of Carbon
Building Code (IBC) is the foundation of the Monoxide (CO) Detection and Warning Equipment
complete Family of International Codes®. It is an This standard contains requirements for the selection,
essential tool to preserve public health and safety that installation, operation, and maintenance of equipment
provides safeguards from hazards associated with the that detects concentrations of carbon monoxide that
built environment. could pose
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code provides life safety NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of
requirements for all types of facilities. Stationary Fire Pumps for Fire Protection covers
the selection and installation of fire pump requirements
for all building types ensuring that adequate and
reliable water supplies are provided in fire
emergencies.

Occupancy Classifications
Each building is given an occupancy classification as defined by the NFPA 101 Life Safety Code. This Code
states the fire alarm and sprinkler requirements for each building type in "Chapter 9.6: Fire Detention, Alarm,
and Communications Systems." Some buildings fall into multiple occupancy classifications. When this
occurs, refer to "Chapter 6.1.14 Multiple Occupancies" to ensure all requirements are met.
IMPORTANT NOTE! The "Occupancy Class" information applies only when the NFPA 101 Life
Safety Code is the adopted Code being enforced.
The table below provides a list of occupancy classifications, descriptions and NFPA 101 Life Safety Code
chapter references.

Table 2: Building Occupancy Classifications

CLASSIFICATION DESCRIPTION

Education Occupancy • An occupancy used for educational purposes through

the 12th grade by 6 or more persons for 4 or more
hours per day or more than 12 hours per week.
• See Chapters 12 & 13 in NFPA 101 for
requirements.

Day Care Occupancy • An occupancy in which 4 or more clients receive

care, maintenance, and supervision, by other than the
relatives or legal guardians, for less than 24 hours
per day.

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 Health Care Occupancy • An occupancy used to provide medical or other
treatment or care simultaneously to 4 or more
patients on an inpatient basis, where such patients are
mostly incapable of self-preservation due to age,
physical or mental disability, or because of security
measure not under the occupants' control.
• See Chapters 18 & 19 in NFPA 101 for
requirements.
Residential Occupancy • An occupancy that provides sleeping
accommodations for purposes other than health care
or detention and correctional. o One-and Two-
Family Dwellings o Lodging or Rooming House o
Hotel o Dormitory o Apartment Building

• See Chapters 24 – 31 in NFPA 101 for requirements.

Residential Board and Care

• An occupancy used for lodging and boarding 4 or more
Occupancy residents, not related by blood or marriage to the owners
or the operators, for the purpose of providing personal
care services.
• See Chapters 32 & 33 in NFPA 101 for requirements.

Mercantile Occupancy • An occupancy used for the display and sale of

merchandise.
• See Chapters 36 & 37 in NFPA 101 for requirements.

Business Occupancy • An occupancy used for the transaction of business other

than mercantile.
• See Chapters 38 & 39 in NFPA 101 for requirements.

Industrial Occupancy • An occupancy in which products are manufactured or in

which processing assembling, mixing, packaging,
finishing, decorating, or repair operations are conducted.
• See Chapter 40 in NFPA 101 for requirements.

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 Storage Occupancy
• An occupancy used primarily for the storage or sheltering
of goods, merchandise, products, or vehicles.
• See Chapter 42 in NFPA 101 for requirements.

Note: When more than one type of occupancy exists for the same building, refer to NFPA 101 2013,
Section 6.1.14 Multiple Occupancies, to ensure all requirements are met.

Fire System Equipment Components

Once the system designer has determined the Building Occupancy Classification(s) of a facility, the next step
is to select the appropriate fire panel system (i.e., addressable, conventional), initiating, detection,
notification devices and appliances, as well as extinguishing equipment and emergency notification.
Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013, Sections 10, 18, 23 and 26 for more information on these topics.
The table below summarizes how the building code classification drives the required fire system components.

Table 3: Fire System Equipment Components

Equipment Type Building Code Requirements / Equipment Options

Initiation Devices
• Building Codes state how the initiating devices should
be activated (i.e., manual vs. automatic) and where
they should be located.
• There are three (3) methods for initiating an alarm:
1. Manual
2. Automatic
3. Extinguishing System Operation

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 There are two (2) types of detection devices:
1. Manual, and
2. Automatic
• Automatic detection devices include any device that
activates the fire alarm panel or directly activates a
notification appliance without human intervention
(i.e., smoke detectors, heat detectors and water flow
switches).
• Manual fire detection typically refers to pull stations
that directly activates the fire alarm or suppression
system. Manual fire detectors require human
Detection Devices intervention.
• The Building Codes may designate that occupant
notification is required to alert them of a fire or other
emergency. If so, the Code will also state how to meet
the requirements (i.e., bells, beacons, pre-signal, etc.).
• There are a wide range of notification devices and
related equipment, such as audible and visible signals,
Notification Devices & Related
and voice evacuation.
Equipment
•
The Building Code may require monitoring equipment
to provide immediate notification to the central station
or fire department.
•
Some fire alarm systems have built-in monitoring
capabilities while others do not (i.e., DACT, IP
Off-Premises Signals reporting, etc.).
•
Building Codes state the minimum requirements for
installing fire sprinklers, automatic extinguishing
systems, fire extinguishers and standpipes.
•
Building Codes refer to appropriate NFPA Standards
that must be followed and equipment trade-offs that are
allowed (i.e., NFPA 72 states equipment testing,
Installation & Testing maintenance and inspection requirements).

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Types of Fire Systems
Fire systems are classified as either conventional, addressable, or analog/addressable based on their
capabilities. This section describes those differences and provides a few advantages and disadvantages to
each system type. The system designer chooses the appropriate type of fire system for a facility based on
financial constraints, desired protection level, building occupancy class, AHJ, and other factors.

Conventional Systems
Conventional fire alarm systems are comprised of initiating and notification zones. The number of initiating
zones (initiating device circuits) defines how large the system can be. The zones are generally assigned to a
specific function (i.e., pull station, water flow switch, etc.) or cover a geographical area for smoke and heat
detection. Most conventional zones use a two-wire scheme with an end of line resistor for supervision
commonly referred to as an IDC (Initiating Device Circuit). The IDC connects an automatic or manual
initiating device to a zone or a monitoring module.
Note: IDCs will be discussed in detail in "Section 3: System Wiring - Initiating Device Circuits."

Conventional zones support two (2) types of devices:

1. Dry Contact Devices – these use a normally open switch which close on activation that creates an alarm.
Examples: pull stations, heat detectors, four wire smoke detectors, flow switches and sprinkler
supervisory switches.

2. 2-Wire Smoke Detectors – these use voltage from the panel for power and must be listed for
compatibility.
• There are a maximum number of smoke detectors that can be installed on any zone.
• Most panels are listed with many different smoke detectors; the exact number of smokes per panel
varies with each manufacturer.
When configuring devices, the NFPA 72 recommends the following:
• The coverage area for a single zone does not exceed 20,000 square feet and does not extend beyond
a floor of a building.
• A maximum of five (5) waterflow switches and a maximum of twenty (20) supervisory switches can
be connected to a single zone.
• The system's common devices should be grouped together in a zone.
• A trouble condition on a zone should indicate some sort of wiring or device problem.

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Addressable Systems
Addressable fire alarm systems are more versatile and have more features than conventional systems. On
these systems, each initiating device is assigned a unique identification or address (i.e., address = 001,
002, etc.). Plus, these panels usually allow a device to have a descriptive name (i.e., Address 1, Front Lobby,
back door, hallway, etc.) that helps to quickly locate where the "off normal" condition(s) occurred.
Addressable devices are similar to conventional devices since they are either in "alarm" or a "normal"
condition.
Secondly, addressable systems use a Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) to communicate with detectors and
modules. SLCs are a huge benefit because the fire panel can be expanded to perform more remote relay
functions, dry contact monitoring, remote power control, releasing service and conventional zone monitoring.
SLCs provide 2-way communication between a device and the panel via a SLC circuit. The panel and a device
"talk" to each other every 4–5 seconds, referred to as "polling." (SLCs are discussed in more detail in Section
3: System Wiring.)
Lastly, addressable panels allow inputs to be mapped to outputs. The term "mapping" refers to the
relationships between devices, modules and sensors that can be created by the installer. Mapping also allows
the behavior between each device to be programmed. For example, the installer controls the output of a device
when a specific condition occurs, i.e. alarm, trouble, etc.

The table below summarizes the differences between addressable and conventional fire systems:

Table 4: Comparison Between Addressable Systems & Conventional Systems

Features Addressable System Conventional System

The wiring for each initiating zone must

Addressable systems use a single pair of return to the panel.
Installation wires that connects to all of the initiating An end of line resistor at the last device
devices and control modules. is installed to maintain supervision

The panel provides the zone where the

The panel provides detailed information trouble condition has occurred.
Trouble Functionality to the installer, which helps in However, only general information is
determining the source of the problem provided.

When an alarm condition occurs, panel

Alarm Functionality shows which device is in alarm and its When the alarm condition occurs, the
location. panel shows which zone is in alarm.

Higher cost for addressable detectors Lower cost for detectors and other
and modules, but reduced time and conventional devices. Increased time
Cost / Expense expense for installation and cabling and expense for installation and cabling.
Allows for T-Tapping instead of home All wiring must home run back to
runs back to FACP. FACP.

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Analog/Addressable Systems
Analog/Addressable systems are wired the same as a straight addressable system. However, they also provide
additional features that assist in the testing and maintenance of a system. For example, the analog/addressable
system uses a sensor for detecting a level of alarm, instead of a detector that is either in alarm or normal.
Since the panel and sensors communicate, this allows the panel to determine if the device is normal, dirty or
in alarm. An example of a "sensitivity test" is shown below.

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Section 2: System Wiring
This section explains the different wiring methods that can be used on a fire alarm panel and how they affect the
way the system is monitored. The type of wiring specifically impacts the system's ability to monitor the integrity
of the circuits and how it responds when an alarm condition occurs.
After the system designer selects the appropriate fire system panel (i.e., addressable, conventional), they must
next choose the type of wiring to connect devices, modules and other appliances. This decision directly impacts
the system's level of reliability, life safety and protection achieved at a facility.
Note: Please refer to NFPA 72 2013, Sections 12.3–12.6, 23.4–23.6, 3.3.133, and Appendix Tables F3, F1 &
F2 for more information on these topics (listed in order of relevance).
Circuit Types Overview
Addressable system panels can be wired as either Class A or Class B. The circuit type determines how a break in
the loop affects the system's operation. Several examples of Class A and B wiring are shown here.
Class B Circuits
Most fire alarm system installations use Class B circuits. They provide the minimum level of protection that most
facilities require. Class B circuits are characterized by the following features:

1. The circuit does not include a redundant path.

2. A single open on the circuit will render the devices located behind the location of the open circuit inoperable.

3. Any condition that affects the operation of the circuit will be annunciated as a DEVICE LEGEND
ADDRESSABLE
SMOKE
EOLR DETECTOR
CONVENTIONAL
C C
SMOKE
C DETECTOR
trouble signal at the fire alarm control panel. ADDRESSABLE
PULL STATION
F
4. A single ground fault will not render the circuit inoperable. The presence of a single
ground fault will be annunciated at the fire alarm control panel.
WATERFLOW
SWITCH
Figure 1. Class B EOLR Wiring Example on Conventional Panels WF

ADDRESSABLE
MONITOR
MM
MODULE

HORN/STROBE

- END OF LINE
EOLR RESISTOR
Wired to SLC
terminals installed

Figure 2. Class B SLC Wiring Example on Addressable Panels

Figure 3. Class B Wiring NAC Example on Conventional / Addressable Panel

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 When wiring a conventional panel Class B, an End of Line Resistor (EOLR) is required to supervise each
conventional input zone as well as any NAC output. When wiring an addressable panel Class B, an EOLR
is required to supervise the NACs and IDCs. However, the SLCs on an addressable panel does not need
an EOLR to supervise the circuit. A SLC uses two-way communication between each device and the panel
to monitor and supervise the circuit and device. This two-way communication also allows for t-tapping on
SLCs.
Refer to the drawings above and the associated "Device Legend" for Class B wiring examples.
Class A Circuits
Class A circuits are used on certain types of installations (i.e., government, schools, hospitals, etc.), and when
insurance authorities require it at a facility. Class A circuits can provide a higher level of system survivability.

Class A circuits are characterized by the following features:

1. The circuit includes a redundant path.

2. The circuit will remain operable when there is a single open. The open will annunciate the fire alarm control
panel as a trouble condition.
3. Any condition that affects the operation of the circuit will be annunciated as a trouble signal at the fire alarm
control panel.

4. A single ground fault will not render the circuit inoperable. The presence of a single ground fault will be
annunciated at the fire alarm control panel.
Refer to the drawings below for Class A wiring examples that illustrate supervision of NACs, IDCs or other
devices on conventional and addressable panels.
In Class A wiring, the circuit is a continuous loop; t-taping is not allowed and EOLRs are not required.
Figure 4. Class A Wiring Example on Conventional / Addressable Panels

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End of Line Resistor Supervision
End of line resistors (EOLR) play an important role in maintaining a panel's reliability in several ways. A small
amount of electrical current is sent (from the control panel) out through the initiating device circuit and through
the EOLRs. Next, the panel measures the amount of current being returned, and then responds accordingly:
• If the current is in the normal or midrange, the panel is "normal."
• If the panel detects too little or no current, this usually indicates an "open" circuit. The panel indicates a
"trouble" condition when this occurs.
• If the panel sees too high of a current, the panel interprets it as a short, and indicates an "alarm" condition.
Example: When a pull station or heat detector (i.e, dry contact device) is activated, they cause a direct short
on the initiating circuit. This initiates an "alarm" condition on the panel.
Another way EOLRs maintain a panel's reliability is that they can be used to monitor notification appliance
circuits (NACs) and devices. They are also monitored for ground faults or a high amount of resistance to ground
potential.

Initiating Device Circuits (IDCs)

Initiating Device Circuits (IDCs) connect automatic (i.e., smoke detectors, heat detectors, etc.) or manual initiating
devices (i.e., pull stations). These devices are connected directly to a "zone" on a conventional fire alarm control
panel or to a monitoring input module on an addressable fire alarm control panel. The signal received at the fire
alarm control panel does not identify the individual device that is in an "off normal" condition. Rather, the entire
circuit is considered "off normal." ("Off normal" conditions include alarm, supervisory and trouble.)
When these circuits are wired as Class B they use an EOLR (End of Line Resistor) to monitor the integrity of the
wire. When wired as Class A on a conventional panel, the integrity of the circuits are monitored by the fire alarm
control panel zone; whereas on an addressable panel, they're monitored by a dual input monitoring module.

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 Figure 7. Class B EOLR Wiring Example

Class B IDC Wiring Notes:

• On the conventional panel, the WF (water flow) and smoke detectors are supervised by separate EOLRs.
Each zone on a conventional panel is an IDC.
• On the addressable panel, the SLC loop supervises the MM (addressable monitor module), smoke detector
and pull station.
• The MM supervises the WF (water flow) device. The wiring between the monitor module and waterflow
switch is an IDC circuit. An EOLR is placed at the last WF device for IDC circuit supervision.
Figure 9. Class A IDC Wiring Examples Shown on Conventional & Addressable Panels
Class A IDC Wiring Example Class A SLC Wiring Example with SLC module wired Class A

CONVENTIONAL FIRE
ALARM CONTROL PANEL
ADDRESSABLE FIRE
ALARM CONTROL PANEL

INITIATING INITIATING
ZONE ZONE SLC LOOP SLC LOOP

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 Class A IDC Wiring Notes:
• For Class A IDC wiring on a conventional panel, the circuit starts at the panel and returns to the panel. In
most cases, this type of wiring requires two (2) initiating zones. No EOLR is required in this style of wiring.
• For Class A IDC wiring on an addressable panel, the MM device provides the return terminals for monitoring
the WF device. No EOLR is required in this style of wiring.

Notification Appliance Circuits (NACs)

NAC circuits are monitored by EOLRs or Class A wiring.
Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013 18.3.6-A.18-3.6 for more information on these topics.

Class B NAC Wiring Notes:

• Each NAC circuit has its own
End of Line Resistor,
operational capacity stops at
a single open.
• Conditions that affect the
intended operation of the
path are annunciated as a
trouble signal.

Figure 10. Class A NAC Wiring Diagram

Figure 11. Class A NAC Wiring Diagram

Class A NAC Wiring Notes:

• NAC circuits do not require an End of Line Resistor, a redundant path is included. Operational
capability continues beyond a single open.

Signaling Line Circuit Overview

On FAS addressable panels, SLCs provide power and communication to each sensor and module. Every 4–5
seconds, each device on the SLC is polled by the system to check that it's communicating with the control panel.
When this occurs, the device's LED blinks. However, before a device is connected to the control panel, it must
have an address, as shown in the example below.

Figure 12. Example of SLC with Addressed Devices

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 001 002 003 004

+
–

010 011 012 013

The total number of sensors, and modules (or points) varies between manufacturer's panels. For example, EST-3
fire panel provides 125 addressable points for Detectors and 125 addressable points for Modules.

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Section 3: Initiating Device Requirements
This section provides an overview of initiating devices, which includes smoke and heat detectors, manual pull
stations, air duct detectors and addressable modules. Most importantly, this section addresses how and where to
correctly install these devices based on many different factors.
For example, a building's size and occupancy classification greatly impacts installation requirements. Other
factors, such as the location of air diffusers and whether the facility is new construction or an existing building,
also effects the installation of devices. The system designer must take these factors into account, as well as follow
all applicable codes to ensure that the fire alarm system meets the fire safety protection requirements at each
facility.
Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013, Section 17 for more information on these topics.

Initiating Device Overview

All initiating devices on an addressable fire alarm system operate by sending a signal to the fire alarm control
panel when they are in an alarm (or "off-normal") condition. The fire alarm control panel then activates the
appropriate output devices. For example, when a pull station is activated, the building notification may turn
on.
Installation Overview
Installation requirements vary based on the type of initiating device being installed. Another factor is the type of
facility, such as commercial vs. residential, and new vs. existing construction.
Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013, 17.6.3, 17.6.4.2, 17.7.4-17.7, and Appendix B.4.10 for more information on these
topics.

Manual Alarm Station Types

At least one manual pull station is required when either a fire alarm or monitored sprinkler system is installed.
The system designer chooses the appropriate type needed at each facility based on the level of protection they
determine is needed to prevent accidental operation.
Pull station types are:
• Single Action
• Dual Action
• Break Glass Stations
• Key Operated
Single Action pull station models are typically used in most
applications. They are activated with a single pull-down action,
which can be a disadvantage since they can be easily activated.
The Dual Action model requires two actions to activate, usually a push then pull or a lift and pull. These types
are less susceptible to accidental activation. Most pull station models are available in both single pull down and
dual action models.
Key Operated model requires a Key to activate or deactivate an alarm. Mostly used in Institution or Correctional
applications.

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Manual Alarm Station Installation Requirements
The placement of pull stations is specified by the AHJ and building code. They determine the exact requirements
for the location of pull stations, as well as enforce that the device is UL listed for the specified area.
Notes:
1. Pull stations installed outdoors or in wet environments, must be tested and listed for that application. Special
hazard manual stations are manufactured for intrinsically safe environments. 2. If applicable, pull stations
must be designed and installed to meet the American’s with Disabilities Act.
3. Some specialized applications require specific devices designed for an exact function, such as emergency
notification, egress stations in access control systems, or nurse calls. These applications cannot use a
standard fire alarm pull station.
The NFPA's requirements include:
• The operable part of the pull station must be mounted between 3.5 – 4.0 feet from the floor according to NFPA
72 2013.
• The device must be securely mounted to prevent damage and false activation.
• The pull station must be obviously located and contrasted so they are easy to locate (i.e., in the United States
they must be "red" and marked with the word "FIRE").
• Pull stations should be located within 5 feet of each egress on each floor.
• There should not be more than 200 feet of travel distance between pull stations if multiple pull stations are
required throughout a building.
Smoke Detectors
When choosing the type(s) of smoke detector(s) to install, the building's environmental conditions should be
heavily considered. Some types are highly effective in a limited, specified range (i.e., typically less than 900 sq.
feet), and others for wide open, larger areas up to 19,800 sq. feet. Those that cover limited areas are referred to
as "spot" detectors.
Smoke Detector Types
Ionization smoke detectors are the most basic type of smoke detector used, but also the most likely to produce a
false alarm. Dual-chamber ionization detectors help to stabilize the operation of the detector; however, altitudes
greater than 3,000 feet can adversely affect the detector's performance.
Photoelectric smoke detectors are more reliable than ionization detectors because of their technology. There are
2 types of Photoelectric smoke detectors: light scattering and light obscuration.

• Light scattering is the most commonly used spot detector. An alarm occurs when the detector senses or "sees"
the light source due to the reflection caused by smoke. These detectors have a range of sensitivity settings
which puts it into an alarm condition when sufficient light is scattered or refracted into the sensor.
• Light obscuration detectors are used in larger, open spaces greater than 900 sq. feet. Beam smoke detectors
are commonly used when this type is installed in a facility. These detectors are designed to transmit a beam
of light to a receiver, and if the light is not seen by the receiver, the detector goes into alarm. (Beam Detector)
The photoelectric smoke / heat detector is a variation of the photoelectric detector. This design is a combination
smoke / heat detector, which can detect the existence of smoke molecules and also measure thermal energy
produced by heat.

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Smoke Detector Installation Considerations

A building's ceiling type is an important factor in planning smoke detector installation. If a facility's ceiling is flat
and has smooth surfaces, the following installation requirements must be followed:
• Smoke detectors typically are installed every 30 feet, unless a specific performance-based design requirement
is identified.
Note: Refer to the manufacturer's published instructions to ensure that the device is installed correctly.

Figure 13. Diagram of Acceptable Rectangle Dimensions for Smooth & Flat Ceilings

Diagram Notes:
1. If 30 feet is used as a guide, any square that fits inside of a circle with a 21-foot radius could be covered
with a single smoke detector.
2. A 10ft. by 41ft. area can be covered by one smoke detector using 30ft. spacing.
• Spot type smoke detectors must be located on the ceiling or, if on a sidewall between the ceiling and 12"
down from the ceiling to the top of the detector.
Note: Detectors must never be mounted more than 12” below ceiling level.
• The distance between detectors must not exceed their selected spacing. There must be detectors within one-
half the selected spacing, measured at right angles, from any side wall.
• Detectors must not be recessed mounted unless it's specifically listed for recessed mounting.
• Detectors must be supported independently of their attachment to circuit conductors.
Smoke Detector Installation Considerations continued...

• When smoke detectors are installed near heating, ventilation and air conditioning units or fluorescent lights,
several important guidelines must be followed:

1. Detectors must be a minimum 36” (or 3 feet) from air diffusers plus they should not be located anywhere
that the airflow exceeds the listed limitations for the detector.
2. Detectors are effected by humidity, ambient temperature and the velocity of air around it.

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 3. If detectors are installed too close to air supply diffusers, the air flow emitted from the diffuser can prevent
smoke from reaching the detector. Detectors installed too close to an air return can prevent the detector
from activating due to the effect of diluting smoke concentrations near the air return grille.

Figure 14. Example of Installation Requirements for Smoke / Heat Detectors & Manual Pull Stations

Smoke Detectors in Residential Occupancies

Smoke detectors are required in all residential occupancies. Since over 80% of all fire deaths occur in residential
occupancies, all residential occupancies need a minimum of a single station smoke detector on each floor of the
building. Notes:
1. Please refer to NFPA 72 2013, Sections 3.3.269–3.3.269.5, 17.5, 17.7, and 29.5-29.6.2; NFPA 72 2010,
Section 29.8.3 for more information on these topics.
2. Most smoke devices are battery operated; however, it is strongly recommended that they are powered
from line voltage and have a battery backup. This provides greater protection because it doesn't rely on
the homeowner's intervention.

Residential Smoke Detector Types

A majority of the smoke detectors installed in residential occupancies use the ionization chamber method of
smoke detection. However, some states and local jurisdictions have adopted codes that require either a
photoelectric smoke detector or dual technology device that use both a photoelectric and ionization principle
smoke detection. The ionization method of smoke detection has been found to have inadequate or unacceptable
response times in some cases.

Residential Smoke Detector Location

It's important to consider the location smoke detectors are installed in a residence to prevent or reduce the number
of false alarms. For example:
• Smoke detectors in kitchens detect cooking by-products (i.e., grease) which may cause alarms to activate.
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• Steam from bathrooms set off detectors in hallways.
• Smoke detectors installed in areas where the temperature is too low or too high will not operate correctly, i.e.,
garages, kitchens, bathrooms.

New Residential Installation Considerations

In new construction, smoke detectors are required on all levels of the home, in each bedroom and within ten feet
of each bedroom door. Other requirements include:
• High ceilings (i.e., vaulted and cathedral type) with a slope greater than 1 foot in 8 feet must have a detector
installed in the high side of the room but not closer than 4 inches from the adjoining wall.
• Garages, crawl spaces and unfinished attics are exempt from smoke detector requirements due to the high
probability of false alarms. The detectors are not listed to operate in these types of environments.
• Smoke detectors installed in basements should be installed in close proximity to the stairs because smoke has
a tendency to travel upward.

• Smoke detectors are required to have primary power from line voltage and a battery back up. Note: Batteries
must be changed twice a year.
• Smoke detectors are required to be interconnected so that when one sounds, all devices sound.
Air Duct Smoke Detectors
Duct detectors are used primarily to sense smoke in the HVAC system to enable AHU (Air Handling Unit)
shutdown to prevent distributing smoke throughout a facility. In some instances, duct detectors are also used to
control fire/smoke dampers.
Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013, Sections 17.7.5.5 — 17.7.5.5.7 for additional information on this topic.

Duct Detector Requirements

There are various conditions that dictate when duct detectors are required on AHUs and when they're required to
control dampers. NFPA 101, NFPA 90A, IBC, and IMC all have sections on duct detector requirements. Contact
your AHJ to determine which code they follow for the particular project. Generally, duct detector requirement
guidelines are as follows:

• AHU (Air Handling Unit) requirements — NFPA 90A is commonly referenced, and it states that one duct
detector must be installed on the supply side of the AHU if that AHU is over 2,000 CFM (Cubic Feet per
Minute. If the unit is more than 15,000 CFM, it also requires that an duct detector is installed on the return
side of the AHU.

• Fire/smoke damper requirements — Refer to the particular project to determine which code should be
followed.
Commonly, when fire/smoke dampers are installed in a duct, a duct detector should be installed within 5 feet
of the damper. Dampers should be closed when the AHU is shutdown. For other damper placements, spot-
type detectors are usually required to control the damper.
There are many factors that play into damper control and AHU shutdown. Always consult all applicable Code and
the AHJ for each specific project to ensure that the facility's occupants are protected from a fire within the HVAC
unit or near the fresh air intake for the unit.

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Air Duct Detector Installation Considerations
When duct smoke detectors are installed externally, a sampling tube is used to sample the duct's airflow. As shown
in the diagram below, the tube should be mounted vertically to improve detector performance. Additionally, the
sampling tube should be supported or installed away from the detector if the duct is larger than 3 feet.
Figure 15. Example of an Installed Duct Air Detector Showing Air Sampling Tube
Duct Detector Smoke Detector
Housing

Air Flow

Air Sampling Holes

(Face Air Flow)

Other duct detector installation factors are:

1. The detector should be mounted away from any bends or obstructions in the duct, and 6 or more duct widths
from the return inlet.
2. If duct detectors are installed more than 10 feet above the floor and the detector's alarm and supervisory
indicators are not visible, the AHJ requires that remote alarm and supervisory indicators are installed in a
specific location. A label must be shown on the remote indicators that describes their function and the
associated air handler. However, if the air handler individually annuciates at the fire alarm control, then remote
indicators are not required.

Heat Detectors
Heat detectors are used to detect thermal energy produced by a fire. Although they are the cheapest type of
automatic detector to install, they are the slowest to respond due to "thermal lag." This is the time it takes the
detector to respond physically to the air temperature at the detector (i.e., melting or expanding).
There are many types of heat detectors, including photoelectric, thermopile, thermistor, rate compensation, and
pneumatic line. Each type's technology varies greatly in order to address a wide range of environmental factors.
A few of these detector types are addressed in this section.
Note: Please refer to NFPA 72, 2013, Section 17.6, for more information on this topic.

Heat Detector Types

The two most commonly used heat detectors are fixed heat and rate of rise/fixed temperature detectors. They're
referred to as "spot" detectors, like smoke detectors, because their detection element is concentrated in a single
location. Fixed heat and rate of rise/fixed detectors are designed to go into alarm when the temperature at the
detector reaches a set-point or specific temperature. They have an adjustable range of temperatures to allow for a
range of ambient environmental temperatures.
The main difference between these two detectors is that the rate of rise/fixed heat temperature detector provides
earlier heat detection than a fixed heat detector because it detects when the air temperature increases a specified
amount within a period of time (i.e., typically greater than 15° Fahrenheit per minute).
Line type pneumatic heat detectors may be used in environments that produce a sudden rise in temperature. A
metallic tubing runs through the protected area. The looped tubing contains air which presses against a diaphragm

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when the increased air temperature is sustained. The diaphragm triggers the circuit to close, which produces an
alarm.
Heat Detector Installation Considerations
When installing heat detectors, the following guidelines must be followed:
1. Heat detectors are not considered life safety equipment; they are for property protection only.
2. Heat detectors should be installed where conditions are not favorable for smoke detectors, such as kitchens,
garages, attics, boiler rooms, etc.
3. If a ceiling's height is greater than 9 feet 11 inches (i.e., or is between 10 feet to 30 feet), the heat detector
spacing must be reduced as follows:

Table 5: Spacing Rules when Installing Heat Detectors in

Buildings with 10-30 Feet Ceiling Height

Above Up To Percent of
(Shown in (Shown in Listed Spacing
Feet) Feet)
0 10 100%

10 12 91%

12 14 84%

14 16 77%

16 18 71%

18 20 64%

20 22 58%

22 24 52%

24 26 46%

26 28 40%

28 30 34%

Fire Sprinkler Panels

When the occupancy class of a building requires fire sprinklers, they may supervise one or more of the following
devices and appliances:
• Water Supply Control Valves
• Alarm Line Supervision
• Fire Pump Status
• Water Tank, Levels and Temperature
• Low and High Air Pressure on Dry Pipe Systems
Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013, 17.12–17.16.5 for more information on these topics.
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Section 4: Notification Appliances Requirements

This section tackles building codes, AHJ or other governing codes or standards notification equipment
requirements. Because each building's occupancy is unique, different types of notification equipment, such as
horns, strobes, bells, and remote annunciators, may or may not be required. The system designer must consider
the building's occupancy classification(s) along with other factors, including the ambient sound and temperature
levels, and type of facility (public vs. private), when selecting the notification equipment.
Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013 Section 18 for more information on these topics.
When notification devices are required, they must be installed according to NFPA 72's applicable rules and
guidelines.
This section addresses the following topics:
• Types of Audible Signal & Visual Notification devices
• Audible Signal building code requirements
• Visual Notification building code requirements
• Measuring light output and candela requirements
• Measuring audible sound pressure (dB) requirements
• Average ambient sound level considerations
• Special requirements for corridor installations
• Types of Remote Annunciators
• Fire Alarm Signal Classifications

Notification Appliances Overview

Notification equipment or appliances consist of a wide variety of devices, such as: fire alarm horns, bells, and
strobes and possibly voice evacuation speakers, alarm printers, remote annunciators, textual and graphic
displays.
Note: Always refer to building codes, AHJs, NFPA standards, and insurance providers (or certifying entities)
to determine the specific requirements.
Most facilities require that both audible and visual alarm signaling be installed. For example, large commercial
complexes may require audible devices, such as bells, chimes and horns, and also flashing strobe lights or rotating
beacons (visual devices). Some manufacturers have devices that produce both audio and visual signaling.

Audible Notification Requirements

An audible notification device is any notification appliance that alerts occupants by the sense of hearing. These
devices include: horns, bells, sirens, voice evacuation, and speakers. All audible notification devices must be
loud enough to be heard in order to alert building occupants. Each device is UL tested to determine if it meets the
minimum sound pressure guidelines as set by the NFPA. The sound pressure level of a device is expressed as a
decibel or dBA level.
Note: Please refer to NFPA 72 2013 Section 18.4-18.4.5.3, A.18.4.3-18.4.4 and 18.5.5 for more information
on this topic.

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Another requirement is that audible devices must be able to
produce distinctive signals that are different from other devices
that aren’t part of the fire alarm system. The NFPA 72 standard
signal pattern is a three-pulse temporal sound, which alerts
building occupants to evacuate the building.
• Voice Evacuation systems may be required for large complexes or multi-level buildings, such as movie theaters,
auditoriums and churches. Mass voice paging may be used during an emergency to provide the necessary fire
protection level at these types of installations.
Average Ambient Sound Level Guidelines
The average ambient sound levels of an occupancy impacts the specific type of audible devices that should be
installed. The term "ambient" refers to the sound levels that are in the immediate or surrounding area. In some
occupancies, such as urgent care areas in hospitals or noisy industrial complexes, audible devices may be
ineffective or inappropriate. For example, if a building has average ambient sound level greater than 105 dB (i.e.,
such as a night club), the building must have visible notification.
Each occupancy should be evaluated to determine the correct audible devices to be installed. The table below
shows average ambient sound level requirements for a wide variety of occupancies.
Table 6: Average Ambient Sound Level Requirement Guidelines

Location Average Sound Level in dBA

55
Business Occupancies

Educational Occupancies 45

80
Industrial Occupancies

50
Institutional Occupancies

Mercantile Occupancies 40

85
Mechanical Rooms

40
Piers and Water Surrounded Structures

Places of Assembly 55

35
Residential Occupancies

30
Storage Occupancies

Thoroughfares, high density urban 70

55
Thoroughfares, medium density urban

40
Thoroughfares, rural and suburban

Tower Occupancies 35

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 40
Underground Structures and Windowless

Vehicles and Vessels 50

Multiple Rated Audio Devices

These devices are capable of producing a range of output audio/visual settings, which allow them to be used for
dual functions, such as life safety / protection, and burglar alarm systems. Low-Frequency Sounder
Requirements

The requirement to provide low frequency alarm signaling in

sleeping areas was first introduced in NFPA 72, 2010 Edition
with an effective date of January 1, 2014. The tone used for
low frequency signaling devices is a 520 Hz square wave.
This tone was selected after a research study determined that
520 Hz was much more effective at waking people with
hearing loss and alcoholimpaired individuals.
Please refer to NFPA 72, 2013 18.4.5 for more information.

Other Audible Device Installation Considerations

In addition to the average ambient sound-level requirements, there are many other factors that impact the
installation of notification devices, such as:
• Audible devices are typically mounted on walls, however, most devices are also listed for ceilings.
• Audible devices are inappropriate in certain areas, such as in restrooms and elevators, where the sound level
could cause disorientation and would be an annoyance.
Examples: In elevators, occupants cannot exit until the car stops and the doors open; on stairwells, the devices
would be in the path of egress (i.e., path of occupants exiting due to emergency alarms).
• Wall-mounted audible devices must be mounted between 80 and 96 inches from the finished floor level, and
at least 6 inches below the ceiling.

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 Table 7: Public vs. Private Mode Occupancy Audible Notification Requirements

Occupancy Description Minimum Sound Level

At least 15 dB above the average ambient or normal

Public Mode – Audible or visible signaling is provided sound level or 5 dB above the maximum sound level that
as evacuation notification to occupants or inhabitants of lasts at least 1 minute.
the area protected by the fire alarm system.

Examples: Business, educational, residential,

sleeping areas, industrial and storage occupancies.
Private Mode – Trained individuals are present 24 hours At least 10 dB above the average ambient or normal
a day to take additional action when there is an sound level or 5 db above the maximum sound level that
emergency. lasts at least 1 minute.

Examples: Hospital patient care areas, operating

rooms or critical care areas. In situations like these,
sound levels must adequately notify the occupants to
evacuate, but not too loud as to startle them.

Note; Energency signaling may not be required to meet

ADA requirements or UL 1638

• The total sound pressure produced by audible devices must not exceed 120 dB because hearing damage may
occur.
• The level of sound made by the audible device reduces as the distance from the source is increased.
Note: To factor this in when selecting an audible device, double the distance from the source and the sound
pressure (dB) will drop by 6 dB. Next, double the distance again and the sound pressure is decreased another
6 dB. Please keep in mind that when sound travels through walls and doors, the sound loss may be greater
than 6 dB.
Public & Private Modes Occupancy Requirements

The NFPA 72 makes a distinction between public and private mode facilities as described in the following table:

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 Visual Notification Requirements
A visual notification device is any device that alerts an occupant by sight of an emergency, such as a strobe or
rotating beacon. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the building code being used for the occupancy
determines the type of notification devices required.
Notes:
1. Refer to NFPA 72, 2013 Sections 18.4–18.9 for more information on these topics.
2. The ADA and NFPA share the same installation, operation and location requirements for visual
notification devices.

Strobes are required in all new construction, in renovations to portions of buildings open to the general public,
and when any portion of the building is accessible to a hearing-impaired person.

Other visual notification requirements to consider:

1. If a facility is not open to the public and no employees have hearing disabilities, strobes are not required.
2. If an employee with a hearing disability works in an office, strobes may be required in their office, conference
rooms, restrooms, hallways, and routes of tours.
3. In commercial facilities, strobes must be located in areas accessible to the public and to occupants of the
facility who may have hearing disabilities.

Installation Orientation
Some visual appliances (only if approved and UL listed) may be installed in either a wall mount or ceiling mount
orientation. Others, such as "flashing strobes," must be installed in the orientation it has been listed and approved
by UL. This section explains the different requirements for wall-mounted vs. ceiling-mounted devices.
Wall Mounting Considerations
The NFPA 72 allows three (3) wall mount strobe configurations:
1. A single device per area
2. Two devices per area
3. Four devices per area

• Spacing requirements are based on the square area covered by a single device.
Note: The largest room area allowed to be covered by a single wall mounted device is 70 ft. x 70 ft.
• Wall mount strobes cannot be mounted on ceilings for visual notification. Only devices rated for both wall-
and ceiling-mount installation may be used.
• Wall mount strobes must be mounted between 80 and 96 inches from the finished floor level, and at least 6
inches below the ceiling.

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• When more than two strobes are in the field of vision (i.e., corridors), the strobes must be synchronized to

flash at the same time. Some people are photosensitive and may have an epileptic seizure if exposed to random

flashing lights.

Ceiling Mounting Considerations

• The maximum ceiling height of any ceiling mounted strobe is 30 feet.

• If the ceiling height exceeds 30 feet, the visual devices must be suspended or wall mount strobes must be used.
• The maximum room area covered by a ceiling mounted strobe is 50 feet by 50 feet.
• The strobe must be mounted in the center of the room to achieve the light levels as specified in the tables in
NFPA 72.
• If the strobe is not mounted in the center of the room:
1. Measure the distance from the strobe to the farthest wall.

2. Double the measured distance to determine the room size for the strobe to be used. Example: The strobe
in this example is set off center by five (5) feet. The farthest wall is 15 feet, and when doubled is 30 feet.
The strobe size used in this room must meet the minimum requirements of a strobe used in a 30 ft. x 30 ft.
room.
Corridor Installation Requirements
When visual notification devices are installed in corridors, specific NFPA
72 requirements must be followed. For example, the corridor must be less
than 20 feet wide to be considered a corridor. Otherwise, the corridor must
be treated as a room, and must meet the same lighting requirements.
When visual devices are required in corridors:
• The corridor must be less than 20 feet wide.
• The minimum candela rating is 15 cd.
• The strobes must be mounted within 15 feet of the end of the corridor.
• They cannot be spaced more than 100 feet apart on center.
• May be mounted either on the wall or the ceiling.
• They must be mounted in accordance with NFPA 72 for the proper height and placement.
• If there are any interruptions, such as partitions or changes in elevation, the areas must be considered separate
areas.
• When more than two strobes are in the field of vision, the strobes must be synchronized to flash at the same
time since some people are photosensitive and may have an epileptic seizure if exposed to random flashing
lights.

Candela Light Output Rating

Visual notification devices are rated on their light output or candela (cd). The light output intensity (i.e., candela
rating) of a strobe is measured based on the amount of square area covered. Strobe devices must provide a
minimum of 15 cd light output directly in front of the device.
Note: Any strobe device listed for evacuation must comply to all light output requirements to be UL listed.

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Some manufacturers, design visual devices with several options and light output settings based on room size and
the number of visual devices installed per room (i.e., multiple- and split-candela rated). Several examples are
provided in this topic.
NFPA's Light Output Candela Requirements

The following two charts show NFPA 72's light output requirements for ceiling- and wall-mounted devices based
on room size / dimension, and ceiling height maximums.

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Multiple Candela Rated Visual Devices

These type of visual devices can produce a range of light outputs based on
the room or area size requirements.

Remote Annunciators
Remote Annunciators are commonly required in certain facilities, such as
in schools, multi-level buildings, hospitals, and large commercial
buildings. They are usually located near the front entrance of a building so that the emergency teams can quickly
locate the area of alarm. They may or may not show all alarm devices (referred to as "points") throughout the
building. This information helps the emergency team to efficiently deploy where needed.
Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013, Sections 18.11 and 10.18-A.10.18.3 for more information on this topic.

Types of Annunciators
When remote annunciators are required by the AHJs, they may also require that a specific type of remote
annunciator is used, and installed in a specific location (i.e., front entrance of building, every floor, etc.).
There are three (3) types of remote annunciators: LED, LCD and Graphic displays.
• LED annunciators – these are usually simple devices indicating which zones are in Alarm, Supervisory, or
Trouble. They also may have some control features, such as Silence and System Reset.
• LCD annunciators – these provide a text display indicating the status of the fire alarm system. Most LCDs
also allow for common control functions and some programming.
• Graphic displays – these are large boards that have a footprint of the entire building usually by floor. They
have LEDs that show the different devices mounted throughout the building.

Fire Alarm Signals

There are three (3) main signal types that may display on a fire panel and LCD remote annunciator when an "off-
normal" condition occurs:
1. Alarm
2. Supervisory
3. Trouble

Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013, Sections 10.7-10.8 , 3.3.244, and 3.3.257 for more information on this topic.
It's important to understand the distinction between each of these signal types, so you respond accordingly. When
one of these signals are initiated, information is also transmitted to a remote monitoring company.
There are many reasons an "off-normal" condition may occur. The table below briefly summarizes some possible
causes for each signal type.

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Table 10: Fire Alarm Signals

Signal
Possible Conditions Action Required
Types

Alarm The following conditions may exist: Indicates an emergency that requires immediate action, such as a
• Automatic water flow device (i.e., signal characteristic of a fire.
flow switch)
• Manual fire alarm station (i.e.,
pull station)
• Automatic fire detectors (i.e.,
smoke or heat detectors)

Supervisory The following conditions may exist: Indicates that action must be taken by an on-site supervising guard to
inspect the fire suppression systems or equipment, or the maintenance
• Control valve switch
of related systems.
• High/low air pressure switch
• Water tank level and temperature
switches
• Low water pressure for public
water supplies
• Low building temperature switch
• Alarm line valve position

Trouble The following conditions may exist: Indicates a problem with the fire control panel or associated wiring,
which may cause faulty system operation.
• Loss of primary power (120VAC)
• Loss of secondary power (backup
battery)
• A break in the wiring to an
initiating device, or an open or
shorted condition on a
notification appliance (NAC) or
release circuit.

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Section 5: Communications Technology
Throughout the last several decades, many new communication technologies have emerged that have greatly
impacted the fire system industry. This section focuses on three of these technologies:
• Dialer or DACT/DACR (Digital Alarm Communicator Transmitter/Receiver)
• IP Communication
• Radio Systems
All of these technologies can report alarm, trouble or supervisory conditions to the fire department or a remote
monitoring company. However, before the system designer selects the communications method for a facility,
they should evaluate many factors, such as cost or budget constraints, capabilities of the fire alarm system, and
Building Code and AHJ's requirements.
At the end of this section, you'll see a chart that compares and contrasts these three technologies. The chart
summarizes each technologies' advantages, limitations or disadvantages, and things to consider.
Notes:
1. Please refer to NFPA 72 2013, 26.6.1 – 26.6.3.2.2.2 for more details on communication technologies.
2. All communications technology must conform to NFPA 70, National Electrical Code.

Digital Alarm Communicator Transmitter (DACT)

DACT Overview

DACT technology has been available for more than 20 years. They are usually connected to a fire alarm panel
using two plain old telephone service (POTS) lines via an RJ-31X jack.
Below is a basic diagram of how a DACT/DACR communications system is configured:
Figure 17. Example of DACT Communication Pathway Setup

IP Communications
The use of Internet Protocol (IP) communication is growing in the fire system industry because it's more cost
effective and flexible than DACTs. Some manufacturers.
Note: Please refer to NFPA 72 2013, Sections 26.6.2.1 – 26.6.3.1.15.2, 10.14.1, and 10.6.7.3 for
information on these topics.
IP Communications Overview
IP communication allows signals to be transmitted quickly and efficiently from a fire alarm control panel to a
monitoring station receiver. The signal is sent using the existing network infrastructure located at a customer site.
This point is important because the customer's network must be compliant with the application it is being used
for otherwise the IP transmission will be inconsistent and unreliable.
Once the signal leaves the customer site, it enters the “mesh” network of the World Wide Web, which provides
multiple redundant paths. This guarantees successful signal transmission to a central station, and is why IP signal
transmission is faster and more cost effective than other types of signal transmission.
The diagram below shows how a basic IP communications system is configured:
Figure 18. Example of IP Communication Pathway Setup

IP Communicator
(located at Fire Alarm ROUTER ROUTER
System site)
Supervising Station
includes receiving,
processing & printing equipment

IP Connection Types

There are two types of IP communication:

1. An IP network is connected directly to the panel's IP communication.
2. An intermediary module, such as an IP data capture module or a dialer capture module, converts the data to
IP.
Example: An IP Data Capture module is used in conjunction with a DACT. It connects to the DACT output
of the fire alarm control unit and converts the output data into IP.

Equipment Requirements for IP Communications

1. Sharing Communications Equipment On-Premises. If the fire alarm transmitter is sharing on-premises
communications equipment, the shared equipment must be listed as communications or information
technology equipment.
Note: Most communications equipment is not specifically listed for fire alarm applications, but is listed in
accordance with applicable product standard for general communications equipment and is acceptable.

2. Secondary Power at Protected Premises. This requirement is to ensure that communications equipment
will operate for the same period of time on secondary power as the alarm control unit.
Secondary power supply at the protected premises must be capable of transmitting alarm, supervisory,
trouble, and other signals as follows:
• It does not have to be a dedicated power supply, i.e., generator, to the fire system.
Note: Most installations already have the equipment connected to an UPS.
• If the fire alarm transmitter is sharing communications equipment, the shared equipment must have a 24-
hour secondary power capacity.
 Exception: The AHJ may allow less than a 24-hour backup power supply if a risk analysis is performed
to ensure acceptable availability is provided (i.e., minimum of 8 hours has been found acceptable).
Transmission Requirements for IP Communications Maximum Operating Time
• Maximum allowable time lapse for initiation of a single alarm signal until it is recorded at the supervising
station is 90 seconds.
• If multiple subsequent alarms occur, each signal must be recorded at the supervising station no slower
than every 10 seconds.
• Maximum allowable time lapse from the occurrence of an adverse condition in any transmission channel
until recording of the adverse condition cannot exceed 200 seconds.

Communication Path Requirements 1. Single Communication Path

• If only one communications path is used, the failure must be annunciated at the supervising station within
60 minutes.

• If a single technology is used, it's important to evaluate the potential risk exposure that results from the
loss of that path for any period of time and for any reason.
2. Multiple Communication Paths
• Each path must be supervised every 6 hours or less.

• If a failure occurs on any path, it must be annunciated and recorded at the supervising station within 6
hours or less.
• If a transmission fails on all paths, it must be annunciated visually and audibly at the protected premises
within 90 seconds.
• A single technology may be used to create multiple communication paths.

Radio Systems
Radio transmission systems, like IP communications, are becoming more commonplace in the fire alarm system
industry. Because of new technologies, many wireless devices may be part of a network. Smartphones' software,
mobile networks and broadband wireless infrastructure have all contributed to the viability of using radio
communications to transmit data between a fire alarm panel and a monitoring station.
Note: Please refer to NFPA 72 2013, 26.6.3.1.15.1 – 26.6.3.3.2.7, 24.5.2, and 27.4.3.5, 27.5.5.3.3, for more
information on radio communication topics.

Radio Systems Overview

There are two-way radio frequency (RF) multiplex systems, and one-way private radio alarm systems. Both
systems are briefly explained in this section.

Two-Way Radio Frequency (RF) Multiplex Systems

Two-way RF multiplex systems (Type 4 only) consist of a traditional multiplex, where transmissions are
sent/received across the same radio frequency. This process is called the "interrogation-response" transmission
sequence.
 Note: There are two types of two-way radio, Types 4 and 5. They are briefly explained under the "Equipment
Requirements" heading in this topic.
For example, a fire alarm system using a two-way radio:
• Sends an interrogation (or test) signal from the protected premises to the supervising station, and
• Responds to the received signal from the supervising station and replies back to the protected premises.

The "interrogation-response" transmission sequence ensures the integrity of the overall multiplex system, and
operates transparently over the radio portion of the system. The diagram below shows a two-way RF
communications configuration:
Figure 19. Example of Two-Way Radio Frequency Communication Pathway

Communications Pathway

Two-way radio frequency (RF)

multiplex system

Supervising Station
includes receiving,
processing & printing equipment
Radio
Transmitter
(located at Fire
Alarm System site)

Comparison of DACT, IP & Radio System Communications

The table below summarizes some of the benefits, disadvantages and things to consider for each type of
system communications method. Refer to NFPA 72 2013, Table A.26.6.1 for more information on this
topic.

Table 11: Comparison of DACT, IP and Radio System Communications Methods

Type of
Communications Benefits Disadvantages Things to Consider
 DACT • Built-in function of the • Slower transmission than
control panel or easy setup other methods since data • Connection out of the
installation if not built in. must be converted from building to the Internet
Digital Alarm may be unpredictable due
Communicator • Landline telephones may analog signal to digital and
then back again to analog. to customer's type of phone
Transmission be used. line connection.
• Must be installed before
any other telephone • If long-distance
lines/service are used, 2nd
equipment.
line must be a different
• Cable phone lines may service provider.
cause connection problems
between the DACT and the • Standby backup batteries
Internet lines located are limited to 8-hrs of
outside the building (i.e., power.
protected premises). If the • FCC has changed the 24-
cable box at the facility hour testing rule to a 6-hr
loses power, the DACT's testing interval.
signals will not • FCC is considering the
successfully connect to the elimination of landline
Internet. telephones making only
• Fiber optic & cable phone broadband and IP-based
lines are monitored only services available.
once every 24 hr. period. • If call forwarding is used to
• Some technologies have communicate with the
replaced copper phone supervising station, it must
lines, i.e., VOIP. be tested every 4 hours.

IP • Fast, efficient • Reliability is dependent on • A secondary power supply

• Flexible customer site's must be available at the
Internet Protocol infrastructure (i.e., fails to protected premises (i.e.,
• Redundant pathways are connect to the UPS).
available, i.e., if one path Internet/World Wide Web). •
fails to send signal, The quality of the
another path is used until • An IP transmission is determined
signal is successfully sent. communications by the quality of the
card network communication.
• Error detection and
is required at the
correction process ensures
monitoring station for IP
the right message is
communication to work
received at the monitoring
correctly.
station.

Table 11: Comparison of DACT, IP and Radio System Communications Methods

Type of
Communications Benefits Disadvantages Things to Consider
Radio Frequency • Two-way (Type 4) radios • Less secure data • All infrastructure has to be
Systems are reliable due to transmission. in place.
"interrogation-response" • Requires one or more • FCC requires that 2-way
Two-Way RF transmission sequence. RARSR or RASSR radios are licensed.
Multiplex & • One-way radios are receiver to amplify • Antenna must be protected
One-Way RF reliable because signal transmission signals. to prevent/reduce static
quality is continuously • May require an engineerled discharge or lightening
monitored. study to damage.
• Supervising station may determine • One-way radio equipment
poll all radios to ensure that best locations of receivers must be continuously
the transmitter and receiver (RARSR / RASSR) based on supervised so that failure
can respond. transmission interferences. is annunciated at the
• Signal integrity may be supervising station.
compromised due to • Wiring between the radio
unpredictable equipment and the antenna
transmission interferences. must be in conduit
• Requires a minimum of 2 (oneway radio only).
independent RF paths used
simultaneously.
• Doesn't transmit alarm
signal details to the
supervising station. Only
signal type is transmitted.
Section 6: Battery & SLC Calculation Worksheets / Submittal Documentation
This section covers how to calculate notification device and SLC current draw, and the standby/alarm battery
voltage needed for a fire alarm system. Several calculation methods are provided in this section to help you
correctly calculate voltage drops, along with a few sample worksheets for your reference.
This section also provides a sample required submittal document, which must be provided to the AHJ before any
fire alarm system is installed or implemented.
Note: Refer to NFPA 72 2013, 7.2 for additional information on submittal documentation.

Calculation Overview
The system designer must calculate the "total circuit draw" used by each device and appliance before installing
any devices. If this step is skipped or comprimised, the panel’s notification circuit may not provide enough
power to support the devices. Also, the standby batteries must be able to power the panel when "standby" and
"alarm" conditions occur.
Note: Always refer to the fire alarm control panel's installation instructions for further guidance on
notification circuits.
The system designer must know the following information to correctly calculate the voltage drop:
• Total current available per circuit
• Number of devices that will be connected
• Current draw of each device
• Minimum device operating voltage
• Length of the wire run and wire size

Notification Voltage Drop

The voltage drop that occurs on a Notification Appliance circuit is a result of the added resistance from the wire
as the length of the wire run increases. The easiest way to calculate the voltage drop is to use a free calculator
program provided by either the fire system's manufacturer, or the Automatic Fire Alarm Associations' web site
at www.afaa.org.
To calculate voltage drop:

1. Start with a panel voltage of 20.4 volts, which is 85% of the nominal 24 volts.
Note: This represents the minimum voltage at which the fire panel is required to operate, and is the worse
case after the panel is operating on battery power for an extended period of time.

2. Calculate the wire resistance from the fire panel to the first appliance, and multiply that by the current draw
of all appliances. Subtract that number from 20.4.
Note: The result represents the available voltage at the first appliance. Verify that the number is larger than
the lowest operating voltage of the appliance.
3. Calculate the wire resistance to the next appliance, multiply that by the current draw of the remaining
appliances and subtract that number from the voltage at the previous appliance.

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4. Continue calculations for all appliances on the NAC circuit. Verify that the voltage at the last appliance is
within the operating range of the appliance.

Table 12: Wire Resistance

AWG# Ohm's per 1000

feet
12 1.6

14 2.5

16 4.0

18 6.4

20 10.0

22 16.0

Lump Sum Calculation Method

The Lump Sum Calculation method assumes that all appliances are installed at the end of the wire run. This
method results in a large safety factor where extra power supplies may be required. Although this method errors
on the side of safety, the installation cost may be driven up to cover the calculated need.

Battery Standby Calculations

All fire alarm systems are required to have a secondary power source, such as a back up battery. However, before
a battery is selected, you should first calculate the minimum size batteries for standby (non-alarm state) and alarm
times wanted for each application and SLC current draw. The alarm condition usually requires a higher current
draw than standby mode.
Note: If the wrong batteries are installed in a specific application or incorrect current draw is used, the proper
standby and minimum alarm time will not be present.
Fire alarm systems are usually either 12 volt or 24 volt. The batteries are rated at 12 volts and are also given an
amp hour rating (referred to as "AH"). The standard amp hour rating is 4, 7, 8, 12, 18, 26, 28, 33 and 55. The
24-volt DC systems use two 12 VDC batteries wired in series to provide the required voltage and maintain the
same amp rating. The 12 VDC systems use a single battery, however two batteries can be wired in parallel to
double the amp hour rating.
To calculate the total current draw:
1. The calculated totals of each initiating device types are totaled and multiplied by the standby current.
2. All of the standby currents, including the panel, all initiating devices, remote annunciators and any other
auxiliary currents are added together in amps.
3. All of the alarm currents are added together in amps.
4. The standby current is then multiplied by the number of standby hours required.

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5. The alarm current is then multiplied by the number of minutes in alarm expressed in hours (i.e., 5 minutes
divided by 60 minutes per hour = 0.084).
6. Add the standby current amp hour and the alarm current amp hour together, then multiply by 1.2.
Note: The final number represents the minimum required amp hour rating (AH) to provide the necessary
standby and alarm current.
Total Current Draw Formula:
[(Standby Amps) * (# of hours of Standby)] + [ (Alarm Amps) * ( % of hours in Alarm)] =
Total Current Total Current (in Amp Hours) * 1.2 (safety factor) = Minimum Battery
Size Required

Submittal Documentation
Before a fire alarm system is installed, the appropriate documentation must be submitted to the AHJ. The AHJ
may request a wide variety of information, such as:
• Equipment specifications
• Shop drawings or engineering diagrams (i.e., floor plan and riser drawings, control panel wiring diagrams,
point-to-point wiring diagrams, conduit, conductor routing and typical wiring diagrams) • Input/output
matrix
• Battery calculations
• Notification appliance circuit (NAC) voltage drop calculations
Note: Once the fire system is installed, a Record of Completion, an owner’s manual, as-built drawings, and
site-specific software instructions should be delivered to the owner at the main fire alarm panel's location.

Appendix A: Glossary & Definitions

Table 13: Glossary / Definitions

Term Definition

A fire alarm system component with discreet identification that can have its status
Addressable Device individually identified, or that is used to individually control other functions.

A detector that consists of a piping or tubing distribution network from the detector
Air Sampling-Type Detector to the areas being protected. A fan in the detector housing draws air from the protected
area back to the detector. The air is analyzed for products of combustion.

A signal indicating an emergency requiring immediate action, such as a signal

Alarm Signal indicative of a fire.

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 A feature of some automatic fire detection and alarm systems to reduce unwanted
alarms. Smoke detectors must report alarm conditions for a minimum period of time,
Alarm Verification or confirm alarm conditions within a given time period after being reset, to be accepted
as a valid alarm initiating signal.

An initiating device that transmits a signal indicating varying degrees of condition,

Analog Initiating Device such as smoke obscuration levels. As contrasted with a conventional initiating device
which can only indicate an “on/off” condition.

A unit containing two or more indicator lamps, alphanumeric displays, or other

Annunciator equivalent means in which each indication provides status information about a circuit,
condition, or location.

Approved Acceptable to the “authority having jurisdiction”. Note: The National Fire Protection
Association does not approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedures,
equipment, or materials, nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories.
Authority Having Jurisdiction Organization, office or individual responsible for “approving” equipment, an
(AHJ) installation or a procedure.

Automatic Extinguishing System A device that detects the operation of an extinguishing system by means appropriate to
Operation Detector the system employed. Including but not limited to water flow devices.

Devices that respond to abnormal conditions that could affect the proper operation of
Automatic Extinguishing System
an automatic sprinkler system or other fire extinguishing system. Including but not
Supervision
limited to control valves, pressure levels, room temperature, etc.

A device designed to detect the presence of fire or the products of combustion.

Automatic Fire Detectors Including but not limited to heat detectors, flame detectors, smoke detectors.

A system connected to a municipal fire alarm system for transmitting an alarm of

fire to the public fire service communication center. Fire alarms from an auxiliary
Auxiliary Fire Alarm System system are received at the public fire service communication center on the same
equipment and by the same methods as alarms transmitted manually from municipal
fire alarm boxes located on streets.

The transmission capacity of an electronic pathway such as a communications line,

Bandwidth computer bus or computer channel.

A fire alarm box in which it is necessary to break a special element in order to operate
Breakglass Fire Alarm Box the box.

The upper surface of a space, regardless of height. Areas with a suspended ceiling
Ceiling would have two ceilings, one visible from the floor and one above the suspended
ceiling.

The height from the continuous floor of a room to the continuous ceiling of a room or
Ceiling Height space.

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Ceiling Surfaces: Beam Ceiling surfaces referred to in conjunction with the locations of initiating devices
Construction / Girders are as follows:
• Ceilings having solid nonstructural members projecting down from the
ceiling surface more than 4 in. and spaced more than 3 ft., center to center.
• Girders support beams or joists and run at right angles to the beams or joists.
When the top of girders are within 4 in. of the ceiling, they are a factor in
determining the number of detectors and are to be considered as beams.
When the top of the girder is more than 4 in. from the ceiling, it is not a
factor in detector location.

Central Station A supervising station that is listed for central station service.

A system or group of systems in which the operations of circuits and devices

Central Station Fire Alarm System are transmitted automatically to, recorded in, maintained by, and supervised
from a listed central station.

Class A refers to an arrangement of monitored initiating device, signaling line,

or notification appliance circuits, which would permit a single open or ground
Class A Circuit
on the installation wiring of these circuits from causing loss of the systems
intended function.

Class B refers to an arrangement of monitored initiating device, signaling line,

or notification appliance circuits, which would permit a single open or ground
Class B Circuit
on the installation wiring of these circuits to cause loss of the systems intended
function.

A device that either responds to more than one fire phenomenon or employees
more than one operating principle to sense one of these phenomenon. Typical
Combination Detector
examples are combination smoke/heat detectors or a combination rate of rise
and fixed temperature heat detector.

A specific listing process that applies only to two wire devices (such as smoke
Compatibility Listed
detectors) designed to operate with certain control equipment.

A network cable that crosses the transmit and receive lines. It is used to
Crossover Cable
connect hubs and switches together.

Digital Alarm Communicator A system component that will accept and display signals from digital alarm
Receiver communicator transmitters [DACT] sent over public switched telephone
[DACR] network.

A system in which signals are transmitted from a digital alarm communicator

Digital Alarm Communicator
transmitter [DACT] located at the protected premises through the public
System [DACS]
switched telephone network to a DACR.

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 A system component at the protected premises to which initiating devices are
Digital Alarm Communicator connected. The DACT will seize the connected telephone line, dial a pre-
Transmitter [DACT] selected telephone number to connect to a DACR, and transmit signals
indicating a status change of the initiating device.

Display The visual representation of output data other than printed copy.

DHCP (Dynamic Host The automatic assigning of temporary IP addresses to client machines logging
Configuration Protocol) into an IP network.

A system for connecting a number of computer systems to form a local area

network (LAN), with protocols to control the passing of information. This is the
Ethernet
global standard for cabling computers together in a network. The wireless
version of Ethernet is referred to as "Wi-Fi."

Term Definition

An interface between a device and the network. See also "crossover cable" and
Ethernet Cables
"straight through cable."

The withdrawal of occupants from a building.

Evacuation Note: Evacuation does not include relocation of occupants within a building.

A device, such as a resistor or diode, placed at the end of a Class B circuit to

End Of Line Device maintain supervision.

A device used to supervise power [usually for 4-wire smoke detectors] and installed
End Of Line Relay within or near the last device on an initiating circuit.

Distinctive signal intended to be recognized by the occupants as requiring

Evacuation Signal evacuation of the building.

Exit Plan Plan for the emergency evacuation of the premises.

A system component that receives inputs from automatic and manual fire alarm
devices and may supply power to detection devices and transponders or off-
premises transmitters. The control unit may also provide transfer of power to the
Fire Alarm Control Unit (Panel)
notification appliances and transfer condition of relays or devices connected to the
control unit.
The fire alarm control unit can be a local unit or a master control unit.
The classifications indicating in time [in hours] the ability of a structure or
Fire Rating component to withstand fire conditions.

Building and fire control functions that are intended to increase the level of life
Fire Safety Functions safety for occupants or to control the spread of harmful effects of fire.

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Flame Detector A device that detects the infrared, ultraviolet, or visible radiation caused by fire.

A smoke detector that has two distinct circuits used in its operation. The first circuit
Four Wire Smoke Detector provides resettable power for the detector and the second circuit monitors the
contact on the device. These types of devices are not listed for compatibility.

Heat Detector A device that detects abnormally high temperature or rate of temperature rise.

Refers to a network that uses TCP/IP communications protocol, which may be a

IP or Internet Protocol wide area network (WAN) such as the public Internet, or a private, local network
(LAN). See also TCP/IP.

The address of a device attached to an IP network (TCP/IP network). Every device

IP Address is assigned an IP address, and every IP packet traversing an IP network contains a
source IP address and a destination IP address. See also "DHCP."

A system component that originates transmission of a change of state condition,

Initiating Device such as a smoke detector, water flow switch, etc.

Initiating Device Circuit A circuit to which automatic or manual initiating devices are connected.

A smoke detector that has a small amount of radioactive material which ionizes
the air in the sensing chamber, thus rendering it conductive and permitting a
current to flow between two charged electrodes. This gives the sensing chamber
an effective electrical conductance. When smoke particles enter the sensing
Ionization Smoke Detector
chamber they decrease the conductance of the air by attaching themselves to the
ions, causing a reduction in mobility.
When conductance is reduced to less than a predetermined level, the detector
responds.

Term Definition

A communications network that is typically confined to a building or premises.

LAN or Local Area Network The "clients" are user workstations running an operating system, while the
"servers" hold the programs and data shared by the clients.

Level Ceilings Those ceilings that are actually level or have a slope of less than 1 1/2 in. per foot.

The action of light being reflected and/or refracted off particles of combustion for
Light Scattering detection by a photoelectric smoke detector.

A device in which detection is continuous along a path. Examples include projected

Line Type Detector beam smoke detectors and heat sensitive cable.

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 Equipment or materials included in a list published by an organization acceptable
to the “authority having jurisdiction” and concerned with product evaluation, that
maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials and
whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets appropriate
standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specific manner.
Listed
Note: The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for each organization
concerned with product evaluation, some of which do not recognize as listed unless
it is also labeled. The “authority having jurisdiction” should utilize the system
employed by the listing organization to identify a listed product.

A local system sounding an alarm at the protected premises as the result of the
Local Fire Alarm System operation of automatic or manual initiating devices.

Manual Station (or pull station) A manually operated device used to initiate an alarm signal.

MAC Address (Media Access

Control) The unique, physical address or serial number of a device.

National Fire Protection Association Administers the development of and publishes codes, standards, and other materials
(NFPA) concerning all phases of fire safety.

A laboratory that is recognized by the Occupational Safety and Health

Administration as meeting the necessary qualifications specified in the Code of
Nationally Recognized Testing Federal Regulations. Common NRTL in the United States that deal with fire alarm
Laboratory (NRTL) products are FM
Approvals, Intertek Testing Services (ETL) and Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
(ULI).
The format and procedure that governs the transmitting and receiving of data in a
Network Protocols network.

The exchange of information in any combinations of voice, video and/or data

between users. The network includes the network operating system in the client
Networking and server machine, the cables connecting them, and all supporting hardware
between. In wireless systems, antennas and towers are also part of the network.

A device whose sensing element is designed to be destroyed in the process of

Non restorable Initiating Device operation.

A fire alarm system component such as a bell, horn, speaker, strobe, etc. that
Notification Appliance provides an audible or visible output or both.

Notification Appliance Circuit

A circuit directly connected to a notification appliance.
(NAC)

A reduction in the atmospheric transparency caused by smoke. Usually expressed

Obscuration in percent per foot.

Particles of Combustion Substances resulting from the chemical process of a fire.

Term Definition

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 A smoke detector utilizing a light source and a photosensitive sensor so arranged
that the rays from the light do not normally shine on the photosensitive sensor.
Photoelectric Smoke Detector When smoke enters the light path, some of the light reflects off the smoke onto
the sensor, causing the detector to respond.

An installation of fire alarm systems that serve contiguous and noncontiguous

Proprietary Fire Alarm System properties under one ownership from a proprietary supervising station located at
the protected property.

A device which will respond when the temperature rises at a rate exceeding a
Rate Of Rise Heat Detector predetermined amount [usually about 15 degrees per minute].

A system installed in accordance with NFPA 72 to transmit alarm, trouble and

Remote Station Fire Alarm System supervisory from one or more protected premises to a remote location at which
appropriate action is taken.

A device whose sensing element is not ordinarily destroyed in the process of

Restorable Initiating Device operation. Restoration may be manual or automatic.

Connects two different types of networks, i.e., WAN and LAN. It is a network
Router device that forwards packets from one network to another.

Shall In NFPA literature indicates a mandatory requirement.

In NFPA literature indicates a recommendation or that which is requested but not

Should required.

A circuit or path between any combination of circuit interfaces, control units, or

Signaling Line Circuit transmitters over which multiple system input signals or output signals, or both are
carried.

Sloping Ceiling Ceilings having a slope of more than 1 1/2 in. per foot.

Ceilings in which the slope is in two directions from the highest point. Curved or
Sloping – Peaked Type domed ceilings may be considered peaked.

Ceilings in which the high point is at one side with the slope extending toward the
Sloping – Shed Type opposite side.

A surface uninterrupted by continuous projections such as solid joists, beams or

Smooth Ceiling ducts, extending more than 4 in. below the ceiling surface.

Ceilings having solid structural or nonstructural members projecting down from

Solid Joist Construction the ceiling surface a distance of more than 4 in. and spaced at intervals 3 ft. or less,
center to center.

A device whose detecting element is concentrated at a particular location.

Spot Type Detector
Examples include certain smoke and heat detectors.

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 Straight Through (or Patch) Cable A specific length of cable terminated at each end with a plug or socket.

An effect that occurs when air containing smoke particles or products of

Stratification combustion is heated by burning material, rises until it reaches a level where there
is no longer a temperature difference between it and the surrounding air.

The portion of a building included between the upper surface of a floor and the
Story upper surface of a floor or roof next above.

The ability to detect a fault condition in the installation wiring which would prevent
Supervision normal operation of the fire alarm system.

Term Definition

A signal indicating an “off normal” condition on the fire suppression system. Examples
Supervisory Signal include, tamper indication, low air pressure and low building temperature.

An electronic device that directs the flow of electrical signals routing a packet to a
Switch specific IP address.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol is the most widely uses

TCP/IP communications protocol. TCP/IP is commonly referred to as just "IP," which is the
network layer of the protocol.

The difference between the operating temperature of a thermal detector and the actual
Thermal Lag air temperature.

A smoke detector that initiates an alarm condition on the same pair of wires that supply
Two-Wire Smoke Detector power to the detector.

A long-distance communications network that covers a wide geographic area, such as

WAN or Wide Area Network a state or country. Telephone companies and cellular carriers deploy WANs to service
large regional areas or the entire nation.

Appendix B: System Installation & Troubleshooting Tips

When installing any system applications, appliances or devices, please reference the following recommendations:
• Read and understand all instructions before proceeding.
• Follow the manufacturers' instructions.
• Never connect or disconnect wiring or circuit boards with any power applied!
• Test the panel completely before bringing it to the job site. This will eliminate the possibility of installing a
defective panel.
• Perform power calculations to determine if system power supply and wiring are sufficient.
• Perform battery calculations to determine proper battery size.
• Fire circuits cannot be run in the same raceway, cable or conduit as high voltage circuits.
• When not in conduit, fire circuits should not be strapped to high voltage conduit, as electrical “noise” can
interfere with the fire circuits.

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• Prepare a carefully laid out drawing of the complete system, including wiring hookup. A copy of this drawing
should be secured in the panel cabinet.
• Locate the panel for convenience and serviceability.
• Carefully remove the panel and any associated modules from the cabinet.
• Mount the cabinet and complete all conduit connections.
• Pull all system wiring through conduit, tag and mark wires.
• Install panel and any associated modules in cabinet.
• Check integrity of field wiring.
Before making any external circuit connections:
1. Power up the panel using only the end of line devices. The panel should be in a normal condition.
2. Power down.
3. Connect one circuit.
4. Power up, panel should be in a normal condition.
5. Repeat steps 2-4 until installation is complete.
Table 14: Troubleshooting Tips

Problem Possible Cause / Solution

A wire on one of the initiating or indicating circuits is making contact to ground.
Possible locations could be the chassis, conduit, or a pinched wire on a sprinkler pipe.

Ground Fault Disconnect all field wiring from the panel, including back up batteries.
Reinstall a set of wires one at a time, giving about a 60 - 90 seconds between
reinstallation.
The ground fault should display and will be on that set of wires.

Remove the wires from the zone and place the end of line resistor across the zone
terminals.
• If the problem clears, it is in the wiring. If it doesn’t clear, there is a problem with
Trouble on Initiating Zone the panel.
• If 2-wire smoke detectors are used, make sure the detector and base have been listed
for use with the panel.

Same as for initiating zone.

On some panels, the polarity marked on the indicating circuits is for a normal
condition, polarity will reverse in an alarm condition.
• On these panels, the red wire from the indicating appliance connects to the
Trouble on Indicating Zone negative terminal and the black wire connects to the positive terminal. It will look
backwards but when the panel goes into alarm it will be correct.
• Make sure the indicating appliances do not draw more power than the circuit can
supply.

Low AC Check the AC voltage, it must be above 102VAC.

Low Battery Check the batteries under load. Most panels will show low battery at 23VDC.

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Miscellaneous Notes:
• Look for blown fuses and circuit breakers that may have tripped.
• Look for diagnostic LEDs that may provide information.

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