Language Summary

Tenses : (affirmative)

Tense Present Simple Present Continuous Past simple Past Continuous

Form S+V ( s/es/ies) S+am/is/are+V+ing S+V (ed/Irr) S+was/were+V+ing
Key Every Right Yesterday, When, While…, at a
Words day/week/year now/currently/ at a year/day/month ago, certain time,
Always the moment/ in 1990 (past time), last
(adverbs of look !lisen!... year/day/ night
frequency)

Tense Present Perfect Present perfect Past perfect Futre

continuous
Form S+has/have+Vp S+has/have+been+V+in S+had+Vpp S+will+V
p g S+is/are+going
to+V
Key So far, already, Already, so far, ‘ After, before, Tomorrow, next
words yet, ever, duration already with year, soon, later
recently, since past simple, as
soon as, until

Tense Future perfect

Form S+will have+Vpp
Key words By the end of…, by (any day), by 2055(future
time), by the time s+v

Type of questions from the national exam

PUT THE VERBS BETWEEN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT TENSE.

1. There was a power cut while we (watch) .............................................a film on TV last night.

2. When we got to the theatre, the play (already/ start) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. I (call) ............................................ Roger at nine last night, but he wasn’t at home.

4. I think by the end of 2020, scientists (develop)............................................................... a vaccine for

COVID-19.

1. Last week, James had an important meeting. He got up early but he couldn’t find a taxi easily. When

he arrived at the station, the train (already /leave) ………………………

2. The wind is very strong. By the time the firefighters arrive, the fire (destroy) ........................ the

whole building.

1. When I got to the office yesterday, the meeting (already/ start) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. By the end of next August, I (spend) ..................................................... four years in Morocco.

1. Kim and Lee (play) ....................................... table tennis the whole morning yesterday.

2. Patricia (work) .......................................as a policewoman before she retired last year.

1. Zineb came back to Morocco after she (graduate) .................................................. from Cambridge.

2. I think most countries (overcome) .............................................. the effects of Covid-19 on their

economies by September.

1. I was too late for the music concert because I (not/take) ....................................... the first bus.

2. Moncef Slaoui (graduate)..................................... from the Free University of Brussels in 1983 before he

joined Harvard Medical School.

Passive Voice
If the sentence is written in the:

Active Voice Passive Voice

Present Simple is/are + Vpp
Past Simple was/ were + Vpp
Present Continuous is/are + being + Vpp
Past Continuous was/were + being + Vpp
Present Perfect has/Have + been+ Vpp
Past Perfect had+ been+ Vpp

Modals Modals + be+ Vpp

I must read her book. Her book must be read by me.

Example: I write a poem. A pome is written by me

REWRITE THE SENTENCES AS INDICATED.

- They have invited many African ministers to the conference.
Many African ministers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Scientists discover new species of insects every year.
New species of insects ……………………………………………………………………………………
This school offers students interesting activities.
Students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- The school clubs organized an interesting environmental campaign.
An interesting environmental campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- The secretary arranged the documents on the shelves.
The documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- The World Bank financed many social projects in Africa.
Many social projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Conditionals type 2 & 3
Type 2 Type 3
Form If + S + past simple, S + would/could + V If + S + past perfect, S + would/could have +Vpp
S + would/could +V+if + S + past simple S+ would/could + have + Vpp+ if +S + past perfect
Usage Impossible in the present Unreal in the past (it didn’t happen, actually!
How to answer this task:

- If the sentence given is in the present simple, use conditional type 2.

- If the sentence given is in the past simple, use conditional type 3.

Pay attention to this: If the sentence given is the positive, when turn it to conditional
form, make it negative. +/-  -/+

Example:

- Khalil didn’t correct his mistakes. That’s why he got bad marks in the exam.

If Khalil had corrected his mistakes, he wouldn’t have got bad marks in the exam.
Option Khalil wouldn’t have got bad marks in the exam if he had corrected his mistakes.
2

REWRITIE THESE SENTENCES AS SUGGESTED.

1. He didn’t wear his jacket yesterday. That’s why, he caught a bad cold.
If _
2. I didn’t work hard last year. That’s why, I didn’t get a lot of money.
If
3. The weather was terrible. So, the referee stopped the match.
If
4. You didn’t hear about the president‘s death because you didn’t watch last TV news.
If
5. She couldn’t join the music band because she was not good at the piano.
If
6. I didn’t have enough money. So, I couldn’t take my family to the restaurant.
If
7 I don’t have his phone number. So, I can’t call him.
If
8. I can’t buy a Ferrari because I am not rich.
If
9. He doesn’t have time. So, he can’t help you.
If
 Expressing Regret (if only/ I wish)
- Sentence given is in the present, use: if only/ I wish + past simple.
- Sentence given is in the past simple, use: if only/ I wish + past perfect
- +/-  -/+
REWRITE THE SENTENCES AS SUGGESTED.

1. My uncle didn’t stay longer in Spain, and now he regrets it.

My uncle wishes………………………………………………………………………………
2. I can’t speak foreign languages.
I wish……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. It’s a pity! He sold his old computer yesterday.
If only…………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. I can’t help you because I don’t have time.
I wish…………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. He had an accident because he didn’t respect the red light.
If only………………………………………………………………………………………………
Reported Speech
  To report WH questions, we use the verb asked 
Ex: - Jad,” what are you doing?”
Jad asked me what I was doing.

 To report YES/NO questions, we use the verb asked + if 

Ex;

- Khalid: “Do you play basketball?”

Khalid asked me if I played basketball.

 To report suggestions, we use the verb suggested + verb+ ing

Ex:

- Sam: “ Let’s go shopping”.

Sam suggested going shopping.

 To report promises, we use the verb promised + to + verb

Ex:

- Jamal:” I will buy you a new phone.”

Jamal promised to buy me a new phone.

 To report commands, we use the verb commanded/ordered/warned + to/not to + verb

Ex:

- “Open the door!” the officer ordered

The officer ordered to open the door.

REWRITE THE SENTENCES AS INDICATED.

- “Could you please give more information about the project?” asked the journalist.

The journalist asked the minister . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- “The interview will be at the director’s office,” the secretary said.

The secretary told Amine that . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …..

- “If I were you, I’d go on a diet,” Ahmed told me.

Ahmed advised me. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

- “The stadium will be closed for six months,” said the minister.

The minister said…………………………………………………………………………………

- “I will talk to the boss about the problem,” Anne said.

Anne promised. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 Linking Words
Concession links

In spite of+ verb+ ing , In spite of visiting the doctor, I still feel pain in my shoulder.
Despite+ noun , Despite his old age, my grandfather exercises early in the morning.
Although- Even though/if + S +V Although we understand our lessons, we make mistakes from time
to time
However- Yet- Nevertheless She suffers from a serious illness. However, she doesn’t want to
see a doctor.

Cause and Effect links

…..Therefore/Consequently/As a result/For this It was raining. Therefore, I stayed at home.

reason, S+V
Because of + noun, -Because of the rain, I stayed at home.
-I stayed at home because of the rain.

Owing to/Due to+ noun, I stayed at home due to the rain.

Thanks to + noun, Thanks to this treatment, her condition has

improved.

Purpose links

…..so that +Subject+ can/could/would… -I’m saving money so that I can buy a phone.
-I was saving money so that I could buy a phone
-She asked her son to switch off the TV so that it
wouldn’t disturb his sleeping brother.

In order to/so as to/to + Verb -He is saving money in order to buy a phone
-He is saving money so as to buy a phone.
-He is saving money to buy a phone.
In order not to/ so as not to + Verb -The young women exercises regularly so as not
to get fat.
-She woke up early in order not to be late for the
meeting.
In order that + subject + can/could/would He looked for a job in order that he could get
married.
 REWRITE THE SENTENCES AS INDICATED.

- Our teacher asked us to join the WhatsApp group. He wants to share lessons.

Our teacher asked us to join the WhatsApp group so that

- Fred received the invitation. Yet, he didn’t attend the party.

In spite of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………..

- Most countries closed schools because of the spread of Covid-19.

Due to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . …………………………………………………

- The hotel was cheap but it was comfortable.

Despite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………..

- The confinement during Covid 19 was hard for people, but it was efficient in fighting the pandemic.

Although……………………………………….……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………..

- They want to help them study hard. Parents give advice to their children. (so as to)

- The teacher projected a _lm. He wanted to help students stop taking drugs. (in order to)

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

- Thousands of Moroccans immigrate to Europe. They want to make their life better. (so that)

5. Gandhi organized non-violent protests. He wanted to fight for Indian’s independence. (to)
Function Present Examples Past Examples

Obligation  Must  You must respect your parents. I had to wear a uniform when I
a student.
‫اإللزام‬  Have to* A Muslim has to fast during Had to
Ramadan.

Prohibition  Mustn’t  You mustn’t eat in the classroom. Couldn’t Weren’t In the past, women couldn’t
allowed to
‫المنع‬  Can’t  Muslims can’t drink alcohol. vote.

Lack of obligation  Don’t have to* He doesn’t have to hurry. We’ve You didn’t have to buy the tick
plenty of time. The show was free.
‫عدم اإللزام‬  Needn’t Didn’t have to

‫القدرة‬Ability  Can Birds can fly. Could When I was 9, I could run.

‫عدم القدرة‬Inability  Can’t Elephants can’t fly. Couldn’t Jihan couldn’t speak

(cannot) English when she was seven.

Ali: I’m sick. What should I do? Son: I got a bad mark. Father: Y
should’ve prepared well for th
Advice  Should Najib: you ought to see a doctor. Should have (+
exam.
pp**)
‫النصيحة‬  Ought to Hamza: you’d better hurry up.

 Had better

‫إمكانية‬Possibility  Might /May It might rain later. Take an Might have (+ I haven’t received your letter. I
umbrella. pp) might have got lost.
‫احتمالية‬Probability  Can /could

Deduction(Impossibility) You’ve just had lunch. You Can’t have+pp Jim couldn’t have taken
Couldn’t have
‫)االستحالة(استنتاج‬  Can’t can’t be hungry. your camera as he wasn’t there

Deduction(certainty)  Must Samir has a Ferrari. He must Must have Our teacher was absent. He

‫)اليقين(استنتاج‬ be rich. (+pp) must have been sick.

Permission  Can  Can I use your phone?

‫اإلذن‬  May  May I borrow your dictionary?

Making requests  Can /Could  Could you help me, please?

‫الطلب‬  Would /will  Will you marry me?

‫اإلقتراح‬Suggestion  shall What shall we do this weekend?

 Circle the correct answer: (National exam items)
1.“You . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .give up smoking; your heart is too weak,” The doctor said to his patient.
Must- can- may
2.Take an umbrella, it …………….……. rain tonight
Will not - should – might
3.Sami. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . have cheated in the exam; he is honest and hardworking.
Can’t- Doesn’t - Won’t
4.I feel so sorry . I ..................listened to my parents advice.
Must- Should - Should’ve
5. The businessman spoke so fast that I...............understand him
Mustn’t - Can’t - Couldn’t
6.I ……….............. play with my friends because I am sick.
must - Can’t - shall
7.I can’t find my mobile phone. I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . have left it at home.
could - should - will
8.I’ll email you the questionnaire to fill in online; you . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . print it.
Can’t - Needn’t - Wouldn’t
9. I ................. carry the suitcase because it’s really heavy.
Should- Can- Couldn’t
10. It was stupid of you to leave the car doors unlocked. Someone ............ have stolen your digital camera from
it.
must - could - Can’t
11. He looked exhausted when he arrived. He......................... have had a lot of work today.
must -Can’t - would
12. I carried my umbrella all day but It didn’t rain. I ................. have taken it with me.
Should- Needn’t- Mustn’t
13. Oh my God! There is a lot of traffic again; I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . get to the office on time.
Will not- Can - Mustn’t
14. The student.............have cheated in the exam. Now, he has to wait for 3 years to sit for it again.
Mustn’t - Couldn’t - Shouldn’t
15. Leila ………………………… see her doctor; otherwise, her headaches will get worse.
Could- should - would
16.The thieves...........................have escaped by car ,we’re not sure yet
must - shall - might
17 . I can’t find my purse. I ................. have left it in the supermarket. I’m not sure.
Can’t – should- could
18“You ……………………break the law,” the policeman told the motorist.
Might not - Mustn’t - Needn’t
 Relative pronouns :

Who – Refers to a person (the noun/pronoun/subject which does the action)

Whom – Refers to the object (the noun or pronoun that receives the action)
Whose – Used to show possession of something or someone
That – Used in a defining clause that refers to a person, animal or thing
Which – Used in a non-defining clause that refers to a person, animal or thing
EXERCISE1: Choose the correct answer: (previous national exams items)
1. Tahar Benjelloun, ……...………got the Dublin Literary Award in 2004, is a Moroccan writer.
whose-whom –who
2. He wants to know………………………… country will organize the next Olympic Games.
3. The young man …………………………is next to me in the picture is my neighbour.
when-whom -who -which-where
3. Moha Oulhoucine, …………………. everyone calls "The Maestro", died in February 2016.
whose- whom-which
4. Do you know a good technician …………………………repairs computers?
whose-who –which
5. The Wilsons celebrated their 20thwedding anniversary in the restaurant …....……… they first
met. 7. Latifa lost the iPhone………………………… cost her5000 DH.
6. where-whose-which-whom -who
8. Jack: Is it Alen …………………………will be in charge of the new library?
9. Henry: Yes. He is the only one…………………………. application has been accepted.
Whose which who whom
10. The three students…………… won the 2018 Arab Maths Olympiad are from Morocco.
where-who -whose
11. The writer ……………… novels were translated into many languages won the Nobel Prize.
whose-who -which
12. It is in the Souss valley in Morocco ………………………….the argan trees grow.
where–who –which
13. Robert De Niro, ……………………… films are famous all over the world, was honored at
Marrakech film festival in 2018.
whom- who -whose
14. Kate is the girl…………………… father has just been elected president of the city council.
where-who -whose
15. Julio, ………………….…… is my Facebook friend from Spain, has just shared some beautiful
pictures…………………………show different aspects of the Spanish culture.
Where-which-when -whose -who
16. The woman………………………… husband died in the accident claimed that the man
…………………………was driving the other car was drunk
Whom -where-who- whose-which