Maths-Part-2-EM
Maths-Part-2-EM
Content
Part -2
1 Polynomials 2 - 13
2 Quadratic Equations 14 - 31
3 Introduction to Trigonometry 32 - 47
5 Statistics 58 - 76
6 Probability 77 - 86
Polynomials
Degree of the polynomial:
p(x) is a polynomial in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of the
polynomial p(x).
Examples:
4x + 2 is a polynomial in the variable x ofdegree 1.
A polynomial of degree 1 is called a linear polynomial.
2y2 – 3y + 4 is a polynomial in the variable y of degree
A polynomial of degree 2 is called a quadratic polynomial.
quadratic polynomial in x is of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are real numbers a ≠ 0 .
is a polynomial in the variable x of degree 3
5x3 – 4x2 + 2 - √2 is a polynomial in the variable x of degree 3
A polynomial of degree 3 is called a cubic polynomial. General form of a cubic polynomial is
ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
Where a, b, c, d are real numbers and a ≠ 0
[7u6 - u4 + 4u 2 + u - 8 is a polynomial of variable x and the degree of this polynomial is 6]
Example:: √ + 1, ,
If p(x) is a polynomial in x, and if k is any real number, then the value obtained by replacing x by
k in p(x), is called the value of p(x) at x = k, and is denoted by p(k).
What is the value of p(x) = x 2 – 3x – 4 when x = - 1 ?
p(-1) = (-1)2 - 3(-1) - 4 = 0
Similarlly, p(4) = (4)2 - 3(4) - 4 = 0
As p(-1) = 0 and p(4) = 0 -1 and 4 are called the zeros of the polynomial x2 – 3x – 4
If k is a real number such that p(k) = 0 then k is called the Zeros of the polynomial p(x)
If k is the zero of the polynomial p(x) = ax + b then p(k) = ak + b = 0 ⇒ k = −
The zero of the lenear equation ax + b is −
So, you can see geometrically that a quadratic polynomial can have either two distinct zeroes
or two equal zeroes (i.e., one zero), or no zero. This also means that a polynomial of degree 2
has atmost two zeroes.
Cubic Polynomials:
Example: y = x3 - 4x
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 0 3 0 -3 0
Locating the points of the table on a graph
paper and drawing the graph, we see that the
graph of y = x3 – 4x actually looks like the one
given in fig 9.6
We see from the table above that – 2, 0 and 2
re zeroes of the cubic polynomial x3
– 4x. Observe that – 2, 0 and 2 are, in fact,
the x- coordinates of the only points where
the graph of y = x3 – 4x intersects the x -
axis. Since the curve meets the x - axis in only
these 3 points, their x - coordinates are the
only zeroes of the polynomial
Let u s t a ke a few mor e exa mp les . C onsider t he c u bic polynomials x3 and x3 – x2.
We draw the graphs of y = x3 and y = x3 – x2 in Fig. 9.7 and Fig. 9.8 respectively. Note that 0
is the only zero of the polynomial x3. Also, from Fig. 9.7, you can see that 0 is the x - coordinate
of the only point where the graph of y = x3 intersects the x - axis. Similarly, since x3 – x2 = x2
(x – 1), 0 and 1 are the only zeroes of the polynomial x3 – x2 . Also, from Fig. 9.8, these values
are the x - coordinates of the only points where the graph of y = x3 – x2 intersects the x-axis
From the examples above, we see that there are at most 3 zeroes for any cubic polynomial. In
other words, any polynomial of degree 3 can have at most three zeroes
Example 1 : Look at the graphs in Fig. 9.9 given below. Each is the graph of y = p(x), where
p(x) is a polynomial. For each of the graphs, find the number of zeroes of p(x).
Solution :
(i) The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the x-axis at one point only.
(ii) The number of zeroes is 2 as the graph intersects the x - axis at two points.
(iii) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at three points
(iv) The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the x-axis at one point only.
(v) The number of zeroes is 1. as the graph intersects the x-axis at one point only.
(vi) The number of zeroes is 4. as the graph intersects the x-axis at four points
Exercise 9.1
1. The graphs of y = p(x) are given in Fig. 9.10 below, for some polynomials p(x). Find the
number of zeroes of p(x), in each case.
(i) The number of zeroes is 0 as the graph not intersects the x-axis
(ii) The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the x-axis at one point only.
(iii)The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at three points .
(iv) The number of zeroes is 2 as the graph intersects the x-axis at two points.
(v) The number of zeroes is 4 as the graph intersects the x-axis at four points.
(vi) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at three points.
Example 2 : Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10, and verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients
Solution: x2 + 7x + 10 = x2 + 5x + 2x + 10
= x (x + 5) +2 (x + 5) = (x + 2) (x + 5)
∴ The value of x2 + 7x + 10 is zero when x = -2 or x = -5
∴ -2 and -5 are the zeros of x2 + 7x + 10
Sum of the zeros = (-2) + (-5) = -7 = =
Product of the zeros = (-2) x (-5) = 10 = =
Example 3 : Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 3 and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients
Solution: a2 – b2 = (a - b) (a + b)
∴ x2- 3 = (x - √3 ) (x + √3 )
∴ √3 and -√3 are the zeros of x2 - 3
Sum of the zeros = √3 + -√3 = 0 =
Product of the zeros = (√3 )(- √3 ) = -3 = =
Example 4 : Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are – 3
and 2, respectively.
Solution: Let the required polynomial be ax2 + bx + c and its zeros are α and .
∴ α + β = -3 = and αβ = 2 =
⇒ If a = 1 then b = 3 and c = 2
∴ Quadratic polynomial = x2 + 3x + 2
The relation between the zeros and the coefficients of Cubic polynomials:
If , β, γ are the zeros of the cubic polynomia ax3 + bx2 + cx + d then
+ + = ; + + = ; =
Exercise 9.2
1. Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship between
the zeroes and the coefficients.
(i) x2 - 2x – 8 (ii) 4s2 – 4s - 1 (iii) 6x2 - 3 – 7x
(iv) 4u2 - 8u (v) t2 – 15 (vi) 3x 2 – x – 4
2 2
(i) x – 2x – 8 = x – 4x + 2x – 8 = (x– 4)+ 2(x – 4) = (x - 4) (x + 2)
⇒ x = 4 and x = -2 are the zeros of polynomial x2 – 2x – 8
( )
Sum of the zeros = 4 + (-2) = 2 = =
Product of the zeros = (4) )(- 2) = -8 = =
2 2
(ii) 4s – 4s + 1 = 4s – 2s – 2s + 1 = 2s(s – 1) – 1 (2s – 1) = (2s – 1) (2s – 1)
⇒ s = and s = are the zeros of the polynomial 4s2 – 4s + 1
( )
Sum of the zeros = + =1 = =
Product of the zeros = x = =
2 2 2
(iii) 6x – 3 – 7x = 6x –7x – 3 = 6x – 9x +2x –3 = 3x(2x –3) +1(2x –3) = (3x+1)(2x-3)
⇒ x = - and x = are the zeros of the polynomial 6x2 – 3 – 7x
⇒ a = 4, b = 1 and c = 1
∴ The required polynomial is 4x2 + x + 1
(vi) 4,1 - Let the required polynomial be ax2 + bx + c and its zeros are α and
( )
α+ß= 4 = = and αß = 1 = =
⇒ a = 1, b = -4 and c = 1
∴ The required polynomial is x2 - 4x + 1
9.4 Division Algorithm for Polynomials:
Let the zero of x3 - 3x2 – x + 3 is 1, then the factor is (x – 1)
Now, divide x3 - 3x2 – x + 3 by the factor (x – 1) then the quotient is x2 – 2x - 3.
By factorising x3 - 3x2 – x + 3 we get the factors = (x -1) (x +1) (x -3)
∴ the zeros of the polynomial x3 - 3x2 – x + 3 is 1, -1 and 3
Example 6 : Divide 2x2 + 3x + 1 by x + 2.
x + 2 2x2 + 3x + 1 2x - 1 Solution: Note that we stop the division process when
2x2 + 4x either the remainder is zero or its degree is less than the
- x+1 degree of the divisor. So, here the quotient is 2x – 1 and the
- x–2 remainder is 3. Also, (2x - 1) (x + 2) = 2x2 + 3x - 2 + 3 =
2x2 + 3x + 1
+3
⇒Dividend= Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
Example: Divide 7: 3x3 + x 2 + 2x + 5 by 1 + 2x + x 2
1 + 2x + x2 3x3 + x2 + 2x + 5 3x - 5 We first arrange the terms of the dividend and
3x3 + 6x2 + 3x the divisor in the decreasing order of their
2
- 5x - x + 5 degrees. Recall that arranging the terms in this
-5x2 - 10x - 5 order is called writing the polynomials in
standard form. In this example, the dividend is
9x +10 already in standard form, and the divisor, in
standard form, is x2 + 2x + 1
(x2 +2x +1) (3x -5) + (9x + 10) =3x3+x2+2x+5
⇒Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials and g(x) ≠ 0 then,
p(x) = g(x) . q(x) + r(x)
q(x) - Quotient and r(x) - remainder
Here, r(x) = 0 or the degree of r(x) < the degree of g(x)
This is known as The Division Algorithm for polynomials
Example 8: divide 3x 2 - x 3 - 3x + 5 by x
-x2 + x - 1 -x3 + 3x2 - 3x + 5 x-2
2
- 1 - x and verify the division algorithm. -x3 + x2 - x
Note that To car r y out division, we first write 2x2 - 2x + 5
both the dividend and divisor in decreasing 2x2 - 2x + 2
orders of their degrees. S o, dividend = – x3 +
3
3 x 2 – 3 x + 5 and divisor = –x2 + x – 1.
∴ Quotient = x - 2, Remainder = 3
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Exercise 9.3
1. Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the quotient and remainder in
each of the following :
3 2 2 4 2 2
(i) p(x) = x - 3x + 5x - 3 g(x) = x – 2 (ii) p(x) = x - 3x + 4x + 5 g(x) = x + 1 - x
4 2
(iii) p(x) = x - 5x + 6 g(x) = 2 - x
3 2 2
(i) p(x) = x - 3x + 5x - 3 g(x) = x - 2
x2 - 2 x3 - 3x2 + 5x - 3 x -3
x3 - 0 - 2x
- 3x2 + 7x - 3
- 3x2 + 0 + 6
+ 7x - 9
Quotient = x – 3 ; remainder = 7x - 9
4 2 2
(ii) p(x) = x - 3x + 4x + 5 g(x) = x + 1 – x
x2 - x + 1 x4 + 0.x3 - 3x2 + 4x + 5 x2 + x - 3
x4 - x3 + x2
x3 - 4x2 + 4x
x3 - x2 + x
- 3x2 + 3x + 5
- 3x2 + 3x - 3
8
Quotient = x2 + x - 3 ;remainder = 8
4 2
(iii) p(x) = x - 5x + 6 g(x) = 2 - x
x3 -3x + 1 x5 - 4x3 + x2 + 3x + 1 x2 - 1
x5 - 3x3 + x2
- x3 + 0 + 3x + 1
- x3 + 0 + 3x - 1
2
Remainder is 2 Therefore first polynomial is not the factor of the second polynomial.
3. Obtain all other zeroes of 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5, if two of its zeroes are and −
3x2 + 6x + 3 = 3(x2 + 2x + 1)
4 3 2 2
x2 - 3x + 6x - 2x - 10x – 5 3x + 6x+3 By Factorising (x2 + 2x + 1)
3x4 + 0 - 5x2 ⇒ x(x + 1) + 1(x + 1)
3 2
+ 6x +3x - 10x = (x + 1)(x + 1)
+ 6x3 +0 -10x Therefore The factors of
3x4+6x3-2x2-10x–5 are
+3x2 +0 - 5
+3x2 +0 - 5 3 − + (x + 1)(x + 1)
0
x– 2 x − 3x + 3x − 2 x2 – x + 1
x3 - 2x2
- x2 + 3x ∴ g(x) = x2 - x + 1
- x2 + 2x
+ x - 2
+ x - 2
0
5. Give examples of polynomials p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm
and (i) degp(x) = degq(x) (ii) deg(x) = degr(x) (iii) deg r(x) = 0
(i) p(x) = 6x2 + 2x + 2
g(x) = 2; q(x) = 3x2 + x + 1
r(x) = 0 ⇒ deg p(x) = deg q(x) = 2
Verifying Division Algorithm,
g(x) × q(x) + r(x) = 2 (3x2 + x + 1) + 0
g(x) × q(x) + r(x) = 6x2 + 2x + 2 = P(x)
⇒ p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
∴ It is satisfying divison algorithm is verified.
(ii) p(x) = x3 + x
g(x) = x2; q(x) = x and r(x) = x; deg g(x) = deg r(x) = 1
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Summary:
1. Polynomials of degrees 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials
respectively.
2. A quadratic polynomial in x with real coefficients is of the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are real
numbers with a 0
3. The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x - coordinates of the points, where the graph of
y = p( x) intersects the x - axis
4. A quadratic polynomial can have at most 2 zeroes and a cubic polynomial can have at most 3
zeroes.
5. If and β are the zeros of polynomial ax2 + bx + c then, α + β = and αβ =
3 2
6. If , β and γ are the zeros of ax + bx + cx + d then,
−b
α+ β+ γ=
a
c
αβ + βγ + γα =
a
αβγ =
6. The division algorithm states that given any polynomial p(x) and any non-zero polynomial
g(x), there are polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x). q(x) + r(x) Here, r(x) = 0 or deg r(x) < deg g(x)
Quadratic Equations
When we equate this polynomial to zero, we get a quadratic equation.
Exercise 10.1
1. Check whether the following are quadratic equations :
(i) (x + 1)2 = 2(x – 3) (ii) x2 - 2x = (-2)(3 – x) (iii) (x – 2) (x + 1) =(x – 1) (x + 3)
(iv) (x – 3) (2x + 1) = x(x + 5) (v) (2x – 1) (x – 3) = (x + 5) (x – 1) (vi) x2 + 3x + 1=(x – 2)2
(vii) (x+2)3 = 2x(x 2 - 1) (viii) x 3 - 4x2 - x + 1 = (x – 2)3
(i) ( + ) = ( − )
x + 2x + 1 = 2x − 6 ⇒ x + 2x − 2x + 1 + 6 = 0⇒ x + 7 = 0
This is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
Therefore the given equation is quadratic equation.
(ii) − = (− )( − )
x − 2x = −6 + 2x ⇒ x − 2x − 2x + 6 = 0 ⇒ x − 4x + 6 = 0
This is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
Therefore the given equation is quadratic equation.
(iii) ( − )( + ) = ( − )( + )
x + x − 2x − 2 = x + 3x − x − 3 ⇒ x − x − 2 = x + 2x − 3
⇒ x − x − x − 2x − 2 + 3 = 0 ⇒ −3x + 3 = 0 × −1 ⇒ 3x − 1 = 0
This is not in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation.
(iv) ( − )( + ) = ( + )
2x + x − 6x − 3 = x + 5x ⇒ 2x − 5x − 3 = x + 5x
⇒ 2x − x − 5x − 5x − 3 = 0 ⇒ x − 10x − 3 = 0
This is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
Exercise 10.2
1. Find the roots of the following quadratic equations by factorisation:
(i) x2 - 3x – 10 = 0 (ii) 2x 2 + x – 6 = 0 (iii) √ + + √ =
(iv) − + = (v) − + =
(i) − − =
− 5 + 2 − 10 = 0 ⇒ ( − 5) + 2( − 5) = 0
⇒( − 5)( + 2) = 0 ⇒( − 5) = 0, ( + 2) = 0
⇒ = 5, = −2
(ii) + − =
2 + − 6 = 0 ⇒2 + 4 − 3 − 6 = 0
⇒2 ( + 2) − 3( + 2) = 0 ⇒( + 2)(2 − 3) = 0
⇒ + 2 = 0, 2 − 3 = 0
⇒ = −2, 2 = 3⇒ = −2, =
(iii) √ + + √ =
√2 + 2 + 5 + 5√2 = 0
⇒√2 + √2 + 5( + √2) =0 ⇒ √2 + 5 + √2 =0
⇒√2 + 5 = 0 , + √2 =0 ⇒√2 = −5 , = −√2 ⇒ = , = −√2
√
(iv) − + =
16 − 8 + 1 = 0
⇒16 − 4 − 4 + 1=0 ⇒ 4 (4 − 1) − 1(4 − 1) = 0
⇒(4 − 1)(4 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 4 − 1 = 0, 4 − 1 = 0
⇒4 = 1, 4 = 1⇒ = , =
(v) − + =
100 − 20 + 1 = 0
⇒100 − 10 − 10 + 1 = 0 ⇒10 (10 − 1) − 1(10 − 1) = 0
⇒(10 − 1)(10 − 1) = 0 ⇒10 − 1 = 0, 10 − 1 = 0
⇒10 = 1, 10 = 1⇒ = , =
2. Solve the problems given in Example 1.
In example 1 we got the equations: (i) − + = and (ii) − + =
(i) − + =
− 36 − 9 + 324 = 0⇒ ( − 36) − 9( − 36) = 0
⇒( − 36)( − 9) = 0⇒( − 36) = 0, ( − 9) = 0
⇒ = 36, = 9
The marbles with John = = 36 and the marbles with Jevan = 45 − = 45 − 36 = 9
Or The marbles with John = 9 and the marbles with Jevan: 45 − = 45 − 9 = 36
(ii) − + =
− 25 − 30 + 750 = 0 ⇒ ( − 25) − 30( − 25) = 0
⇒( − 25)( − 30) = 0 ⇒( − 25) = 0, ( − 30) = 0
⇒ = 25, = 30
The number of toys are 25 or 30
3. Find two numbers whose sum is 27 and product is 182.
Let the first number = then second number = 27 −
Their product = 182
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⇒ 3 − = ⇒ 3 − =±
±
⇒ 3 − =± ⇒3 = ± + ⇒3 = ⇒ = , =
⇒ = , = ⇒ = 1, =
Example 7 : Solve the equation given in Example 3 by the method of completing the the
square: − + =
2 −5 +3= 0 ×2 2ab = 10x
4 − 10 + 6 = 0 ⇒4 − 10 = −6
2(2 )b = 15x
Add to both the sides
(2 ) − 2(2 ) + = −6 + b= =
⇒ 2 − = −6 + ⇒ 2 − = b =
⇒ 2 − = ⇒ 2 − =±
±
⇒ 2 − =± ⇒2 = ± + ⇒2 = ⇒ = , =
⇒ = , = ⇒ = , =1
Example 8 : Find the roots of the equation 5x2 – 6x – 2 = 0 by the method of completing the
square.
2ab = 30x
5x2 - 6x - 2 = 0 x5
25 − 30 − 10 = 0 ⇒ 25 − 30 = 10 2(5 )b = 30x
Add to both the sides
25 − 30 + (3)2 = 10 + (3)2
b= =3
⇒ 2 − = −5 + ⇒ 2 − = b =
⇒ 2 − = < 0 ⇒There is no roots for this quadratic equation . The roots are
imaginary.
Solving the quadratic equations using formula:
Find the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 by completing the square.
ax + bx = −c [ multiply the equation by 4a ]
4a x + 4abx = −4ac [Add to both the sides]
4a x + 4abx + b = −4ac + b
⇒(2ax) + 2(2ax)(b) + b = b − 4ac ⇒ (2ax + b) = b − 4ac
±√
⇒2ax + b = ±√b − 4ac ⇒ 2ax = −b ± √b − 4ac ⇒ x =
√ √
Roots are: x = , x=
Example 10 : Solve Q. 2(i) of Exercise 10.1 by using the quadratic formula
In Q.No.2(i) of exercise 10.i we got the equation 2 + − 528 = 0
This is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
a = 2, b = 1, c = −528
±√
Roots are x =
( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√
x= ( )
⇒x=
±√ ±
⇒x = ⇒x =
x= or x =
x= or x =
x = 16 or x = −
⇒Breadth of the site = 16m and the length = 2x16 + 1 = 32 + 1 = 33m
Example 11:Find two consecutive odd positive integers, sum of whose squares is 290.
Let the consecutive odd numbers be and + 2
x + (x + 2) = 290
x + x + 2 + 2(x)(2) = 290
2x + 4x + 4 − 290 = 0
2x + 4x − 286 = 0 ÷2
x + 2x − 143 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
a = 1, b = 2, c = −143
±√
Roots are x =
( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√
x= ( )
⇒x=
±√ ±
⇒x = ⇒x =
x= ,x =
x= , x=
x = 11, x = −13
Therefore the consecutive odd numbers are 11 and 13
Example 12 : A rectangular park is to be designed whose breadth is 3 m less than its
length. Its area is to be 4 square metres more than the area of a park that has already
been made in the shape of an isosceles triangle with its base as the breadth of the
rectangular park and of altitude 12 m (see Fig. 10.3). Find its length and
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Solution: The breadth of the rectangular park be x m and the length = (x+3) m
Area = x (x + 3)m2 = (x2 + 3x)m2.
Now, the base of the isosceles triangle = x m
Therefore the area = × x × 12 = 6x m
According to question, x2 + 3x = 6x + 4
∴ x2 - 3x - 4 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
= 1, = −3, = −4
±√
The roots are =
( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√
x= ⇒x =
( )
±√ ±
⇒x = ⇒x =
x= , x=
x= ,x=
x = 4 , x = −1
∴ The breadth = x = 4m and the length = x + 3 = 4 + 3 = 7m.
Example 13 : Find the roots of the following quadratic equations, if they exist, using the
quadratic formula .(i) 3x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 (ii) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 (iii) 2x 2 – 2√ x + 1
(i) 3x2 - 5x + 2 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
a = 3, b = −5, c = +2
±√
Roots are:x =
( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√
x= ( )
⇒x =
±√ ±
⇒x = ⇒x =
x = or x = ⇒ x = 1 or x =
(ii) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
a = 1, b = 4, c = +5
±√
Roots are x =
( )± ( ) ( )( ) ±√
x= ⇒x =
( )
±√ ± √
⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒Roots are not Real numbers.
(iii) 2x2 – 2√ x + 1 this is in the form of ax + bx + c = 0
a = 2, b = −2√2, c = +1
±√
roots are, x =
( √ )± ( √ ) ( )( )
x= ( )
√ ±√ √ ±√ √ √
⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒x = ⇒
√
Example 14:Find the roots of the following equations
(i) x + = 3, x ≠ 0 (ii) + = 3 x ≠ 0, x ≠ 2
(i) x + = 3, x ≠ 0
2 − = ⇒ 2 − =±
± ±
⇒2 − = ± ⇒2 = ± + ⇒2 = ⇒ = , 2 =1
⇒ = , = ⇒ = , =
⇒ =3 , =
2
(ii) 2x + x - 4 = 0
2 + =4 ×2 2ab = 2x
4 +2 = 8 2(2 )b = 2x
b= =
4 +2 + =8+ [Add to both the sides]
b =
(2 ) + 2(2 ) + =8+
2 + = ⇒ 2 + =±
√ √ ±√ ±√
⇒2 + = ± ⇒2 = ± + ⇒2 = ⇒ =
√ √
⇒ = , =
(iii) 4x 2 + 4√ x + 3 = 0
4 + 4√3 = −3
4 + 4√3 + √3 = −3 + √3 [Add √3 to both the sides] 2ab = √3
2(2 )b = √3
(2 ) + 2(2 )(√3) + √3 = −3 + 3
√
b= = √3
2 + √3 = 0
2 + √3 = 0, 2 + √3 = 0 b = √3
√ √
2 = −√3, 2 = −√3 ⇒ = , =
(iv) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
2 + = −4 ×2 2ab = 2
4 + 2 = −8 2(2 )b =
b= =
(2 ) − 2(2 ) + = −8 + [Add to both the sides]
b =
2 − = −8 + ⇒ 2 − =
7. The difference of squares of two numbers is 180. The square of the smaller number is 8
times the larger number. Find the two numbers.
Let the larger and smaller numbers be x and respectively . According to question,
x − y = 180 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ y = 8x⇒x − 8x − 180 = 0
⇒x − 18x + 10x − 180 = 0 ⇒x(x − 18) + 10(x − 18) = 0
⇒(x − 18)(x + 10) = 0 ⇒x − 18 = 0, x + 10 = 0
⇒x = 18, x = −10
⇒Larger number x = 18
∴ y = 8x = 8 × 18 = 144 ⇒y = ±√144 = ±12
∴ smaller number = ±12
The numbers are 18 and 12
8. A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would
have taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
Speed of the train = km/h
The time taken to travel 360 km = h
If speed is 5 km/h more, then the required time is = h
⇒ = + 1 ⇒360(x+5) = 360x + x(x+5)
⇒360x+1800 = 360x + x2 + 5x ⇒360x+1800 = 360x + x2 + 5x
⇒x + 5x − 1800 = 0 ⇒x + 45x − 40x − 1800 = 0
⇒x(x + 45) − 40(x + 45) = 0 ⇒(x + 45)(x − 40) = 0
⇒x + 45 = 0, x − 40 = 0 ⇒x = −45, x = 40
Speed of the train = 40 km/h
9. Two water taps together can fill a tank in 9 hours. The tap of larger diameter takes 10
hours less than the smaller one to fill the tank separately. Find the time in which each tap
can separately fill the tank.
The time taken by the smaller tap to fill the tank = x hour
The time taken by the larger tap to fill the tank = (x − 10) hour
The part of the tank filled by the smaller tap in one hourThe smaller tap =
The part of the tank filled by the smaller tap in one hourThe larger tap =
The time taken by both the tap to fill the tank = 9 =
The part of the tank filled by both the tap in one hourThe smaller tap = =
+ =
⇒75(x − 10) + 75x = 8(x)(x – 10)⇒75x − 750 + 75x = 8x2 – 80x
⇒8x − 80x − 150x + 750 = 0 ⇒8x − 230x + 750 = 0
⇒8x − 200x − 30x + 750 = 0 ⇒8x(x − 25) − 30(x − 25) = 0
⇒(x − 25)(8x − 30) = 0 ⇒x − 25 = 0, 8x − 30 = 0
⇒x = 25, x = = = 3.75
If the time taken by the smaller tap to fill the tank = 3.75 hr, then The time taken by the
larger tap to fill the tank can not be negative.Therefore The time taken by the smaller tap to
fill the tank = 25 hour. The time taken by the larger tap to fill the tank 25-10=15 Hours
10.An express train takes 1 hour less than a passenger train to travel 132 km between
Mysore and Bangalore (without taking into consideration the time they stop at
intermediate stations). If the average speed of the express train is 11km/h more than that
of the passenger train, find the average speed of the two trains.
Let the average speed of the passenger train = x km/h;
The average speed of express train = (x + 11)km/h
The total distance to travel = 132 km
The time taken by passenger train = h
The time taken by express train =
When the difference between the time taken by two trains is 1 hour
∴ − =1
132(x + 11) – 132 x = x(x + 11) ⇒132x + 1452 – 132x = x2 + 11x
⇒x + 11x − 1452 = 0 ⇒x + 44x − 33x − 1452 = 0
⇒x(x + 44) − 33(x + 44) = 0 ⇒(x + 44)(x − 33) = 0
⇒x + 44 = 0, x − 33 = 0 ⇒x = −44, x = 33
The speed can not be negative
Therefore the average speed of passenger train = 33 km/h
The average speed of the express train = (33 + 11) = 44 km/h
11. Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 24 m,
find the sides of the two squares.
Let the side of first square be ‘x’ m and the side of the second square be y
According to question, 4x – 4y = 24m ⇒4x = 4y + 24 ⇒ x = (y + 6)m
And x2 + y2 = 468 ⇒ (y + 6)2 + y2 = 468 ⇒ y2 + 12y + 36 + y2 = 468
⇒ 2y2 + 12y – 432 = 0 ⇒ y 2 + 6y – 216 = 0
⇒ y2 +18y – 12y -216 = 0
⇒y(y + 18)-12(y + 18) = 0
⇒(y – 12)(y + 18) = 0
⇒y = 12 and y = -18 [ y = -18 is not possible]
Therefore the side of the second square is 12m and
the side of the first square is (12 + 6) = 18 m
10.5 Nature of Roots
The value of b2 - 4ac decides the roots of quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real
or not, therefore
b2 - 4ac is called the discriminant of this quadratic
equation.and denoted by ∆ [delta]
So, the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
Discriminant Nature of the roots
∆= Two equal real roots
∆> Two distinct real roots
∆< No real roots
Example 16 : Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 2x2 – 4x + 3 = 0, and
hence find the nature of its roots
a = 2, b = −4, c = 3
Exercise: 10.4
1. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real roots exist,
find them:.(i) 2x 2 - 3x + 5 = 0 (ii) 3x2 - 4√ x + 4 = 0 (iii) 2x2 - 6x + 3 = 0
(i) 2x2 - 3x + 5 = 0
a = 2, b = −3, c=5
∆ = b − 4ac
∆ = (−3) − 4(2)(5) ⇒∆ = 9 − 40
⇒∆ = −31 ⇒∆ < 0 ⇒ Roots are imaginary
(ii) 3x2 - 4√ x + 4 = 0
a = 3, b = − 4√3, c=4
∆ = b − 4ac
∆ = (−4√3) − 4(3)(4) ⇒∆ = 48 − 48
∆ = 0 ⇒ Roots are real and equal
( √ ) ( √ ) √ √
The roots are: , = ( )
, ( )
= ,
√ √
= , ⇒ ,
√ √
2
(iii) 2x - 6x + 3 = 0
a = 2, b = −6, c=3
∆ = b − 4ac
∆ = (−6) − 4(2)(3) ⇒∆ = 36 − 24
⇒∆ = 12 ⇒ ∆ > 0 ⇒ Roots are real and distinct
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√∆ √∆
The roots = ,
( ) √ ( ) √ √ √
= , = ,
( ) ( )
√ √ √ √
= , = ,
2. Find the values of k for each of the following quadratic equations, so that they have two
equal roots (i) 2x2 + kx + 3 = 0 (ii) kx (k - 2) + 6 = 0
(i) + + = a = 2, b = k, c=3
b − 4ac = 0
(k) − 4(2)(3) = 0 ⇒k − 24 = 0 ⇒k = 24
k = ±√24 = ±√4 × 6 = ±2√6
(ii) ( − )+ =
kx − 2kx + 6 = 0 ⇒a = k, b = −2k, c=6
b − 4ac = 0
⇒(−2k) − 4(k)(6) = 0 ⇒4k − 24k = 0
⇒4k(k − 6) = 0 ⇒4k = 0 , k − 6 = 0
⇒k = 0, k = 6
3. Is it possible to design a rectangular mango grove whose length is twice its breadth,
and the area is 800 m2? If so, find its length and breadth
The breadth of the mango grove = ;The length = 2
The area of the grove = Length x breadth
⇒ ( )(2 ) = 800 ⇒2 = 800 ⇒ = = 400 ⇒ = ±√400 = ±20
∴ The breadth of the mango grove = = 20 m
∴ The breadth of the mango grove = 2 = 2 × 20 = 40 m
4. Is the following situation possible? If so, determine their present ages.The sum of the ages
of two friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product of their ages in years was 48.
Let the age of A friend = Years
The age of B friend = (20 − ) years
The age of friend A before 4 = ( − 4)
The age of B friend before 4 years = (20 − − 4) = 16 −
( − 4)(16 − ) = 48
16 − − 64 + 4 = 48
− + 20 − 64 − 48 = 0
− 20 + 112 = 0
= 1, = −20, = 112
− 4 = (−20) − 4(1)(112)
= 400 − 448 = −48
The equation has no real roots. Therefore this situation is not possible
5. Is it possible to design a rectangular park of perimeter 80 m and area 400 m2? If so, find
its length and breadth.
Let the length and breadth of the rectangle be and ; The perimeter = 2( + ) = 80
+ = = 40 ⇒ = 40 −
Area × = 400 ⇒ (40 − ) = 400
⇒40 − = 400 ⇒ − 40 + 400 = 0
= 1, = −40, = 400
Summary:
1. A quadratic equation in the variable x is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c are real
numbers and a ≠ 0
2. A real number is said to be a root of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, if a2
+ b + c = 0. The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c and the roots of the quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are the same.
3. If we can factorise ax2 + bx + c, a 0, into a product of two linear factors, then the roots of the
quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 can be found by equating each factor to zero.
4. A quadratic equation can also be solved by the method of completing the square.
ITRODUCTION TO
TRIGONOMETRY
Trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles of a triangle.
11.2 Trigonometric Ratios:
To know the trigonometric ratio we have to consider right angle triangle.
Example 2 :If B and Q are acute angles such that sin B = sin Q, then prove that
∠B = ∠Q.
Sin B = SinQ ⇒ =
⇒ = =k (1)
BC = √AB − AC [By Pythagoras theorem]
⇒ k PQ − k PR ⇒k. PQ − PR [ from (1)]
QR = PQ − PR
.
⇒ = =k (2)
From (1) and (2),
= = ⇒ ∆ABC ~∆PQR
∴ ∠B = ∠Q
Example 3 : Consider ∆ACB , right-angled at C, in which AB = 29 units, BC = 21 units
and ∠ABC = θ (see Fig. 11.10). Determine the values of
Cos2 + Sin2 (ii) Cos2 - Sin2
In right angle triangle ACB, ∠ACB = 90 0
Therefore AC = √AB − BC ⇒ AC = √29 − 21
⇒ AC = √841 − 441 = √400 = 20
(i) Cos2 + Sin2
= + = = =1
2 2
(ii) Cos - Sin
= - = = =1
Example 4 : In a right triangle ABC, right-angled at B, if tan A = 1, then verify that
2sin A cos A = 1
In right angle triangle ACB ,
tan A = 1 ⇒ = 1 ⇒ AB = BC
2 2 2
AC = AB + BC [By Pythagoras theorem]
⇒ AC2 = 2AB2 (1)
Now, 2sin A cos A = 2. . = 2. = 2. =1
E xa mple 5 : In ∆OPQ r ight - a ngled a t P, OP = 7 cm and OQ – PQ = 1 cm (see Fig.
11.12). Determine the values of sin Q and cos Q.
In ∆OPQ,
OQ2 = PQ2 + OP2 [By Pythagoras theorem]
⇒(1 + PQ)2 = PQ2 + 7 2 ⇒1 + PQ2 + 2PQ = PQ2 + 49
⇒1 + 2PQ = 49
⇒2PQ = 49 – 1 = 48 ⇒PQ = 24cm
⇒ OQ = 1 + PQ= 1 + 24 ⇒ OQ = 25
∴ sin Q = and cos Q =
Exercise 11.1
[ for solving problems, the value of constant k is taken as 1]
1. In ∆ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. Determine
i) sin A, cos A (ii) sin C, cos C
In Δ ABC, ∠B = 90º ∴ by Pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (24)2 + 7 2
= (576+49) cm2 = 625 cm2 ⇒ AC = 25
(i) sin A = = , cos A = =
(ii) sin C = = ; cos C = =
2. In Fig. 8.13, find tan P – cot R.
In ΔPQR , By Pythagoras theorem,
QR2 = PR2 - PQ2 = (13)2 - (12)2 = 169 - 144
⇒ QR2 = 25 ⇒ QR = 5 cm
FUÀ, tan P = =
cot R = =
tan P – cot R = - =0
3. If sin A = calculate the value of cos A and tan A
In ΔABC, ∠B = 900 According to question,
sin A = = ⇒ AC = 4k, BC = 3k [ Here, Let k = 1 ]
∴ By Pythagoras theorem,
AB2 = AC2 - BC2 ⇒ AB2 = AC2 - BC2
AB2 = 42 - 32 = 16 – 9 = 7 ⇒AB = √7
√
∴cos A = =
tan A = =
√
√
= = = = =
√
cot2θ = =
8. If 3 cot A = 4 Check whether = cos2 A - sin2 A or not?
In Δ ABC , ∠B = 90º Given,
cot A = = ⇒AB = 4 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ BC = 3, [ taken k = 1]
In Δ ABC by Pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 ⇒AC2 = 42 + 32
⇒AC2 = 16 + 9⇒AC2 = 25 ⇒AC = 5
tan A = = ; sin A = = ; cos A = =
–
LHS = = = = = =
⇒∠BAD =∠CAD = 30 0
Let AB = BC = CA = 2, ⇒BD = CD = 1
In ∆ABD , By Pythagoras theorem,
AD2 = AB2 – BD2⇒ AD2 = 2 2 – 12 = 4 – 1 = 3 ⇒AD = √3
√3 2 1
Sin600 Cosec600 Sin300 Cosec30 0 2
2 √3 2
1 √3 2
Cos600 Sec600 2 Cos300 Sec30 0
2 2 √3
1 1
Tan600 √3 Cot600 Tan300 Cot30 0 √3
√3 √3
Sin00 0 Cosec00 ND
Cos00 1 Sec00 1
Tan00 0 Cot00 ND
Sin900 0 Cosec90 0 ND
If ∠A closer to 900
Then the length of AB closer
to 0 and almost AC = AC Cos900 1 Sec90 0 1
Let AB = AC = 1 and BC = 0
Tan900 0 Cot90 0 ND
Table 11.1
∠A 00 300 450 600 900
1 1 √3
Sin 0 1
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
Cos 1 0
2 √2 2
1
Tan 0 1 √3 ND
√3
2
osec ND 2 √2 1
√3
2
Sec 1 √2 2 ND
√3
1
Cot ND √3 1 0
√3
Exercise 11.2
1. Evaluate the following:
i) sin 600 cos 300 + sin 300 cos 600 ii) 2tan245 0 + cos230 0 - sin2600
iii) iv) iv)
i) sin 600 cos 30 0 + sin 300 cos 600
√ √
= + = + =1
ii) 2tan2450 + cos2300 - sin2600
√ √
= 2 ( 1) + - =2
iii)
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
= = √
= = = x =
√ ( √ ) √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
√ √
√ √ (√ √ ) (√ √ ) √ √ √ √
= = = = =
iv)
√ √ √
√ √ √ √
= = √ √
= √
=
√
√ √ √
√ √ √ √ √
= x =
√ √ ( ) √
√ √ √ √
= = =
iv)
√
= = = =
√
Example 9 : Evaluate -
( )
= = = 1
Example 10 : If sin 3A = cos (A – 26°), where 3A is an acute angle, find the value
Given sin 3A = cos (A – 26)
⇒Cos(90-3A) = cos(A-26 0) ⇒90-3A = A-260
⇒90 + 26 = A + 3A ⇒116 = 4A ⇒A = 290
Example 11 : Express cot 85° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles
between 00 and 450
cot 850 = Cot(90-5 0) = tan50
Cos750 = Cos(90 -15 0) = Sin15 0
Exercise 11.3
1. Evaluate: i) ii) iii) cos480 – sin420 vi) cosec310 – sec59 0
i)
( )
= = =1
ii)
( )
= = =1
0 0
iii) cos48 – sin42
cos480 – sin(90-480) = cos480 – cos480 = 0
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Sin670 + cos75 0
= sin(90-230) + cos(90-150) =cos 230 + sin15 0
Example 12 : Express the ratios cos A, tan A and sec A in terms of sin A.
cos2A + sin2A = 1 ⇒ cos2A = 1 - sin2A
cos A = √1 − sin2A
∴ tanA = ⇒ ⇒secA = ⇒
√ √
Example 13 : Prove that sec A (1 – sin A)(sec A + tan A) = 1.
LHS = sec A (1 - sin A)(sec A + tan A)
= (1 - sin A) + = = = =1
− −
Example 14: Prove that +
= +
cosec A − 1
= = = = = cosec A + 1
= =
( ) ( )( ) ( )
= ( )
x = ( )( )
( ) ( ) )
= ( )( )
=( )( )
=( )
=
Exercise 11.4
1. Express the trigonometric ratios sinA, secA ªÀÄvÀÄÛ tanA in terms of cotA
cosec2A - cot2A = 1
±
⇒ cosec2A = 1 + cot2A ⇒ = 1 + cot2A ⇒sin2A = ⇒sinA = √
sin2A = ⇒ 1 - cos2A = ⇒cos2A = 1 – ⇒cos2A =
±√
⇒ = ⇒ sec2A = ⇒ secA = ⇒ tan A =
2. Write all the trigonometric ratios ∠A in terms of sec A
sec A = ⇒ cos A =
cos2A + sin2A = 1 ⇒ sin2A = 1 - cos2A ⇒ sin2A = 1 -
±
⇒ sin2A = ⇒ sinA =
±
sin A = ⇒cosec A = ⇒ cosec A =
sec2A - tan2A = 1 ⇒ tan2A = sec2A + 1
⇒ tanA = +
tan A = ⇒ cot A = ⇒ cot A =
3. Evaluate:
i) ii) sin 25 0 cos 650 + cos 250 sin 650
i)
( )
= = = =1
( )
ii) sin 250 cos 650 + cos 250 sin 65 0
= = x = = tan2A
Ans: D) tan2 A
5. Prove the following identities, where the angles involved are acute angles for which the
expressions are defined.
i) (cosec θ - cot θ)2 =
L.H.S. = (cosec θ - cot θ)2
= (cosec2θ + cot2θ - 2cosec θ cot θ) = + −
( )
= = = RHS
( )( )
ii) + = 2secA
L.H.S. = +
( )
= =
( ) ( )
( )
= = = = = 2 sec A = R.H.S.
( ) ( ) ( )
= + = +
= ( )
+ ( )
= -
( ) ( )
= −
( )
=( ) .
( )( (
=( ) .
= .
iv) = = 2secA
[Hint: simplify LHS and RHS separately]
L.H.S. = = =
= x = cos A + 1
( )( )
R.H.S. = = = cos A + 1
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
v) Prove that = cosec A + cot A using the identity cosec2A = 1 + cot2A
–
L.H.S. = –
–
–
= – = –
[ Divide both denominator and numerator by sin A]
–
= –
(using cosec2A - cot2A = 1)
–( ) ( )( – )
= –
= –
= cot A + cosec A = R.H.S.
vi) = sec A + tan A
( )
= x =
( )
= = = + = secA + tanA=RHS
vii) = tan
L.H.S. =
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SSLC Mathematics Solutions in English YK
( ) [ ]
= ( )
= ( )
[ ] [ ]
= ( )
= ( )
= = tan θ = R.H.S.
viii) (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2 = 7 + tan2 A + cot2 A
L.H.S. = (sin A + cosec A)2 + (cos A + sec A)2
= sin2A + cosec2A + 2 sin A cosec A + cos2A + sec2A + 2 cos A sec A
= (sin2A + cos2A) + 2 sin A + 2 cos A + 1 + tan2A + 1 + cot2A
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + tan2A + cot2A = 7+tan2A+cot2A = R.H.S.
ix) (cosec A - sin A)(sec A - cos A) =
[Hint: simplify LHS and RHS separately]
L.H.S. = (cosec A – sin A)(sec A – cos A)
= − sin A − cosA
= = cos A sin A
R.H.S. = =
.
= = cos A. sin A
.
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
x) = =
L.H.S. =
= = = = tan2A
= = ( ) = (−tanA) = tan2A
Summery:
1. In right angle triangle ABC, ∠B = 900
SinA
Adjacent side
CosA
Hypotenuse
Opposite side
Tan A
Adjacent
Hypotenuse
Adjacent side
Adjacent side
Opposite side
3. If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining trigonometric
ratios of the angle can be easily determined.
4. The value of sin A or cos A never exceeds 1, whereas the value of sec A or cosec A is always
greater than or equal to 1.
5. sin (90° – A) = cos A, cos (90° – A) = sin A;
tan (90° – A) = cot A, cot (90° – A) = tan A; s
ec (90° – A) = cosec A, cosec (90° – A) = sec A
6. sec2 A - tan2 A = 1, 00 ≤ A < 900
cosec2 A = 1 + cot2 A, 0 0 ≤ A < 900
sin2 A + cos2 A = 1,
Exercise 12.1
A circus artist is climbing a 20 m
long rope, which is tightly stretched
and tied from the top of a vertical
pole to the ground. Find the height
of the pole, if the angle made by the
rope with the ground level is 30° (see
Fig. 9.11).
Height of the pole BC
Sin300 = ⇒ = ⇒ BC = 10m
∴ Height BC = 10m
2. A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree touches
the ground making an angle 30° with it. The distance between the foot of the tree to the
point where the top touches the ground is 8 m. Find the height of the tree.
Let BC is the broken part of the tree
∴ Total height of the tree = AB+BC
cos 30° =
√
⇒ = ⇒ BC =
√
tan 30° =
⇒ = ⇒ AB = m
√ √
∴ Height of the tree
= AB+ BC = + = m
√ √ √
3. A contractor plans to install two slides for the children to play in a park. For the children
below the age of 5 years, she prefers to have a slide whose top is at a height of 1.5 m, and is
inclined at an angle of 30° to the ground, whereas for elder children, she wants to have a
steep slide at a height of 3 m, and inclined at an angle of 60° to the ground. What should
be the length of the slide in each case?
⇒ CD = ------------------- (1)
√
In right angle triangle ΔABO,
tan 60° = ⇒ √3 = ⇒ AB = √3 (80-OD)
AB = CD [Given]
⇒ √3 (80-OD) = ⇒ 3(80-OD) = OD
√
⇒ 240 - 3 OD = OD ⇒ 4 OD = 240 ⇒ OD = 60
Substitute OD = 60 in (1) we get,
CD = ⇒ CD = 20√3 m
√
OB + OD = 80 m ⇒ OB = (80-60) m = 20 m
Therefore the height of the poles = 20√3 m and the distance from the point of elevation to
the poles = 60m and 20m
11.A TV tower stands vertically on a bank of a canal. From a point on the other bank directly
opposite the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 60°. From another
point 20 m away from this point on the line joing this point to the foot of the tower, the
angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 300 (see Fig. 12.12). Find the height of the
tower and width of the canal.
14. A 1.2 m tall girl spots a balloon moving with the wind in a horizontal line at a height of
88.2 m from the ground. The angle of elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the girl at
any instant is 60°. After some time, the angle of elevation r educes to 30° (see
Fig.12.13). Find the distance travelled by
the balloon during the interval.
Let the initial position of the balloon and the later position be A and B respectively
The height of the ballon = 88.2 m - 1.2 m = 87 m
The distance travelled by the bolloon
= DE = CE - CD
According to question in ΔBEC,
tan 30° = ⇒ = ⇒ CE = 87√3 m
√
In right triangle ΔADC,
tan 60° = ⇒ √3=
⇒ CD = m = 29√3 m
√
∴ The distance travelled by the bolloon DE = CE - CD = (87√3 - 29√3 ) m = 58√3 m.
15.A straight highway leads to the foot of a tower. A man standing at the top of the tower
observes a car at an angle of depression of 30°, which is approaching the foot of the
tower with a uniform speed. Six seconds later, the angle of depression of the car is found to
be 60°. Find the time taken by the car to reach the foot of the tower from this point.
Let the height of the tower = AB
D is the initial position of the car and C is the later position
BC is the distance from the car to the tower
According to question, In right triangle ΔABC,
tan 60° = ⇒ √3 = ⇒ BC = m
√
In right triangle ΔADB,
tan 30° =
⇒ =
√
⇒ AB√3 = + CD
√
⇒ CD = AB√3 -
√
⇒ CD = AB √3 −
√
⇒ CD = AB
√
⇒ CD = m
√
Here, distance BC is half the distance CD
Therefore time taken to move BC is half the time taken to move CD
Given that the time taken by the car to move distance CD = 6 sec.
∴ The time taken to move the distance BC = 6/2 = 3 sec.
16. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and
9 m from the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary.
Prove that the height of the tower is 6 m
Summary:
1. (i) The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the object
viewed by the observer.
(ii) The angle of elevation of an object viewed, is the angle formed by the line of sight with
the horizontal when it is above the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we raise our head to
look at the object.
(iii) The angle of depression of an object viewed, is the angle formed by the line of sight with
the horizontal when it is below the horizontal level, i.e., the case when we lower our head to
look at the object.
The height or length of an object or the distance between two distant objects can be
determined with the help of t
Statistics
13.2 Mean of Grouped data
∑
Average: = ∑
[ i = 1 to n ]
Example 1 : The marks obtained by 30 students of Class X of a certain school in a
Mathematics paper consisting of 100 marks are presented in table below. Find the mean
of the marks obtained by the students
10 1 10 1 10
20 1 20 1 20
36 3 108
36 3
40 4 160
40 4 50 3 150 ∑
Average ̅ = ∑
50 3 56 2 112
56 2 = 60 4 240 = 59.53
60 4 70 4 280
70 4 72 1 72
72 1 80 1 80
80 1 88 2 176
88 2 92 3 276
92 3 95 1 96
95 1 ∑ = 30 ∑ = 1779
∑
Average ̅ = ∑
= = 62
Exercise – 13.1
1. A survey was conducted by a group of students as a part of their environment awareness
programme, in which they collected the following data regarding the number of plants in 20
houses in a locality. Find the mean number of plants per house
Which method did you use for finding the mean, and why?
a=7,h=2 =
C.I. =
No.of No.of −
Plants Houses 0-2 1 1 -6 -3 1 -6 -3
0-2 1 2-4 2 3 -4 -2 6 -8 -4
2-4 2 4-6 1 5 -2 -1 5 -2 -1
4-6 1 6-8 5 7 0 0 35 0 0
6-8 5 8-10 6 9 2 1 54 12 6
8-10 6 10-12 2 11 4 2 22 8 4
10-12 2 12-14 3 13 6 3 39 18 9
12-14 3 ∑ 0 162 22 11
=20
2. Consider the following distribution of daily wages of 50 workers of a factory. Find the
mean daily wages of the workers of the factory by using an appropriate method
a = 75.5, h = 3
Daily No.of =
C.I. =
wages workers −
(Rs) 100-120 12 110 -40 -2 1320 -480 -24
100-120 12 120-140 14 130 -20 -1 1820 -280 -14
120-140 14 140-160 8 150 0 0 1200 0 0
140-160 8 160-180 6 170 20 1 1020 120 6
160-180 6 180-200 10 190 40 2 1900 400 20
180-200 10 50 7260 -240 -12
From the above table ∑ = 50, ∑ = 7260, ∑ = -240, ∑ = -12
∑
Average from Direct Method ̅ = ∑
= = 145.2
∑
Average from assumed Mean Method ̅ =a + ∑
= 150 + = 150 – 4.8 = 145.2
∑
Average from step deviation method ̅ =a + ∑
x h =150+ x 20 =150 - 4.8 = 145.2
[Can use any method. But Assumed mean method is more suitable here]
3. The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The
mean pocket allowance is ` 18. Find the missing frequency f
Daily Pocket 11-13 13-15 15-17 17-19 19-21 21-23 23-25
allowences(Rs)
No.of Children 7 6 9 13 f 5 4
a = 18 , h = 2
C.I. = − =
11-13 7 12 -6 -3 84 -42 -21
13-15 6 14 -4 -2 84 -24 -12
15-17 9 16 -2 -1 144 -18 -9
17-19 13 18 0 0 234 0 0
19-21 f 20 2 1 20f 2f 1f
21-23 5 22 4 2 110 20 10
23-25 4 24 6 3 96 24 12
∑ =44+ f 752+20f -40+2f -20+ f
From the above table ∑ =44+ f, ∑ = 752+ 20f, ∑ = -40 + 2f, ∑ =-20 + f
∑
Average from Direct Method ̅ = ∑
18 = 18 + ⇒ 0 = (−40 + 2f) ⇒ 2f = 40 ⇒ f = 20
⇒18 = 18 + x 20 ⇒ −20 + f = 0 ⇒ f = 20
[Wecan use any method here]
4. Thirty women were examined in a hospital by a doctor and the number of heartbeats per
minute were recorded and summarised as follows. Find the mean heartbeats per minute
for these women, choosing a suitable method
No.of Heart 65-68 68-71 71-74 74-77 77-80 80-83 83-86
beats/Minute
No.of women 2 4 3 8 7 4 2
a = 75.5 , h = 3
.
C.I. = − . =
65-68 2 66.5 -9 -3 -18 -6
68-71 4 69.5 -6 -2 -24 -8
71-74 3 72.5 -3 -1 -9 -3
74-77 8 75.5 0 0 0 0
77-80 7 78.5 3 1 21 7
80-83 4 81.5 6 2 24 8
83-86 2 84.5 9 3 18 6
∑
=30 12 4
From the above table ∑ = 30, ∑ = 12, ∑ = 4
∑
Average from assumed Mean Method ̅ = a + ∑
= 75.5 + = 75.5 + 0.4 = 75.9
∑
Average from step deviation method ̅ = a + ∑
x h = 75.5 + x 3 = 75.5 + 0.4 = 75.9
[Direct method is not suitable here]
5. In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling mangoes kept in packing boxes. These boxes
contained varying number of mangoes. The following was the distribution of mangoes
according to the number of boxes.
No.of Mangoes 50-52 53-55 56-58 59-61 62-64
No.of boxes 15 110 135 115 25
Find the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box. Which method of finding the mean did
you choose?
a = 57 , h = 3
.
C.I. = − =
50-52 15 51 -6 -2 -90 -30
53-55 110 54 -3 -1 -330 -110
56-58 135 57 0 0 0 0
59-61 115 60 3 1 345 115
62-64 25 63 6 2 150 50
∑ =400 75 25
∑
Average from assumed Mean Method ̅ =a + ∑
∑ .
Average from Direct Method ̅ = ∑
= = 0.099ppm
The mean concentration of SO2 in the air = 0.099ppm
8. A class teacher has the following absentee record of 40 students of a class for the whole
term. Find the mean number of days a student was absent
= 3+ x 2 = 3 + = 3 .286
∴ Therefore, the mode of the data above is 3.286.
Example 6 : The marks distribution of 30 students in a mathematics examination are
given in Table 13.3 of Example 1. Find the mode of this data. Also compare and interpret
the mode and the mean.
Class Intervals 10-25 25-40 40-55 55-70 70-85 85-100
No.of students 2 3 7 6 6 6
Refer the table 13.3 of example . Maximum students are in the class interval 40-45, it is the
modal class,
∴ l = 40 , h = 15, f1 = 7 , f0 = 3 , f2 = 6
Mode = l + xh
Mode = 40 + ( )
x 15 = 40 + x 15
= 40 + x 15 = 40 + 12
∴ The mode of the given data is 52
Exercise 13.2
1. The following table shows the ages of the patients admitted in a hospital during a year:
Age(in years) 5 - 15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65
No.of patients 6 11 21 23 14 5
Find the mode and the mean of the data given above. Compare and interpret the two
measures of central tendency.
Maximum number of patients =23
Therefore 35-45 is the modal class interval
∴ l = 35, h = 10, f1 = 23, f0 = 21, f2 = 14
P a g e 65 | 101 Available in ykoyyur.blogspot.com
SSLC Mathematics Solutions in English YK
Mode = l + xh
C.I. = − =
5-15 6 10 -20 -2 -12
15-25 11 20 -10 -1 -11
25-35 21 30 0 0 0
35-45 23 40 10 1 23
45-55 14 50 20 2 28
55-65 5 60 30 3 15
∑ =80 43
∑
By step deviation method ̅ = a + ∑
x h = 30 + x 10 = 30 + 5.375 = 35.375
So, we conclude that maximum number of patients admitted in the hospital are of the age 36.81
years(Approx) whereas the average age of the patient admitted in the hospital is 35.375years
2. The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225
electrical components
Life time(in hours) 0 - 20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
Freequency 10 35 52 61 38 29
Determine the modal lifetimes of the components
Maximum frequency =61
It is in the class interval 60 – 80. So, 60 - 80 is the modal class interval.
∴ l = 60, h = 20, f1 = 61, f0 = 52, f2 = 38
Mode = l + xh
Mode = 60 + x 20 = 60 + x 20
( )
= 60 + x 20 = 60 + 5.625 = 65.625
∴ The mode of the above given data = 65.625
3. The following data gives the distribution of total monthly household expenditure of 200
families of a village. Find the modal monthly expenditure of the families. Also, find the
mean monthly expenditure.
Expenditure No.of
Maximum frequency = 40
(in Rs) families
Therefore the modal class interval is (1500 – 2000) 1000 - 1500 24
∴ l = 1500, h = 500, f1 = 40, f0 = 24, f2 = 33 1500 - 2000 40
Mode = l + xh 2000 - 2500 33
2500 - 3000 28
Mode = 1500 + x 500= 1500 + x 500 3000 - 3500 30
( )
C.I. = − =
1000 - 1500 24 1250 -1500 -3 -72
1500 - 2000 40 1750 -1000 -2 -80
2000 - 2500 33 2250 -500 -1 -33
2500 - 3000 28 2750 0 0 0
3000 - 3500 30 3250 500 1 30
3500 - 4000 22 3750 1000 2 44
4000 - 4500 16 4250 1500 3 48
4500 - 5000 7 4750 2000 4 28
∑ =200 -35
∑
By step deviation method ̅ = a + ∑
xh
= 2750 + x 500 = 2750 - 87.5 = 2662.5
4. The following distribution gives the state-wise teacher - student ratio in higher
secondary schools of India. Fin d the mode and mean of this data. Interpret the two
measures No.of
Maximum freeqency = 10, of the class interval 30 - 35 No.of
students per
Therefore 30 – 35 is the modal class interval state/U.Ts
teacher
∴ l = 30, h = 5, f1 = 10, f0 = 9, f2 = 3 15 - 20 3
Mode = l + xh 20 - 25 8
25 - 30 9
Mode = 30 + x5 30 - 35 10
( )
= 30 + x5 35 - 40 3
40 - 45 0
= 30 + x 5 = 30 + 0.625 = 30.625
45 - 50 0
∴ The mode of the above data is 30.625 50 - 55 2
.
C.I. = − . =
15 - 20 3 17.5 -15 -3 -9
20 - 25 8 22.5 -10 -2 -16
25 - 30 9 27.5 -5 -1 -9
30 - 35 10 32.5 0 0 0
35 - 40 3 37.5 5 1 3
40 - 45 0 42.5 10 2 0
45 - 50 0 47.5 15 3 0
50 - 55 2 52.5 20 4 8
∑ =35 -23
∑
By step deviation Method ̅ = a + ∑
xh = 32.5 + x 5 = 32.5 – 3.29 = 29.21
The students – teacher ratio is 30.625 and average ratio is 29.21
5. The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsmen of the
world in one-day international cricket matches
Find the mode of the data.
Freequency 7 14 13 12 20 11 15 8
Maximum freequency = 20. It is in the class interval 40 - 50
Therefore 40 – 50 is the modal class interval
∴ l = 40, h = 10, f1 = 20, f0 = 12, f2 = 11
Mode = l + xh
Mode = 40+ ( )
x 10= 40 + x 10
= 40 + x 10 = 40 + 4.71 = 44.71
∴ Mode of the given data 44.71
13.4 Median of Grouped Data
the median is a measure of central tendency which gives the value of the middle-most
observation in the data. Recall that for finding the median of ungrouped data, we first arrange
the data values of the observations in ascending order, then, if n is odd, then the meadian is
th observation and if n is an even, then the dedian is the average of and + 1 th
observation.
After finding the median class, we use the following formula for calculating the median.
Median of Grouped Data
Median = l + xh
l = lower limit of median class,
n = number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,.
f = frequency of median class
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal).
Example 7 : A survey regarding the heights (in cm) of 51 girls of Class X of a school was
conducted and the following data was obtained
Find the median height.
Exercise 13.3
1. The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity of 68
consumers of a locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data and compare them.
Now, n = 68, ∴ = 34 It is in the class interval 125 ªÀiÁ¹PÀ §¼ÀPÉ UÁæºÀPÀgÀ ¸ÀAavÀ
- 145 . (AiÀÄÆ¤mïUÀ¼À°è) ¸ÀASÉå DªÀÈwÛ
∴ l = 125, cf = 22, f = 20, h = 20 65 - 85 4 4
85 - 105 5 9
Median = l + xh 105 - 125 13 22
median = 125 + x 20 125 - 145 20 42
145 - 165 14 56
= 125 + x 20 = 125 + 12 = 137units 165 - 185 8 64
Therefore median is 137units 185 - 205 4 68
Average:
C.I. = − =
65 - 85 4 75 -60 -3 -12
85 - 105 5 95 -40 -2 -10
105 - 125 13 115 -20 -1 -13
125 - 145 20 135 0 0 0
145 - 165 14 155 20 1 14
165 - 185 8 175 40 2 16
185 - 205 4 195 60 3 12
∑ =68 7
∑
By step deviation method ̅ = a + ∑
x h = 135 + x 20 = 135 + 2.1 = 137.05
Mode: maximum freequency = 20, which lies in the class interval 125 – 145.
Therefore 125-145 is the modal class interval
∴ l = 125, h = 20, f1 = 20, f0 = 13, f2 = 14
Mode = l + xh
= 125+ ( )
x 20 = 125 + x 20 = 125 + x 20 = 125 + 10.77 = 135.77
∴ Therefore mode of the given data is 135.77
So, we conclude that three measures are approximately same.
2. If the median of the distribution given below is 28.5, find the values of x and y
Total freequency = 45 + x + y ⇒ 60 = 45 + x + y Class cf
Freequency
⇒x + y = 15 --------------------------(1) interval
Now, n = 60, 0 - 10 5 5
∴ = 30 this is in the class interval 20 - 30 10 - 20 x 5+x
∴ l = 20 .cf = 5 + x, f = 20, h = 10 20 - 30 20 25+x
30 - 40 15 40+x
Median = l + xh 40 - 50 y 40+x+y
( ) 50 - 60 5 45+x+y
28.5 = 20 + x 10 Total 60
Median = l + xh
= 35 + x 5 = 35 + x 5 = 35 + = 35 + 0.76
Median = 35.76
4. The lengths of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to the nearest millimetre, and
the data obtained is represented in the following table . Find the median length of the
leaves.
(Hint : The data needs to be converted to continuous classes for finding the median, sin ce th
e for mula assumes con tin uous classes. Th e classes th en ch an ge to 117.5 - 126.5,
126.5 - 135.5, ...., 171.5 - 180.5.]
Length(in mm) No.of Leaves C.I. f cf
118 - 126 3 117.5 – 126.5 3 3
127 - 135 5 126.5 – 135.5 5 8
136 - 144 9 135.5 – 144.5 9 17
145 - 153 12 144.5 – 153.5 12 29
154 - 162 5 153.5 – 162.5 5 34
163 - 171 4 162.5 – 171.5 4 38
172 - 180 2 171.5 – 180.5 2 40
Median = l + xh
Exercise 13.4
1. The following table gives the distribution of the life time of 400 neon lamps :
Daily income(Rs) 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200
No.of workers 12 14 8 6 10
Convert the distribution above to a less than type cumulative frequency distribution,
and draw its ogive.
Daily
No.of
income cf
workers
(Rs)
100-120 12 12
120-140 14 26
140-160 8 34
160-180 6 40
180-200 10 50
2. During the medical check-up of 35 students of a class, their weights were recorded as
follows:
Draw a less than type ogive for the given data. Hence obtain the median weight from the
graph and verify the result by using the formula
Weight No of
(in kgs) students
Less than 38 0
Less than 40 3
Less than 42 5
Less than 44 9
Less than 46 14
Less than 48 28
Less than 50 32
Less than 52 35
3. The following table gives production yield per hectare of wheat of 100 farms of a village.
Production
50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80
Yield(kg/ha)
No of farms 2 8 12 24 38 16
Change the distribution to a more than type distribution, and draw its ogive.
Production
f cf
Yield(kg/ha)
50 2 100
55 8 98
60 12 90
65 24 78
70 38 54
75 16 16
Summary:
1. The mean for grouped data can be found by :
∑
Direct Method ̅ = ∑
∑
Assumed mean method: ̅ =a + ∑
∑
Step deviation method: ̅=a+ ∑
xh
with the assumption that the frequency of a class is centred at its mid-point, called its class
mark
2. The mode for grouped data can be found by using the formula:
Mode = l + xh
Probabilty
14.2 Probability — A Theoretical Approach
Suppose a coin is tossed at random When we speak of a coin, we assume it to be
the coin can only land in one of two ‘fair ’, that is, it is symmetrical so that there is no
possible ways — either head up or tail up. reason for it to come down more often on one
suppose we throw a die once. For us, a side than the other. We call this property of the
die will always mean a fair die. They are coin as being ‘unbiased’. By the phrase ‘random
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Each number has the toss’, we mean that the coin is allowed to fall
same possibility of showing up. freely without any bias or interference
P(E) =
The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event E, written as P(E), is
defined as
P(E) =
.
Example 5 : Two players, Sangeeta and Reshma, play a tennis match. It is known that the
probability of Sangeeta winning the match is 0.62. What is the probability of Reshma winning
the match?
The probability that Savith wins the match = P(A) = 0.62
The probability that Reshma wins the match P(A) = 1 – P(A) = 1 – 0.62 = 0.38
Example 6 : Savita and Hamida are friends. What is the probability that both will have
(i) different birthdays? (ii) the same birthday? (ignoring a leap year)
(i) Favarable days that Savitha and Hamida have different birthdays 365-1 = 364
Probabilty of having different birthdays P(A) =
Probabilty of having same birthdayP( ̅) = [P( ̅)= 1 – P(A)]
Example 7 : There are 40 students in Class X of a school of whom 25 are girls and 15 are
boys. The class teacher has to select one student as a class representative. She writes the
name of each student on a separate card, the cards being identical. Then she puts cards
in a bag and stirs them thoroughly. She then draws one card from the bag. What is the
probability that the name written on the card is the name of (i) a girl? (ii) a boy?
Total number of students: n(S) = 40
Number of Girls – n(A) = 25
Number of boys – n(B) = 15
( )
The probability of drawn card with the name of a Girl P(A) = ( )
= =
( )
The probability of drawn card with the name of a BoyP(B) = ( )
= =
OR P(B) = 1 - P(A) = 1 - =
Example 8 : A box contains 3 blue, 2 white, and 4 red marbles. If a marble is drawn at
random from the box, what is the probability that it will be (i) white (ii) blue (iii) red
The number of marbles in a box = n(S) = 9
The probability of getting white marble P(W) =
The probability of getting white blue P(B) =
The probability of getting white red P(B) =
Example 9 : Harpreet tosses two different coins simultaneously (say, one is of ` 1 and
other of ` 2). What is the probability that she gets at least one head?
The two different coins are tossed, the outcomes are S = { HH, HT, TH, TT }⇒ n(S) = 4
The favorable outcomes to get atleast one head – {HT, TH, TT}
Therefore the probability of getting atleast one head -
[Example 10 and 11 are not solved because they are optional]
Example 12 : A carton consists of 100 shirts of which 88 are good, 8 have minor defects
and 4 have major defects. Jimmy, a trader, will only accept the shirts which are good,
but Sujatha, another trader, will only reject the shirts which have major defects. One
shirt is drawn at random from the carton. What is the probability that
(i) it is acceptable to Jimmy? (ii) it is acceptable to Sujatha?
Total number of shirts = n(S) = 100
The number of good shirts = 88
(i) The number of outcomes favourable (i.e., acceptable) to Jimmy = 88
Therefore, P (shirt is acceptable to Jimmy) = = 0.88
(ii) The number of outcomes favourable to Sujatha = 88 + 8 = 96
So, P (shirt is acceptable to Sujatha) = = 0.96
Example 13 : Two dice, one blue and one grey, are thrown at the same time. Write down
all the possible outcomes. What is the probability that the sum of the two numbers appearing
on the top of the dice is (i) 8 (ii) 13 (iii) less than or equal to 12
The total number of outcomes when two dice are thrown at the same time
(1,1), (1,2), (1,3), (1,4),(1,5), (1,6), (2,1), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,1), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4),
(3,5), (3,6), (4,1), (4,2), (4,3), (4,4), (4,5), (4,6), (5,1), (5,2), (5,3), (5,4), (5,6), (6,1), (6,2),
(6,3), (6,4), (6,5), (6,6)
n(S) = 6x6 = 36
(i) A – The sum of two numbers be 8
A – { (2,6), (3,5), (4,4), (5,3), (6,2)} - n(A) = 5
∴ The probability of getting the sum of two numbers be 8 =
(ii) B - The sum of two numbers be 13 - n(B) = 0
∴ The probability of getting the sum of two numbers be 13 = =0
(iii) C - B - The sum of two numbers be equal or less than 12
∴ The probability of getting the sum of two numbers be equal or less than = =1
Exercise 14.1
1. Complete the following statements
(i) Probability of an event E + Probability of the event ‘not E’ = _______________
(ii) The probability of an event that cannot happen is Such an event is called
_______ .
(iii)The probability of an event that is certain to happen is Such an event is called
.
(iv) The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is
.
(v) The probability of an event is greater than or equal to and less than or equal
to ______
Ansewers:
(i) 1 (ii) 0 , impossible event (iii) 1, Sure (iv) 1 (v) 0,1
14. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting
(i) a king of red colour (ii) a face card (iii) a red face card (iv) the jack of hearts (v) a spade
(vi) the queen of diamonds
Possible numbers of events = 52
(i) Numbers of king of red colour = 2
Probability of getting a king of red colour = = =
(ii) Numbers of face cards = 12
Probability of getting a face card = =
(iii) Numbers of red face cards = 6
Probability of getting a king of red colour = =
(iv) Numbers of jack of hearts =1
Probability of getting a king of red colour =
(v) Numbers of king of spade = 13
Probability of getting a king of red colour = =
(vi) Numbers of queen of diamonds = 1
Probability of getting a king of red colour =
15. Five cards the ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their
face downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card
picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?
Total numbers of cards = 5
(i) Numbers of queen = 1
Probability of picking a queen =
(ii) When queen is drawn and put aside then total numbers of cards left is 4
(a) Numbers of ace = 1
Probability of picking an ace =
(a) Numbers of queen = 0
Probability of picking a queen = = 0
16. 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look
at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this
lot. Determine the probability that the pen taken out is a good one.
Numbers of defective pens = 12
Numbers of good pens = 132
Total numbers of pen = 132 + 12 = 144 pens
Favourable number of events = 132
Probability of getting a good pen = =
17. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random from the lot.
What is the probability that this bulb is defective?
(ii) Suppose the bulb drawn in (i) is not defective and is not replaced. Now one bulb is
drawn at random from the rest. What is the probability that this bulb is not defective?
(i) Total numbers of bulbs = 20
Numbers of defective bulbs = 4
Probability of getting a defective bulb = =
(ii) One non defective bulb is drawn in (i) then the total numbers of bulb left is 19
Total numbers of events = 19
Favourable numbers of events = 19 - 4 = 15
Probability that the bulb is not defective =
18. A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random
from the box, find the probability that it bears (i) a two-digit number (ii) a perfect square
number (iii) a number divisible by 5
Total numbers of discs = 50
(i) Total numbers of favourable events = 81
Probability that it bears a two-digit number = =
(ii) Perfect square numbers = 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64 and 81
Favourable numbers of events = 9; Probability of getting a perfect square number = =
(iii) Numbers which are divisible by 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,
75, 80, 85 and 90
Favourable numbers of events = 18; Probability of getting a number divisible by 5 = =
19. A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below:
The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i) A? (ii) D?
Total numbers of events = 6
(i) Total numbers of faces having A on it = 2; Probability of getting A = =
(ii) Total numbers of faces having D on it = 1 ; Probability of getting A =
20. Suppose you drop a die at random on the
rectangular region shown in Fig. 15.6. What
is the probability that it will land inside the
circle with diameter 1m?[Not for
examination]
Area of the rectangle = (3 × 2) m2 = 6m2
Area of the circle = πr2 = π 2 = m2
Event
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sum on two dice
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
Probability
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
(ii) No, i don't agree with the argument. It is already justified in (i).
23. A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time.
Hanif wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails, and loses
otherwise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
Events that can happen in tossing 3 coins
= HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT, TTT
Total number of events = 8
Hinif will lose the game if he gets HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT
Favourable number of elementary events = 6
Probability of losing the game = = =
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Summary:
1. The difference between experimental probability and theoretical probability.
2. The theoretical (classical) probability of an event E, written as P(E), is defined as
P(E) =
where we assume that the outcomes of the experiment are equally likely.
3. The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is 1.
4. The probability of an impossible event is 0
5. The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that
0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1
6. An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the
probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is
7. For any event E, P(E) + P( ) = 1 where E stands for ‘not E’. E and E are called
complementary events.
Exercise 15.1
(Unless stated otherwise, take π = )
1. 2 cubes each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the
resulting cuboid.
The volume of the cube = 64cm3, Therefore length of the side = 4cm
∴ The length of the cuboid = 4+4 = 8 cm
= 6x72 + 2 x x - x
= 6x49 + 11x7 - 11 x
= 294 + 77 - 11 x
= 371 – 38.5
= 332.5cm2
5. A hemispherical depression is cut out from one face of a cubical wooden block such that
the diameter l of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube. Determine the surface
area of the remaining solid
The surface area of the solid = Surface area of cube + Surface area of hemisphere
– Area of the circular base of the hemisphere
= 6l2 + 2 -
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= 6l2 + 2 -
= 6l2 + 2 -
= 6l2 + = (24 + )
6. A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its
ends (see Fig. 13.10). The length of the entre capsule is 14mm and the diameter of the
capsule is 5mm. Find its surface area.
Surface area of the capsule =
2CSA of hemisphere CSA of cylinder = 2(2 )+2 ℎ
= ; r = 2.5 ; h = 9mm
= 2(2 ) + 2 ℎ = 2 (2 + ℎ )
= 2x x (2x2.5 + 9)
= (14) = 110 x 2 = 220mm2
7. A tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top. If the height and
diameter of the cylindrical part are 2.1 m and 4 m respectively, and the slant height of the
top is 2.8 m, find the area of the canvas used for making the tent. Also, find the cost of the
canvas of the tent at the rate of Rs 500 per m2 . (Note that the base of the tent will not be
covered with canvas.)
The area of the tent
= CSA of the cylinder + CSA of cone
= 2 ℎ +
= (2ℎ + )
= ; r=2 ; h = 2.1m ; l = 2.8m
= x 2(2x2.1 + 2.8)
= x 7 (2x0.3 + 0.4)
= 44 (0.6 + 0.4) = 44m2
The total cost of the canvas at the rate of Rs 500/cm2 = 44x500 = Rs 22000
8. From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of the
same height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the
remaining solid to the nearest cm2
Surface area of the solid = TSA of cylinder + Inner CSA of cone
– Area of one the circular face of the cylinder
= 2 ( + ℎ) + −
= ; r = 0.7 ; h = 2.4m
l = √ℎ + = √2.4 + 0.7 = √5.76 + 0.49 =√6.25= 2.5m
= 2x x0.7(0.7 + 2.4) + x 0.7x2.5 − x0.7x0.7
= 2x22x0.1(3.1) + 22x 0.1x2.5 − 22x0.1x0.7
= 4.4(3.1) + 2.2x2.5 − 2.2x0.7 = 13.64 + 5.5 − 1.54
= 13.64 + 5.5 − 1.54 = 17.6m2 ≈ 18m2
9. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid
cylinder, as shown in Fig. 15.11. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm, and its base is of
radius 3.5 cm, find the total surface area of the article.
TSA of the article = CSA of cylinder + 2x innere CSA of hemisphere
= 2πrh + 2x2πr
= ; r = 3.5 ; h = 10m
= 2πr(h + 2r)
= 2x x 3.5 (10 + 2x3.5) = 2x 22 x 0.5 (10 + 7)
= 22 (17)= 22 (17) = 374cm2
Exercise 15.2
[Unless stated otherwise, take = ]
1. A solid is in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both their radii being
equal to 1 cm and the height of the cone is equal to its radius. Find the volume of the solid in
terms of
Volume of the solid = Volume of the cone + volume of the hemisphere
Given: π = ; h = 1cm; r = 1cm
Volume of the solid = ℎ +
= x1x1 + x 1 x1 x1
= + = = cm3
2. Rachel, an engineering student, was asked to make a model shaped like a cylinder with
two cones attached at its two ends by using a thin aluminium sheet. The diameter of the
model is 3 cm and its length is 12 cm. If each cone has a height of 2 cm, find the volume of
air contained in the model that Rachel made. (Assume the outer and inner dimensions of
the model to be nearly same]
Volume of the air contained in the model = 2xVolume of the cone +Volume of the cylinder
V = 2x ℎ + ℎ
Given: π = ; r = 1.5cm;
ℎ = 2cm; ℎ = 8cm
V = 2x x x (1.5) x 2 + x(1.5) 8
= x 2.25x2 + x 2.25x8
= x 4.5 + x 18 = + = + = = 66cm3
3. A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find approximately
how much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each shaped like a cylinder with two
hemispherical ends with length 5 cm and diameter 2.8 cm (see Fig. 15.15).
6. A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter 24 cm, which is
surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius 8 cm. Find the mass of the pole,
given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately 8g mass. (Use = 3.14)
5. A container shaped like a right circular cylinder having diameter 12 cm and height 15 cm is
full of ice cream. The ice cream is to be filled into cones of height 12 cm and diameter 6 cm,
having a hemispherical shape on the top. Find the number of such cones which can be filled
with ice cream
Volume of ice cream to be filled in cone =
Volume of Hemisphere + Volume of cone
= + ℎ
= x x3 + x x 3 x 3 x 12
= 2x x9+ x 3 x 12
= + = cm3
The ice-cream filled in the cylinder = Volume of the cylinder = x 6 x 6 x 15 = cm3
= ⇒ = = 1296
= √24 + 36 = √576 + 1296 = √1872 = √144x13 = 12√13 cm
8. Water in a canal, 6 m wide and 1.5 m deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/h. How much
area will it irrigate in 30 minutes, if 8 cm of standing water is needed?
Speed of the water = 10km/h ⇒ 10 x 1000 m/h
Length of the water flows in 1 hour
l = 10 x 1000 m
Area of the rectangular canal = lb = 6 x 1.5 = 9m2
The volume of water flows in 1 hour
= Area of canal x Length of water flows in 1 hour
= 9 x 10 x1000 m3
= x = 100 cm2 = m2
Volume of cylindrical tank = ℎ = x 5 x 5 x 2 = 50 m2
∴ Required time =
Example 13 : Hanumappa and his wife Gangamma are busy making jaggery out of
sugarcane juice. They have processed the sugarcane juice to make the molasses, which is
poured into moulds in the shape of a frustum of a cone having the diameters of its two
circular faces as 30 cm and 35 cm and the vertical height of the mould is 14 cm (see Fig.
15.22). If each cm3 of molasses has mass about 1.2 g, find the mass of the molasses that
can be poured into each mould(take = )
Since the mould is in the shape of a frustum of a cone, the quantity (volume) of molasses that
can be poured into it = ℎ( + + ) where, h = 14cm, = , = 15
Volume = x x 14(17.5x17.5 + 15x15 + 17.5x15)
= x 22 x 2(17.5x17.5 + 15x15 + 17.5x15)
= x 22 x 2(306.25 + 225 + 262.5)
= x 22 x 2(793.75) = 11,641.7cm3
Mass of molasses = 1.2 g
∴ The mass of the molasses that can be poured into each mould = (11641.7 × 1.2)g
= 13970.04 g = 13.97 kg ≈ 14 kg
Example 14 : An open metal bucket is in the shape of a frustum of a cone, mounted on a
hollow cylindrical base made of the same me- tallic sheet (see Fig. 15.23). The diameters of
the two circular ends of the bucket are 45 cm and 25 cm, the total vertical height of the
bucket is 40 cm and that of the cylindrical base is 6 cm. Find the area of the metallic
sheet used to make the bucket, where we do not take into account the handle of the bucket.
Also, find the volume of water the bucket can hold.(Take = )
Height of the bucket = 40 cm,(it include height of the base)
Height of the frustum of cone = h = (40 - 6) cm = 34 cm
Slant height of frustum of cone = ℎ + ( − )
Where, h = 34cm, = 22.5 , = 12.5cm
= 34 + (22.5 − 12.5) ⇒ = 34 + (10) = 35.44
The area of metallic sheet used
= CSA of frustum of cone + Area of circular base + CSA of cylinder
= [ × 35.44 (22.5 + 12.5) + × (12.5)2 + 2 × 12.5 × 6] cm2
= (1240.4 + 156.25 + 150) cm2 = 4860.9 cm2
Now, the volume of water that the bucket can hold (also, known as the capacity
of the bucket)
= ℎ( + + )
= x x 34 (22.5 + 12.5 + 22.5x12.5) = (506.25 + 156.25 + 281.25)
= (943.75) = 33615.48cm3 = 33.62 °ÃlgïUÀ¼ÀÄ (¸Àj¸ÀĪÀiÁgÁV)
Exercise 15.4
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2. The slant height of a frustum of a cone is 4 cm and the perimeters (circumference) of its
circular ends are 18 cm and 6 cm. Find the curved surface area of the frustum
Circumference of the circular base = 18cm
⇒ 2 = 18 ⇒ = cm
Circumference of the circular top = 6cm
⇒ 2 = 6 ⇒ = cm
CSA of frustum of cone = ( + )
= ( + )
= + 4= 4 = 48cm3
3. A fez, the cap used by the Turks, is shaped like the frustum of a cone (see Fig. 15.24). If its
radius on the open side is 10 cm, radius at the upper base is 4 cm and its slant height is 15
cm, find the area of material used for making it.
TSA of fez = CSA of fez + Area of circular top
CSA of frustum of cone = ( + ) +
= 10cm; = 4cm ; l = 15cm
= (10 + 4)15 + x 42
= (14)15 + x 16 = +
= = 710 cm3
4. A container, opened from the top and made up of a metal sheet, is in the form of a
frustum of a cone of height 16 cm with radii of its lower and upper ends as 8 cm and 20
cm, respectively. Find the cost of the milk which can completely fill the container, at the
rate of Rs 20 per litre. Also find the cost of metal sheet used to make the container, if it
costs Rs 8 per 100 cm2. (Take = 3.14)
Summary:
1. To determine the surface area of an object formed by combining any two of the basic solids,
namely, cuboid, cone, cylinder, sphere and hemisphere.
2. To find the volume of objects formed by combining any two of a cuboid, cone,
cylinder, sphere and hemisphere.
3. Given a right circular cone, which is sliced through by a plane parallel to its base,
when the smaller conical portion is removed, the resulting solid is called a
Frustum of a Right Circular Cone.
4. The formulae involving the frustum of a cone are
Volume of frustum of cone = ℎ( + + )
CSA of frustum of cone = ( + ) [ = ℎ + ( − )
TSA of frustum of cone = ( + ) + +