RADIATION

? Learning Objectives:

At the end of this module, the learners should be able to

a) understand spectral properties of radiated heat

b) use radiation networks in order to analyze problems involving
radiation heat transfer

Radiation heat transfer is a mode of heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation emitted

by a body as a result of its temperature. Radiation differs in two important aspects from
conduction and convection: (a) no medium is required; and (b) energy transfer is proportional to
the fourth power of the temperature -thermal radiation.

Physical Mechanism

Radiation travels following the speed of light, c. ( c = 3x108m/s) Where

C = λv
Λ = wavelength, m or 1Å= 10-8 cm or цm (1 цm = 10-6 m)
٧ = frequency, 1/s

Note: thermal radiation is propagated at the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed is equal
to:

C = λv
C = 3x108m/s
Λ = frequency of radiation

The propagation of thermal radiation takes place in the form of discrete Quarta, each
quantum having an energy of:

E = h٧

where h = Planks constant

= 6.625x10-34J.s
٧ = frequency 1/s

Using the theory of relativity; mass and energy

E = mc2x h٧
M = h٧
c2
Momentum of the particles could be:

Momentum = c h٧ = h٧

c2 c

Blackbody radiation ( Blackbody Emissive Power ) - °energy emitted between a blackbody is

proportional to the absolute temperature to the fourth power (Stefan-Bohtzmann Law).

Eb = ՃT4

Eb = energy radiated per unit time per unit area by an ideal radiator, W

Ճ = Stefan- Bothzmann constant

=5.6697 x 10-8 w/m2 -°K4

T = absolute Temperature, °K

Subscript b = denotes that it is a radiation from a blackbody

Eb = total emission power is the emitted radiant thermal energy leaving a

surface per unit time and unit area of the emitting surface.

We call this blackbody radiation because materials that apply this law appears black to
the eye; they appear black because they do not reflect any radiation. Thus a blackbody is
considered as one that absorbs all radiation incidents upon it.

Eb = called the emissive power of a blackbody

Snow or ice appear bright to the eye but essentially “black” for long wavelength thermal
radiation.
Radiation Properties

When radiant energy strikes a material surface, part of the radiation is reflected part is
absorbed, and part is transmitted.

Incident radiation reflection

Absorbed

Transmitted

we define

Fraction reflected, ϱ = reflectivity

Fraction absorbed, α = absorptivity

Fraction transmitted, T = transmissivity

Such that

ϱ+α+T=1

Most solid bodies do not transmit thermal radiation so T = 0; P+α=1

Perfect reflector: α=T=0; P=1

Blackbody: T=P=0; α=1

Two types of reflection phenomena may be observe when radiation strikes a surface:

0 Specular – if the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

1 Diffuse – when an incident beam is distributed in all directions after reflection.

 source source

reflected reflected

Mirror Image of source

Specular Diffuse

Kirchoff’s Law

Suppose a body is enclosed in a perfectly black enclosure (one which absorbs all the incident
radiation falling upon it) maintained at a certain temperature.

Eb

Eb Perfect black enclosure

Model used in deriving Kirchoff ’s law:

This enclosure will also emit radiation according to the (T4 Law) Stefan-Bothzmann law.

Let the radiant flux q; arriving at same area in the enclosure; (qi = w/m2) if that body is allowed
to come into equilibrium with the enclosure, the energy shape factors are defined:

F1-2 = fraction of energy leaving surface 1 which reaches surface 2

F2-1 = fraction of energy leaving surface 2 which reaches surface 1

Fmn = fraction of energy leaving surface m and reaches surface n

Other names are view factor, angle factor, and configuration factor.
 Energy leaving surface 1 and arriving at surface 2 is

Eb1A1F12

Energy leaving surface 2 and arriving at surface 1 is

Eb2A2F21

Since both surface are black, all the incident radiation will be absorbed and the net energy
exchange is

Eb1A1F12 -- Eb2A2F21 = Q12

If both surfaces are at same temperature there can be no heat exchange, then Q1-2 = 0 also Eb1
= Eb2 so that A1F1 =A2F2 reciprocity theme absorbed by a body is equal to the energy emitted by
the enclosure

EA =qiAα (at equilibrium)

If we now replace the body with a blackbody of the same size and shape and allow to come to
the equilibrium with the enclosure at the same temperature

EbA = qiA(1)

Note that absorptivity of a blackbody is unity (1). Dividing eqn 1 by eqn 2

E = α

Eb

The ratio of emissive of power of a body to the emissive power of a blackbody is equal to the
absorptivity of the body. The ratio is further defined as emissivity, Є of the body

Є=E

Eb

So that or Є = α (Kirchoff’s Identity)

In reality, emissivities of materials vary with the temperature and wavelength of the radiation.
Radiation Shape Factor

Consider two black surface A1 and A2.We wish to obtain a general expression for the
energy exchange between these two surfaces when they are maintained at two different
temperatures. The problem becomes essentially one of determining the amount of energy
leaving one surface and reaching the other.

To solve this problem the radiation

The net heat exchange is

Q1-2 = A1F12(Eb1-Eb2) = A2F21(Eb1-Eb2) parallel rectangles

To determine F1-2 value or F2-1 value use figures 8-12 (parallel rectangles), 8-13 (parallel disks),
8-14 (perpendicular rectangles with a common edge.

Examples: Two parallel black plates 0.5m (w) by 1.0m (L) are spaced 0.5 m apart. One plate is
maintained at 1000°C and the other at 500°C. what is the radiant heat exchange between the
plates?

Solution:

Ratios for use:

Y 0.5 X 1.0 F1-2 = 0.285

1.0
D 0.5 D 0.5

Heat transfer;

Q1-2 = A1F12 (Eb1-Eb2) ; Fb = ՃT4

= ՃA1F12 (T14-T24)

= (5.699 x 10-8 w) (0.285) (0.5 x 1) m2

m2 °k4

= (12734 – 7734) °k4

=1833 kw

=18.43 kw

Ex.2. Two perfectly black parallel planes 1.2 m by 1.2 m are separated by a distance of 1.2 m.
One plane is maintained at 550 °C and the other at 250 °C. The planes are located in a large
room. What is the net heat transfer between the planes.
Sample Problem

Find the net radiant heat loss per linear meter from a 5.08 cm bane steam pipe with a
surface temperature of 165.56 °C in surroundings at 21.1 °C.

Given:

D of pipe = 5.08 cm = 0.0508 m

T1 = 165.56 °C = 438.56 °K

T2 = 21.1 °C = 294.1 °K

Required: qr/m

Solution:

qr = A1Є1Ճ ( T14 – T24) ; where A1 = ∏dL

= (0.95)(5.67 x 10-8 w)

m2 °k4

for rough steel plate = 0.95

= [438.564 – 294.1 °K4] = 2.95 x 1010 °K

qr/L = ∏dG1Ճ (T14 – T24)

= ∏ (0.0508) (0.95) (5.67 10-8 w)

m2 °k4

=(438.564 – 294.1°k4)
=
253.69 w/m

Infinite Parallel Planes

When two infinite parallel are considered A1 and A2 are equal; and the radiation shape
factor, F12 = 1, (F12 = 1) is unity, since all the radiation leaving one plane reaches the other.
The heat flow per unit area may be obtained as:

By letting A1 = A2, F12 =1

Q/A =Ճ (T14 – T24)

1/Є1 + 1/Є2 – 1
 A1=A2
T1 A1 F12 = 1

T2 A2

When two long cylinder/sphere exchange heat, noting F12 = 1 the next heat is:

Ճ A1 (T14 – T24)

q= 1/ Є1 + (A1/A2)(1/ Є2 –1)

The ratio A1/A2 can be replaced by diameter ratio d1/d2 when cylindrical bodies are
concerned.

Monochromatic emissivity Єλ is the defined as the ratio of the emissive power of a non-black
radiator in a given wavelength to blackbody monochromatic emissive power in the same
wavelength. Єλ’s do not appreciably change with temperature below 315.55 °C.

Absorptivity: In the transfers of radiant energy absorption is as important as emission. Bodies

emit radiant energy can also absorb it. The radiant energy absorbed is converted into heat.
Roughly, bodies that are good emitters are also good absorbers. At normal temperature a
surface that is a good absorber in the visible region of the spectrum appears black to the eye
because it reflects the radiation and being at normal temperature, it also emits none in the
visible region.

αλ = Єλ

Radiant Heat Exchange

An object radiating is in term subjected to irradiation from the surrounding surfaces and
absorbs part of this irradiation. Usually, net radiant gain or loss is desired. For concentric
spheres or infinite concentric cylinders, the net rate is:

A1Ճ (T14 – T24 )

[1]
q= 1/Є1+ A1/A2 ( 1/Є2 –1)
If A1 is very small compared to A2, [1] becomes the expression for a small object completely
surrounded;

q1 = A1Є1Ճ(T14 – T24)

When a convex object completely enclosed by a very large surface, A1/A2 = 0, the simple
ratio is used;

q1 = ՃA1Є(T14 – T24)

This can be used to calculate the radiation energy loss from a hot object in large room.