Thermodynamics (PC-ME 301)

MODULE – I

1. i) The temperature t on a thermometric scale is defined in terms of a property K by the relation

t = a ln K +b where a and b are constants. The values of K found to be 1.83 and 6.78 at the ice
point and the steam point, the temperatures of which are assigned the numbers 0 and 100
respectively. Determine the temperature corresponding to a reading of K equal to 2.42 on
the thermometer. 7 marks

ii) Why does free expansion have zero work transfer? 3 marks

2. i) Show that heat is a path function, and not a property. 3marks

ii) When a system is taken from state a to state b, along the path acb as shown in the figure,
84 kJ of heat flow into the system, and the system does 32 kJ of work. (a) How much will the
heat that flows into the system along path adb be, if the work done is 10.5 kJ. (b) When
the system is returned from b to a along the curved path, the work done on the system is 21 kJ.
Does the system absorb or liberate heat, and how much of the heat is absorbed or liberated? (c)
If Ua = 0 and Ud = 42 kJ, find the heat absorbed in the process ad and db.
7 marks

3. What do you mean by intensive and extensive properties? Elaborate what do you mean by
quasi-static process. Explain with the aid of schematics. 5 marks

4. A mass of gases is compressed in a quasi-static process from ( 80 kPa, 0.1 m3 to 2.4 MPa,
0.03 m3.) Assuming that the pressure and volume are related by PVn = constant, find the work
done by the gas system. 5 marks

5. What do you mean by a path function and a point function? What are exact differentials and in
exact differentials? 5 marks
 6. Describe what do you mean by thermodynamic equilibrium? What are the conditions to be
satisfied to
attain thermodynamic equilibrium? 5 marks

MODULE – II

1. A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring-loaded, frictionless piston so that the pressure in

the fluid is a linear function of volume (p = a+bV).The internal energy of the fluid is given by the
following equation, U = 34 + 3.15pV, where U is in KJ, p in kPa and V in m 3. If the fluid changes
from an initial state of 170 kPa, 0.03 m 3 to a final state of 400 kPa, 0.06 m 3 with no work
other than that done on the piston, find direction and magnitude of work and heat transfer.
10 marks

2. i) 1.5 kg of nitrogen contained in a cylinder at a pressure 6 bar and temperature 300 K expands
three times its original volume. Assuming the expansion process to be isobaric, make
calculation for a) work done by gas b) change in internal energy. Take Cp= 1.05 kJ/Kg K ,
R=295 J/kg K. 7 marks

ii) Deduce the expression of work transfer in a polytropic process. 3 marks

3. A new scale N of temperature is divided in such a way that the freezing point of ice is 100° N
and the boiling point is 400° N. What is the temperature reading on this new scale when the
temperature is 150°C? At what temperature both the Celsius and the new temperature scale
Reading would be the same? 5
marks

4. Define and deduce mathematical expression for (a) enthalpy, (b) heat capacity at constant
volume and (c) heat capacity at constant pressure. 5 marks

5. i) State the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system (a) undergoing a cycle,
(b) undergoing a change in state.

ii) State zeroth law of thermodynamics. 5 marks

MODULE – III

1. A fluid at 200 kPa and 300°C has a volume of 0.8 m3. In a frictionless process at constant volume
the pressure changes to 100 KPa. Find the final temperature and the heat transferred (a) if the fluid
is air, (b) if the fluid is steam. 5 marks

2. a) Reversible adiabatic process begins at 10 bar, 300°C and ends with 1 bar. Find the specific
 volume and the work done per kg of fluid, (a) if the fluid is air, (b) the fluid is steam. 5
marks

b) Show that for an ideal gas the internal energy depends only on its temperature. 5 marks

3. a) Steam initially at 0.3 MPa, 250°C is cooled at constant volume. At what temperature will the
steam become saturated vapour? What is the quality at 80°C? What is the heat transferred per kg of
steam in cooling from two 50°C to 80°. 5 marks

b) A steam boiler initial contains 5 m3 of steam and 5 m3 of water at 1 MPa. Steam is taken out at
constant pressure unit 4m3 of water is left. Given: at 1 MPa Vf = 0.001127 m3/kg Vg = 0.1944
m3/kg. Heat transfer during the process will be? 5 marks

4. Steam at 0.8 MPa, 250°C and flowing at the rate of 1 kg/s passes into a pipe carrying wet steam at
0.8 MPa, 0.95 dry. After adiabatic mixing the flow rate is 2.3 kg/s. determine the condition of steam
after mixing. The mixture is now expanded in a frictionless nozzle isentropically to a pressure of 0.4
MPa. Determine the velocity of the steam leaving the nozzle. Neglect the velocity of steam in the
pipeline. 10 marks

5. Find the enthalpy and entropy of steam when the pressure is 2 MPa and specific volume is
0.09 m3/kg. 5 marks

6. Explain what do you mean by vapour dome with the help of appropriate thermodynamic
plot. Define triple point superheated state and saturation state. 5 marks

7. What is a pure substance? Define saturation states of pure substance and depict them with
a suitable plot. 5 marks

MODULE – IV

1.

a) High pressure steam is expanding through a adiabatic turbine with inlet condition [h 1 =
3200 kJ/kg, V 1 = 160 m/s, Z 1 = 10 m, P 1 = 3 MPa] and outlet condition [h 2 = 2600 kJ/kg, V 2
= 100 m/s, Z 2 = 6 m, P 2 = 70 KPa]. If the mass flow rate of steam trough the turbine is 20
Kg/s. Then find the power output of the turbine (in MW). 5 marks

b) A certain water heater operates under steady flow conditions receiving 4.2 kg/s of water at
75°C temperature, enthalpy 313.93 kJ/kg. The water is heated by mixing with steam which is supplied
to the heater at temperature 100.2°C and enthalpy 2676 kJ/kg. The mixture leaves the heater as liquid
water at temperature 100°C and enthalpy419 kJ/kg. How much steam must be supplied to the heater
per hour? 5 marks

2.
 a) In a steady flow apparatus, 135 kJ of work is done by each kg of fluid. The specific volume of the
fluid, pressure and speed at the inlet are 0.37 m3 /kg, 600 kPa, and 16 m/s. The inlet is 32 m above the
floor, and the discharge pipe is at floor level. The discharge conditions are 0.62 m3 /kg, 100 kPa, and
270 m/s. The total heat loss between the inlet and discharge is 9 kJ/kg of fluid. In flowing through this
apparatus, does the specific internal energy increase or decrease, and by how much?
7 marks

b) Analyze flow through a nozzle and diffuser based on SFEE. 3 marks

3. Analyze flow through a turbine and compressor based on SFEE. Analyze flow through a heat exchanger
based on SFEE. 5 marks

4. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor entering at 7 m/s velocity, 100 kpa
pressures, 0.95 m3/kg volumes and leaving at 5 m/s velocity, 700 kpa pressures, 0.19 m3/kg volumes.
The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kj/ kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in
the compressor absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 58 kw. i. compute the rate of shaft work input
to the air compressor in kw. ii. Find the ratio of the inlet pipe diameter to the outlet pipe diameter.
5 marks

5. Derive the steady flow of energy equation for a single stream entering and a single stream leaving a
control volume and explain the various terms in it. 5 marks

MODULE – V

1. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 600°C and
40°C. The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at
temperatures of 40°C and -20°C. The heat transfer out of the engine is 2000 kJ and the
net work output of the combined engine plant is 360 kJ. (a) Evaluate the heat transferred to
the refrigerant and the net heat transferred to the reservoir at 40°C. (b) Reevaluate the
earlier parameters if the efficiency of heat engine and the COP of the refrigerator are each 40%
of their maximum possible values. 10 marks

2. A house to be maintained at temperature of 20°C by means of a heat pump pumping heat from
the atmosphere. Heat losses through the wall of this house for estimated at 0.65 kW per unit
of temperature difference between the inside of the house and the atmosphere. (a) If
the atmospheric temperature is at - 10°C, what is the minimum power required driving the
pump? (b) It is proposed to use the same heat pump to cool the house in summer. For the
same room temperature, the same heat loss rate, and the same power input to the pump what
is the maximum possible atmospheric temperature? 10 marks

3. A domestic food freezer maintains a temperature of -15°C. The ambient air temperature
is 30°C. If the heat leaks into the freezer at the continuous rate of 1.75 kJ/s what is the least
power necessary to pump this heat out continuously? 5 marks
 4. State and elaborate both the statements of second law of thermodynamics. What is perpetual
motion machine of second kind? 5 marks

5. Two Carnot engines work in series between the sources and sink temperatures of 500k and
300k. If both engines develop equal power, determine the intermediate temperature. 5
marks

6. A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperature of 600°C and 40°C. The
Engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates between reservoirs at temperature of 40°C and –
20°C. The heat transfer to the heat engine is 2000KJ and net work output of combined engine
refrigerator plant is 360KJ. Evaluate the heat transfer to the refrigerator and the net heat transfer to the
reservoir at 40°. 5 marks

MODULE – VI

1.

a) A fluid undergoes a reversible adiabatic compression from 0.5 MPa, 0.02 m3 to 0.05 m3
according to the law pv1.3 = constant. Determine the change in enthalpy, internal energy,
entropy and heat of work transfer during the process. 7 marks

b) State and explain Clausius’s inequality. 3 marks

2. An electric current of 10 A is maintained for 1s in a resistor of 25 Ω while the temperature of

the resistor is kept at constant at 27°C. a) What is the entropy change of the resistor? b) What
is the entropy change of the universe? The same current is maintained for the same resistor,
but now thermally insulated; whose initial temperature is 27°C. If the resistor has a mass of
0.01 kg and cp= 0.84 kJ/kg·K: c) What is the entropy change of the resistor? d) What is the
entropy change of the universe? 10 marks

3. 1 kg of ice at -5°C is exposed to the atmosphere which is at 20°C. The ice melts and comes
into thermal equilibrium with atmosphere. (a) Determine the entropy increase of the universe.
(b) What is the minimum amount of work necessary to convert the water back into ice at -5°C?
cp of ice is 2.093 kJ/kgK and the latent heat of fusion of ice is 333.3 kJ/kg. 5 marks

4. State and prove Clausius’ theorem. 5 marks

5. A piston-cylinder arrangement contains 1 kg of air at pressure of 1 bar and temperature 300 K.

When 10 kJ of work is done on air, its parameters change to 2.5 bar and 310 K. If the cylinder-
piston assembly exchange heat only with a reservoir maintained at 300 K, Make calculations
for entropy change of the air and reservoir. Comment on the truth of falsehood of the claim.
 Take c p for air 1.005 kJ/kg K and R=0.287 kJ/kg K. 5
marks

6. A reversible heat engine receives heat from two thermal reservoirs maintained at constant
temperatures of 750 K and 500 K. The engine develops 100 kW and rejects heat 3600 kJ/min
of heat to a heat sink at 250 K. Determine thermal efficiency of the engine and heat supplied by
each thermal reservoir. 5 marks

MODULE – VII

1.

a) A gas turbine plant operates on Brayton cycle between 300 K and 1073K. Find the
maximum work done per kg of air, and the corresponding cycle efficiency. How does this
efficiency compared with the Carnot efficiency operating between the same
two temperatures? 5 marks

b) A cold storage is to be maintained at -5°C while the surroundings or at 35°C. The

heat leakage from the surroundings into the cold storage is estimated to be 29 kW. The
actual COP of the refrigeration plant used is 1/3 that of an ideal plant working between
the same temperature. Find the power required in kW to drive the plant. 5
marks

2. Steam at 20 bar, 360°C is expanded in a steam turbine to 0.08 bar. It then enters a
condenser, where it is condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water
into the boiler. Assuming ideal processes, (a) find for find per kg of steam the net work and
the cycle efficiency. (b) If the turbine and the pump have 80% efficiency each, find the
percentage reduction in the net work and the cycle efficiency.
10 marks

3. Explain the vapour compression cycle with the help of suitable thermodynamic plot. 5 marks

4. Derive the expression of efficiency of Brayton cycle. 5 marks

5. Describe the role of Rankine cycle in power generation with appropriate schematic
and thermodynamic plot. 5 marks