La Carlota City College

Business Management Department

City of La Carlota
–o0o-

Module in NSTP1
st
1 Semester, AY. 2022-2023

Name: Jerry Tingson

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Email:
Facebook Account:

Name: Julie Pearl M. Villareal

Contact #:
Email: [email protected]
Facebook Account: Julie Pearl Mondia Villareal

Name: Precious Joy V. Paclibar

Contact #:
Email:
Facebook Account: Precious Joy Villanueva Paclibar

I. COURSE TITLE: NSTP1 NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM

II. NUMBER OF UNITS: 3 Units
III. COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to immerse students in activities
that will arm them the capability to contribute in the upliftment of the general
welfare and the quality of life of the community and the enhancement of its facilities
especially those that are devoted to improving the health, environment,
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morale of the citizen.

IV. COURSE OUTCOMES:

At the end of the semester, the students are expected to:
1. develop and promote civic consciousness, enhance the intellectual, physical,
moral, spiritual and social being of the students
2. inculcate among the ideals of patriotism and nationalism and advance their
involvement in public and civic affair
3. instill moral values, inculcate the respect for the rights of civilians and adhere to
the constitution.

V. COURSE OUTLINE
A. PRELIM PERIOD

Module 1: Rationale of The National Service Training Program (NSTP)-Civic Welfare Training
Service (CWTS)
A. Republic Act 9163
B. NSTP Components
C. Coverage of the NSTP Law
D.NSTP-CWTS Vision
E. NSTP-CWTS Mission
F. NSTP-CWTS Core Values
G. NSTP-CWTS Minimum Standard

B. MIDTERM PERIOD

Module 2: Nature of the Human Person

A. The Human Person
B. Characteristics of a Human Person
C. Biblical Views
D. Philosophical Views
E. Classical Greek Views
F. Sociological Views
G. Hierarchy of Needs

Module 3: Values Development for Citizenship Training

A. Preamble
B. Philosophy Values
C. Filipino Values
D. Good Citizenship
E. Roots of the Filipino Character
F. Nationalism and Patriotism
G. Development of National and Patriotism in the Philippines
H. Personal development

C.SEMI FINAL PERIOD

Module 4: Leadership Training

A. Human Behavior
B. Motivation
C. Good leader
D. Characteristic of Good Leader
E. Leadership development
F. Seven habits of highly effective People
Module 5 Dimension of Development: Health Awareness
A. Communicable Disease
1.Dengue
2.Malaria
3.Cholera
4. Avian Influenza
B. Non-Communicable
1.Hypertension
2. Cardiovascular Disease
3. Diabetes
4.Cancer

D. Final

Module 6 Dimension of Development: Entrepreneurship

1.Entrepreneurship
2.Retailing
3.Service Types of Entrepreneurial
4. Social Responsibility of Entrepreneurs
5.Developing of Business Plan

Module 7 The Social Menace of Drug Addiction

1.Addiction
2.Classificarion of Dangerous Drugs
3.Common Drug types
4.Reason Behind Drug Abuse

1. CONTENT DISCUSSION
Module 1 NSTP Program (RA 9163)
This Module introduce NSTP in accordance with its newly revised Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR). The NSTP components are Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC), Literacy
Training Service (LTS) and CWTS.
NSTP aims to inculcate civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the Filipino youth. It
helps develop in them the ethics of service and patriotism while they undergo training in any of
the program’s three components which are specifically designed to enhance the student ‘s
participation in nation-building.
The NSTP Law or Republic Act No. 9163, also known as An Act Establishing the NSTP for
Tertiary-Level Students, amending for the Purpose Republic Act No. 7077 and Presidential
Decree No. 1706 and other Purposes, was signed by former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
on January 23,2002. It is a consolidation of House Bill No.3593 and senate Bill no.1824 passed
by the house of Representative and the senate on December 19,2001.
The NSTP Law has made ROTC optional since the first semester of school year 2002-2003 and
has allowed students to choose from ROTC, LTS and CWTS as a requisite for graduation.
NSTP Components
NSTP consist of the following:
1. ROTC, institutionalized under Section 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, is designed to
provide military training to motivate, equip, organized and mobilize the youth for
national defense preparedness. It shall in them patriotism, moral virtues, respect for
right civilians and adherence to the Constitution.
2. LTS is designed to train students to teach literacy and numeracy skills to school children,
out of school youth and other segment of society in need of such services.
3. CWTS is designed to involve students actively in activities contributory to the general
welfare and the betterment of life the members of the community of the enhancement
of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving, health, education environment,
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and morals of the citizenry.
The Department of National Defense (DND), Commission on Higher Education (CHED), and
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) lead in the implementation and
monitoring of NSTP. Their primary function is to oversee if the program, being conducted in
school is in consonance with the newly revised IRR dated November 13, 2009.
Coverage of the NSTP Law
The NSTP Law cover the following:
1.All Students, male and female, of any baccalaureate degree course or at least two (2) – year
technical – vocational courses in public and private educational institutions shall be required to
complete one (1) of the NSTP components of their choice fortwo semester as a graduation
requirement.
2.All higher and technical -vocational institutions, public and private, must offer at least one
NSTP component.
3. State universities and Colleges (SUC)must offer ROTC and at least one other NSTP
component, namely LTS or CWTS.
4.The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA),
Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), and other SUCs of similar nature , in view of the
special character of these institutions are not covered by the NSTP Law
5.Private higher educational Institutional (HEIs) and technical vocational educational
institutions with at least 360 cadets may offer ROTC and consequently establish and maintain
Department of Military Science and Tactics, which is still subject to the existing rules and
regulations of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
NSTP-CWTS Mission
NSTP-CWTS aims to promote and integrate values education transformational leadership and
sustainable social mobilization for youth development, community building, national renewal,
and global solidarity by:
1. Providing relevant activities that will contribute to the physical, intellectual, spiritual;
and social development of students
2. Inculcating in students the values of leadership, patriotism and social; responsibility
3. Training students to become project planners, designers and managers of innovative
and sustainable community service-oriented projects
4. Conducting capability enhancement for civic welfare services geared toward preparing
the youth to become results oriented social entrepreneurs, volunteer and
socioeconomic mobilizing force that’s serves communities as value driven innovators for
progress
5. Working closely with a network of organization within and outside the higher education
institution
6. Creating opportunities where students can render direct service to the community
NSTP-CWTS Core Values
1. Loved of God
2. Human dignity
3. Discipline, truth, goodness and social responsibility
4. Awareness, innovation and Creativity
5. Respect, Synergy and Professionalism
6. Excellence and Indigenous learning
7. Protection and Conservation of the environment
8. Quality service delivery

NSTP-CWTS Minimum Standard

NSTP-CWTS helps developed informed and self-reliant communities by encouraging inter
government agency cooperation and providing complementary assistance and support to
facilitate socio economic progress, environmental management and delivery of basic services,
geared toward uplifting the wellbeing of people.
The NSTP-CWTS strategies follow in integrative approach to community development
which unites the people, local officials, civic leaders and non-governmental organizations.
 The NSTP-CWTS 1 is a three Unit, nonacademic course for students who opt to take CWTS
component of NSTP.
The minimum standard for NSTP is the development of the common and specific module set
forth in the IRR.
The NSTP-CWTS 1 span a total of 83 training hours fortwo semester and include seven topic and
scope of instruction as follows:
1. Self-awareness and Values development deal with the nature of self, personal
development, roots of the Filipino character, nationalism and patriotism and good
citizenship values with core Filipino Values.
2. Leadership training discusses the concept of leadership, human behavior,
communication, motivation, teamwork, time management and decision making.
3. Dimension of development cover global, national and local issues on a. health b.
education ((enhancement of instructional support materials and faculties) c.
entrepreneurship d. recreation and E. moral of the citizenry and other social welfare
concern such as voters’ education and poverty alleviation.
4. Community exposure and agency visit refer to the nature, development and approaches
in community work and community building
5. Community needs assessment includes knowing the community and the community
needs assessment process, survey and actual conduct
6. Community service dwell on drug education, health education (medical and dental)
environmental education Entrepreneurship and culture.
7. Program evaluation tackles the fundamental development implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of the program.
Module 2: The Nature of Human Person

The Human Person

It is essentials difficult to understand the human person, Human nature and the possibility of a
achieving a productive society through the highest potential of a person.

Estanol (2007) defines the human’s person as having physical, spiritual, emotional and
intellectual attributes. St.thomas Aquinas describes the human person as having physical and spiritual
substance because he/she has a soul and is created by “ self- conscious animal”.

Characteristic of Human Person

Several Characteristics of human person

1. A Human person is rational Being.

2.A Human person is born free

3. a Human person is Unique

4. Every person is intrinsically a social being and cannot detach himself/herself from other creatures in
the universe’

5. all living are sexual by nature, but the uniqueness of expression of a person sexuality makes him/her
different.

Biblical Views

The human person has a superiority and dignity inherited from the supreme being According to
the book of Genesis, Chapter1, Verses 26 to 27, God Created man and woman in his own image, the
earth, the wild beast and all reptiles the crawl upon the earth.

The Supreme being entrusted to the human person the care of creatures on the earth, aware of
the possibilities, challenges and difficulties she/she will encounter in his/ her life.

Agbuya(1997) states that “He /She ( Human person) is designated by God to exercise dominion
over other creatures in his /her everyday use of freedom, search for happiness, and openness to the
world around him/her. And what makes him/her human is his/ her being a true person, which includes
the special gifts and talents of thinking, loving, longing for happiness and making decision. The guman
nature was patterned after the image God.

The Supreme Being entrusted to the human person the care of creatures on the earth, aware of
the possibilities, challenges, and difficulties he/she will encounter in his/her life.

Philosophical Views

According to Protagoras, a human person is the measure of all things that exist and of all things
that do not exist. Furthermore, Plato claimed that the perfect human being does not exist in this world
because what is in this world is just an imperfect copy of humanity's original self in the realm of ideas.
Parmenides posited that a person knowledge of something that exists, for a person who does not exist is
nothing.

A human person like other animals has external and internal organs. A human being becomes
evident when he/she starts to share his/her thoughts and ideas with others.

Mcguigan (2006) in his book, Philosophy of the Human Being, explains the different
philosophical views of the human person. These are the following:

1.Conservatism

The conservative view is not entirely positive and definitely non- egalitarian. Some men
contribute more than others to society, and, therefore, must be rewarded and honored by society. All
human persons may not be of equal value to society: some men are intended to rule, the rest to obey.
This is in line with one of the Confucian ethical ideas which states that the superior man must rule and
the commoner must bow before his authority

2. Liberalism

Liberalism has a more egalitarian view of human nature. It believes that all men are capable of
reason and rational action and have the capacity to live satisfactory and productive lives if given the
opportunity. Reason is common to all human beings and this fact raises them above the level of beasts
and enables them to know the principles of suitable living. According to Mencius, "Every human being
can become a sage king, that is, anyone can gain the wisdom to rule."

3. Socialism

In socialism, the human being readily engages in cooperative social activities when given the
opportunity. Unfortunately, this natural cooperative instinct is not fostered when some people selfishly
exploit other people.

Marx believes that man is driven primarily by desire for economic gains. In his Das Kapital, he
considers the human person as a social animal; if he/ she fails to relate actively with others and with
nature, he/she loses himself/ herself and becomes alienated. His/her drives lose human qualities and
assume animal qualities.

4. Fascism

Fascism holds that what matters most is the country itself. The human being can prosper when
the nation prospers; his/her fate is merely secondary when it comes to the country. Like the
conservatives, the fascists contend that some human beings are naturally and racially better than
others.

Classical Greek Views

The early classical Greeks define the human person as "a rational animal.” An animal's
vegetative sensory and rational element is integrated within his/her being; thus he/she is a material
(body) and spiritual (soul) being. As a vegetative creature, the human person needs to have food to
grow, develop, and reproduce. As a sentient being, he/she needs sensory perceptions to gain
knowledge. As a rational animal, he/she needs the power of thought, reason, and cognition.
 Due to a person's nobility and his/her special place in God's kingdom, it is through him/her that
the rest of creation enter into a dialogue and relationship with the Supreme Being. Because the human
person is given free will to choose, decide, or shape his/her life, he/she is always responsible for his/her
action.

A human person is capable of knowing, loving, and believing, which leads him/her to be fully
aware of his/her humanity.

Sociological Views

A perspective is a particular way of looking at and seeing something. Salcedo (2004) states that
people look at this social world or at the various ways that human beings behave in a social way. Hence,
when we talk about society or the social world, we are really referring to the behavior of human beings.

This is not to say that all sociologists necessarily see the social world from exactly the same
perspective (or viewpoint); neither do they always agree about what they see, how behavior could or
should be understood, and so forth. As we will notice, the sociological perspective is made up of a
number of quite different sub-perspectives.

San Juan (2007) proposes some common ideas about the human person. These are the
following:

1. Human persons are social animals. We need to cooperate with others in some way to create
the social world in which to live.

2. The human person's social behavior is learned, not instinctive. In this respect the argument is
that we have to learn, from the moment we were born, how to be not just a human being but also a
recognizable member of the society into which we happen to have been born.

3. To understand the human person's social behavior, we have to focus our attention on the
groups to which people belong. These groups are many and varied, but the largest group to which
people belong is a society.

4. Sociology is a discipline that looks into the totality of relationships in an individual's life.
Sociologists do not restrict their studies to a single dimension of an individual's life (economics, politics,
history, geography, psychology, and so forth). Although each of these areas is significant and interesting
in varying degrees, it is only by looking at how these relationships affect each other that we can arrive at
a complete picture of human social behavior.

Sociologists do not reject the contributions of other social sciences. Sociology as an academic
discipline itself is based on the recognition that human beings are not one- dimensional but rather multi-
dimensional.

For example, in our society, people work (economic-dimension), have the opportunity to vote
in elections (political dimension), and live-in different areas of the country (geographic dimension). What
interests’ sociologists in this regard might be the relationship between these three dimensions-how
does the area in which people live affect the type of work they do and how does the type of work they
do affect how they vote in elections?
 If the sociological perspective differs from that provided by other social sciences, it is evident
that it also differs from a final perspective we have to consider, namely, that of naturalistic or
commonsensical explanation of the social world. Investigating some examples of commonsensical ideas
about the social world will allow us to demonstrate more effectively the idea of a sociological
perspective and show how sociology provides a greater understanding of human behavior.

Hierarchy of Needs

The guiding principle in realizing a person's competence and ability is the exploration of his/her
totality in the field of humanistic psychology, which theorizes that a person's behavior and his/her
relationship with others are shaped by his/her inner feelings and self-image.

Maslow presented the levels of hierarchy of needs in his theory of personality.

1. Physiological needs include the biological and basic needs such as water and clothing. These
needs are immensely important because they are essential for survival.

2. Safety needs include security and protection from physical and emotional harm.

3. Social needs include affection, sense of belonging, and friendship, which people seek to
overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation.

4. Self-esteem needs include achievement, mastery, and confidence derived from recognition,
respect, and attention. When these needs are satisfied, the person feels confident and valuable.
However, when they are not met, the person may feel inferior, weak, helpless, and worthless.

5. Self-actualization means a person has reached the peak of his/her potential.

SELF-
ACTUALIZATION

Pursue. Inner.
Talent Creativity.
SELF-ESTEEM
Achievement. Mastery. Recognition
Respect

LOVE/ BELONGING
Friends. Family. Spouse. Lover

SAFETY
Security. Stability. Freedom from Fear
 PHYSIOLOGY
Food. Water. Shelter. Warmth

Figure 1 Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's theory points out that a person needs to satisfy first the lower needs before realizing
his/her self-worth and potential. Accordingly, when the lower needs are not met, a person cannot
completely devote his/her time to developing his/her full potential. He also maintains that self-
actualization is the driving force of human personality. Thus, a person cannot appreciate intellectual and
aesthetic learning when he/she is hungry or if he/she feels unsafe. Artistic and scientific endeavors do
not flourish in a society where people must struggle for food, shelter, and safety. Self-actualization can
only be achieved after all other needs are satisfied.

According to Rogers' person-centered therapy theory, every person has within him/ her an
inherent desire for a positive transformation and the development of his/her capacities. He/She
possesses an innate goodness no matter how imprudent his/her actions are

. Based on this theory, the society should be a sounding board of reflections in life, so that an
individual can realize his/her problem and formulate solutions for it. However, it is the individual who
will eventually create his/her own path and not the people around him/her. He/She is the only one
qualified to choose the path that he/she should take. It may not always be smooth, but that does not
diminish his/her value as a person. A self-actualized person allows his/her innate goodness to transform
further. Only by understanding himself/herself first can he/she effectively relate to others. Furthermore,
every person must understand that he/she only exists in this world transitorily. As such he/she should
utilize his/her gifts and talents to reach his/her goals and to help others realize their own worth as a
person. He/She must take on the challenge that the Supreme Being has posed upon him/her.

Conclusion

It is basically difficult to understand the human person. He/she is described as having physical,
spiritual, emotional, and intellectual attributes, capable of knowing, loving, and believing. Various
Biblical, philosophical, classical, and sociological views and perspectives offer essential insights into the
human nature. Nevertheless, it boils down to the human person's relational character toward others
called “service to his/ her fellowmen."

A person is a social being with various needs that have to be satisfied. This will enable him/her
to reach the peak of his/her potential, so that he/she could effectively relate with others and be a
productive part of his community.
 Module 3: Values Development for Citizenship Training
The Preamble

The preamble to the 1987 Constitution states: "We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the
aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall
embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony,
and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule
of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this
Constitution" (De Leon et al., 2011). 24

A preamble is an introductory and preliminary statement in a document that explains the

document's purpose and underlying philosophy. It may cite historical facts pertinent to the subject of
the statute. The preamble to the constitution of the Philippines dictates that the Philippines and the
Filipino people are the sovereign masters of the Philippine Islands.

Philosophy of Values

Understanding the philosophy of human values is necessary in understanding Filipino values

such as family closeness and solidarity (pagkamalapit at pagkakaisa ng pamilya), politeness
(pagkamagalang through the use of po or ho), hospitality, and gratitude (utang na loob).

Values are both subjective and objective. They involve a subject or person who values (e.g., a
young girl) and an object or value to be realized (e.g., pagkamahinhin). Justice is objective because it is a
value that should be realized by all. There is a difference between value and disvalue such as pleasure
and pain, life and death, poverty and affluence, heroism and cowardice, truth and falsehood, right and
wrong, holiness and sinfulness. The difference is not only in the mind or simply a matter of personal
taste or preference. It is real and evident.

Filipino Values

What are Filipino values? What is distinctly Filipino in our value system? The Filipino value
system arises from our culture or way of life, our distinctive way of becoming human in this particular
place and time. We speak of Filipino values in a fourfold sense.

1. It is obvious that certain values take on a distinctively Filipino flavor for us. The Greek ideal of
moderation or meden agan, the Roman in medio stat virtus, and the Confucian and Buddhist doctrine of
the middle way or path, find their Filipino equivalent in walang labis, walang kulang, or katamtaman
lamang.

2. Speaking of Filipino values, we do not mean that elements of these Filipino values are absent in the
value systems of other peoples and cultures. All people eat, talk, and sing; but they eat a variety of food,
speak various languages, and sing different songs. Thus, we easily recognize Filipino, American, Chinese,
Japanese, or any other foreign food, language, or music. The difference lies in the way these elements
are ranked, combined, or emphasized, so that they take on a distinctively Filipino slant or cast.

For instance, in China, honesty and hard work may rank highest; Chinese and Japanese cultures
greatly value politeness and beauty; American culture highlights promptness and efficiency; and Filipino
culture emphasizes spirituality and family centeredness. In this sense of value ranking and prioritizing,
we can speak of dominant Filipino values.

3. Universally, human values in the Filipino context (historical, cultural, socio- economic, political, moral,
and religious) take on a distinctive set of Filipino meanings and motivations. This is true not only of the
aims and goals, beliefs, convictions, and social principles of the traditional value system of the lowland
rural family but also of what Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S.J. calls the Filipino "nationalistic" tradition
(pagsasarili, pagkakaisa, pakikisama, pakikipagkapwa- tao, and pagkabayani).

A Filipino value is not a discrete item which exists alone, in isolation, or in a vacuum. Filipino
values like bahala na, utang na loob, hiya, pakikisama, and pakiusap are clustered around core values
like social acceptance, economic security, and social mobility. They are always found in a definite
context or set of circumstances.

4. Values in the sense of historical consciousness had evolved among the Filipino people, leading
to the concept of justice evolving from inequality to equality and to human dignity. From the
tribe, to the family, and to the nation, consciousness of different values varies during the distinct
periods of Philippine history.

From a historical perspective, the question to ask about Filipino values is: Ganito kami noon:
paano kayo ngayon? How are we to know toward what goal or direction Filipino values ought to
move?

Now that we have regained our democratic form of government and have arrived at a privileged
historical kairos, how do we transform Filipino values to build a more "just and humane society"
(Preamble, 1987 Constitution)? We need both external structural and internal cultural change. It is
here that the Christian faith, in the last analysis, should point the way to the kind of values
education needed for national reconstruction

Good Citizenship Values

1.Love for God or Pagkamaka-Diyos

The Philippines is the only Christian nation in Asia, our population being predominantly
Catholic. Therefore, religiousness is a prime Filipino value.

Faith is the deeply rooted submission to a divine Creator and believing in His authority over all
creations. It is also putting oneself in the hands of the Divine Authority which is an expression of faith in
and unconditional love for God.

Jesus said to them, "Have faith in God... whoever says to this mountain; Be lifted up and thrown
in to the sea! and does not doubt at all in his heart but believes that what he says will take place, it will
be done for him" (Mark 11:22-23 Amplified Bible).

2. Love for Fellowmen or Pagkamaka-Tao

St. Paul defines love in a different way: Love is patient; it never fails; it is eternal. There are
faith, hope, and love and the greatest of these is love (1 Corinthians 13). It illustrates the real essence of
love which strengthens the foundation of the family and other social groupings. It is the strongest force
within the human community. It provides a deeper meaning to the purpose of human existence.
3. Love for Country or Pagkamaka-Bayan

Progressive countries are able to attain their economic goals because the people have trust and
confidence in their governments and are actively supporting their policies and programs. These
governments, in turn, reciprocate their people's support with honest, sound, and dynamic governance.

4.Love for the Environment or Pagkamaka-Kalikasan

Environment refers to everything that surrounds us from the natural world to the man-made
physical structures. Human interventions are important to derive the full benefits from natural
resources, but such interventions have at times gone beyond the limits of the domain reserved for
human utilization.

It is high time we work hand in hand to protect our natural resources and ecosystem. In our
own little way, we can start taking care of our immediate environment and participate in the sustainable
management of our natural resources.

Roots of the Filipino Character

Here are some highlights from "A Moral Recovery Program: Building a People- Building a Nation"
by Patricia Licuanan (1988).

The strengths and weaknesses of the Filipino have their roots in many factors such as (a) the
home environment, (b) the social environment, (c) culture and language, (d) history, (e) the educational
system, (f) religion, (g) the economic environment, (h) the political environment, (i) mass media, and (j)
leadership and role models.

1.The Family and Home Environment.

Child-bearing practices, family relations, and family attitudes and orientation are the main
components of the home environment. Child-bearing in the Filipino family generally is characterized by
high nurturance, low independence training, and low discipline. The Filipino child grows up in an
atmosphere of affection and overprotection, where one learns security and trust, on the one hand, and
dependence, on the other. In the indulgent atmosphere of the Filipino home, rigid standards of behavior
or performance are not imposed, leading to a lack of discipline. Attempts to maintain discipline come in
the form of many "no's" and "don'ts" and a system of criticism to keep children in line. Sometimes,
subtle comparisons among siblings are also used by mothers to control their children. These may
contribute to the "crab mentality."

In a large family where we are encouraged to get along with our siblings and other relatives, we
learn pakikipagkapwa-tao. In an authoritarian setting, we learn respect for age and authority; at the
same time, we become passive and dependent on authority. In the family, children are taught to value
family and to give it primary importance.

2. The Social Environment.

The main components of the social environment are social structures and social systems such as
interpersonal, religious, and community interaction. The social environment of the Filipino is
characterized by a feudal structure with great gaps between the rich minority and the poor majority.
These gaps are not merely economic but cultural as well, with the elite being highly Westernized and
alienated from the masses. This feudal structure develops dependence and passivity.

The Filipino is raised in an environment where one must depend on relationships with others in
order to survive. In a poor country where resources are scarce and where the systems meant to respond
to people's needs can be insensitive, inefficient, or non-existent, the Filipino becomes very dependent
on kinship and interpersonal relationships. Sensitivity about hurting established relationships controls
our behavior. We are restrained from making criticisms no matter how constructive, so standards of
quality are not imposed, We have difficulty saying no to requests and are pressured to favor.

3. Culture and Language.

Much has been written about Filipino cultural values. Such characteristics as warmth and person
orientation, devotion to family, and sense of joy and humor are part of our culture and are reinforced by
all socializing forces like the family, school, and peer group. Filipino culture rewards such traits and
corresponding behavioral patterns develop because they make one more likable and enable life to
proceed more easily.

Aside from emphasizing interpersonal values, Filipino culture is also characterized by an

openness to the outside world which easily incorporates foreign elements without a basic consciousness
of our cultural core. This is the medium of related to our colonial mentality and to the use of English
instruction in schools.

The introduction of English as the medium of education de-Filipinized the youth and taught
them to regard American culture as superior. The use of English contributes also to a lack of self-
confidence on the part of the Filipino. The fact that doing well means using a foreign language, which
foreigners inevitably can handle better, leads to an inferiority complex. At a very early age, we find that
our self-esteem depends on the mastery of something foreign.

The use of a foreign language may also explain the Filipino's unreflectiveness and mental
laziness. Thinking in our native language, but expressing ourselves in English, results not only in a lack of
confidence, but also in a lack in our power of expression, imprecision, and a stunted development of
one's intellectual powers.

4.History

We are the product of our colonial history, which is regarded by many as the culprit behind our
lack of nationalism and our colonial mentality Colonialism developed a mindset in the Filipino which
encouraged us to think of the colonial power as superior and more powerful. As a second-class citizen
beneath the Spanish and then the Americans, we developed a dependence on foreign powers that
makes us believe we are not responsible for our country's fate.

The American influence is more ingrained in the Philippines because the Americans set up a
public school system where we learned English and the American way of life. Present-day media
reinforce these colonial influences and the Filipino elite set the example by their Western ways.

Another vestige of our colonial past is our basic attitude toward the government, which we have
learned to identify as foreign and apart from us. Thus, we do not identify with government and are
distrustful and uncooperative toward it. Much time and energy is spent trying to outsmart the
government, which we have learned from our colonial past to regard as an enemy.

5.The Educational System.

Aside from the problems inherent in the use of a foreign language in our educational system, the
educational system leads to other problems for us as a people. The lack of suitable local textbooks and
dependence on foreign textbooks, particularly in the higher school levels, force Filipino students as well
as their teachers to use school materials that are irrelevant to the Philippine setting. From this comes a
mindset that things learned in school are not related to real life.

Aside from the influences of the formal curriculum, there are the influences of the "hidden
curriculum," i.e., the values taught informally by the Philippine school system. Schools appear to be
highly authoritarian, with the teacher as the central focus. The Filipino student is taught to be
dependent on the teacher as we attempt to record verbatim what the teacher says and to give this back
during examinations in its original form and with little processing. Usually, teachers reward well-
behaved and obedient students. Some teachers tend to be uncomfortable with those who ask questions
and express a different viewpoint. Hence, the Filipino student learns passivity and conformity.

6.Religion

Religion is the root of the Filipinos' optimism and capacity to accept life's hardships. However,
religion also instills in us attitudes of resignation and a preoccupation with the afterlife and
superstitions.

7.The Economic Environment

Many local traits are rooted in the poverty and hard life that is the lot of most Filipinos. Our difficulties
drive us to take risks, impel us to work very hard, and develop in us the ability to survive. Poverty,
however, has also become an excuse for graft and corruption, particularly among the lower rungs of the
bureaucracy. Unless things get too difficult, passivity sets in.

8.The Political Environment

The Philippine political environment is characterized by a centralization of power. Political

power or authority is concentrated in the hands of the elite and the participation of most Filipinos often
is limited to voting in elections.

Similarly, basic services from the government are concentrated in Manila and its outlying towns
and provinces. A great majority of Filipinos are not reached by such basic services as water, electricity,
roads, and health services. Government structures and systems-e.g. justice and education are often 30
ineffective or inefficient.

Since the government often is not there to offer basic services, we depend community
centeredness. on our family, kin, and neighbors for our everyday needs. The absence of government
enhances our extreme family and even We find it difficult to identify with a nation-family, since the
government is not there to symbolize or represent the state.
 The fact that political power is still very much concentrated in the hands of a few may lead to
passivity. The inefficiency of government structures and systems also leads to a lack of integrity and
accountability in our public servants.

9.Mass Media

Mass media reinforce our colonial mentality. Advertisements using Caucasian models and
emphasizing a product's similarity with imported brands are part of our daily lives.

The tendency of media to produce escapist movies, soap operas, comics, etc., feed the Filipinos'
passivity. Rather than confront our poverty and oppression, we fantasize instead. The propensity to use
flashy sets, designer clothes, superstars, and other bongga features reinforce porma.

10.Leadership and Role Models.

Filipinos look up to their leaders as role models. Political leaders are the main models, but all other
leaders serve as role models as well. Thus, when our leaders violate the law or show themselves to be
self- serving and driven by personal interest, when there is lack of public accountability, there is a
negative impact on the Filipinos.

Nationalism and Patriotism

The philosophy of nationalism nowadays does not concern itself much with the aggressive and
dangerous form of invidious nationalism that often occupies center stage in the news and in sociological
research. Although this pernicious form can be of significant, instrumental value mobilizing oppressed
people and giving them a sense of dignity, its moral costs are usually taken by philosophers to outweigh
its benefits.

The term nationalism is generally used to describe two things. The first is the attitude of the
members of a nation which includes the concepts of national identity, origin, ethnicity, and cultural ties.
The second is the action that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve or sustain full
statehood with complete authority over domestic and international affairs. Patriotism is love of and
devotion to one's country.

The word comes from the Greek patris, meaning "fatherland." However, patriotism has had
different meanings over time, and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography, and
philosophy. Although patriotism is used in certain vernaculars as a synonym for nationalism, nationalism
is not necessarily considered an inherent part of patriotism. Likewise, patriotism is strengthened by
adherence to a native religion, particularly some communities that may have their own holy places. This
also implies a value preference for a specific civic or political community.

Development of Nationalism and Patriotism in the Philippines

Nationalism is characterized by the attachment of superiority to one's country, an aspiration for

its continuity and prosperity, and maintaining a high regard and respect for its laws, principles and
policies. A country is an artificial body of people that need protection and identity. The government
constitutes all non-political and political personnel in the service of the country. They range from the
President to the last civil servant. Philippine nationalism witnessed an upsurge of patriotic sentiments
and nationalistic ideals in the late 1800s as a result of the Filipino Propaganda Movement from 1872 to
1892. It became the main ideology of the first Asian nationalist uprising, the Philippine Revolution of
1896. Spain already ruled the Philippines for about 333 years before Philippine nationalism was
developed.

The term Filipino originally referred to Spaniards born in the Philippines and not the native
inhabitants. But certain events finally led to the development of native patriotism and transcended the
cultural and geographical boundaries that had been barriers to the unification of the inhabitants of the
archipelago.

Personal Development Plan

Do you know where you are going to? Where do you see yourself one year, five years, and
perhaps ten years down the road?

A personal development plan will help you figure that out and help you get there. Wells (2012),
in his book Seven Simple Steps-Life Transformation Guide, states that success requires an articulated
goal. It is not a product of wishful thinking. Purpose will set the context and get you thinking about your
life and what is important to you.

Prepare your own personal development plan. Be guided by these components suggested by Wells.

1. Your True Self-Begin with some introspection to help you define your values, your patterns, and your
beliefs.

2. Make It Personal-Understand success and achievement, and what it means to you and to others.

3. Know Your Outcome-Set your goals and how to achieve them. This section is really about knowing
where you're going.

4. Design Success-Lay out your "success blueprint." If the prior section covers where you're going, this is
about how you'll get there.

5. Harness the Power-Determine to make your plans a reality. In order to succeed, you need more than
a plan; that plan needs to be executed.

6. Accept Success-Establish a mindset to succeed in bringing your desired outcomes to fruition.

7. Life is Circular-Look forward to the future, and move on beyond the completion of your plan.
Module 4: Leadership Training

Human Behavior

According to businessdictionary.com, human behavior is the "capacity of mental, physical,

emotional, and social activities experienced during the five stages of a human being's life-prenatal,
infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. It includes the behaviors as dictated by culture, society,
values, morals, ethics, and genetics

." Encyclopedia Britannica (2012) states that human beings have a typical life course that
consists of successive phases of growth, each of which is characterized by a distinct set of physical,
physiological, and behavioral features. These phases are prenatal life, infancy, childhood, adolescence,
and adulthood (including old age). Human development or developmental psychology is a field of study
that attempts to describe and explain the changes in human cognitive, emotional, and behavioral
capabilities and functioning over the entire life.

Motivation

Motivation encompasses the internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in
people to be continually interested in and committed to a job, role, or subject, and to exert persistent
efforts in attaining a goal. It results from the interaction among conscious and unconscious factors such
as the (a) intensity of desire or need, (b) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (c) expectations of
the individual and of his/her significant others.

According to Swindell (2012), motivation means the drive and ambition needed to achieve our
goals. We all need that extra push at some stage of our life, whether it be at work, in school, or home; or
maybe to give up a bad habit or shed a few pounds. We need motivation to get a job done and achieve a
goal. Self-motivation can work for some people. For example, if you are trying to lose some weight, just
imagine how you will look and feel when you can fit again in your smaller-sized clothes. An old
photograph of a slimmer you could help motivate you to keep going.

If you work in sales, it is important to stay motivated to achieve your targets in order to earn
cash bonuses or even job promotion in addition to commission. It is also easy to become demotivated.
For example, you may be way off your sales targets and you realize there is no chance of reaching them,
so you just give up. Negative people can demotivate you as well.

Good Leadership

Leadership pertains to the qualities exemplified by a leader. It also refers to acts of leading or
the "process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the
accomplishment of a common task." It is often said that some people are good leaders while others are
not. But what is really the basis for judging one's capacity to be a good leader? From a follower's
perspective, good leadership can be attributed to qualities that make people follow a leader. It would be
great to have all these qualities, but not all leaders do have them.
 Characteristics of a Good Leader

Here are ten essential characteristics of a good leader. Do you them? think you possess

1. Vision. Good leaders know where they want to go and they can motivate people to believe in
their vision for their country, community, and family. Good leaders view things as what they could be
and not simply as what they are.

2. Wit. Good leaders can make sound judgments and decisions even during crucial situations.

3. Passion, Good leaders are very passionate and intensely obsessed in whatever they are
focused on, be it business, sport, or hobby.

4. Compassion. Good leaders show compassion for their supporters and followers. They possess
exemplary coaching and development skills. While these leaders have goals to accomplish, they can still
consistently care for their constituents. They are not selfish individuals who think only about their own
wants and needs. They have a heart for others.

5. Charisma. Good leaders are captivating, charming individuals who tend to draw people
toward them. It could be because of the way they talk, or carry themselves. They excel in building
relationships and eliciting performance from their groups.

6. Communication skills. Good leaders are usually great orators and persuaders. They can
express their ideas clearly and convincingly.

7. Persistence. Good leaders are determined to attain their goals in spite of the obstacles and
problems. They believe that the benefits of attaining their goals outweigh the risks and hardships.

8. Integrity. Good leaders mean what they say. They walk the talk, practice what they preach,
and keep their promises. They are reliable.

9. Daring. Good leaders are bold, willing to take risks, and determined to chase their dreams
amid the reality of fear and uncertainty. Winston Churchill states that courage is the virtue on which all
others virtues rest.

10. Discipline. Good leaders observe self-control and order. Where most people are easily
distracted or dejected, good leaders manage to stay focused and steady regardless of the situation.

Maxwell (1999) says that a leader should recognize, develop, and refine certain personal
characteristics needed to be a truly effective leader, the kind of leader people will want to follow. These
are some of the traits of that leader:

1. Character is the quality of a person's behavior as revealed by his/her habits, thoughts and
expressions, attitudes and interests, actions, and personal philosophies in life. Be a piece of the rock.
There are always two paths to choose from: character and compromise. Opt for character.

2. Charisma is a special spiritual gift bestowed temporarily by the Holy Spirit on a group or an
individual for the general good. It is an extraordinary power in a person, group, or cause, which takes
hold of popular imagination and wins popular support.
 3. Commitment engages one to do something as a continuing obligation. It is a state of
intellectual and emotional adherence to some political, social, and religious theory of action.

4. Communication is a two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants

do not only exchange (encode-decode) information but also create and share meaning. The meaning of
communication is in the response and not in what is said or how it is said.

5. Competence indicates a sufficiency of knowledge and skills that enable someone to act in a
wide variety of situations. It is the capacity of a person to understand a situation and to respond to it
accordingly and reasonably. A core competency is fundamental knowledge, ability, or expertise in a
specific area.

6. Courage is the quality of the mind that enables a person to face difficulty and danger without
fear. It begins with an inward battle. It is making things right, not just smoothing them over. It inspires
commitment from followers. Life expands in proportion to one's courage.

Transformational Leadership

Bass (1990) explains that transformational leadership is a form of leadership that occurs when
leaders broaden and elevate the interests of their employees, when they stimulate their employees to
look beyond their own self-interest for the good of generate awareness and acceptance of the purposes
and mission of the group, and when the group.

Transformational leaders have a clear collective vision, and most importantly, they manage to
communicate it effectively to all employees. By acting as role models, they inspire employees to put the
good of the whole organization above self-interest. They also motivate employees to be more
innovative, and they themselves take personal risks and are not afraid to use unconventional (but
ethical) methods to achieve the collective vision.

This form of leadership goes beyond traditional forms of transactional leadership that
emphasizes corrective action and mutual exchanges and rewards only when performance expectations
are met. Transactional leadership relies mainly on centralized control. Managers direct most activities by
telling each person what to do, when to do it, and how to do it. Transformational leaders, on the other
hand, trust their subordinates and give them enough space to breathe and grow.

Transactional and Transformational Leadership

Transactional leadership is based on power that makes use of rewards and coercion to deliver
benefits to members (patronage), or to force or instill fear as illustrated by colonization, vote-buying,
and similar methods.

Transformational leadership or real leadership starts from the recognition of what the members
need and the steps toward achieving these needs, and relating rewards to effort.

The leader acts as a role model. He/She lives out values, demonstrates personal qualities, is
approachable and accessible, and accepts pressure to perform. The leader treats people as individuals
and involves many in decision-making, seeks to empower and give maximum freedom, and is concerned
with developing members collectively and individually.
Behaviors of a Transformational Leader

1. Is articulate in creating compelling vision of the future

2. Uses stories and symbols to communicate his/her vision and message

3. Specifies the importance of having a strong sense of purpose and a collective mission

4. Talks optimistically and enthusiastically and expresses confidence that goals will be achieved

5. Engenders the trust and respect of his/her followers by doing the right thing rather than simply
doing things right

6. Instills pride in employees

7. Talks most about important values and beliefs

8. Considers the moral and ethical consequences of decisions

9. Seeks different perspectives when solving problems

10. Encourages employees to challenge old assumptions and to think about problems in new ways

11. Spends time teaching and coaching

12. Considers each individual employee's different needs, abilities, and aspirations

13. Is compassionate, appreciative, and responsive to each employee and recognizes and celebrates
each employee's achievements

Four Components of Transformational Leadership

1. Charisma. The leader's charisma or idealized influence is envisioning and building confidence, and
he/she sets high standards to be followed.

2. Inspirational motivation. The leader's inspirational motivation provides followers with challenges
and meanings/reasons for engaging in shared goals and undertakings.

3. Intellectual stimulation. The leader's intellectual stimulation moves followers to question

assumptions and generate more creative solutions to problems.

4. Individualized consideration. The leader treats each follower as an individual and provides coaching,
mentoring, and growth opportunities.

The qualities of transformational leadership can be found at different levels: community, national, and
even global communities; and in various sectors of the society. The leaders are able to translate their
vision and commitment into institutional practice. Transformational leadership is non-hierarchical in
structure and participatory in the processes. It is characterized by high moral and ethical standards in
each of the aforementioned components.
The transformation of values, processes, and institutions appears as follows:

A. Transformation of values
✓from power as dominion to power as liberation
✓ from war and conflict to peace
✓ from efficiency consideration to equality and equity (balance between genders)
B. Transformation of Processes
✓ from growth to sustainability
✓ from "winner-take-all" norm to sharing and caring Transformation of processes ✓from
hierarchical to participatory
✓ from corrupt to clean
✓ from secretive to transparent
✓ from burdensome to empowering C. Transformation of institutions
✓ from bureaucratic to egalitarian, responsive, and accountable
C. Transformation of institutions
✓ from bureaucratic to egalitarian, responsive, and accountable
Moving from transactional leadership to transformational leadership requires a shift in leadership
functions.
1. People are taking more responsibility for their own decisions. This situation requires the leaders
to provide conditions for creativity and develop fewer levels of leadership-flatter structures.
2. Leaders concentrate on strategy to help people respond to the changing world. In this context,
transformational leadership is critical for an organization. The primary leader needs to come from
the ranks of members. Leadership cannot be left to the executives. The organization must grow its
own leaders.
Transformational leadership has three types of functions: task functions, team functions, and
individual functions.
There has to be balance among the three functions.

1.Transformational leadership and task functions:

✓ Defining the tasks-involves others

✓ Making the plan-involves others

✓ Allocating the tasks-involves others rather than the leader giving out tasks

✓ Controlling the tasks-uses peer pressure and self-control rather than being disciplinary ✓ Checking
the performance-more self-management within the transformational approach

✓ Adjusting the plan-with group review 2

2. Transformational leadership and team functions:

✓ Setting the standards-involves the group

✓ Enforcing discipline

✓ Promoting team spirit

✓ Encouraging and motivating

✓ Developing sub-leaders

✓Communicating with the group-has to be open and honest

✓ Training-lifelong learning process everyone needs to undergo

3. Transformational leadership and individual functions:

✓ Attending to personal problems

✓ Praising individuals, enhancing confidence

✓ Giving status pride

✓Using abilities of the people within the organization-training as a continuing process

✓ Involving individuals in decision-making processes

Leadership Development

 Develop a pool of leaders

✓ find people with basic leadership qualities

✓ widen the "catchment area"

✓ assure a democratic process

 Provide knowledge and skills

✓build leaders' personal capacities

✓recognize this as a lifelong process

 Support active leaders

✓ actively support leaders continuously and not to place them in positions and leave them there

Virtuous Cycle of Leadership Control

There has to be awareness of the framework through which transformational leadership must operate,
emphasizing that an active and informed membership is critical to effective leadership.

A leader has wholehearted faith and belief in the rightness of a cause. A leader who shows
his/her full support to an organization indirectly tells the members to do the same.

1. A leader should be energetic, sympathetic, friendly, and understanding to ensure the

enthusiastic cooperation of followers.

2. He/She should have confidence in knowing and doing his/her job to gain the confidence of
followers.

3. He/She should be an example to followers.

Seven Habits of Highly Effective People

 Adopted from Seven Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Covey (2007) 1. Be proactive.

Proactive means being able to take responsibility for your life. You have the freedom to choose
your behavior and response to stimuli. Use your creativity and have some initiative. You are the one in
charge.

2. Begin with the end in mind.

Know where you want to go. When making plans and decisions, see to it that the time and
effort that will be spent conform to what you want to achieve. Envision your goal and make it happen.

3. Put first things first.

Practice self-management. Know your priorities.

4. Think win-win.

Look at life as a cooperative arena, not a competitive one. Enter agreements or make solutions
that are mutually beneficial and satisfying to both parties.

5.Seek first to understand, then to be understood.

As the saying goes, "The best way to understand is to listen." The practice of empathy governs
this habit. It is about putting yourself in someone else's shoes. By listening to a person's explanation,
only then can you evaluate, probe, give advice, and interpret his/her feelings.

6.Synergize.

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. More tasks can be done if all things within reach are
maximized and utilized. Synergize is the habit of creative cooperation. Better results can be produced as
a group than as individuals

7.Sharpen the saw.

What you have learned a couple of years back will have become outdated. Many things evolve
and develop so fast that you need to update through various food-for-the brain resources. A sense of
humor is vital to relieve tension and boredom as well as to defuse hostility. Effective leaders know how
to use humor to energize his/her followers. Humor is a form of that provides some control over the
work environment even as it fosters power camaraderie.

Teamwork

Teamwork is the process of working collaboratively with a group of people in order to achieve a
goal. It is often a crucial part of a business as it is often necessary for colleagues to work well together
and try their best in any circumstance. Teamwork means that people will try to cooperate by using their
individual skills and providing constructive feedback, despite any personal conflict between individuals.
Teamwork brings people together for a common purpose or goal and subordinates the needs of
individuals to the needs of the group. Many management gurus define team as a group of individuals
passionately committed to their end goal. When groups have common goals, teamwork is vital to
success. Teachers expect teamwork among students; employers expect employees to function
effectively as a team; and most organizations convene teams to handle problems or projects. Therefore,
it is important to learn teamwork skills even if you prefer to work independently.

What does teamwork look like in action? Basically, group members focus on the goal. They put
aside individual differences and petty grievances to get the job done. They show passion for the project
and each contributes to its success.

Time Management

The succeeding sections have been adopted from the writing of Paulla Estes edited by Niki
Foster (May 28, 2012). Time management is the art of arranging, organizing, scheduling, and budgeting
one's time for the purpose of generating more effective work and productivity. There is an abundance of
books, classes, workshops, day-planners, and seminars on time management, which teach individuals
and corporations how to be more organized and productive. Time management has become crucial in
recent years, thanks to the 24/7, busy world in which we live.

Time management is important for everyone. While time management books and seminars
often place their focus on business leaders and corporations, time management is also necessary for
students, teachers, factory workers, professionals, and homemakers. Time management is perhaps most
essential for the person who runs a business of his/ her own or not. Managing work and home
responsibilities under the same roof takes a special type of time management.

An important aspect of time management is planning ahead. Sometimes, successful time

management involves putting in more time at the outset in order to reorganize one's life. Though many
time management books and teachings differ in their suggestions, most agree that the first step in
efficient time management is to organize the workspace. Even if one's schedule is well ordered but if the
office and filing systems are a disaster, time will be wasted trying to work efficiently in a disorderly
place.

After cleaning, purging, and reorganizing the home or office, the next step in time management
is to look at all the activities one participates in during a week. Every last detail should be written down,
including the time it takes to shower, dress, commute, attend meetings, make phone calls, clean the
house, cook dinner, pick up the children from school, take them to after-school activities, and eat meals.
Also include time for entertainment or exercise, such as driving to the gym, going for a walk, watching
television, or surfing the Internet.

Often, when individuals write down every last activity, they find that there is very little time left
for sleeping. The end result is that many activities must be pared down, eliminated, consolidated, or
delegated. Prioritizing activities on a scale of one to three- one being the most important and three
being the least-can help with this task. Lastly, good time management involves keeping a schedule of the
tasks and activities that have been deemed important. Keeping a calendar or daily planner is helpful to
stay on task, but self-discipline is also required. The most efficient to-do list in the world will not help
someone who does not look at or follow his/her own daily planner.

Of course, the other side of the argument is to remember to live. Get on top of your time
management, get organized, and stay on task, but live your life. Schedule some time off every day and at
least one day off each week. Be organized, but do not be a slave to time management.
 Decision-making

Decision-making is a process that involves selecting the most logical choice from among two or
more options. An example is deciding whether to move to a new apartment, to live with the in-laws, or
stay in the same apartment. Making a decision is instrumental in the survival and prosperity of human
beings. The right choice is what sets an average individual from the rest. Although the ability of making
the correct decision within a short span of time is a highly valued trait, we cannot simply follow a set of
patterns when deciding on a course of action at all points in time. There are different types of decision-
making that we do depending on the situation at hand.

Consider the following in decision-making:

1. Identification of alternative solutions

2. Evaluation of possible options to determine which one meets the decision objectives 3. Selection of
the best option after an in-depth evaluation

Involvement in Decision-making

Every group has to make a decision at one time or another and all the members have to make a
commitment to choose the best option available. The following are the different types of involvement in
making decisions:

1. Consensus or agreement involves compromising various possibilities after all opinions have been
heard. Disagreements and minority viewpoints are discussed fully. Everyone feels free to express
himself/herself. This method helps build understanding, unity, cooperation, and commitment.

2. Majority voting is considered the most effective way to make a decision. However, one may lose the
interest or loyalty of the members of the minority who voted against the decision, especially if they feel
their side was not heard.

3. The minority is not consciously organized, but a few powerful personalities dominate the group,
often unconsciously. These people later wonder why the others are apathetic.

4. The silent consensus of some groups leads to unanimous decisions. This type of involvement in
decision-making is rarely applied when tackling important issues. Unanimous agreement is sometimes
assumed when some members do not want to disagree and have chosen to stay silent.

5. The clique is a small group whose members plan beforehand to get their way in decision-making.
Because they are better organized than those who disagree, they are often successful in getting/having
their own way in resolving an immediate issue, but they bring a spirit of rivalry, rather than cooperation,
to the group.

6. The handclasp happens when one person makes a suggestion and another commends it. Without
further discussion, the matter is decided. Resentment, however, surfaces later on.

7. The one-person decision is quickly made, but later when the decider needs free or voluntary support
from others to implement the decision, he/she might find trouble getting it.

8. The plop occurs when a group makes a decision by not making a decision at all. Someone makes a
suggestion, but it is dropped or junked altogether and no one pays any attention to it.
Difficulties in Decision-making

1. Fear of consequences brings division and disagreement.

2. Conflicting loyalties of one person as a member of different groups frequently leads to divided
loyalties about decisions.

3. Interpersonal conflicts and personal differences evoke various feelings among members, which
interfere with sound decision-making.

4. Hidden agenda or secret motive can hinder decision-making for reasons a member does not share
with the group.

5. Blundering methods include using rigid procedure that leaves little room for expressing differing
views, substituting personal opinions for adequate information, and disregarding proper consultation or
consensus.

6. Inadequate leadership restricts the expression of opinions and discussion on issues. Leaders fail to
provide assistance in selecting appropriate methods for decision-making or are insensitive to the factors
that cause difficulty in the group.

7. Clash of interest occurs when different groups or individuals within an organization have opposing
interests.

Module 5 Dimension of Development: Health Awareness

Communicable Diseases

Here are some common infections diseases:

Dengue
 Hawker et al. (2007) mention in their book that dengue fever is a febrile disease caused by one of four
closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae. Each serotype is sufficiently
different that there is no cross-protection, and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes
(hyperendemicity) can occur. Dengue is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes that
are found in the tropics. They tend to bite just after dawn and just before sunset. However, it has been
observed that they can bite and spread infection at any time of day. Incubation period is from 3 to 15
days.

Signs and Symptoms of Dengue

Dengue is manifested by a sudden onset of high fever with severe headache and muscle and joint pains,
myalgia and arthralgia. It is also called breakbone fever or bonecrusher disease. The patient may
develop dengue rashes that are characteristically bright red petechiae. These usually appear first on the
lower limbs and chest and spread to cover most of the body. The patient may suffer from gastritis,
abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.

Mild cases of dengue, where no rash is present, can be misdiagnosed as flu or other viral infection.
Patients can pass on the infection through mosquitoes or blood products while they are still febrile.

Prevention of Dengue

The best way of prevention is to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes. Take note of the following tips:

1. Use mosquito nets and insect repellent.

2. Put screens on doors and windows.

3. Refrain from going outdoors during the time of the day when mosquitoes are most active.

4. Remove stagnant water. Cover water containers and change water in flower vases frequently.

Malaria

Malaria is a vector-borne infectious disease that is widespread in tropical and subtropical

regions, including the Philippines. It is "commonly associated with poverty but is also an effect of
poverty and a major hindrance to economic development" (Engelkirk, 2007).

Malaria, according to Engelkirk (2007) in Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences is "one
of the most common infectious diseases and enormous public-health problems." It is caused by
protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. The most serious forms of the disease are caused by
Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, but other related species can also infect humans. This
group of human-pathogenic Plasmodium species is usually referred to as malaria parasites (Hawker et
al., 2007). They are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.

Signs and symptoms of Malaria

The parasites multiply within the red blood cells and cause anemia, high fever, chills, nausea,
headache, diarrhea, and in severe cases, coma and death.

Prevention of Malaria
 Malaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito bites through the use of mosquito nets and
insect repellent, spraying insecticides, and draining standing water where mosquitoes lay their eggs.

No vaccine is currently available for malaria. Preventive drugs must be taken continuously to
reduce the risk of infection.

Cholera

Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with
the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It has a short incubation period lasting from less than one day to five
days. It also produces an enterotoxin that causes copious, painless, and watery diarrhea that can quickly
lead to severe dehydration and death if treatment is not promptly given. Vomiting also occurs in most
patients (Hawker et al., 2007).

The incubation period of cholera according to Hawker, et al. (2007) is from six (6) to forty-eight
(48) hours, but there are reported cases of people being infected during the period of diarrhea and up to
seven (7) days after.

Signs and Symptoms of Cholera

Aside from diarrhea, the patient may also experience nausea, vomiting, fever, and muscle
clamps.

Prevention of Cholera Follow these precautions to reduce the risk of contracting cholera:

1. Wash hands with soap and water frequently and thoroughly

2. Drink safe water only.

3.Eat food that is completely cooked.

4.Avoid raw food, street food, and any food from suspicious sources.

5. Observe proper hygiene and sanitation at all times.

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

Avian influenza is an infection caused by avian influenza A virusés found chiefly in birds, but
infections can occur in humans. The risk is generally low to most people because the viruses do not
usually infect humans. However, confirmed cases of human infection have been reported since 1997.
Most cases of avian influenza infection in humans could have resulted from direct contact with infected
poultry or contaminated surfaces. H5N1 is a particularly deadly strain of bird flu that can infect humans
and other mammals.

Signs and Symptoms of Avian Influenza

Symptoms of avian flu in humans include fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches. Some
people may also experience nausea, vomiting, pneumonia, diarrhea, and others severe and life-
threatening complications, depending on which virus has caused the infection.

Prevention of Avian Influenza

Consider these precautionary measures to prevent infection:

1. Wash hands or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer to avoid infection of all kinds.

2. Stay away from farms and live animal markets.

3. Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.

4. Cook chicken thoroughly. Do not eat raw eggs.

5. Avoid cross-contamination. Do not use the same utensils for both raw meat and other kinds of food.

HINI

HINI is a flu virus that is also known as the swine flu. Scientists call the HINI virus a "quadruple
reassortant" virus because it contains two genes found in flu viruses which circulate among pigs and two
genes found in flu viruses which circulate among birds. The HINI virus is passed from person to person
just like other flu strains. But not by eating pork.

What sets the HINI virus apart from other seasonal flu viruses is that studies have shown it to
cause more severe symptoms in people younger than 25 people over 60 years old have some immunity
against it

Most cases of flu caused by HINI are mild. However, there have been cases of severe
complications in people with other medical conditions such as pregnancy, diabetes, heart disease,
kidney disease, and asthma.

HINI is a subtype of the influenza A virus and is the most common form that infects people.
Certain strains of HINI are endemic in the human population and cause periodic flu outbreaks. It was an
HIN1 flu virus that was responsible for the 1918 flu pandemic which killed 50 to 100 million people at
the end of World War I and into 1919.

Here are important facts about swine flu

1. Swine flu is a respiratory disease caused by influenza viruses that infect the respiratory tract
of pigs and result in nasal secretions, barking cough, decreased appetite, and listless behavior.

2. Swine flu viruses may mutate (change), so that they are easily transmissible among humans.

3. The 2009 swine flu outbreak was due to the HINI virus and was first observed in Mexico.

4. Two antiviral agents, zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu), have been reported to
help prevent or reduce the effects of swine flu if taken within 48 hours at the onset of symptoms.

Signs and Symptoms of Swine Flu

Symptoms of swine flu to humans are similar to those of ordinary flu: fever, cough, sore throat,
runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. Some people may experience vomiting
and diarrhea.

Prevention of H1N1
The best way to avoid influenza infections is through vaccination.Almost all vaccines have some side
effects. Common side effects of HINI vaccines are typical of flu vaccines. They are as follows:

1. Flu shot: Soreness, redness, minor swelling at the shot site, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and
nausea. These do not usually last for more than 24 hours

2. Nasal spray: runny nose, low-grade fever, vomiting, headache, wheezing, cough, and sore throat The
nasal spray vaccine contains live virus that has been altered to hinder its ability to replicate in human
tissue. People with a suppressed immune system should not get vaccinated with the nasal spray. Also
most vaccines that contain flu viral particles are cultivated in eggs, so individuals with an allergy to eggs
should not get the vaccine unless tested and advised by their doctor that they are cleared to obtain it.

Typhoid Fever

Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is an acutè illness most often caused by the Salmonella typhi
bacteria or the Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually leads to a less severe infection.
The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other people in
the area (Hawker et al., 2007).

Typhoid is common worldwide and has received various names such as gastric fever, abdominal
typhus, infantile remittent fever, slow fever, nervous fever, or pythogenic fever. The name typhoid
means "resembling typhus" and comes from the neuropsychiatric symptoms common to typhoid and
typhus. Despite this similarity of their names, typhoid fever and typhus are distinct diseases and are
caused by different species of bacteria.

Diagnosis of typhoid fever is made when the salmonella bacteria is detected with a stool culture.
Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics. Approximately 3 to 5 percent of patients become carriers of
the bacteria once infection becomes an acute illness.

Patients with acute illness can contaminate the surrounding water supply through stool, which
contains a high concentration of the bacteria. Contamination of the water supply can, in turn, taint the
food supply. Some patients suffer a very mild illness that goes unrecognized. These patients can become
long-term carriers of the bacteria. The bacterium multiplies in the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver and
passes into the bowel. The bacteria can survive for weeks in water or dried sewage (Hawker et al.,
2007).

Signs and Symptoms of Typhoid Fever

People with typhoid fever usually have a sustained high fever. Chest congestion develops in many
patients, and abdominal pain and discomfort are common. The fever becomes constant. Other
symptoms include poor appetite, headache, body aches, and lethargy. Improvement occurs in the third
and fourth weeks for those who do not experience complications. About 10 percent of patients have
recurrent symptoms (relapse) after feeling better for one to two weeks. Relapses are actually more
common in individuals treated with antibiotics.

Prevention and Treatment of Typhoid Fever

 Typhoid fever can be prevented by drinking safe water only, improving sanitation, and eating
well-cooked food while it is still hot. Washing the hands often and keeping the surroundings clean will
help stop the spread of infection.

Two vaccines, one injected and the other given orally, are available. These are recommended
especially to people in high-risk areas. Typhoid fever is treated with antibiotics that kill the salmonella
bacteria. Prior to the use of antibiotics, the fatality rate was 20 percent. Death occurred from
overwhelming infection, pneumonia, intestinal bleeding, or intestinal perforation. With antibiotics and
supportive care, mortality has been reduced to 1 to 2 percent. With appropriate antibiotic therapy,
there is usually improvement within one to two days and recovery within seven to ten days.

The carrier state, which occurs in 3 to 5 percent of those infected, can be treated with
prolonged antibiotics. Often, removal of the gallbladder, the site of chronic infection, will cure the
carrier state.

Non-communicable Diseases

Here are some non-communicable but dreaded diseases:

Hypertension Blood pressure refers to the force exerted by the circulating blood on the walls of blood
vessels. It is one of the body's vital signs.

The pressure of the circulating blood decreases as blood moves through arteries, arterioles,
capillaries, and veins. Blood pressure generally refers to arterial pressure, i.e., the pressure in the larger
arteries, the arteries being the blood vessels which take blood away from the heart.

Blood pressure consists of two numbers: the systolic pressure (when the heart beats) and the
diastolic pressure (when the heart relaxes). The systolic pressure is the number above the diastolic
pressure.

1. Normal Blood Pressure

Blood pressure reading 120/80 or lower is considered normal.

2.High Blood Pressure Blood pressure reading 140/90 or higher is considered high. If one or both
hypertensions. numbers are usually high; you have high blood pressure or

3. Low Blood Pressure Blood pressure that is too low is known as hypotension.

High Blood Pressure Range

Systolic pressure (mmHg) Diastolic pressure (mmHg) Range Systolic pressure (mmHg)
210 120 Stage 4
180 110 Stage 3
160 100 Stage 2
140 90 Stage 1

Normal Blood Pressure Range

 Systolic pressure (mmHg) Diastolic pressure (mmHg) Range Systolic pressure (mmHg)

130 85 High normal blood Pressure

120 80 Normal blood pressure
11o 75 Low normal Blood Pressure

Low blood pressure

Systolic pressure (mmHg) Diastolic pressure (mmHg) Range Systolic pressure (mmHg)

90 60 Borden line low Blood pressure

60 40 Too low Blood pressure
50 33 Dangerously low Blood pressure
For most people who are suffering from hypertension, there is no obvious cause why their blood
pressure is high. This condition is called essential hypertension and it is especially important that their
blood pressure is kept under control.

Prevention of Hypertension

Changing your diet and lifestyle can do much in managing blood pressure:

1. Quit smoking.

2. Limit the intake of alcoholic beverages.

3. Lose weight if you are overweight.

4. Exercise and eat well-balanced, nutritious meals that are low in fat, salt, and cholesterol but high in
fiber.

Signs and Symptoms of Hypertension

General signs of high blood pressure include headache, dizziness, pounding in ears, and
nosebleed. These symptoms typically do not occur until high blood pressure has reached an advanced
and even a possibly life-threatening stage.

Cardiovascular Disease

High blood pressure increases the risk of coronary artery disease, also called atherosclerosis.
High blood pressure puts added force against the artery wall. Over time, this extra pressure can damage
the arteries. These injured arteries tend to become narrow and hardened by fatty deposits. They block
the flow of blood to the heart and cannot deliver enough oxygen to the other parts of the body.

Other causes of cardiovascular disease are as follows:

1. Smoking - Cigarette smokers are at a greater risk than pipe and cigar smokers, but all forms of tobacco
are proven to be detrimental to the heart's health.
2. Diabetes

3. Overweight - Persons who have an excess body fat are at a higher risk than of normal weight. persons

4. Diet high in saturated fat and salt

5. Family history - Children of parents who developed heart disease before the age of 55 have a higher
risk of developing heart disease.

6. Lack of exercise

7. Age-Risk of heart disease increases over the age of 45 in males and over 55 in females.

8. Too much drinking - People who take two alcoholic drinks per day are at risk.

9. High blood pressure

10. Having high cholesterol level

Heart Attack

A heart attack causes permanent damage to the heart muscle due to loss of blood flow to the
heart.

Some heart attacks are sudden and intense; however, most heart attacks start slowly with mild
pain and discomfort. Generally, heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts
more than a few minutes or that goes away and comes back. It can feel like uncomfortable pressure,
squeezing, fullness, or pain. Shortness of breath may occur, as well as nausea or lightheadedness. It is
vital to get help immediately if any of these symptoms occurs.

Stroke

The brain requires unobstructed blood flow to function. Very high, sustained blood pressure will
eventually cause blood vessels to weaken. Over time, these weakened vessels could break, and blood
could leak into the brain. The area of the brain that is being fed by these broken vessels start to die, and
this will cause a stroke. In addition, if a clot blocks a narrowed artery, blood ceases to flow and a stroke
will occur.

Symptoms of a stroke include sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially
on one side of the body, confusion, trouble in speaking, poor vision and sudden severe headache.

Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases

Here are some tips on how to keep your heart healthy:

1. Quit smoking

2. Control diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol level.

3. Exercise regularly.

4. Eat a diet that is rich in fiber and low in salt and saturated fat.

5. Maintain a healthy weight.

6. Manage stress.

Diabetes

Diabetes, also referred to as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which
the person has high blood glucose or blood sugar, either because insulin production is inadequate, or
the cells in his/her body do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will
typically experience frequent urination (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and increased appetite
(polyphagia).

Diabetes is classed as a metabolism disorder. Metabolism refers to the way the body uses digested food
for energy and growth. Most of what is eaten is broken down into body. glucose. Glucose is a form of
sugar in the blood. It is the principal source of fuel for the body.

When food is digested, glucose makes its way into the bloodstream. The cells use glucose for
energy and growth. However, glucose cannot enter the cells without insulin. Insulin makes it possible for
the cells to take in the glucose.

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. After eating, the pancreas automatically
releases an adequate quantity of insulin to move the glucose present in the blood into the cells. As soon
as glucose enters the cells, blood glucose levels drop.

In a person with diabetes, the quantity of glucose in the blood is too elevated (hyperglycemia)
because the body does not produce enough insulin, produces no insulin, or has cells that do not respond
properly to the insulin that the pancreas produces. This results in too much glucose building up in the
blood. This excess blood glucose eventually passes out of the body through the urine. So, even though
the blood has plenty of glucose, the cells are not getting it for their essential energy and growth.

Three Types of Diabetes Type

Type 1 Diabetes

The body does not produce insulin. This type is also referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes,
juvenile diabetes, or early-onset diabetes. People usually develop type 1 diabetes before their 40th year,
often in early adulthood or teenage years.

Type 1 diabetes is nowhere near as common as type 2 diabetes. Approximately 10 percent of all
diabetes cases are type 1.

Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life. They
must also ensure proper blood-glucose levels by carrying out regular blood tests and following a special
diet.

Type 2 Diabetes
 The body does not produce enough insulin for proper function, or the cells in the body do not
react properly to insulin (insulin resistance). Approximately 90 percent of all cases of diabetes
worldwide are of this type.

Some people may be able to control their type 2 diabetes by losing weight, following a healthy
diet, doing plenty of exercise, and monitoring their blood glucose levels. However, type 2 diabetes is
typically a progressive disease. It gradually gets worse and the patient will probably end up having to
take insulin, usually in tablet form.

Overweight and obese people have a much higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes compared
to those with a healthy body weight. People with a high level of visceral fat, also known as central
obesity, belly fat, or abdominal obesity, are especially at risk. Being overweight or obese causes the
body to release chemicals that can destabilize the body's cardiovascular and metabolic systems.

The risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases with age, particularly when aging people put on
weight and become less physically active. Those with a close relative who has type 2 diabetes and those
of Middle Eastern, African, and South Asian descents are at a higher risk of developing the disease,
including men whose testosterone levels are low.

Cancer

Cancer is a class of diseases characterized by out-of-control cell growth. There are over 100
different types of cancer, and each is classified by the type of cell that is initially affected.

Cancer harms the body when damaged cells divide uncontrollably to form lumps or masses of
tissue called tumors (except in the case of leukemia where cancer prohibits normal blood function by
abnormal cell division in the bloodstream). Tumors can grow and interfere with the digestive, nervous,
and circulatory systems and they can release hormones that alter body functions. Tumors that stay in
one spot and demonstrate limited growth are generally considered to be benign.

More dangerous or malignant tumors form when two things occur.

1. A cancerous cell manages to move throughout the body using the blood or lymph systems, destroying
healthy tissue in a process called invasion.

2. A cancerous cell manages to divide and grow, making new blood vessels to feed itself in a process
called angiogenesis.

When a tumor successfully spreads to other parts of the body and grows, invading and
destroying other healthy tissues, it is said to have metastasized. This process itself is called metastasis,
and the result is a serious condition that is very difficult to treat. Physicians and researchers who
specialize in the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer are called oncologists.

Cancer is ultimately the result of cells that grow uncontrollably and do not die. Normal cells in
the body follow an orderly path of growth, division, and death. Programmed cell death is called
apoptosis, and when this process breaks down, cancer begins to form. Unlike regular cells, cancer cells
do not experience programmatic death and instead continue to grow and divide. This leads to a mass of
abnormal cells that grow out of control.

Classification of Cancer
There are five broad groups of cancer, namely:

1. Carcinomas are characterized by cells that cover internal and external parts of the body such as lung,
breast, and colon.

2. Sarcomas are characterized by cells that are located in the bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue,
muscle, and other supportive tissues.

3. Lymphomas are cancers that begin in the lymph nodes and immune system tissues. 4. Leukemias are
cancers that begin in the bone marrow and often accumulate in the bloodstream.

5. Adenomas are cancers that arise in the thyroid, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and other glandular
tissues.

Signs and Symptoms of Cancer

Cancer symptoms are quite varied and depend on where the cancer is located, where it has
spread, and how big the tumor is. Some cancers can be felt or seen through the skin. For instance, a
lump on the breast or testicle can be an indicator of cancer in those locations. Skin cancer (melanoma) is
often marked by a change in a wart or mole on the skin. Some oral cancers present white patches inside
the mouth or white spots on the tongue.

Other cancers have symptoms that are less physically apparent. Some brain tumors tend to
manifest early as they affect important cognitive functions. Pancreas cancers are usually too small to
produce symptoms until they induce pain by pushing against nearby nerves or interfere with liver
function to bring about a yellowing of the skin and eyes called jaundice. Symptoms can also appear as a
tumor grows and pushes against organs and blood vessels. For example, colon cancers lead to
constipation, diarrhea, and changes in stool size. Bladder or prostate cancers affect bladder functions
such as more frequent or infrequent urination

. As cancer cells use the body's energy and interfere with normal hormone function, it is possible
to cause fever, fatigue, excessive sweating, anemia, and unexplained weight loss. However, these
symptoms are common in several other maladies as well. For example, coughing and hoarseness can
point to lung or throat cancer as well as several other conditions.

When cancer spreads or metastasizes, additional symptoms can be noted in the newly affected
area. Swollen or enlarged lymph nodes are common and likely. When cancer spreads to the brain,
patients may experience vertigo, headaches, or seizures. In the lungs cancer may cause coughing and
shortness of breath. The liver may become enlarged and cause jaundice; bones become painful and
brittle or break easily.

Prevention of Cancer

The following are essential measures to help prevent cancer:

1. Quit smoking and drinking to significantly lower the risk of several types of cancer, most notably in
the lung, throat, mouth, and liver. The earlier you quit, the better.

2. Stay in the shade and protect yourself with a hat, shirt, and sunscreen when under the sun, to
prevent skin cancer.
3. Diet is an important part of cancer prevention since what we eat has been linked to the disease.
Follow recommended diets that are low in fat and rich in fresh fruits and vegetables and whole grains.

A systematic screening will help detect small irregularities or tumors as early as possible even
when there are no clear symptoms yet. Breast self-examination, mammograms, testicular self-
examination, and Pap smears are common screening methods for various cancers.

Conclusion

A person can only take proper precautions regarding communicable and non- communicable
diseases if he/she is aware about them.

His/Her familiarity with the said diseases will enable him/her to adopt certain lifestyle
modifications, like avoidance of alcoholic beverages, to avoid diseases and stay healthy as he/she
performs his/her various functions in life.

Health is wealth and a person's good health is crucial to his/her being a successful person who
has the opportunity to maximize his/her potentials in order to achieve all his/her goals in life.

Module 6 Dimension of Development: Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship

Fajardo (2009) stresses that entrepreneurship is the effective and efficient way of managing the
business capacity and quality of an individual toward customer satisfaction. Coloma (2004) sees it as all
kinds of opportunities in business which can help reach the target market.

Entrepreneur

An entrepreneur is someone who thinks creatively; plans strategically; and projects clear,
realistic, and objective plans. He/She efficiently organizes, manages, and faces the risks in a business.
Moreover, is a member of the society, is confident, and believes in the possibility of change.

An entrepreneur, according to Lee and Lee (2008), should be:

1. an administrator

2. a planner

3. a leader

4. a negotiator

5. a communicator

6. a decision-maker

7. a good follower

How does one develop his/her abilities as an entrepreneur? One can...

1. get interested in creating something useful to the society/community.

2. use his/her creative capacities to the fullest by being sensitive to what is beautiful and to the day-to-
day needs of the society/community.

3. rely on oneself instead of being dependent on others.

4. be conscious and aware of his/her society/community's sources of income.

Social Entrepreneur

According to social entrepreneurs are pioneers of innovations that benefit humanity. They are
drivers of change. Together with institutions, networks, and communities, social entrepreneurs create
solutions that are efficient, sustainable, transparent, and have measurable impact. When people start a
business, they tend to see profitability as the ultimate goal. Eleuterio (2000) finds these notions of
business as myopic. He states that a social entrepreneur must be a visionary. He/She sees opportunities
around him/her. As a results-oriented individual, he/she develops allavenues of potential business
growth through education, health, security, housing, services, and a myriad of other social/community
needs. Drucker adds that "social entrepreneurs are hunter-gatherers of our culture. They look around,
see where the food is, and go to get it. They will give up almost anything to have the right to make their
own choices, decisions, and opportunities. They also learn how to deal with mistakes to achieve
potential economic growth. They do not change themselves to fit their environment. They use the
environment to meet their needs.

Advantages of Managing One's Own Business

1. Personal relationships with customers and employees

2. Flexibility in management

3. Government incentives

4. Knowledge of record-keeping techniques

5. Independence

Disadvantages of Managing One's Own Business

1. Difficulty in raising capital

2. Risk of failure Dinent Entrepreneurship

3. Limited management skills

4. Lack of opportunities for employees

Retailing

Retailing is concerned with selling certain goods that usually satisfy potential and existing
customers. It extends beyond mere selling and involves the following services:

1. Storekeeping

2. Pricing
 3. Advertising

4. Record-keeping

5. Maintaining inventory

Service Types of Entrepreneurial Activity

Although potential businesses are plenty, the following are the common forms of profitable
entrepreneurial ventures:

1. Food services

2. Lodging services

3. Financial services

4.Recreation and tourism services

5. Transportation services

6. Personal services

7. Repair and maintenance services

8. Rental services

Social Responsibility of Entrepreneurs

1. Adopt a mission to create and sustain social (not just commercial) value.

2. Recognize and relentlessly pursue new opportunities to serve that mission; engage in a process of
continuous innovation, adaptation, and learning; and act boldly even with limited resources currently at
hand.

3. Exhibit a heightened sense of accountability to the constituencies served and for the outcomes
created.

Philanthropists

A successful businessperson is one who also helps the less privileged in the society. He/She
donates a considerable amount of money to a foundation that, for instance, supports early childhood
education or sets up hospitals in poverty-stricken areas. Although philanthropists are critically important
in the society and many of them help finance social entrepreneurial activities, they should not be
confused with social entrepreneurs.

Activists

Activists, who are putting pressure on policymakers and the public to stop a specific practice,
are not social entrepreneurs.

Companies with a Foundation

 The priority of a company is to make money for its shareholders. It is not an example of social
entrepreneurship practice which subsumes value appropriation at the service of transforming social and
environmental conditions.

Developing a Business Plan

Planning involves asking and answering the following:

a. What to do

b. How to do it

c. When to do it

d. What to expect in the future

Planning should always be geared toward customer satisfaction. It should be:

1. Realistic. It must be based on available human, financial, and physical resources.

2. Based on felt needs. The objectives of an entrepreneur should be based on the needs of the
community.

3. Flexible. Planning should adjust to the trends and consumers' tastes.

4. Starting with simple projects. In the Philippines, many people are poor and have no business
experiences. The simplicity of a project refers to the micro type of business which requires simple
management and technology.

Criteria for Business Planning

1. Clarity of objectives
2. Satisfactory accomplishment of objectives in terms of quantity, quality, time, and cost
3. Provision of guidelines to attain objectives
4. Identification of departments/units involved
5. A set time frame or duration
6. Specified resources and corresponding costs
7. Designated and accountable officers/executives
Conclusion

Change is the only permanent thing in this world. People should not be afraid of innovation
especially if this will help improve or correct the system or way of doing things or if it will provide
solutions to existing problems.

Entrepreneurship helps people become more creative, confident, bolder, and responsible in
their actions to achieve the desired goals.

Through social entrepreneurship, businesspeople are inspired and motivated to come up with
significant ideas that can provide positive changes in the way people in general lead their lives in the
society where they live.
 Module 7 The Social Menace of Drug Addiction

Coloma (2004) states that drug dependence is the overuse of a drug without due regard to
accepted medical practice resulting in the individual's physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral
impairment.

Drug is defined as follows according to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA):

1. Clinical definition

Drug is a therapeutic substance other than food used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation,
treatment, or cure of disease in humans or animals.

2. General definition

Drug is a substance aside from food intended to affect the structure or function of a
physiological system like the human body.

3. Popular definition

Drug refers mainly to chemical or plant-derived substances that affect the body's psychological,
behavioral, or physical functions and leads to varying degrees of dependence or addiction.

Drug addiction pertains to dependency on drug. Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms appear

unless the person is taking the substance. Addictive drugs make a person crave for or make him/her feel
an overwhelming urge to continue taking the drug, even after withdrawal symptoms have disappeared.

Drugs change the way the body and the brain function. Sometimes, the results are pleasant as
in the case of prescription medications that are used to treat various conditions and diseases. However,
there are also times when the results are terrible and cause great harm to one's body and well-being.

Thus, it is wise to know that not all drugs are harmful or are always safe. It is more important,
however, to recognize if you are addicted to drugs. Serious consequences can result from the use of
both illegal drugs and prescription medications.

Addiction

An addiction is not having control over doing, taking, or using something, until you can also
become addicted to everything from gambling to chocolates. it becomes harmful. Commonly, there are
dependencies on alcohol or drugs, but Being addicted to something means having a difficult time
without it during the day.

Classification of Dangerous Drugs

According to the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, there are two classes of dangerous drugs:

1. Prohibited drugs which include all the drugs that produce psychological effects of narcotics or those
that relieve pain and induce sleep (cocaine, LSD, marijuana, opium and its derivatives, etc.)

2. Regulated drugs which include self-inducing sedatives like barbiturates, amphetamines, or other
hypnotic drugs or compounds producing the same physiological effects
 Drug abuse does not only involve illegal substances. Any drug can be abused, whether it is
bought on a street corner or obtained from a pharmacy.

There is no dividing line between prescription drugs and the so-called recreational drugs
because both often include the same or similar ingredients but in different dosages.

Common Drug Types

There are different types of drugs. Some are prescribed. Others are known as club -drugs, illicit
or illegal substances, and designer drugs.

Marijuana

Marijuana is the term used to describe all that comes from the cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa)
like leaves, tops, stems, flowers, and roots. These are dried and prepared for smoking or taken orally as
"brownies."

Marijuana has psychoactive effects. It is taken into the body in the form of smoke or vapor and
can also be consumed and mixed into food or steeped in tea. It is believed to act as the "gateway" to
other more serious substances.

According to the PDEA, marijuana or Indian hemp embraces every kind, class, genus, or specie of
the plant Cannabis sativa L. including but not limited to, Cannabis americana, hashish, bhang, guaza,
churrus, and ganjab. It also includes every kind, class, and character of marijuana, whether dried or fresh
and flowering, flowering or fruiting tops, or any part or portion of the plant and seed thereof, and all its
geographic varieties, whether as a reefer, resin, extract, tincture or in any form whatsoever.

The mind-altering component of marijuana is the delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is

concentrated in the resin.

Smoked cannabis produces a dreamy state of consciousness in which ideas seem disconnected,
unanticipated, and free-flowing. Time, color, and spatial perceptions may be altered. In general, a
feeling of well-being and relaxation is experienced. Panic reactions usually occur, particularly to new
users.

Adverse Effects

1. Impairment of memory and short-term cognitive functioning, particularly mathematical, reading, and
verbal comprehension skills

2. Impairment of motor skills which may lead to accidents and respiratory problems such as bronchitis
or lung cancer

3. Premature babies, low birth weight, abortion, or still birth (neonatal death)

4. Panic or state of anxiety, sometimes accompanied by paranoia

5. Motivational syndrome as the regular use of marijuana dulls the mind of the smoker, blunts
enthusiasm, and takes away drive or urge

6. Burnout as the user can become dull, slow-moving, inattentive, and unaware of his/her surroundings
7. Susceptibility to infections

8. Decreased sperm production and altered sperm shape and mobility

9. Decreased testosterone level, so that pre-teenagers are at an increased risk of temporary loss of
fertility

10. Symptoms of mental illness

Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu)

Methamphetamine HCL is a type of amphetamine also known as "poor man's cocaine." Its other
names are shabu, ubas, siopao, sha, and ice. Shabu is a white, odorless crystal or crystalline powder with
a bitter, numbing taste.

Abusers are known to take this drug by ingestion: inhalation (chasing the dragon), sniffing
(snorting), or injection. Amphetamines are regularly absorbed orally and are associated with a rapid
onset of action, usually within one hour. If taken intravenously or through injection, they have an almost
immediate effect.

Adverse Effects

1. Anxiety, tension, irritability, irrational behavior, talkativeness, and loss of self control

2. Loss of appetite and inability to sleep

3. Euphoria, elation

4. Acute psychotic reactions, violent and destructive behavior, and recklessness that may result in
accidents

Physiological Effects

These include chest pains; irregularity of heartbeat; elevated or lowered blood pressure,
evidence of weight loss, convulsion, and death from cardiac arrest.

Long-term Effects

Psychiatric consequences are the major feature of chronic "shabu" abuse and dependency.
Prolonged use and even a single exposure, especially if administered intravenously, can lead to the
manifestation of a full-blown psychosis which is similar to a schizophrenia characterized by the presence
of paranoid delusions and auditory and visual hallucinations. The paranoia mày lead to violent and
aggressive behavior.

Some chronic users have difficulty in concentrating and remembering things. Diminished ability
to cope with problems and difficulties in facing reality is common. Loss of interest in sex, ambition, or
motivation may also result from using shabu.

Chronic shabu snorters may suffer from severe irritation of the nasal passages and, at times,
may even develop tissue perforation of the nasal septum, so that they become prone to frequent
nosebleed. Renal damage, heart disease, and stroke have likewise been documented among chronic
abusers.
 Injecting shabu from contaminated needles may lead to poisoning (septicemia) and AIDS which
can lead to death.

Inhalants

Inhalant abuse is the deliberate inhalation of volatile chemical substance that contains
psychoactive (mind/mood-altering) vapors causing a state of intoxication. Most inhalants are common
household products such as nail polish remover, glue, gasoline, household cleaners, and nitrous oxide.
Inhalants also include fluorinated hydrocarbons found in aerosols such as hairspray, spray paint, and
household cleaners.

As the name suggests, inhalants refer to a group of drugs that are inhaled in the form of a gas or solvent.

Immediate Effects

1. Confusion

2. Distorted perception of time and distance

3. Aggressive behavior/violence

4. Hallucinations

5. Illusions

6. Nausea and vomiting

7. Drowsiness

Delayed Effects

1. Loss of memory

2. Inability to think

3. Muscle cramps and weakness

4. Numbness of limbs

5. Abdominal pains

6. Damage to the central nervous system, kidney, liver, and possibly, the bone marrow

Ecstasy

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) commonly known as "Ecstasy," "X-TC," "Adam," and "Eden

Tablet," refers to the drug having such chemical composition, including any of its isomers or derivatives
in any form.

Ecstasy is the term used for a group of designer" drugs closely related in chemical form to the
amphetamine family of illicit drugs. Demand for this drug caused its price to soar up to P2,000 today.
MDMA was first developed as an appetite suppressant in 1914 by the German company, Merck. In the
1970s, U.S. therapists, led by biochemist Alexander Shulgin, used the drug to help patients explore their
feelings.

Adverse Effects

1. Fatigue and, perhaps, depression after the drug is stopped

2. Restlessness, anxiety, and pronounced visual and auditory hallucinations at large doses

3. Nausea and vomiting

4.Rise in blood pressure and heart rate, or death from heart failure or stroke

5.Prolonged regular use can lead to the same long term effects as those of synthetic stimulants,
including a potential for neurotoxicity and brain and liver damage

Opiates/Narcotics

Opiates, sometimes called narcotics, are a group drugs that are used medically to relieve pain
but have a high potential for abuse. Some opiates come from a resin taken from the seed pod of the
Asian poppy. Opiates that are commonly abused are opium, morphine, codeine, and synthesized or
manufactured opiates.

Opium refers to the coagulated juice of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) and
embraces every kind, class, and character of opium, whether crude or prepared; the ashes or refuse of
the same; narcotic preparations thereof or therefrom; morphine or any alkaloid of opium; preparations
in which opium, morphine, or any alkaloid opium is used as an ingredient; opium poppy; poppy straw;
and leaves or wrappings of opium leaves, whether prepared for use or not.

Opium poppy refers to any part of the plant of the species Papaver somniferum L., Papaver
setigerum DC, Papaver orientale, Papaver bracteatum and Papaver rhoeas which include the seeds,
straws, branches, leaves, or any part thereof, or substances derived therefrom, even for floral,
decorative, and culinary purposes.

Cocaine

Cocaine is a drug from the leaves of the Erythroxylon coca plant, a shrub that originated from
South America. This drug affects the central nervous system as a stimulant.

Cocaine exaggerates changes caused by at least two brain chemicals-noradrenaline and dopamine-
increasing alertness and causing euphoria. Pure cocaine was produced in 1860 and was hailed as a cure-
all. Doctors used it to treat anxiety and depression until they realized it was addictive. Dentists also used
cocaine to numb their patients' gums, but because it damaged living tissues, it was replaced by drugs
like lignocaine.

Sedatives
 Sedative-hypnotics such as tranquilizers, sleeping pills, and sedatives are drugs which depress or
slow down body functions. These drugs can be dangerous when taken without a physician's prescription
or instructions.

Steroids

Anabolic steroids are not the same as the kind used in medicine for the reduction of
inflammation. Rather, these substances are used to build muscle mass and strength. They typically
consist of male sex hormones and can be very brand Ativan) is one of the damaging when used without
a medical prescription.

Tobacco

Tobacco is often smoked in the form of cigarettes or cigars or chewed. It contains nicotine
which is a stimulant and a highly addictive substance that has been known to cause cancer and other
diseases.

Nicotine

Tobacco plantation in La Union Tobacco was introduced in America in the late 5th century.
When tobacco smoke is inhaled, nicotine is absorbed through the lungs and reaches the brain in about
seven seconds. Nicotine works by mimicking the actions of a naturally occurring brain chemical-
acetylcholine-by docking with its special receptor molecules. Some of these nicotine receptors in the
brain activate part of the "pleasure center," which could be responsible for nicotine's euphoric effects.

Nine out of ten smokers say they like to quit smoking but cannot. Nicotine withdrawal
symptoms include irritability, anxiety, loss of concentration, and sleeplessness. Cigarette smoke contains
a handful of other harmful substances, including carbon monoxide and tar.

Reasons Behind Drug Abuse

Typically, adolescence is a time of experimentation. Taking, drugs in common a teenagers

struggle to establish their independence in a society where alcohol and substances are associated with
being a mature adult, Some reasons behind addiction o substance, alcohol, and prohibited drugs
include.

1. Curiosity

2. Social influences (peer pressure)

3. New sensations, for example, the effects of ecstasy which include increased energy and confidence

4. Rebellion and willingness to take risks especially when teenagers take illegal substances that their
parents strongly disapprove

5. Escapism. Alcohol and other drugs are used as a means of avoiding problems associated with family
life, school or work frustrations, friendship and relationship difficulties, low self-esteem, and
depression .
 These problems should be addressed as early as possible to prevent any related drug use from
escalating,

Signs of Drug Dependency

There are no specific physical signs or personality changes that indicate when a person is using
drugs. Although a deviant behavior may indicate drug use, some behavior changes may also not be drug-
related.

The following manifestations of drug use require attention and appropriate action from the
parent of the user.

1. Mood swings or explosive outbursts

2. Staying out late or not coming home at night

3. Frequent absences from work or school, or declining work or school performance

4. Unexplained need for money or sudden loss of money and valuables

5. Less extracurricular activities, social withdrawal, and minimal interaction with the family

6. Sudden or noticeable change in friends

7. Tiredness or changes in sleeping patterns

8. Changes in eating patterns

9. Impaired memory and poor concentration

10. Blood-shot or glassy eyes

11. Lethargy and loss of motivation

12. Deterioration of physical appearance and grooming

If you suspect someone of using drugs, talk to him/her about it. He/She may not want to talk
about it right away, but if he/she feels that you will listen then he/she will agree to talk to you.

Different higher educational institutions (HEI) have their own structure or organization in the
prevention of drug use and addiction within their campuses. Organizing peer counselors among students
is one way of knowing if there is an escalation of drug use and addiction inside the school premises.

Students can help each other, through peer counseling or barkadahan inside the school
premises or letting them participate actively in various school activities or organizations. In the process,
they become more productive in terms of school involvement.

Conclusion

There are several reasons why a person takes prohibited drugs. The probability of becoming too
much dependent on these illegal substances leads a person to manifest behavior, mental reasoning, and
habits that are negatively affecting the way he/she treats his/her family, other people around him/her,
the society where he/she lives, and most especially himself/herself.
 . Drug dependency is extremely hazardous to a person's health, the people who care for
him/her and to his/her future as well.

A drug dependent can still be saved from his/her present situation as long as there are people
who are willing to listen, understand and help him/her until full recovery is achieved.