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Simplified Notes Pychology

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11 views9 pages

Simplified Notes Pychology

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getachewmikiyas1998
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Simplified Notes

1. Definitions of Learning

 Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice.


 Key features:
o Change in behavior
o Relatively permanent
o Not caused by illness, fatigue, or biological factors
o Not directly observable but inferred from activities.

2. Characteristics of Learning

 Continuous modification of behavior


 Pervasive (affects all aspects of life)
 Involves the whole person (socially, emotionally, intellectually)
 Active, purposeful, and responsive to incentives
 Depends on maturation, motivation, and practice.

3. Principles of Learning

1. Readiness: Physical, mental, and emotional readiness is crucial.


2. Practice strengthens learning.
3. Satisfaction reinforces learning.
4. First learned = strong impression.
5. Recent learning = best remembered.
6. Real experiences > substitutes.
7. Freedom enhances learning.

4. Factors Influencing Learning

1. Motivation: Strong motives = more effective learning.


2. Maturation: Readiness (e.g., muscle coordination) is necessary.
3. Health: Good health = effective learning.
4. Psychological state: Anxiety hinders; self-confidence helps.
5. Environment: Fresh air, light, no noise.
6. Background experience: Helps build on prior learning.
7. Work duration: Avoid too long or short periods.
8. Distributed learning: Spread-out learning > cramming.
5. Theories of Learning

A. Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)

 Definition: Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a


conditioned response.
 Key Terms:
o UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus (e.g., food)
o UCR: Unconditioned Response (e.g., salivation)
o CS: Conditioned Stimulus (e.g., bell)
o CR: Conditioned Response (e.g., salivation to bell)
 Principles:
o Generalization: Responding to similar stimuli.
o Discrimination: Differentiating between stimuli.
o Extinction: Response weakens if CS is presented without UCS.
o Spontaneous Recovery: Extinct responses reappear after rest.

B. Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

 Definition: Voluntary behavior strengthened/weakened by consequences.


 Reinforcement:
o Positive: Adding a pleasant stimulus (e.g., reward).
o Negative: Removing an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., nagging stops).
 Punishment:
o Positive: Adding unpleasant stimulus (e.g., scolding).
o Negative: Removing pleasant stimulus (e.g., no TV time).
 Schedules of Reinforcement:

1. Fixed Ratio: Reward after fixed responses.


2. Variable Ratio: Reward after random responses.
3. Fixed Interval: Reward after fixed time.
4. Variable Interval: Reward after varying time.

C. Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

 Definition: Learning through observation and imitation.


 Conditions:
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Reproduction (ability to perform the behavior)
4. Motivation
 Reinforcement:

o Direct
o Vicarious (seeing others get rewards)
o Self-reinforcement
 Implications: Teachers must model positive behavior, promote self-efficacy, and
encourage diverse role models.

D. Cognitive Learning

 Focus on mental processes like thinking, problem-solving, and perception.

1. Latent Learning: Hidden learning that appears later when needed.


2. Insight Learning: Sudden realization of a solution ("aha" moment).

Flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is Learning?

Q: Define learning.
A: Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience or practice.

Flashcard 2: Key Features of Learning

Q: What are the four key features of learning?


A:

1. Change in behavior
2. Relatively permanent
3. Not due to illness, fatigue, or biology
4. Inferred through activities

Flashcard 3: Characteristics of Learning

Q: Name three characteristics of learning.


A: Continuous, active, and involves the whole person (socially, emotionally, intellectually).
Flashcard 4: Principles of Learning

Q: List three principles of learning.


A:

1. Readiness enhances learning.


2. Practice and satisfaction strengthen learning.
3. Real experiences are better than substitutes.

Flashcard 5: Classical Conditioning

Q: What is classical conditioning?


A: Learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural stimulus to produce a
conditioned response.

Flashcard 6: Operant Conditioning

Q: What is positive reinforcement?


A: Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of behavior.

Flashcard 7: Social Learning Theory

Q: What are the four conditions of observational learning?


A: Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.

Flashcard 8: Factors Affecting Learning

Q: Name three factors that affect learning.


A: Motivation, health condition, and environment.

Flashcard 9: Cognitive Learning

Q: What is insight learning?


A: A sudden realization of a solution to a problem ("aha" moment).
Let me know if you need further simplification or additional flashcards!

4o

You said:

prepare a quiz or exercise with final answer


ChatGPT said:

ChatGPT

Here is a quiz with questions based on the simplified notes provided earlier. Each question
comes with the correct answer.

Learning Theories Quiz


Section 1: Definitions and Principles of Learning

1. What is the most widely accepted definition of learning?


A. A temporary change in behavior due to experience
B. A relatively permanent change in behavior due to practice or experience
C. A natural biological process of growing
D. A result of illness or fatigue

Answer: B. A relatively permanent change in behavior due to practice or experience.

2. Which of the following is NOT a key feature of learning?


A. It is relatively permanent
B. It involves changes caused by illness or fatigue
C. It results from practice or experience
D. It is not directly observable

Answer: B. It involves changes caused by illness or fatigue.

3. Which principle states that learners perform better when they are physically, mentally,
and emotionally ready?
A. The principle of intensity
B. The principle of readiness
C. The principle of freedom
D. The principle of satisfaction

Answer: B. The principle of readiness.

Section 2: Factors Influencing Learning

4. What factor is described as the learner's "readiness" for acquiring a new skill or
knowledge?
A. Maturation
B. Motivation
C. Health condition
D. Background experience

Answer: A. Maturation.

5. Which of the following environmental factors DOES NOT affect learning?


A. Noise and distractions
B. Fresh air and lighting
C. Maturation level
D. Moderate temperature

Answer: C. Maturation level.

Section 3: Classical Conditioning

6. In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, what is the Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?


A. Salivation
B. Food
C. The sound of the bell
D. Hunger

Answer: C. The sound of the bell.

7. What term describes when a learned response (CR) weakens because the conditioned
stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
A. Discrimination
B. Generalization
C. Extinction
D. Spontaneous recovery

Answer: C. Extinction.

8. When a dog salivates to the sound of a doorbell (similar to a dinner bell), this is called:
A. Stimulus discrimination
B. Stimulus generalization
C. Extinction
D. Negative reinforcement

Answer: B. Stimulus generalization.

Section 4: Operant Conditioning

9. What is positive reinforcement in operant conditioning?


A. Adding a pleasant stimulus to encourage behavior
B. Removing an unpleasant stimulus to encourage behavior
C. Adding an unpleasant stimulus to stop behavior
D. Removing a pleasant stimulus to stop behavior

Answer: A. Adding a pleasant stimulus to encourage behavior.

10. What type of reinforcement schedule provides a reward after a fixed number of
responses?
A. Fixed interval
B. Variable interval
C. Fixed ratio
D. Variable ratio

Answer: C. Fixed ratio.

11. What is shaping in operant conditioning?


A. Punishing unwanted behavior immediately
B. Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior
C. Ignoring behaviors until the desired one occurs
D. Using only negative reinforcement
Answer: B. Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Section 5: Social Learning Theory

12. According to Bandura, what are the four conditions necessary for observational
learning?
A. Attention, punishment, reinforcement, reproduction
B. Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
C. Motivation, reinforcement, generalization, discrimination
D. Observation, practice, reinforcement, satisfaction

Answer: B. Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation.

13. What kind of reinforcement happens when you see someone else being rewarded for a
behavior?
A. Direct reinforcement
B. Vicarious reinforcement
C. Negative reinforcement
D. Self-reinforcement

Answer: B. Vicarious reinforcement.

Section 6: Cognitive Learning

14. What is latent learning?


A. Learning that happens through insight
B. Learning that occurs but is not visible until needed
C. Learning by reinforcement alone
D. Learning from punishment

Answer: B. Learning that occurs but is not visible until needed.

15. What is an example of insight learning?


A. A child mimics a parent washing dishes
B. A student studies hard to earn praise
C. A monkey suddenly uses a stick to retrieve a banana after trial and error
D. A rat learns a maze step-by-step through reinforcement
Answer: C. A monkey suddenly uses a stick to retrieve a banana after trial and error.

Answer Key Summary


1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. C
11. B
12. B
13. B
14. B
15. C

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