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Lecture 4

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21 views18 pages

Lecture 4

Uploaded by

qkr9wyzrrx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cells' structure and

function
(Organelles)
1- Surrounding the Cell
Cell Wall
 The cell wall is a rigid structure. This rigidity is due to the covering of a
polysaccharide layer that helps in maintaining the cell shape and gives
protection.

 found in plant cells, bacteria, and fungi

 Supports & protects cells

Plant cell wall


Bacterial cell wall Fungal cell wall
Cell Membrane

 separates the interior of the


cell from the outside
environment.
 controls movement in and out
of the cell
 consists of a lipid bilayer
(double layer) that is
semipermeable.
2- Inside the Cell
Nucleus
 Directs cell activities
 Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
 Contains nucleolus
 Contains genetic material – DNA
Nucleolus
 Inside nucleus
 Not bounded by membrane
 Contains RNA that
produce rRNA
Cytoplasm
 Gel-like mixture
 Surrounded by cell membrane
 most of the cells’ activities takes place inside it
Ribosomes
 Site of protein production.
 Each cell contains
thousands of ribosomes.
 Floating throughout
the cell in cytoplasm or bounding the rough ER.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
 A network of membrane-
bound sacs and tubules within
a cell.

 transports materials
throughout the cell.

 Smooth type: lacks ribosomes

 Rough type: ribosomes


embedded in surface
Mitochondria

 Generates energy (ATP)

 double-membrane structure

 Contains its own DNA


Golgi Bodies

 flattened, stacked sacs


 responsible for
processing, packaging,
and sorting proteins and
lipids for transport
within or outside the
cell.
Lysosome
 membrane-bound
organelle
 Contains Digestive enzymes
that break down damaged
organelles and proteins.
 release their contents into
the extracellular space to
regulate cellular processes.
Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs for
storage, digestion, and waste
removal.
• Contains water solution.
• Help plants maintain shape.
Chloroplast
• Green pigment in plants that
helps them convert sunlight into
energy (ATP) through
photosynthesis.
• Contains green chlorophyll
Centrioles
 Centrioles are cylindrical
organelles located near
the nucleus.
 Are found in animal cells
only.
 Also called basal bodies.
Cytoskeleton

 A network of protein filaments


within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic
cells.
 provides structural support
 aids in cell movement
 facilitates the transport of materials
within the cell.
 Key components: microfilaments,
microtubules, and intermediate
filaments
Cell types , structures & organelles (locations, descriptions & functions)
Organelles Location Description Function

Cell wall Plant , bacteria Rigid made up of cellulose Support and protection
fibrils or peptidoglycan give shape

Plasma membrane Plant, animal, bacteria Phospholipid bilayer with Support, protection,
embedded protein, regulation of molecule
selectively permeable passage into/ out of cell
Nucleus Plant, animal Large, oval, contain Control cell activity
chromatin, nucleoli
Nuclear membrane Plant , animal Surrounds nucleus, Control movement of
selectively permeable materials in/out of nucleus

Cytoplasm Plant , animal, bacteria Thick ,jelly like matrix contain Support, protect cell
organelles organelles
Endoplasmic Plant, animal Network of tubes or Carry materials through the
membranes cell
reticulum ER S.E.R, synthesizes lipids
R.E.R, synthesizes proteins
and packages them in
vesicles

Golgi apparatus Plant, animal Stack of membranous Processing, packaging,


saccules and distribution of
proteins and lipids
Ribosome Plant, animal, bacteria Small bodies free or Protein synthesis
embedded in ER
Cell types , structures & organelles (locations, descriptions & functions)
Organelles Location Description Function

Mitochondrion Plant, animal Bean shaped with inner Cellular respiration


membranes
Vacuole Plant (one centric large), Membranous sacs (fluid Storage of substances
animal (if present few & filled)
small)
Lysosome Animal cell Membranous vesicle Intracellular digestion
Plant (uncommon) containing digestive digest molecules or old
enzymes cell parts.

Chloroplast Plant Green , oval contain Photosynthesis


chlorophyll pigment
Capsule Bacteria Mostly polysaccharide 1-prevent phagocytosis
covered bacterial cell wall 2-mediate adherence
3- used as vaccines
4- bacterial identification

Cilia (pili) and flagella Animal, bacteria Thin projections extends Movement of cell
from the cell (cilia & flagella), Attachment
in bacteria(pili)

Centriole Animal cell cylindrical (tube-like) Participate in cell division


structure

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