NAME OF THE

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
TRANSFORMER

PROJECT

NAME:
CLASS: 12
ROLL NO:
1
SESSION:

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that …………….. of
class XII A has successfully completed
the investigatory project on “TO
STUDY VARIATION OF CURRENT USING
A LDR" under the guidance of
……………….. .This project is
absolutely genuine and doesn't not
involve in any kind of plagiarism. This
is in partial fulfillment of Physics
practical examination CBSE 2023.

Department of Physics
(Mrs/Mr………..)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
S
"There are times when silence speaks so
much more loudly than words of praise to
only as good as belittle a person, whose
words do not express, but only put a
veneer over true feelings, which are of
gratitude at this point of time."

I would like to express my sincere

gratitude to my physics mentor for his
vital support, guidance and
encouragement, without which this
project would not have come forth. I
would also like to express my
gratitude to my friends for their
support during the making of this
project.

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 INDEX
CERTIFICATE 02
03
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
05
2. PRINCIPLE
08
3. CONSTRUCTION
09
4. THEORY & WORKING
11
PRINCIPLE
5 EFFICIENCY
15
6. ENERGY LOSSES
16
7. USES OF
18
TRANSFORMER
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
19

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 INTRODUCTION
They are so important in
our lives that without them
even the electric bells fitted
in our homes won’t work.

5
Transformer is a device used for
converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or a high alternating voltage into
a low alternating voltage. It is a static
electrical device that transfers energy by
inductive coupling between its winding
circuits. Transformers range in size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformer
hidden inside a stage microphone to huge
units weighing hundreds of tons used in
power plant substations or to
interconnect portions of the power grid.
All operate on the same basic principles,
although the range of designs is wide.

While new technologies have

6
eliminated the need for transformers in
some electronic circuits, transformers are
still found in many electronic devices.
Transformers are essential for high-
voltage electric power transmission,

which makes long-distance

transmission economically practical. A
transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the use of moving parts.A
transformer which increases the voltages
is called a step-up transformer. A
transformer which decreases the A.C.
voltages is called a step-down
transformer.
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 Transformer is, therefore, an
essential piece of apparatus both for high
and low current circuits.

PRINCIPL
It is based on the principle of mutual
induction that is if a varying current is set-up
in a circuit then induced e.m.f. is produced in
the neighboring
circuit. The varying current in a circuit
produce varying magnetic flux which induces
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e.m.f. in the neighboring circuit.

CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft

iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 & p2
and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but
are well insulated with each other. Note that
the both the coils are insulated from the core,
the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to
p1 p2, the primary coil and a load resistance R
is connected to s1 s2, the secondary coil
9
through an open switch S. Thus, no current
can be drawn through the secondary coil as
long as the switch is open. For an ideal
transformer, we assume that the resistance of
the primary & secondary winding is negligible.
Further, the energy loses due to magnetic flux
and iron core is also negligible. For operation
at low frequency, we may use a soft iron. The
soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron
strips coated with varnish to insulate them to
reduce energy losses by eddy currents.

The input circuit is called primary and the

output circuit is called secondary.

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 An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises
from the action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load
impedance

The ideal transformer as a circuit element

THEORY AND
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to
the primary coil p1p2, an alternating
11
current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which
induces altering voltage in the
primary as well as in the secondary.
In a good-transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is
also linked with the secondary, and
then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is equal to
that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the induced
e.m.f in the primary and the
secondary coil and Np and Ns are the
no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of the transformer and, dфB/dt =
rate of change of flux in each turn of
the coil at this instant,

we have
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 Ep = -Np dфB/dt …. (1)

Es = -Ns dфB/dt …. (2)

Since the above relations are true at every
instant, so by dividing (2) by (1), we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np …. (3)
As, Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if
Rp is the resistance of p1 p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by,

I =E – Ep / Rp
E – E p = Ip R p
When the resistance of the primary is small,
Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore,

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence, equation (3) can be written as Es / Ep =
Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K
13
where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same
instant t and Is =value of sec. current at this
instant, then Input power at the instant t = E p
Ip and Output power at the same instant t = E s
Is
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then Input power = output power
or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

14
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose

in current in the same ratio. Similarly, it can
be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in
current in the same ratio. Thus a step up
transformer in reality steps down the current
& a step down transformer steps up the
current.

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EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as
the ratio of output power to the input
power i.e.

η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep

Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there

are no power losses, η = 1. But in actual
practice, there are many power losses;
therefore, the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.

16
 ENERGY LOSSES

In practice, the output energy of a

transformer is always less than the
input energy, because energy
losses occur due to a number of
reasons as explained below,
 Loss of Magnetic Flux: The
17
coupling between the coils is
seldom perfect. So, whole of the
magnetic flux produced by the
primary coil is not linked up with
the secondary coil.

 Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in

,
spite of lamination Eddy currents
are produced. The magnitude of
eddy current may, however be small.
And a part of energy is lost as the
heat produced in the iron core.
 Copper Loss: In practice, the
coils of the transformer possess
resistance. So a part of the
energy is lost due to the heat
produced in the resistance of the
coil.
 Hysteresis Loss: The
alternating current in the coil
18
tapes the iron core through
complete cycle of magnetization.
So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
 Magneto restriction: The
alternating current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in
to vibrations and sound may be
produced. It is called humming.
Thus, a part of energy may be lost
due to humming.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all
a.c. operations
 In voltage regulator forT.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner etc.
 In the induction furnaces.
 A step down transformer
isused for welding
19
 purposes.
 A step down transformer is used
for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for
the production of X-Rays and
NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power
supplies.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY


www.google.com

www.yahoo.com

www.wikipedia.org

https://www.youtube.com/
ALLINVESTIGATORYPROJECTS

https://t.me/allinvestigatoryprojects

NCERT Class 12th physics Book

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THE
END

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